Political Correctness doc

7/25/2019 Political Correctness doc

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Political Correctness

1. Illustration

In this context we will show to you about how the political correcnesswas build in the world. As we know that political correcness purpose is stopping racism.Political correc based The Random House Dictionary defnes politicalcorrectness as an outlook marked by or sticking to a typically progressivetradition on issues involving race, gender, or sexual attraction. Politicalcorrectness is about the way people interact with other people. . ithpolitical correctness, groups o! people who historically have not worked orplayed together in the past have a set o! rules !or language use, so as notto o"end or insult each other.

#ecause words and deeds usually originate !rom ideas and can leadinto real li!e, it seems appropriate that people o! di"erent backgroundsand belie!s try to use a common language that is help!ul, one that buildseach other up. $iewed in these terms, political correctness is an action o!respect that will be around !or a long time because many people believethat this is the direction towards a success!ul global community% harmonyin diversity.

2. Context

&s times change and societies grow, new language is created to re'ectthis growth and change. (ne o! the more controversial developments thathas gained people)s attention in *orth &merica since the late +-s iswhat is meant by the term political correctness. The Random HouseDictionary defnes political correctness as an outlook marked by orsticking to a typically progressive tradition on issues involving race,gender, or sexual attraction.

hen political correctness frst took root in *orth &merica, manypeople thought it was merely college campus humor, like re!erring tohigher government taxation as revenue enhancement or callingbankruptcy a positive restructuring. /ome people even thought stories

about political correctness00called P100were about personal computers00also called P1s00 and did not pay attention. #ut when the company thatmakes the popular board game /crabble2 announced it was eliminatingnearly + words !rom its dictionary because they were politicallyincorrect, people knew political correctness was having an impact.

To !urther highlight the increasing public interest in politicalcorrectness, notice how many times it was mentioned in 3./. newspapers.Politically correct appeared in print +,455 times in ++, 6,786 times in+6, and 9,795 times in +5. Political correctness even made it to thebest selling book list o! +9 with :ames ;inn


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In +4 two pro!essors at a university in 1ali!ornia said a help0wantedad seeking a dynamic classroom teacher was un!air and politicallyincorrect because o! the word dynamic. The pro!essors reasoned that theword dynamic showed a cultural bias because women !rom some culturesoperate entirely e"ectively00in classrooms and elsewhere00in a more

subdued and non0dynamic manner. The white0maleoriented worddynamic was changed to the multiculturally nondiscriminatory wordexcellent.

/ome other examples o! politically correct language include changingbroken !amily to binuclear !amily, maiden name to birth name,and visually impaired to partially sighted.

Political correctness is about the way people interact with other people.=ecently, in the /tate o! *orth 1arolina, !or example, a >udge made acomment about a !emale attorney de!ending someone accused o!robbery, saying that he did not like to argue with a pretty girl. This wasnot a P1 thing to say. The result was a /upreme 1ourt decision re?uiring anew trial !or the attorney)s client.

The ideals behind political correctness have a !ar0reaching e"ectbecause the world is gradually becoming one large lobal village. ithpolitical correctness, groups o! people who historically have not worked orplayed together in the past have a set o! rules !or language use, so as notto o"end or insult each other.

#ecause words and deeds usually originate !rom ideas and can leadinto real li!e, it seems appropriate that people o! di"erent backgroundsand belie!s try to use a common language that is help!ul, one that builds

each other up. $iewed in these terms, political correctness is an action o!respect that will be around !or a long time because many people believethat this is the direction towards a success!ul global community% harmonyin diversity.

3. Constructive

Political correctnessor political correctitude(adjectivally, politically correct; both

forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is the attitude or policy of being ecessively careful not

to offend or upset any group of people in society who are believed to have a disadvantage.!ainstream usages of the termpolitically correctbegan in the "##$s byright%

wingpoliticians.

&n modern usage, the termsPC,politically correct, andpolitical correctnessare

generallypejorativedescriptors, whereas the term politically incorrectis used by opponents

of P' as an implicitly positive self%description, as in the cases of theconservative, topical

book%series The Politically Incorrect Guide, and the liberal television talk%show

programPolitically Incorrect. isputing this framework are advocates for ending

discrimination and scholars on the political eft who suggest that the term was redefined in

the early "##$s by conservatives and libertarians for strategic political purposes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Politically_Incorrect_Guidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Politically_Incorrect_Guidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politically_Incorrecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Politically_Incorrect_Guidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politically_Incorrecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_wing


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*here are two political form. &t is political correct and political incorrec. Political correc is

means usingwordsorbehaviorwhich will not offend any group of people, and political

incorrectness is mean that they do not care if they offend or upset any group of people in

society who have a disadvantage, or who have been treated differently because of their se,

race, or disability.

&s times change and societies grow, new language is created to re'ectthis growth and change. (ne o! the more controversial developments thathas gained people)s attention in *orth &merica since the late +-s iswhat is meant by the term political correctness. The Random HouseDictionary defnes political correctness as an outlook marked by orsticking to a typically progressive tradition on issues involving race,gender, or sexual attraction.

+hen political correctness first took root in orth America, many people thought it was

merely college campus humor, like referring to higher government taation as -revenue

enhancement or calling bankruptcy a -positive restructuring. /ome people even thoughtstories about political correctness%%called P'%%were about personal computers%%also called

P's%% and did not pay attention.

*here are eamples of a political correctness movement in other languages and cultures.

0ased conservapedia site 1amples of political correctness is changing the terminology used

to describe people with disabilities. &n the past the term 2lame2 is perfectly acceptable and is

not considered offensive. At a certain point, such as the American /enate 3epublican leader

0ob ole decided 2lame2 degrading and preferred term changed to 2disabled.2 &t is also,

ultimately deemed offensive and 2disabled2 become the preferred term. *oday, even

2disabled2 is considered degrading some and 2differently abled2 and 2disabled2 are used by

people. *he same can be said for the use of the term change for 0lack Americans4 2egro2and 2colored,2 all things that can be accepted, be offensive during the "#5$s and the 2Afro%

American2 and 20lack2 began to be used, which in turn gives way to 2African%American,2

and in wider use, 2people of color. 67ne perceived problem with2 egro 2is that many people,

especially the /outh, seem to have trouble pronouncing it, pronounce as2 nigra. 2

0esides, there are some people oppose the idea of political correctness. *hey reason is the

white skin people is a noble people and the black skin or negro is slave man and must be

destroyed. As you know that the main factor -racism in another country is a differen skin.

+e can8t re9ured who is born. +hat is from rich or poor parents, black or white skin. &t is no

problem, cause The ideals behind political correctness have a !ar0reaching

e"ect because the world is gradually becoming one large lobal village.ith political correctness, groups o! people who historically have notworked or played together in the past have a set o! rules !or languageuse, so as not to o"end or insult each other.

History of the term*he termpolitically correctdid not occur much in the language and culture of the :./.

until the late $th century, and its earlier occurrences were in contets that did not

communicate the social disapproval inherent to the contemporary termspolitical

correctnessandpolitically correct. &n the "


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/afire6s Safire's Political Dictionary to be by*oni 'adein the "#5$ anthologyThe Black

Woman, where she wrote 2A man cannot be politically correct and a chauvinist too2.

Early-to-mid 20th century&n the early%to%mid $th century, contemporary uses of the phrase -Politically 'orrect

were associated with the dogmaticapplication of /talinistdoctrine, debated between formal

'ommunists (members of the 'ommunist Party) and /ocialists. *he phrase was

acollo9uialismreferring to the 'ommunist 2party line2, which provided for 2correct2

positions on many matters of politics. According to American educator >erbert ?ohl,writing

about debates in ew @ork in the late "#$s and early "#B$s,

*he term -politically correct was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty

to the 'P line overrode compassion, and led to bad politics. &t was used by /ocialists against

'ommunists, and was meant to separate out /ocialists who believed in egalitarian moral

ideas from dogmatic 'ommunists who would advocate and defend party positions regardlessof their moral substance.

@3ncommon Ai"erences, The Bion and the 3nicorn :ournal

History of the phenomenonCain articles%


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article -evelopment and Galidation of an &nstrument to !easure Attitudes *oward

/eistHonseist anguage ($$$), by Ianet 0. Parks and !ary Ann 3obinson.

!oreover, other cognitive psychologyand cognitive linguisticsworks, such as the

articles 23econstruction of Automobile estruction4 An 1ample of the &nteraction between

anguage and !emory2 ("#5) in the!ournal of "er#al $earnin% and "er#al Beha&ior, and

-*he Jraming of ecisions and the Psychology of 'hoice ("#


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&!rican &merican in place o! Blackand Negro, in the 3nited /tates

*ative &merican in place o! Indian, in the 3nited /tates

;irst *ations in place o! Indian, in 1anada


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/ome conservatives argue that the true purpose of 2political correctness2

andmulticulturalismis undermining the values of the +estern +orld, attributing both to what

they describe as 2'ultural !arism2 (which has only a tenuous link to the 'ultural

!arismrecognised in mainstream academia). *his use is popular among some right%

wing1nglish%speaking political pundits, who see themselves in acultural warwith !ariststhey believe to have subverted +estern institutions like schools, universities, media,

entertainment industry and religion. *his approach elides the significant philosophical and

political differences between the thinkers associated with cultural !arism (many associated

with the Jrankfurt /chool) and proposes that cultural change is brought about by a covert

conspiracy of academics rather than, as cultural !arists argue, by deep%rooted social,

political and economic forces. *his usage originates with a "## essay in a yndon

a3ouchemovement journal, and is covered inJrankfurt /chool conspiracy theory.

1amples include Patrick 0uchanan, writing in the bookThe Death of the West- *o+

Dyin% Populations and Immi%rant In&asions Imperil )ur Culture and Ci&ili.ation($$") that2Political 'orrectness is 'ultural !arism, a rKgime to punish dissent, and to stigmatiLe

social heresy, as the &n9uisition punished religious heresy. &ts trademark is

intolerance.2 /imilarly, :niversity of Pennsylvania professorAlan 'harles ?orsand

lawyer >arvey A. /ilverglateconnect political correctness to !arist Jrankfurt /chool

philosopher >erbert !arcuse. *hey claim that liberal ideas of free speech are repressive,

arguing that such 2!arcusean logic2 is the base ofspeech codes, which are seen by some

as censorship, in :/ universities. ?ors and /ilvergate later established the Joundation for

&ndividual 3ights in 1ducation, which campaigns against P' speech codes

.

4. Conclusion

Political correctnessor political correctitude(adjectivally, politically correct; both

forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is the attitude or policy of being ecessively careful not

to offend or upset any group of people in society who are believed to have a disadvantage.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School_conspiracy_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School_conspiracy_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Buchananhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Charles_Korshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_A._Silverglatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School_conspiracy_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Buchananhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Charles_Korshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_A._Silverglatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Education


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The Random House Dictionary defnes political correctness as an

outlook marked by or sticking to a typically progressive tradition on

issues involving race, gender, or sexual attraction. hen political

correctness frst took root in *orth &merica, many people thought it was

merely college campus humor, like re!erring to higher governmenttaxation as revenue enhancement or calling bankruptcy a positive

restructuring. /ome people even thought stories about political

correctness00called P100were about personal computers00also called P1s00

and did not pay attention. Eigher taxation is called revenueenhancement, bankruptcy is called positive restructuring, a broken

!amily is called a binuclear !amily, maiden name is called birth name

and visually impaired is called partially sighted. The ideals behind

political correctness have a !ar0reaching e"ect because the world is

gradually becoming one large global village. ith political correctnessgroups o! people who historically have not worked or played together in

the past have a set o! rules !or language use, so as not to o"end or insult

each other.


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Alzheimers Disease

1. Illustration

Alzheimer's disease(AD), also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease, is the

most common form of dementia. *here is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it

progresses, and eventually leads to death. &t was first described by Merman psychiatrist and

neuropathologist Alois AlLheimerin "#$C and was named after him. !ost often, A is

diagnosed in people over CB years of age, although the less%prevalent early%onset

AlLheimer6scan occur much earlier. &n $$C, there were C.C million people worldwide with

A. AlLheimer6s is predicted to affect " in


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&n "#$C, Alois AlLheimer, a Merman neuropathologist, discovered two abnormalities in

the brain of a fifty%si year old woman who died of severe mental problems. Jor a long time

AlLheimer8s discovery was overlooked because doctors of that era (and for many years

afterwards) thought these irregularities were only the normal conse9uences of human aging.

&n the mid%"#


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functions,perception(agnosia), or eecution of movements (apraia) are more prominent

than memory problems. A does not affect all memory capacities e9ually.7lder memoriesof

the person6s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit

memory(the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are

affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories.

C. #oderate

Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence, with subjects being unable to

perform most common activities of daily living. /peech difficulties become evident due to an

inability to recall vocabulary, which leads to fre9uent incorrect word substitutions

(paraphasias). 3eading and writing skills are also progressively lost. 'omple motor

se9uences become less coordinated as time passes and A progresses, so the risk of falling

increases.

D. Advanced

uring the final stage of A, the person is completely dependent upon

caregivers. anguage is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to

complete loss of speech. espite the loss of verbal language abilities, people can often

understand and return emotional signals. Although aggressiveness can still be present,

etreme apathyand ehaustionare much more common symptoms. Persons with AlLheimer6s

disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks without any

assistance. !uscle massand mobility deteriorate to the point where they are bedridden, and

they lose the ability to feed themselves. A is a terminal illness, with the cause of death

typically being an eternal factor, such as infection ofpressure ulcersorpneumonia, not the

disease itself.

AlLheimer6s disease is characterised by loss of neuronsandsynapsesin the cerebral

corteand certain subcortical regions. *his loss results in grossatrophyof the affected

regions, including degeneration in thetemporal lobeandparietal lobe, and parts of the frontal

corteandcingulate gyrus.egeneration is also present in brainstem nuclei like the locus

coeruleus. /tudies using !3&and P1*have documented reductions in the siLe of specific

brain regions in people with A as they progressed from mild cognitive impairment to

AlLheimer6s disease, and in comparison with similar images from healthy older adults.

*he cause for most AlLheimer6s cases is still mostly unknown ecept for "N to BN of cases

where genetic differences have been identified. /everal competing hypotheseseist trying to

eplain the cause of the disease4

$enetic

*he genetic heritability of AlLheimer6s disease (and memory components thereof), based

on reviews of twin and family studies, range from #N to 5#N. Around $."N of the cases are

familial forms ofautosomal(not se%linked) dominantinheritance, which usually have an

onset before age CB. *his form of the disease is known as early onset familial AlLheimer6s

disease. !ost of autosomal dominant familial A can be attributed to mutations in one of

three genes4 those encoding amyloid precursor protein(APP) andpresenilins" and . !ost

mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein

called AO, which is the main component of senile pla9ues. /ome of the mutations merelyalter the ratio between AO and the other major formse.g., AO$without increasing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraxiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomic_aphasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulate_gyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulate_gyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulate_gyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Alzheimer_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Alzheimer_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenilinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CE%B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CE%B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senile_plaqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraxiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomic_aphasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulate_gyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Alzheimer_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Alzheimer_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenilinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CE%B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senile_plaques


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AO levels. *his suggests that presenilin mutations can cause disease even if they lower the

total amount of AOproduced and may point to other roles of presenilin or a role for alterations

in the function of APP andHor its fragments other than AO. *here eist variants of the APP

gene which are protective.

Dia%nosis

AlLheimer6s disease is usually diagnosed based on the person6s history, history from

relatives, and observations of the person6s behaviours. *he presence of

characteristic neurologicaland neuropsychologicalfeatures and the absence of alternative

conditionsis supportive. Advancedmedical imagingwithcomputed tomography('*)

or magnetic resonance imaging(!3&), and with single%photon emission computed

tomography(/P1'*) orpositron emission tomography(P1*) can be used to help eclude

other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia. !oreover, it may predict conversion

fromprodromalstages (mild cognitive impairment) to AlLheimer6s disease.

Assessment of intellectual functioningincluding memory testing can further characterise

the state of the disease. !edical organisations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and

standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians. *he diagnosis can be confirmed

with very high accuracypost%mortemwhen brain material is available and can be

eamined histologically.

&ntellectual activities such as playing chessor regular social interaction have been linked

to a reduced risk of A in epidemiological studies, although no causal relationship has been

found.

At present, there is no definitive evidence to support that any particular measure is effective

in preventing A. Mlobal studies of measures to prevent or delay the onset of A have often

produced inconsistent results. 1pidemiological studies have proposed relationships between

certain modifiable factors, such as diet, cardiovascular risk, pharmaceutical products, or

intellectual activities among others, and a population6s likelihood of developing A. 7nly

further research, including clinical trials, will reveal whether these factors can help to prevent

A.

#edication

ong%term usage of non%steroidal anti%inflammatory drugs(/A&s) is associated with a

reduced likelihood of developing A. >umanpostmortemstudies, inanimal models, or in

vitroinvestigations also support the notion that /A&s can reduce inflammation related to

amyloid pla9ues. >owever, trials investigating their use as palliative treatment have failed to

show positive results, apparently because the brain /A& concentration after an oral

/A& dose is eceedingly small.E"ormone

replacement therapy, although previously used, may increase the risk of dementia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodromalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmortemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease#cite_note-128http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodromalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmortemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease#cite_note-128http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapy


13/13

&iestyle

People who engage in intellectual activities such as reading, playing board games, completing

crossword puLLles, playing musical instruments, or regular social interactionshow a reduced

risk for AlLheimer6s disease. *his is compatible with thecognitive reservetheory, which

states that some life eperiences result in more efficient neural functioning providing theindividual a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of dementia manifestations. 1ducation

delays the onset of A syndrome, but is not related to earlier death after diagnosis. earning

a second language even later in life seems to delay getting AlLheimer disease. Physical

activityis also associated with a reduced risk of A.

Diet

People who eat a mediterranean diethave a lower risk of A, and it may improve outcomes

in those with the disease. *hose who eat a diet high in saturated fats and simple

carbohydrates have a higher risk. *he mediterranean diet6s beneficial cardiovascular effect

has been proposed as the mechanism of action. *here is limited evidence that light tomoderate use of alcohol, particularly red wine, is associated with lower risk of A. *here is

tentative evidence that caffeinemay be protective. A number of foods high in flavonoidssuch

as cocoa, red wine, and tea may decrease the risk of A.

3eviews on the use of vitaminsand minerals have not found enough consistent evidence to

recommend them. *his includes vitamin A, ', 1,selenium, Linc, and folic acid with or

without vitamin 0". Additionally vitamin 1 is associated with health risks. *rials

eamining folic acid(0#) and other 0 vitamins failed to show any significant association

with cognitive decline. &n those already affected with A adding docosaheaenoic acid, an7mega = fatty acid, to the diet has not been found to slow decline.

'urcuminas of $"$ has not shown benefit in people even though there is tentative evidence

in animals.*here is inconsistent and unconvincing evidence thatginkgohas any positive

effect on cognitive impairment and dementia. As of $$< there is no concrete evidence

that cannabinoidsare effective in improving the symptoms of A or dementia.E"B=F/ome

research in its early stages however looks promising.

C. Conclusion

AlLheimer8s disease is the most common form of brain disorder in orth America,

affecting more than two and one%9uarter million men and women over the age of CB.

*he brain functions like a main control room for the rest of the body. &t gathers

information, controls movements, and activates thoughts and emotions. &t

communicates with the body by using the chemical acetylcholine to send signals to and

from brain cells.

AlLheimer8s disease affects the brain by causing a breakdown in the neurons of brain

cells, so that not enough acetylcholine is produced.

*he two groups which are at most risk to develop AlLheimer8s disease are elderly

people and people who have close relatives with the disease.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_bilobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_bilobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease#cite_note-pmid19370677-153http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_beanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_bilobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease#cite_note-pmid19370677-153

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