Poliomyelitis presentation
-
Upload
jonah-grant -
Category
Documents
-
view
251 -
download
6
Transcript of Poliomyelitis presentation
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
1/30
P O L I O M Y E L I T I SS H A U N B Y R N E , J O N A H G R A N T , A N D S A M K I P P E R M A N
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
2/30
C O N G R AT U L AT I O N S I T S A E N T E R O V I R U
Enterovirus
Acute viral infection
Single stranded RNA and a protein capsid.
Three serotypes (PV1, PV2, and PV3)
Infection occurs via the fecaloral route TEM micrograpViron
http://www.ep
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
3/30
S H O U L D I S E E A D O C T O R I F I H AV E P O L I O
Outcomes of poliovirus
No Symptoms. (9095%)
Minor Illness. (48%)
Non-paralytic aseptic meningitis. (12%)
Paralytic poliomyelitis. (0.10.5%)
Spinal polio. (79% of paralytic)
Bulbospinal polio. (79% of paralytic)
Bulbar polio(2% of paralytic)
http://www.polioeradica
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
4/30
I N C R E A S E D R I S K F A C T O R S
HIV/AIDS
Malnutrition
Physical activity immediately
following the onset of paralysis
Anything that weakens the
immune systemhttp://www.rotary
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
5/30
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
6/30
T H E I N T E S T I N A L T R A C T
Poliovirus begins infecting pharynx andintestinal mucosa cells
It binds to cell receptor known as CD115
The Poliovirus substitutes its RNA, into
the cells RNA and begins manufacturingduplicate virus
Moves to bloodstream after 7-10 days
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
7/30
POL IOV IRUSHTTP: / /UPLOAD.WIK IMEDIA.ORG/WIK IPEDIA/COMMONS/8/8A/PR IMARY_CNS_LYMPH
PARA LYT I C P OL IO
Destroys neurons in central nervous
system
Inflammation and lack of movement
result from destruction of neurons
Nerve impulses return to the formerly
paralyzed muscle within a month
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Primary_CNS_lymphoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
8/30
B U L B A R P O L I O A N D B U L B O S P I N A L P O L
Bulbospinal polio destroys nerves in spinalcord (19% paralytic cases)
Affects thephrenic nerve which affects the
muscles in the diaphragm
Patient cannot breath without ventilator
Bubar polio destroys nerves in the brain
stem (2% of paralytic cases)
Affects all muscles in the body
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
9/30
Spinal cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
10/30
Survives in highly acidic environments
Spreads through the lymphatic system
Replicates rapidly, overwhelms theprimary immune response
Different serotypes do not have crossimmunity
P O L I O V I R US I M M UN E AV O I D AN CE
HTTP : / /WWW.BORGENMA
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
11/30
I M M U N E R E S P O N S E
Standard immune response involving
helper T cells, antibodies, and
phagocytes.
Antibodies, antibodies, antibodies
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
12/30
What route(s) does poliovirus take to e
central nervous system?
Why lower motor neurons?
Why has type 2 poliovirus been eradic
types 1 and 3 have not?
W H AT W E D O N O T K N O W
HTTPS : /
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
13/30
I N C R E A S E O F P R E VA L E N C E
Poor sanitation prior to the 20th century resulted in city dwellers
constantly exposed to the virus, enhancing a natural immunity
When public sanitation improved city dwellers gradually lost the
immunity to the virus and outbreaks became common
MID-1
HTTP : / /WWW.19THCENTURYBOTTLED IG
http://www.19thcenturybottlediggers.com/newyork.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
14/30
I N C R E A S E O F P R E VA L E N C E
The polio epidemic reached critical proportions in 1952
58,000 cases
3,145 deaths
21,269 left with mild to severe paralysis
HTTP : / /THEGLYPTODON.WORDPRESS .COM/2012 /08 /21 /POL
http://theglyptodon.wordpress.com/2012/08/21/polio-caused-by-ice-cream/ -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
15/30
Its prevalence in mid-twentieth century society spurred grassroots
efforts that revolutionized medical philanthropy
Advanced the modern disability rights movement
Lessons learned from large-scale trials of the vaccine formed the bmodern clinical trials
One of the two diseases subject of a global eradication program
S O C I A L S I G N I F I C A N C E
HTTP : / /WWW.NORTHCOASTJOURNAL .COM/082
http://www.northcoastjournal.com/082103/cover0821-polio.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
16/30
S E A R C H F O R A C U R E
With the rising prevalence of the disease,
researchers sought a vaccine to prevent
or mitigate the illness, most notably
Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, Hilary
Koprowski, and Herald Cox.
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
17/30
J O N A S S A L KV I R O L O G I S T, U N I V E R S I T Y O F P I T T S B U R G H
Asked to join the fight against polio by the director of
the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
First to develop and distribute a successful polio
vaccine
Executed the greatest public health experiment in
history
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
18/30
A L B E RT S A B I NP O L I S H M E D I C A L R E S E A R C H E R
Developed the oral polio vaccine containing anattenuated form of the virus
Due to success of Salk vaccine in US, Sabin vaccine
was/is used more common internationally
"You don't need to have an expert doctor or nurse to give the
vaccine. Sabin's vaccine was the vaccine to bring polio to the edge
of eradication.
- Daniel Wilson, Muhlenberg College
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
19/30
Jonas Salk first researched vaccination with influenza
Began researching poliovirus at University of Pittsburgh
Sorted 125 strains of poliovirus
Identified three basic types of the virus
HeLa cells
1948 - Harvard research
D E V E L O P M E N T O F V AC C I N E
HTTP : / /D IRECTORSBLOG.N IH .GOV/2013 /08 /07 /HELA -CELLS -A -NEW-CHAPTE
http://directorsblog.nih.gov/2013/08/07/hela-cells-a-new-chapter-in-an-enduring-story/ -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
20/30
D E V E L O P M E N T O F V AC C I N E
Formaldehyde
Trial runs:
Recovered victims
Patients who have never contracted polio
HTTP : / /WWW.V I ROLOGY.WI SC . EDU/V I RUSWORLD/
http://www.virology.wisc.edu/virusworld/PS10/p1m_poliovirus.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
21/30
RESULTS
First trials increased antibody count
Second trials increased antibody count and no contracted virus
American Medical Association
Initial results suggested about 60-70% prevention
Manufacturing error
1955: 18,985 cases ------ 1957: 5,894 cases
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
22/30
HTTP : / /AMER ICANTH INGS . F I LES .WORDPRESS .COM/2009 /10 /ME I SENPRODUCT IONSDOTCOM
http://americanthings.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/meisenproductionsdotcom.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
23/30
S AB I N V AC C I N E
Sabin thought Salks vaccine wasnt strong
enough
Oral instead of injection
Effective and efficientHTTP : / /WWW.UNICEF .ORG
POL IO -VAC
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
24/30
PRESENT STATE
Cases are very rare in the United States today
Virus mutation
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
25/30
E F F E C T I V E N E S S
HTTP : / /WWW.CDC .GOV/POL IO /PROGRESS /
http://www.cdc.gov/polio/progress/ -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
26/30
H I S T O R I C A L S I G N I F I C A N C E
One of the oldest-known diseases
Egyptian paintings depict healthy people with deformed limbs
Has caused paralysis in millions over the course of history
First medical description given in 1789 (a debility of the lower e
HTTP : / /UPLOAD .WIK IMED IA .ORG/WIK I PED IA /COMMONS/5 /5C /P
HTTP : / /UPLOAD .WIK IMED IA .ORG/WIK I PED IA /COMMONS/5 /5C /P
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Polio_Egyptian_Stele.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Polio_Egyptian_Stele.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
27/30
-
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
28/30
J A K O B H E I N EG E R M A N O R T H O P E D I S T
First recognized polio as a distinct condition in 1840 in
a report of the disease
First to identify the illness as a clinical entity
HTTP : / /UPLOAD .WIK IMED IA .ORG/WIK I PED IA /COMMONS/2 /2E / JAKOBHE INE . JPG
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Jakobheine.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
29/30
K A R L L A N D S T E I N E RA U S T R A L I A N B I O L O G I S T A N D P H Y S I C I A N
First isolated and identified the poliovirus in 1908 with
peer physicians Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper
HTTP : / / IMAGES . F INEARTAMER ICA .COM/ IMAGES -MED IUM-LARGE/KARL -
LANDSTE INER - 1868 - 1943 -AUSTR IAN -EVERETT . JPG
W O R K S C I T E D
http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/karl-landsteiner-1868-1943-austrian-everett.jpg -
8/10/2019 Poliomyelitis presentation
30/30
Albert B. Sabin Archives [Internet]. Cincinatti(OH):University of Cincinatti; [cited 2014 Dec 2] . Available from: http://sabin.uc.edu/
Bankston JB. 2002. Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine [Internet]. Bear, (Delaware):Mitchell Lane Publishers; [cited 2014 Dec 2]
BOKHARI FB. 2014 May 6. Pakistan launches new polio vaccination efforts [Internet].CBS News; [cited 2014 Dec 2] . Available from: http://www.cbsnenew-polio-vaccination-efforts/
Bridges J. 2003. Post-polio syndrome. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet (7.3) [Internet]. [2003, cited 2014 Sept 21] Volume 7:41-49. Availab
docview/57622734/C50AA1172AE4526PQ/2?accountid=14503 Center for Disease Control and Prevention . Polio Eradication [Internet]. Edition 1. Atlanta(GA):Disease Control and Prevnetion; [2014 September 4, c
from: http://www.cdc.gov/polio/
Center for Disease Control and Prevention . 2012. Poliomyelitis [Internet]. 12. St. Louis (MO):Global Polio Eradication Initiative ; cited 2014 Septembewww.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/polio.pdf
Christine Weiler . **Date of Publication**. Acute Poliomyelitis [Internet]. 1. Denver(CO):University of Colorado Health Sciences Center ; [2014 Sep 3, chttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306440-medication
Flanick L. 2014. Cell Biology: From HeLa Cells to the Polio Vaccine. Yale-New HavenTeachers Institute [Internet]. [cited November 20, 2014] 13.04.03. Available from: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2013/4/13.04.03.x.html
GOAD M. 2005. IN POLIO'S AFTERMATH. Portland Press Herald (final edition) [Internet]. [2005 June 5, cited Sept 21] Final. Available from: http://sea
277242490/B6652721799A4D6BPQ/17?accountid=14503
Inactivated Polio Vaccine [Internet]. London:UK Health Centre; [cited 2014 Dec 2] . Available from: http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/vaccine/what-is-ipv-
JP. 1984. Modes of action of poliovirus vaccines and relation to resulting immunity.. Rev Infect Dis. [Internet]. cited 2014 Dec 2] . Available from: http://6740072
Neal Nathanson . 2008. The Pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis: What We Dont Know [Internet]. 71. Philadelphia(PN):Science Direct; [cited 2014] Availablepubmed/18585526
Thompson . 2014 Dec 2. The Salk polio vaccine: "Greatest public health experiment in history" [Internet]. CBS News; [cited 2014 Dec 2] . Available frothe-salk-polio-vaccine-greatest-public-health-experiment-in-history/
Wellner K. 2005. Polio and Historical Inquiry. OAH Magazine of History (19) [Internet]. [2005, cited 2014 Sept 21] Vol(19):54-58. Available from: http://w
W O R K S C I T E D
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25161982http://search.proquest.com/docview/277242490/B6652721799A4D6BPQ/17?accountid=14503http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2013/4/13.04.03.x.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/polio.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/polio/http://search.proquest.com/docview/57622734/C50AA1172AE4526PQ/2?accountid=14503