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Transcript of Police Stress Management
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Chapter 16Chapter 16
Impacts of IT onOrganizations, Individuals
& Society
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Learning Objectives
U nderstand the major impacts of information technology onorganizations, individuals, and society.
Consider the potential dehumanization of people by computersand other potential negative impacts of information technology.
Identify the major impacts of information technology onorganizational structure, power, jobs, supervision, and decisionmaking.
Identify some of the major societal impacts of the Web.
U nderstand the role and impact of virtual communities.
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Case: Wearable Computers
F or years, many mobile employees were unable to enjoy the new
technologies designed to make employees work or feel better.
The use of wireless devices that can communicate with each other
and with remote IS is increasing very rapidly (m-commerce).
Such systems could easily include GPS (global positioning
systems).
So far only a few companies make and sell wearables for mobile
workers, but this is expected to change in the future.
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Does IT have only Positive Effects?
While our society generally embraces IT, there are many
people who believe that humankind is threatened by the
evolution of technology.
We must be aware of IT¶s effect on us as individuals and as
members of organizations and society.Questions arise, such
as;
Will society have any control over the decisions to deploy
technology?
Where will technology critics be able to make their voices heard?
Who will investigate the costs and risks of technologies, and who is
going to pay for that investigation?
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Structure, Authority & Job Content
F latter Organizational Hierarchies
An increased span of control.
Blue-to-white Collar Staff Ratio
The number of professionals and specialists could decline.
Special U nits
Technology center, e-commerce center, etc.
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Structure, Authority & Job Content(cont.)
Centralization of Authority
Greater empowerment and decentralization.
Power and StatusOnline knowledge bases may reduce the power of certain
professional groups.
Job Content
If job content changes, people may need training, re-skilling.
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Personnel Issues
E mployee Career Ladders
The use of IT may short-cut a portion of the learning curve.
Changes in Supervision
E lectronic supervision.
Other Considerations
Job qualifications, training, worker satisfaction.
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The Manager·s Job
IT changes the way Managers make decisions in the following ways;
Automation of routine decisions (e.g,. frontline employee).
Less expertise required for many decisions.
Less reliance on experts to provide support to top
executives.
E mpowerment of lower and medium levels of management.
Decision making undertaken by non-managerial
employees.
Power redistribution among managers, and power shifts
down the organization.
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Organizational Changes
A large number and variety of
people participating in decision
making.
A decrease in the number and
variety of people participating in
traditional face-to-face
communication.
F ewer organizational levels involved
in authorizing actions.
More rapid and accurate
identification of problems and
opportunities, so better decisionsare made.
Organizational intelligence that is
more accurate, comprehensive,
timely, and available.
Shorter time required to authorize
actions and make decisions.
The use of computer-assisted communication technologies leads
to the following organizational changes (Huber,1990);
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Impacts of Individuals at Work
Job Satisfaction
Dissatisfied Managers
Dehumanization &
Psychological Impacts
Isolation and the Internet
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Impacts of Individuals at Work
Information Anxiety
F rustration with the quality of the informationavailable on the Web.
Too many sources online. F rustration with the guilt associated with not being
better informed.
Impacts on Health & Safety
Job Stress
Repetitive Strain Injuries
E rgonomics
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IS & the Individual
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Social Impacts
Opportunities for People with Disabilities
Quality of Life Improvements
Potential positive uses of Robots E .g., Case: Laying F iber Optic Cables.
E .g., Case: Cleaning Train Stations in Japan
Improvements in Health Care
Crime F ighting and Other Benefits
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Technology & Crime
One of the major debates surrounding IT involves situations in
which police are using technology to reduce crime.
Scanning Crowds for Criminals.
Casinos use face recognition systems to identify ´undesirables´.
The U .K. police have, since 1998, been using a similar system
inE
ast London borough with 300 cameras. Many banks, gas stations, convenience stores, and even
elevators use the system.
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Cultural Lag
Ogburn¶s Cultural Lag Thesis:
An inherent conflict exists between the rapid speed of
modern technological advances and the slower speed at
which ethical guidelines for utilization of new technologies
are developed.
A failure to develop broad social consensus on appropriate
applications of modern technology may lead to; breakdowns in social solidarity
the rise of social conflict.
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IT & Society
Hearst (1999) presents three different views on how IT and
society are changing one another:
View #1: Becoming socialized means learning what kinds of behavior
are appropriate in a given social situation.
View #2: Newly internetworked IT allows people acting in their own
self- interest to indirectly affect the experiences of other people.
View #3 There is a move away from a hierarchical society into asociety in which boundaries are more permeable.
³glocalization´- simultaneously being intensely global &
intensely local
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V irtual Society
The term virtual society
refers to all components
that are part of a
society¶s culture based
on the functional rather
than the physical
structure.
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IT & Employment Levels
A major attribute associated with automation is the
replacement of people by machines.
There is no doubt that many people have been displaced by automation, but many more have gained employment due to
automation.
Computers encourage competition, which leads to a decline in
prices. Lower prices mean higher demand, which, in turn, creates more
jobs.
The computer industry itself has created millions of new jobs.
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Is Mass Unemployment Coming?
Massive U nemployment Will Come No Massive U nemployment
Benefit/ cost advantage of computers
increases with time.
New occupations and jobs have always
been created by automation.
Less skilful employees are needed. There is much less unemployment in
countries that use more automation.
Shifting displaced employees to
services is getting difficult.
Work can be expanded to
accommodate everyone.
Many employees lost their jobs in the
1990s.
Conversion to automation is slow, and
the economy can adjust.
Hidden unemployment exists in many
organizations.
Many tasks cannot be fully automated.
E -commerce will cause millions of
intermediaries/ agents to lose their
jobs.
There will always be some areas where
people are better than machines.
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Digital Divide
Digital Divide ± the gap between those that have information
technology and those that do not.
Within countries and among countries.
In 2001, only 5 % of the world¶s population used the Web, and
the vast majority of this 5 % was located in the developed
world.
Yet the Web has the potential to turn poor countries such as
India into economic powerhouses & dissolve rigid social
barriers.
Cyber cafes - One instrument for closing the digital divide.
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Globalization & Free Speech
International Implications
Many countries, willingly or
unwillingly, knowingly or unknowingly, are being
westernized as a result of
information about western
ways of life and values
flowing freely across
borders.
Challenge to F ree Speech
The problem of Internet
pornography is very serious
Some countries take an
entirely different line with
respect to freedom of
speech
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Social Responsibility
Social Responsibility.
Organizations need to be motivated to utilize IT to improve the
quality of life in the workplace.
Social Services and Privacy.
Conflicting public pressures may rise to suppress the use of IT
because of concerns about privacy and ³Big Brother´
government. E .g. Hong Kong ID Cards
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V irtual Community
A virtual community is one in which the interaction is done
by using the Internet.
Also known as an Internet community or an electronic community .
An Internet community may have millions of members and as
a result could have significant effects on e-markets.
GeoCities (geocities.com) has grown to many million members
in less than two years.
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Elements of the V irtual Society
Category E lement
Communication Bulletin boards, Chat rooms\threaded discussions
(string Q&A), E -mail and instant messaging, Private
mailboxes, Newsletters, Web postings, Voting
Information Directories and yellow pages, Search engine,
Member-generated content, Links to information
sources, E xpert advice
E -Commerce
E lement E -catalogs, e-shopping carts, Advertisements,
Auctions of all types, Classified ads, Bartering online,
Classified advertisement mail and instant messaging
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Types of V irtual Communities
Communities of Transactions - facilitate buying and selling.
Communities of Interest or Purpose - people have the
chance to interact with each other on a specific topic.
Rugby365.com gets rugby fans, and music lovers go to
mp3.com.
Communities of Relations or Practice - are organized around
certain life experiences, situation, or vacations.
Communities of F antasy - participants create imaginary
environments.
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Business Aspects of E-communities
Value creation arises in virtual communities because the
community brings together consumers of specific demographics
and interests.
This presents opportunities for transacting business, and for
communicating messages about products and services.
E -communities can attract advertising revenues from advertisers
eager to communicate their messages to a specific target
audience.
Opportunities also arise for collecting valuable marketing
information.
demographics and psychographics of members
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V alue Creation in V irtual Communities
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The IRM Model
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Lessons Learned
The major concern of most organizations today is how to
transform themselves to a ³new organization´ adaptable to the
new economy.
The key to survival is the ability to properly and quickly adapt tochanges in the environment.
Change in the business environment is demonstrated not only in
the increased competition and globalization, but also in industry
structures, distribution channels, production systems, and more.
IT can also save organizations, helping them to adjust and
survive.
IT is the major driver of the new economy.
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´Digital ²Economy Readyµ Actions organizations can take to become ³digital-economy
ready´;
Build strategic information systems and use innovations such as
electronic auctions and exchanges.
Create effective and efficient communication and collaboration
networks.
E xamine possible new models and initiatives of e-commerce
E xamine supply chains.
Make a continuous effort to increase productivity, quality, security,
and effectiveness in every facet of the organization¶s operations.
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´Digital ²Economy Readyµ (cont.)
In moving to a ³digital-economy-ready status,´ carefully plan IT
systems in coordination with the business plans they intend to
support.
Increase recognition of knowledge, its creation, preservation, storage,and dissemination.
Support managerial decisions with IT and especially the Web.
Have the ability to process a large amount of data.
F acilitate innovation and creativity in digital economy applications by
using intelligent systems.
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´Digital ²Economy Readyµ (cont.)
Carefully address the economies of IT in general and e-commerce in
particular, including outsourcing, when moving to the new economy.
Properly build and deploy information systems that will provide for
internal efficiency and connect to the many business partners.
Manage the increasing information resources in both business units
and a centralized IS department.
Address organizational, personal, and socioeconomic issues
associated with the increase use of IT.