Police in AmericaPolice in America

Chapter TenChapter Ten

Innovations in Innovations in Police StrategyPolice Strategy

© 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.McGraw-Hill

10-2

Impetus for Change in PolicingImpetus for Change in Policing

Local police departments were isolated and Local police departments were isolated and alienated from important segments of the alienated from important segments of the community.community.

Research had undermined the assumptions of Research had undermined the assumptions of traditional police management and police reform.traditional police management and police reform.

Recognition of the fact that the police role is Recognition of the fact that the police role is complex.complex.

Recognition of the importance of citizens as co-Recognition of the importance of citizens as co-producers of police servicesproducers of police services

10-3

The Roots of Community Policing: The Roots of Community Policing: Broken Window HypothesisBroken Window Hypothesis

Broken Windows HypothesisBroken Windows Hypothesis: Developed by James Q. Wilson and : Developed by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling; argues that police should focus their resources George L. Kelling; argues that police should focus their resources on disorder problems that create fear of crime and lead to on disorder problems that create fear of crime and lead to neighborhood decay. A broken window begins neighborhood decay.neighborhood decay. A broken window begins neighborhood decay.

Types of Disorder:Types of Disorder:

1. Social Disorder (Social Disorganization): A condition said to exist 1. Social Disorder (Social Disorganization): A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.consensus.

2. Physical Disorder: A form of societal neglect resulting from 2. Physical Disorder: A form of societal neglect resulting from physical decay within a neighborhood; examples include physical decay within a neighborhood; examples include vandalism, dilapidation and abandonment of buildings, and trash vandalism, dilapidation and abandonment of buildings, and trash buildup.buildup.

10-4

Characteristics of Community Characteristics of Community PolicingPolicing

Community PolicingCommunity Policing: A model of : A model of policing that stresses a two-way policing that stresses a two-way working relationship between the working relationship between the community and the police; the police community and the police; the police become more integrated into the local become more integrated into the local community, and citizens assume an community, and citizens assume an active role in crime control and active role in crime control and prevention.prevention.

10-5

Community PolicingCommunity Policing

Community PartnershipsCommunity Partnerships Collaboration between police and communityCollaboration between police and community

ConsultationConsultation Citizens can express problems and needsCitizens can express problems and needs Police can educate citizens about crime and disorder in Police can educate citizens about crime and disorder in

communitycommunity Allows citizens to present complaintsAllows citizens to present complaints Provides forum for police to inform the citizen about Provides forum for police to inform the citizen about

successes and failuressuccesses and failures MobilizationMobilization

NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods Civil and administrative lawCivil and administrative law Other municipal agenciesOther municipal agencies

10-6

The Effectiveness of Community The Effectiveness of Community PartnernshipsPartnernships

Foot PatrolFoot Patrol Increased citizensIncreased citizens’’ feelings of safety feelings of safety Positive feelings toward police departmentPositive feelings toward police department Varied feedback on effectiveness of crime reductionVaried feedback on effectiveness of crime reduction

Neighborhood WatchNeighborhood Watch Repeatedly found to have little impact on crimeRepeatedly found to have little impact on crime

Policing Where Policing Where ““CommunityCommunity”” Has Collapsed Has Collapsed More successful among middle-income people, More successful among middle-income people,

homeowners, and whites than among really poor homeowners, and whites than among really poor renters and racial minoritiesrenters and racial minorities

10-7

Organizational ChangeOrganizational Change

Organizational Organizational StructureStructure

Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture ManagementManagement

10-8

Evidence of Organizational ChangeEvidence of Organizational Change

Little evidence to support the idea that Little evidence to support the idea that police organizations are changing their police organizations are changing their structure as a consequence of community structure as a consequence of community policingpolicing

However, increased police visibility as a However, increased police visibility as a result of community policingresult of community policing

Incorporation of community policing Incorporation of community policing principles into academy training for officersprinciples into academy training for officers

10-9

Problem SolvingProblem Solving

Last element of community policingLast element of community policing When the police and the community engage When the police and the community engage

in a cooperative effort to solve neighborhood in a cooperative effort to solve neighborhood problemsproblems

Requires participants to identify the Requires participants to identify the underlying causes of problems rather than underlying causes of problems rather than respond to the problems themselvesrespond to the problems themselves

29% of local police agencies encourage 29% of local police agencies encourage officers to engage in problem-solving projectsofficers to engage in problem-solving projects

10-10

Pulling It All Together: Implementing Pulling It All Together: Implementing Community Policing at the Departmental LevelCommunity Policing at the Departmental Level

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program(CAPS) Program The CAPS PlanThe CAPS Plan

Involvement of entire department and entire cityInvolvement of entire department and entire city Permanent beat assignment for officersPermanent beat assignment for officers Commitment to trainingCommitment to training Community involvementCommunity involvement Link between policing and delivery of other city Link between policing and delivery of other city

servicesservices Emphasis on crime analysisEmphasis on crime analysis

10-11

(CAPS) Obstacles to Change(CAPS) Obstacles to Change

Problem of resourcesProblem of resources Public opposition to planned closing of Public opposition to planned closing of

precinct station housesprecinct station houses Getting rank-and-file officers committed to Getting rank-and-file officers committed to

CAPSCAPS The 911 systemThe 911 system

Traditional system would pull officers away Traditional system would pull officers away from problem-solving activitiesfrom problem-solving activities

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CAPS in ActionCAPS in Action Citizen interaction with police importantCitizen interaction with police important

Attempted through regular beat meetings where Attempted through regular beat meetings where citizens could discuss neighborhood problemscitizens could discuss neighborhood problems

• Problems discussed included drug problems, youth Problems discussed included drug problems, youth problems, loud music, police disregard for citizensproblems, loud music, police disregard for citizens

Evaluation of CAPSEvaluation of CAPS Mixed resultsMixed results High level of awareness of program, but did not High level of awareness of program, but did not

increase as time went onincrease as time went on Increased police visibilityIncreased police visibility More time spent on problem-solvingMore time spent on problem-solving

10-13

Community Policing: Problems and Community Policing: Problems and ProspectsProspects

A Legitimate Police Role?A Legitimate Police Role? A matter of policy choiceA matter of policy choice

A Political Police?A Political Police? Community policing expands police role and erodes traditional limitsCommunity policing expands police role and erodes traditional limits The more they dig into the root of social problems, the more they place limits The more they dig into the root of social problems, the more they place limits

on individual libertieson individual liberties Decentralization and AccountabilityDecentralization and Accountability

Decentralization creates a potential loss of control over police behaviorDecentralization creates a potential loss of control over police behavior Impact on Poor and Minority CommunitiesImpact on Poor and Minority Communities

Intrusive on lives of those living in low-income areas, more arrests, fewer Intrusive on lives of those living in low-income areas, more arrests, fewer men in these communities who can find jobs due to their criminal recordmen in these communities who can find jobs due to their criminal record

Conflicting Community InterestsConflicting Community Interests Especially financial interestsEspecially financial interests

But Does Community Policing Work?But Does Community Policing Work? YES: Study funded by the COPS Office showed that the community policing YES: Study funded by the COPS Office showed that the community policing

strategy implemented by the Clinton administration was extremely effectivestrategy implemented by the Clinton administration was extremely effective

10-14

The Roots of Problem-Oriented The Roots of Problem-Oriented Policing:Policing:

Herman Goldstein recognized complexity Herman Goldstein recognized complexity of the police roleof the police role Helped draft the American Bar Association standards Helped draft the American Bar Association standards

that emphasized different responsibilities of policethat emphasized different responsibilities of police Goldstein argues we should think of the police as a Goldstein argues we should think of the police as a

government agency providing a wide range of government agency providing a wide range of miscellaneous servicesmiscellaneous services

Also argues that the police are prisoners of their Also argues that the police are prisoners of their communication systemcommunication system

• 911 forces them into a reactive role and makes them think in terms of 911 forces them into a reactive role and makes them think in terms of isolated incidents isolated incidents

10-15

The Problem Solving Process The Problem Solving Process (SARA)(SARA)

ScanningScanning Look for and identify possible problemsLook for and identify possible problems

AnalysisAnalysis Collect information about the problem and attempt to Collect information about the problem and attempt to

identify its scope, nature and causeidentify its scope, nature and cause

ResponseResponse Analysis information used to develop a strategy to Analysis information used to develop a strategy to

address the problemaddress the problem

AssessmentAssessment Evaluation of the effectiveness of the responseEvaluation of the effectiveness of the response

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Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented PolicingPolicing

Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport NewsProblem-Oriented Policing in Newport News Increased police presence in area reduced reported burglaries Increased police presence in area reduced reported burglaries

by 60 percentby 60 percent Utilized SARA modelUtilized SARA model

Problem-Oriented Policing in San DiegoProblem-Oriented Policing in San Diego 70% of officers used some aspect of SARA model70% of officers used some aspect of SARA model However, most POP projects were not carried out in a However, most POP projects were not carried out in a

traditional traditional ““text booktext book”” fashion fashion The Boston Gun Project: Operation Cease FireThe Boston Gun Project: Operation Cease Fire

Reduced youth-gang homicides by 70% Reduced youth-gang homicides by 70% ResidentsResidents’’ fear of crime reduced by 21% fear of crime reduced by 21% Faith in police increased by 33%Faith in police increased by 33%

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Characteristics of Zero-Tolerance Characteristics of Zero-Tolerance PolicingPolicing

Zero-Tolerance PolicingZero-Tolerance Policing Based on broken windows theoryBased on broken windows theory Calls for the police to primarily focus on disorder, minor Calls for the police to primarily focus on disorder, minor

crime, and the appearance of crimecrime, and the appearance of crime Characterized by interventions that aggressively enforce Characterized by interventions that aggressively enforce

criminal and civil lawscriminal and civil laws Based on the presumption that communities that need the Based on the presumption that communities that need the

police the most are also the least likely to have strong police the most are also the least likely to have strong community social institutionscommunity social institutions

Does not attempt to carefully identify problems or thoroughly Does not attempt to carefully identify problems or thoroughly analyze cause of problemsanalyze cause of problems

Focus on place-specific interventionsFocus on place-specific interventions A back-to-basics strategyA back-to-basics strategy

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Effectiveness of Zero-Tolerance Effectiveness of Zero-Tolerance PolicingPolicing

Zero Tolerance Policing in NYCZero Tolerance Policing in NYC Giuliani instituted zero-tolerance strategy that focused on Giuliani instituted zero-tolerance strategy that focused on

enforcement efforts against panhandling, vandalism, enforcement efforts against panhandling, vandalism, public drunkenness, public urination, and prostitutionpublic drunkenness, public urination, and prostitution

Result was a drop in serious crime rate, however this also Result was a drop in serious crime rate, however this also came about as part of a general nation-wide trend in came about as part of a general nation-wide trend in drops in crime ratedrops in crime rate

Operation RestorationOperation Restoration Chandler, AZChandler, AZ Restructured police department and gave more Restructured police department and gave more

responsibility to planning and development dept.responsibility to planning and development dept. Result was a decrease in public morals crimes like Result was a decrease in public morals crimes like

prostitution and disorderly conductprostitution and disorderly conduct

10-19

Potential Problems with Zero-Potential Problems with Zero-Tolerance PolicingTolerance Policing

Conflict between police and the publicConflict between police and the public Encourages officers to be overly aggressiveEncourages officers to be overly aggressive Increase in no. of citizen complaintsIncrease in no. of citizen complaints

Increase in crime in the long runIncrease in crime in the long run An arrest record has a long-term impact on a An arrest record has a long-term impact on a

personperson’’s immediate and future employments immediate and future employment Impact on poor and minority communitiesImpact on poor and minority communities

Focus on minor offenses means poorer Focus on minor offenses means poorer minority communities will be affected moreminority communities will be affected more