Polaroid Integral Film Training Guide

7/30/2019 Polaroid Integral Film Training Guide

1/61

PROBLEM ANALYSIS:Integral Films

To optimize the display of this program, choose FULL SCREENfrom the VIEW menu. Press ESC Key to return to normal view.Click mouse or use RIGHT ARROW Key to go to next screen.


2/61

POLAROID FILM TRAINING

Purpose of the Program

Identify and understand the causes ofreported film problems, andPrevent the recurrence of problems

whenever possible.


3/61


Integral Films

8.8 x 10.7 cm (3.5 x 4.2 in.) 600 & SX-70 cameras

10.2 x 10.5 cm (4.0 x 4.1 in.)

Spectra cameras95 Film 11.1 x 6.4 cm (4.4 x 2.5 in.) Captiva/Vision Cameras

AutoFilm 11.4 x 10.8 cm (4.5 x 4.2 in.) CB-33 camera back


4/61

Basic Imaging Problems

Trainers and independent learners:click here for program overview.
http://localhost/Users/margaret/Library/Containers/com.apple.Preview/Data/Downloads/LEARNINT.PDF


5/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS (%): Approximate statistical probability, a guideline

5Description of problem

Cause of problem

Operator error (%)

Storage or handling problem (%)Camera malfunction (%)Film manufacturing defect (%)

Exampleof

Problem

Defect Code #


6/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Green or dark stain atpod end; expanse ofunprocessed negative

Pre-broken (ruptured)pod

Front seal improperly laminated (50%)

Operator squeezed pod end of film pack (25%)Improper handling (25%)

6

#201


7/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Incomplete coveragewith blowback

Uneven reagent spread;trapped air separates

negative from sheet

Defective manufacturing process (95%)

Improper storage/handling (5%)

7

#224


8/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Fuzzy picture

Picture is not sharp

Camera or subject motion, subject too close,smudge or fingerprint on lens (60%)Defective lens, faulty sonar ranging device (40%)

8

#632


9/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Hazy/white (fogged)picture

Film pre-exposed tolight prior to taking of

picture

Light leak in camera, if problem is repeated (40%)

Manufacturing defect, if isolated occurrence (40%)Film pack inserted while in bright sunlight (20%)

9

#837


10/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Dark slide or picture isnot ejected (no sound)

Motor in camera is notactivated

Faulty battery in filmpack (90%)

Defective motor (5%)Damaged battery contacts in camera (5%)

10

#143


11/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Dark slide or picture isnot ejected (with sound)

Dark slide or film framejammed in filmpack

Defective film or film pack (85%)

Defective camera, if occurrence is frequent (15%)

11

#141


12/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Evenly spaced spotsand/or stripes/bars

Dust, plastic particles,or dried developer

stuck to rollers

Dirty rollers (100%)Rollers should be cleaned frequently as preventive maintenance.

12

#603


13/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Developer leakage onback of picture startingat bottom (pod) end

Roller has picked upleaked developer

Pod tape not properly laminated (100%)

Rollers should be cleaned before next picture.

13

#835


14/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Developer leakage onback of picture at top(trap) end

Developer leakage fromtrap end as picture

comes through rollers

White mask not properly laminated (70%)

Rollers should be cleaned before next picture.Film was used/stored in high temperature (30%)

14

#836


15/61


How to clean rollers

Use a soft, non-abrasive cloth orcotton swab moistened with waterTurn rollers to clean back side


16/61


How to clean rollers

Do not use alcohol or othercleaning fluidNever scrape the rollers with a

hard objectDry the rollers thoroughlybefore use


17/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Picture too light

Overexposure (pictureexposed to too much

light)

Operator too close to subject (50%)

Lighten/darken control set towards lighten (25%)Shutter or exposure control or ranging systemmalfunction (25%)

17

#635


18/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Picture too dark

Underexposure (pictureexposed to too little

light)

Operator too far from subject or backlighting (50%)

Lighten/darken control set towards darken (25%)Defective flash or exposure control or sonarranging sys tem malfunction (25%)

18

#635


19/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Totally black picture

Film not exposed tolight

Shutter doesn't open or flash doesn't fire whentaking indoor picture in extremely low light (100%)

19

#610


20/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Totally white oryellowish picture

Film is exposed to toomuch light

Partially used film pack is inserted and white pictureis automatically ejected (60%)Shutter stays open too long or doesn't close (35%)Film totally exp osed to light during manufacture (5%)

20

#609


21/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Wind separation21

Rapid movementcauses negative and

sheet to separate

Picture is either waved or exposed to high windduring development (100%)

#639


22/61


Proper storage and handling procedures areillustrated by the graphics on all cases ofPolaroid film.

Do not stackmore than

(16) cases high.

Avoid exposureto radiation.

Keep dry andavoid highhumidity.

Shield from directsunlight/ avoid

high temperatures.


23/61

Here are some commonimaging problems due to

improper storage and handling


24/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Pictures are yellow orappear to be fadedthroughout the pack

Heat

24

Film stored at temperatures above 40 C (105 F)for an extended period of time (60%)Film exposed to extreme heat shortly before takingpicture (40%)

#651


25/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Pictures are too blue

Cold

Picture taken with film temperature below13 C (55 F) (100%)CAUTION: DO NOT FREEZE FILM

25

#652


26/61

POLAROIDFILM

TRAINING

PROBLEM:

CAUSE:

ANALYSIS:

Dull/faded; streaks/smears;incomplete coverage

throughout the pack

Outdated film

Film used after expiration date (100%)

26


27/61

Use Bookmark or click onlogo to return to Library.

POLAROIDFILM TRAINING:Integral Films

End

INTEGRAL FILM TRAINING GUIDE 28
http://localhost/Users/margaret/Library/Containers/com.apple.Preview/Data/Library.pdf


28/61

INTEGRAL FILM TRAINING GUIDE

MORE

RETUR

Green or dark stain at pod end;expanse of unprocessed negative

Cause The pod broke open prematurely and developer dried prior to

taking a picture and processing film through the rollers

Analysis If the film pack is squeezed at the end where the pods are all

stacked on top of each other, one or more pods will ruptureand developer will leak out

When developer leaks out prematurely, it eventually hardens(green stain), which accounts for the expanse of unprocessedfilm

This problem is most likely the result of improper handling bythe operator, or the pod's front seal may have beenimproperly laminated during manufacture

28



29/61


RETUR

Green or dark stain at pod end;expanse of unprocessed negative

Prevention Always handle the film pack by the edges, never squeeze it in

the area where the pods are stacked on top of each other

Demonstration tips Show where the film pack should not be squeezed

Take the film pack apart and show how the pictures and podsare positioned inside

Squeeze a film pack and let it sit overnight; then take picturesthe next day

29



30/61


MORE

RETUR

Incomplete coverage with blowback

Cause Developer did not sufficiently bond the positive and negative

after the film was processed through the rollers

Analysis There was not enough developer to completely bond the

positive/negative sandwich at the far corners of the picture

In isolated instances, it may be caused by breaking the podseal just prior to taking a picture

With a poor bond, air will flow into the fold of the sealed film,then back into the picture causing white fingerlike streaks

This can be aggravated by bending or twisting the film whileit is developing

30



31/61


RETUR

Incomplete coverage with blowback

Prevention Always hold the film pack by the edges when removing the

outer wrapping and when loading it into the camera

Lay the film flat while it is developing; avoid bending, ortwisting, especially during the early stages of development

Demonstration tips This may be difficult to simulate because it is usually a film

manufacturing problem; try the following:

Squeeze the film on one side just prior to picture-taking

Bend the film slightly at the far end of the picture

immediately after it exits the camera (early stage ofdevelopment)

31



32/61


MORE

RETUR

Fuzzy picture

Cause Images are unsharp because of camera or subject motion,

subject too close, fingerprint smudge on the lens, ordefective camera

Analysis Either the camera or the subject may have moved while the

shutter button was being depressed

The image will also be fuzzy if the subject is closer than thecamera's closeup capability

A severe fuzzy image, along with some distortion, is usuallycaused by a smudged lens

In isolated instances, the camera's lens or sonar rangingsystem may be faulty

32



33/61


RETUR

Fuzzy picture

Prevention Always use flash when taking indoor pictures

Hold the camera steady while depressing the shutter button;let the subject know when the picture is about to be taken

Periodically check the lens for smudges; clean it according tocamera instructions

Avoid taking extreme closeup shots; or use an auxiliarycloseup lens if available

Demonstration tips Demonstrate camera/subject movement indoors without flash

Take an extreme closeup picture; first check the instructionbook for the minimum required distance

Smudge the camera lens with a damp, or greasy finger, thentake a picture

33



34/61

MORE

RETUR

Hazy/white (fogged) picture

Cause There is no visible image transfer in portions of the picture

where the negative was exposed to light (or fogged) prior totaking a picture

Analysis A repetitive fogging pattern from picture-to-picture (and

pack-to-pack) indicates a possible light leak in the camera

If the fogging is an isolated occurrence, it may be the result ofa manufacturing defect

Another possibility is that the operator may have partiallyremoved, then reinserted, the dark slide prior to loading thefilm

Or, the camera was opened and the film pack partiallyremoved, then reinserted, prior to taking a picture

34



35/61

RETUR

Hazy/white (fogged) picturePrevention

If it is necessary to open the camera for any reason, such ascleaning the rollers or clearing a jam, be careful not todislodge the film pack

Note: Partially removing and reinserting the film pack will ruinthat picture only, all remaining pictures should be unaffected

Do not tamper with the dark slide prior to loading the film Have the camera checked if the problem is repetitive

Demonstration tips Punch a hole in the dark slide before inserting the film and

taking a picture

Open the camera, partially remove (about 1/4) and reinsertthe film, then take a picture



36/61

MORE

RETUR

Dark slide or picture is not ejected (no sound)

Cause The motor in the camera is not activated either because it is

defective, or because the film battery is dead

Analysis When the dark slide doesn't eject and the motor doesnt

sound, try another film pack

If the second pack still doesn't work, the camera motor isprobably defective; if it does work, the battery in the firstpack caused the problem

If there is weak sound, the battery may be weak

In isolated instances, the camera's battery contacts may befaulty



37/61

RETUR

Dark slide or picture is not ejected (no sound)

Prevention Since age reduces the battery's power, avoid using outdated

film

When purchasing film, always check the expiration date

If using large quantities of film for high-volume applications,be sure to keep the inventory current

Demonstration tips Place tape over the films battery contacts, then load the film

and take a picture



38/61

MORE

RETUR

Dark slide or picture is not ejected (with sound)

Cause The dark slide or picture jammed in the film pack, or the

camera's film pick mechanism was defective

Analysis When the motor sounds and the picture doesn't eject, open

the camera and remove the jammed frame, then reinsert thefilm pack and close the camera

If remaining films eject, it was probably a film problem

If remaining films do not eject, try another film pack and if theproblem persists, the camera's film picking system is faulty

Note: Sometimes an empty film cassette needs to be insertedto clear camera cycle (e.g., if camera shut down in mid-cycle)



39/61

RETUR

Dark slide or picture is not ejected (with sound)

Prevention Whenever this problem occurs from pack-to-pack, even

intermittently, the camera should be returned for service

Demonstration tips Point out the pick slot opening in the film box and explain

how the cameras pick pulls the film out

Using a partial pack, tape the first picture to the film box andinsert the pack in the camera; demonstrate how the camerasounds and the picture doesn't eject



40/61

MORE

RETUR

Evenly spaced spots and/or stripes/bars

Cause Dust, plastic particles, or dried developer is stuck on the

camera's rollers

Analysis Material that is stuck to the rollers puts pressure on the film

as it is transported between them

This pressure causes blemishes in the picture

The pattern is evenly spaced because the film is compressedeach time the camera makes one full revolution



41/61

RETUR

Evenly spaced spots and/or stripes/bars

Prevention The rollers should be checked, and cleaned if necessary,

prior to loading each new pack of film

Demonstration tips Simulate dirty rollers by placing a piece of tape on one of the

rollers prior to taking a picture

Demonstrate the proper cleaning method: Rotate the rollerswhile cleaning them with a damp cloth or cotton swab; makesure they are dry before loading and processing more film

Never scrape the rollers with a hard object; a scratch or nickon the rollers will permanently alter picture quality



42/61

MORE

RETUR

Developer leakage on back of picturestarting at bottom (pod) end

Cause: The pod tape was not properly laminated

Analysis During manufacture, a thin strip of tape secures the front

edge of the pod to the back of the film (in the area of the filmcode); this prevents developer from spreading on the back ofthe film as it is transported through the rollers

If a portion of this tape is not laminated properly, somedeveloper will leak onto the back of the picture as developerspreads between the positive and negative



43/61

RETUR

Developer leakage on back of picturestarting at bottom (pod) end

Prevention Open the camera and clean the rollers before continuing; be

careful not to dislodge the film

Note: Poor lamination often occurs in "bunches" and a newpack of film may have to be inserted

Demonstration tips Remove a picture from the pack and cut open a portion of the

pod tape, then replace the picture and process the film;developer will leak from the back of the damaged picture as itejects from the camera





44/61

MORE

RETUR

Developer leakage on back of pictureat the top (trap) end

Cause Developer leaked from the top of the picture because the

white mask was not properly laminated (pin holes in mask)

Film stored or loaded in high heat may weaken the lamination

Analysis

During manufacture, the white mask which borders the backof the picture was not properly laminated at the top (trap) end

Developer, which is normally trapped at this end of thepicture, leaked out as the picture exited the rollers

As a result, developer was deposited on the rollers


l l k b k f45


45/61

RETUR

Developer leakage on back of pictureat the top (trap) end

Prevention Open the camera and clean the rollers before continuing

Demonstration tips Remove a picture from the pack and cut open a portion of the

mask at the trap end, then replace the picture and processthe film; developer will leak from under the mask as thepicture exits the camera





46/61

MORE

RETUR

Picture too light

Cause When the picture was taken, the negative received too much

light, causing the subject to be overexposed (too light)

Analysis When the subject is closer than the recommended minimum

camera-to-subject distance, too much light reflects from thesubject, through the lens and onto the negative

A light subject close to a white/light background or simply alarge portion of the picture being white will causeoverexposure

Another possible cause of overexposure is setting thecamera's lighten/darken control toward lighten

If the problem persists, the camera's exposure control orranging system may be faulty; camera should be repaired



47/61

RETUR

Picture too light

Prevention Follow instructions for the recommended camera-to-subject

distance

Make sure the lighten/darken control is properly adjusted forlighting conditions in the scene

Demonstration tips Take some closeup pictures indoors with flash and outdoors

in available light; be sure to move in closer than therecommended distance

Do an exposure series (indoors and outdoors) at eachlighten/darken setting keep the same camera-to-subject

distance for each picture



48/61

MORE

RETUR

Picture too dark

Cause When the picture was taken, the negative did not receive

enough light and the subject was underexposed (too dark)

Analysis Pictures will be underexposed if...

The camera-to-subject distance exceeds the flash rangewhen taking indoor pictures

The subject is positioned in front of a very bright background

Dark subject is close to dark background or large portionof scene is dark

The lighten/darken control is set towards darken A persistent problem indicates possible equipment failure

such as a defective flash, or a malfunctioning exposurecontrol or sonar ranging system



49/61

RETUR

Picture too dark

Prevention

Do not exceed the recommended camera-to-subject distancewhen taking indoor flash pictures

Avoid backlit situations; place the subject in front of a neutralbackground, or move in closer so the subject fills most of theimage area

Demonstration tips Take some indoor pictures with the subject positioned

beyond the flash range

Simulate a backlit situation by placing the subject indoors infront of a brightly lit window and taking a picture without

flash; make sure the sonar ranging device is turned off



50/61

MORE

RETUR


Cause

The negative was either not exposed to light at all, or it wassignificantly underexposed

Analysis Either the flash didn't fire when taking an indoor picture in

extremely low light, or the shutter didn't open

When the flash doesn't fire, there is usually not enoughavailable light to expose an image on the film

If the shutter doesn't open, the film will be completelyunexposed (black)



51/61

RETUR


Prevention

Make sure the flash is turned on when taking indoor pictures If the problem persists, the camera should be returned for

repair

Demonstration tips

Purposely disable the flash and take an indoor picture undertypical home lighting conditions

Note: When taking an indoor picture without flash, an imagemay be slightly visible if the room light is extremely bright

To simulate a shutter that didnt open, hold a dark slideagainst the lens and take a picture



52/61

MORE

RETUR

Totally white or yellowish picture

Cause

The negative was exposed to too much light

Analysis The first picture of a partial pack will come out white because

it was totally exposed to light prior to insertion

If for any reason (such as removing a jammed picture) thefilm is removed from the camera and then reinserted, the firstpicture will be white; all remaining pictures will be normal

Another possibility is that the film was exposed to lightduring manufacture, or that a malfunctioning shutter stayedopen too long


ll h ll h

53


53/61

RETUR

Totally white or yellowish picture

Prevention

If the problem continues from pack-to-pack, evenintermittently, have the camera checked at a service center

Demonstration tips Show how the first picture in a partial pack is exposed to

available light


Wi d i

54


54/61

MORE

RETUR

Wind separation

Cause

Portions of the positive and negative separated before thefilm was fully developed

Analysis When the picture first exits the camera it is most susceptible

to disturbances such as flapping, or bending; the image isn'tfully developed and the bond between positive and negativehas not hardened

Portions of the film that separate prematurely will beunderdeveloped, or muddy; this is because developmentstops once the positive/negative/developer bond is broken


Wi d i

55


55/61

RETUR

Wind separation

Prevention

Lay the picture flat immediately after it exits the camera,shield it from the wind and avoid bending, twisting, orotherwise disturbing the picture during development

Demonstration tips Cut open an unused film assembly and point out the negative

and transparent positive; explain how developer flowsbetween the two layers and eventually hardens after a fewhours

Demonstrate the problem by disturbing (bending or flapping)pictures at various development intervals 1) Immediatelyafter exiting the camera, 2) After 5 seconds, 3) After 10seconds, 4) After 15 seconds, and so on; compare the results


Pictures are yellow or appear56


56/61

MORE

RETUR

Pictures are yellow or appearto be faded throughout the pack

Cause

The film was stored at high temperatures for an extendedperiod, or the film was exposed to extreme heat just prior topicture-taking

Analysis If stored at temperatures exceeding 40 C (105 F) for an

extended period, the film will prematurely age, simulating thegreenish color of outdated film

Damage from long-term hot storage is irreversible, even afterthe film has been brought back to room temperature for 24hours or more

The same yellowish color will result if the film is exposed toextreme heat just prior to picture-taking; however, colorquality returns to normal if the film and camera are broughtback to room temperature before continuing


Pictures are yellow or appear57


57/61

RETUR

ctu es a e ye ow o appeato be faded throughout the pack

Prevention

Always store the film at room temperature, or colder; in hotclimates, keep it in an air conditioned room

Note: If the film is kept in cold storage, allow it to warm up forat least 24 hours before taking pictures

Protect the camera and film from extreme heat during

picture-takingDemonstration Tips

Store two packs of film in a hot location for at least two hours

Take pictures with one pack immediately after removing itfrom hot storage, then take pictures with the other pack afterletting it sit at room temperature for 24 hours

Compare the results



58


58/61

MORE

RETUR


Cause

The film was too cold when the picture was taken

Analysis When film temperature is below 13 C (55 F), pictures will

have an overall bluish color tone; cold also reduces filmspeed, which is why the pictures are darker than normal

This will occur if the film was stored in a cold area and notallowed to return to room temperature prior to picture-taking

It will also occur if the film was kept at room temperature butpictures were taken and developed in cold surroundings



59


59/61

RETUR


Prevention

If the film was stored in a cold location for an extendedperiod, allow it to return to room temperature for at least 24hours before taking pictures

Camera and film should be at room temperature duringpicture-taking; also, the film should be at room temperaturewhile developing

Important: Never freeze the film

Demonstration Tips Store two packs of film in a refrigerator

Take pictures with one pack while it is still cold, then takepictures with the other pack after letting it warm up for 24hours

Compare the results


Dull/faded; streaks/smears; incomplete60


60/61

MORE

RETUR

; ; pcoverage throughout the pack

Cause

Film degradation occurred because the film was outdatedAnalysis

The affects of outdated film are irreversible


Dull/faded; streaks/smears; incomplete61


61/61

RETUR

pcoverage throughout the pack

Prevention

Always check the film expiration date at the time of purchase;do not accept film that has exceeded the expiration dateprinted on the outside of the film box

When using large quantities of film, the inventory should becontrolled so that film does not become outdated

Demonstration Tips Not applicable

Polaroid Integral Film Training Guide

Documents

Transcript of Polaroid Integral Film Training Guide