POL 454POL 454

TURKEY & LEBANONTURKEY & LEBANON

TURKEY & LEBANON

I. TURKEYa. Identity Problems

b. Institutions & Elections

II. LEBANON

Terms to KnowTaif Accords Hizb’allahJustice & Development Party (AKP) KemalismKurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) consociationalismCedar Revolution PM Recep ErdoganPM Recep Erdogan

Mustafa Kemal AtaturkMustafa Kemal Ataturk Treaty of Sevres Treaty of Sevres

Treaty of Lausanne (1923)Treaty of Lausanne (1923) March 8 CoalitionMarch 8 Coalition

National Pact (1943)National Pact (1943) March 14 AllianceMarch 14 Alliance

Turkey

Turkey’s Identity Problems:Europe or Mideast? Secular or Muslim?

Kemalism(1) Republicanism

(2) Secularism

(3) Nationalism

(4) Populism

(5) Revolutionism

(6) Étatism

1924 abolished the Caliphate

1925 abolished Sharia courts

Latinized the alphabet

Enforced Western dress Headscarf and Fez ban Muslim parties banned

Turkey’s Identity Problems

Alevi Armenians Kurds

Languages & Languages & Parties bannedParties banned

Civil war (PKK) ““Kurdish OpeningKurdish Opening””

Language Language permitted on radio permitted on radio and in schoolsand in schools

http://www.never-again.com/images/misc/genocide_map.gif

Turkey’s InstitutionsTurkey’s Institutions

Executive—President: elected by Leg. to 5yr terms

Prime minister:

Legislative—Grand National Assembly

(550 members)

Elections every 4 years.

10% threshold seats

Justice and Development Party Justice and Development Party (AKP) (AKP) elected 2002, 2007 elected 2002, 2007

((PM Recep ErdoganPM Recep Erdogan))February 7, 2008, Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities, 403-107

5 June 2008, Constitutional Court annulled it, saying it is against founding principles of the constitution.

After September 2010 referendum, AKP vowed to support any student disciplined for wearing the headscarf on a university campus.

Turkish Higher Educational Council announced instructors may no longer take action against students wearing the headscarf.

http://middleeastprogress.org/2009/04/preliminary-results-in-turkey%E2%80%99s-municipal-and-provincial-elections/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6912221.stm

The “Deep State”The “Deep State”

September 2010: referendum approves 26 amendments

military officers more accountable to civilian courts

anti-discrimination laws for women, seniors and disabled

give the executive branch more power in appointing judges

Constitutional Court annulled changes curbing the power of the judiciary and the army

Military InterventionMilitary Intervention periodically takes periodically takes

control in name of control in name of secular nationalist secular nationalist identity of the state identity of the state

19601960 19711971 19801980 19971997

2008 Court upholds 2008 Court upholds constitutionality of AKPconstitutionality of AKP

Ultranationalist Network on trial for conspiring to kill and create chaos to bring military takeover.

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100680821

Ottoman Provinces

French Mandate 1926 constitution: All

Lebanese guaranteed freedoms of speech, assembly, and association "within the limits established by law."

Independent State (1943/6)

http://unimaps.com/syria-leb1923/mainmap.gif

http://unimaps.com/lebanon1914/mainmap.gifhttp://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/arabworld/ottsyr19061914text.gif

II. LEBANON

Consociational Democracy

1943 National Pact: President: Maronite Prime minister: Sunni Assembly Speaker: Shi`a

Unicameral Assembly of Representatives

elections every 4 years

seats allocated according to 1932 census (6:5 Christian)

http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/340/342/govern.html

Religions in Lebanon by sect (2007)

http://www.thefullwiki.org/Lebanon#cite_note-freedom-107

TAIF ACCORDS

Ended Civil War

Assembly divided equally between Muslims and Christians.

Militias to be disbanded

Syrian forces to enforce.

Cedar Revolution 2005Cedar Revolution 2005

UN Res 1559

PM Rafiq Hariri Assassinated

March 8: “thank Syria” rallies

March 14: “Syria out!” rallies

April: Syria out

http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/l/lebanon/lebanon-legislative-election-2005.html

January 2011

March 8 coalition

Members of Council of Ministers resign in protest of collaboration with the UN Tribunal for Lebanon (UN Res

1595) investigating the Hariri assassination

“national unity” government collapses January 12, ousting PM Saad Hariri

March 14 alliance

Jan 25 protests call the resignations coup d’état

If cabinet loses 1/3 members, it is dissolved

President Suleiman determines which Sunni has support (Najib Mikati)

http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=90911

http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/l/lebanon/lebanon-legislative-election-2009.html

Hizb’allah:terrorist group or political party?

Party of God Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah

Schools Hospitals Micro-finance “no needy in Dahiyeh”

1985 Party Manifesto for Iranian-style Islamic State

Sec Gen Hassan Nasr’allah

http://pewglobal.org/2010/12/02/muslims-around-the-world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah/

http://harpers.org/archive/2007/03/sb-augustus-no-1173896326