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Transcript of Poirier, C. (2010) « Proactive Cities and Cultural Diversity:Policy Issues and Dynamics »
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7/29/2019 Poirier, C. (2010) Proactive Cities and Cultural Diversity:Policy Issues and Dynamics
1/524 Our diverse cities
Proactive Cities and Cultural Diversity:Policy Issues and Dynamics
CHRISTIAN POIRIERInstitition national de la recherche scientique (INRS) - Centre Urbanisation, Culture, Socit
Abstract: This article discusses the primary orms o intervention, both practical and discursive,used by municipalities that want to be proactive in managing ethnic diversity. It oers a reviewo the scientifc literature on the subject and also presents the example o the City o Gatineau.
Cultural diversity is a undamental aspect o
urban lie, particularly in large metropolitan
cities. This cosmopolitanism now extends beyondthe metropolitan context and aects all cities
that have experienced signicant diversication
o their populations in recent years. Municipalities
such as Haliax, Gatineau, London and Calgary
have adopted various measures to promote
the harmonious cohabitation o dierences.
This increased involvement by municipal
administrations o all sizes is not insignicant.
Over the past 20 years, a number o major trends,
including an increase in the political legitimacy
o local governments, demands rom civil society(citizens groups), policy statements by agencies
representing municipal interests, and political
and administrative decentralization, have led to a
greater assumption o responsibility or diversity
issues at the local level.1 Incidentally, according
to Pestieau and Wallace (2003), the ethnic
diversication o the population is elt most
keenly at the local level. This article provides an
overview and a discussion o the primary means
by which proactive municipalities are interveningin this area.2
1 See, among others, Berthet and Poirier (2000),Fainstein (2005), Frisken and Wallace (2000), Garbaye(2002), Germain et al. (2003), Germain and Alain (2009),Gaxie et al. (1999), Graham and Phillips (2006), Jouve andGagnon (2006), Labelle et al. (1996), Lapeyronnie (1992),Musterd et al. (1998), Par et al. (2002), Poirier (2005),Poirier (2006a, 2006b), Qadeer (1997), Sandercock (2003),Siemiatycki (2006), and Wallace and Frisken (2004).
2 These reections are the result of researchprojects funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities
a bode defniion o divesiy nd poliis
Our research demonstrates the importanceo adopting a broader denition o cultura
diversity, encompassing both newcomers and
people who declare themselves members o
a cultural community, including second- and
third-generation Canadians. The need to examine
ethnic characteristics in conjunction with
other identity markers, whether age or sex, is
important.3 The specic problems o, or example
immigrant women, the elderly or young people
must be identied. This perspective also include
all relationships between citizens, whatever
community they belong to, which necessarily
implies the society they have joined.
In terms o policies, Siemiatycki et al. (2001
identiy our categories o institutional response
to diversity: pioneers (proactive, implement majo
reorganization that takes diversity into account)
learners (recognize the importance o diversity
and initiate change), waverers (aware o issues
related to diversity but reuse to get involved)and resisters (reuse to accept diversity).
Research Council of Canada, as well as research conductedwhile developing Together!, the City of Gatineaus policyon cultural diversity, for which we were the principalresearcher and consultant (we would like to thank theVille de Gatineau, Annie-Claude Scholts and our researchassistants, Ccile Poirier, Nevena Mitropolitska and AmlieBillette).
3 See the special issue of Canadian Diversity/Diversit canadienne (2004) on intersections of diversity.
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7/29/2019 Poirier, C. (2010) Proactive Cities and Cultural Diversity:Policy Issues and Dynamics
2/525Our diverse cities
We have already noted (Poirier 2006a) that
the management o diversity has two main
dimensions: policies and administrative
mechanisms, and models. The repertoire o
possible policies and administrative mechanisms
includes the ollowing: establishing a receptionstrategy, creating a unit responsible or diversity,
creating an advisory council (or committee) made
up o representatives o cultural communities,
implementing an employment equity program in
the municipal public service, increasing municipal
employees intercultural awareness and providing
them with intercultural training, supporting
multi-ethnic associations, providing inormation
and translation/interpretation services, running
activities to raise awareness (workshops,
intercultural days, debates, exchanges, publicitycampaigns, displays in libraries, visits to schools,
work with media), establishing intercultural
estivals and celebrations, adopting a declaration
against discrimination and racism, adapting
municipal services in general (culture, sports and
recreation, housing, community lie, and so orth)
to take account o the intercultural dimension,
promoting economic integration, establishing a
multicultural centre or bridge-building activities,
and orming ongoing relationships with partners
(associations, institutions, governments, and so
on).4 Participation, particularly political, must
also be encouraged.5
Many o these activities involve areas o authority
shared by other levels o government. However,
municipalities may play an important role, either
directly or by encouraging other governments to
adopt the necessary policies. More undamentally,
they may play a role in establishing relationships
and creating an interace among the variousstakeholders (Poirier 2006a).
With regard to models, the discourse o the main
4 Graham and Phillips (2006) also establish a seriesof measures that can be found in our listing.
5 See, in this regard, Biles and Tolley (2004); Bird(2004); Fennema and Tillie (1999); Garbaye (2002); andSimard (2001).
actors and the discursive reerents are important
because they reer to the integration models
implemented. There are usually three conceptions
o public management o the sociocultural space
(Alexander 2003; Poirier 2006b): assimilationism
(assimilation in the public and private spheres),universalism (neutrality in the public sphere,
expression o dierences in the private sphere) and
multiculturalism (expression o dierences in the
public and private spheres, institutionalization o
dierences). In response to, in particular, criticism
o multiculturalism and specically the lack o
interaction among the dierent communities and
a tendency toward their compartmentalization,
a ourth model has emergedinterculturalism
that seeks a compromise between universalism
and multiculturalism and ormally encouragesintercultural exchanges. These models are oten
the most visible aspect o municipal policy and
receive the most attention in the public space and
the media, and they necessarily infuence the type
o measures adopted. The important challenge
remains one o reconciling the establishment o
common practices and values with respect and
the ull expression o dierences.
the exmple o gineu
Quebecs ourth largest city in terms o population
(281,650 in 2006), Gatineau ranks second
among Quebecs urban centres or the size o its
immigrant population (8.1%).6 Several actors
explain this diversication o the population: the
Quebec governments regionalization policies,
amily relocation, the infux o reugees, the
presence o an Aboriginal population and
Gatineaus location next to Canadas national
capital, Ottawa, which has a high proportion ocitizens born abroad. Gatineau also has one o
the highest retention rates in Quebec. While the
City had already adopted a series o measures
(creation o a position devoted to intercultural
6 See Ministre de lImmigration et desCommunauts culturelles du Qubec, Population immigrerecense au Qubec et dans les rgions en 2006 :caractristiques gnrales, May 2009.
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7/29/2019 Poirier, C. (2010) Proactive Cities and Cultural Diversity:Policy Issues and Dynamics
3/526 Our diverse cities
relations, support o events encouraging
intercultural bridge building, membership in the
Canadian Coalition o Municipalities Against
Racism and Discrimination, appointment o a
municipal councillor responsible or this issue,
and so on), it chose to go one step urther byormally adopting a policy and action plan.7
First, an inclusive and broadened denition o
cultural diversity was proposed, rened and
adopted: the variety o all culture-related values
and characteristics with which a person can
identiy, such as ethnic origin, language, religion,
and multiple aliations, including aliation
with the local identity. As can be seen, this
approach concerns all o Gatineau society. Such
a perspective must o necessity be supportedby a broadened denition o the very essence
o a cultural diversity policy, that is, the set o
models, actions and mechanisms that Gatineau
can put in place and use to create conditions
that oster intercultural bridge building; being
open to what is dierent, and welcoming and
integrating it into the local community; public
participation in the new issues and challenges
that this represents; and adjustment o the citys
policies, structures and services
All dimensions o the migratory process are
addressed (reception, integration, participation,
retention) and guidelines are established,
including recognition o cultural diversity as
a orm o wealth and a orce or development,
respect or gender equality, the need to combat
prejudice, racism and discrimination, the
importance o French as a common language,
and so orth. Six general aims leading to various
commitments structure the policy: 1) in terms omodels, an approach inspired by interculturalism;
2) uniying values based specically on the
guidelines; 3) a proactive leadership role based
on partnership; 4) a barrier-ree territory, a
7 See Together!, the City of Gatineaus policyon cultural diversity, 2008 (available at http://www.ville.gatineau.qc.ca/docs/la_ville/administration_municipale/politiques_vision/politique_matiere_diversite_culturelle.en-CA.pdf).
neighbourhood approach; 5) an integrated
horizontal and intersectoral policy involving
adjustments to internal governance; and 6) active
citizen participation. A number o concrete
activity sectors are identied to meet these
aims: arts and culture, sports and recreation, theeconomy, employment, housing and territoria
development, community lie, health and the
environment, saety and security (including
policing), education, public services, and
communications and participatory governance
Finally, an action plan serves to implement this
policy.8
conlusion
Cities seeking to be the most proactive haveadopted a broader denition o cultural diversity
as well as a horizontal approach with impact on al
sectors in which they can exercise their authority
The models vary considerably, with cities in
Quebec usually opting or the intercultura
perspective or reasons that are both cultural and
historic. More generally, our research reveals that
these measures are intrinsically related to how
the municipal government and the scope o its
authority are perceived. It is also undamental to
ensure cooperative intergovernmental relations
as well as the active participation o civil society
and other institutions. These are essentia
conditions or any eort at the local level to
ormulate and establish practical and conceptua
conditions or a mode o living together that is
pluralistic and inclusive.
abou he auho
Christian Poirier is a professor and researcheat the Institition national de la recherchescientique (INRS) Centre UrbanisationCulture, Socit. His research and publicationsfocus on the analysis of organizations and cultura
8 Some measures have not been adopted, includingthe creation of an advisory committee, because the City iscurrently reviewing all of its committees. The policy is to beevaluated in a few years, and this will give an indication ofits effectiveness.
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7/29/2019 Poirier, C. (2010) Proactive Cities and Cultural Diversity:Policy Issues and Dynamics
4/527Our diverse cities
institutions, governance and cultural policy,cultural industries, the cultural dynamics of cities,as well as identity issues and issues relating toethnocultural diversity, particularly municipaldiversity policies and relationships between artand cultural communities. He is a member of the
Chaire Fernand-Dumont sur la culture; the QuebecMetropolis Centre-Immigration et Mtropoles; theLaboratoire Art et Socit, Terrains et Thories;
and the network Villes Rgions Monde.
reeenes
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