Poetry and SonnetsPoetry and Sonnets

Poetry TerminologyPoetry Terminology SpeakerSpeaker- voice behind the poem establishing - voice behind the poem establishing

a point of view a point of view

ImageryImagery- verbal expression of a sensory detail - verbal expression of a sensory detail (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory)olfactory)

SymbolismSymbolism- representation in which an object - representation in which an object or action represents something beyond itself or action represents something beyond itself

Example: white = innocence, purity, hopeExample: white = innocence, purity, hope

Poetry TerminologyPoetry Terminology

hyperbolehyperbole: exaggeration for emphasis (the opposite : exaggeration for emphasis (the opposite of understatement)of understatement)

Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.“Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.“

metaphormetaphor: comparison between essentially unlike : comparison between essentially unlike things things

Example: "[Love] is an ever fixed mark, / that looks Example: "[Love] is an ever fixed mark, / that looks on tempests and is never shaken.“on tempests and is never shaken.“

similesimile: comparison between two essentially unlike : comparison between two essentially unlike things using words such as "like," as," or "as though"things using words such as "like," as," or "as though"

Example: "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"Example: "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"

Poetry TerminologyPoetry Terminology

paradoxparadox: a situation that appears to be contradictory : a situation that appears to be contradictory but which contains a truth worth consideringbut which contains a truth worth considering

Example: "In order to preserve peace, we must Example: "In order to preserve peace, we must prepare for war.“prepare for war.“

personificationpersonification: the endowment of inanimate : the endowment of inanimate objects or abstract concepts with animate or living objects or abstract concepts with animate or living qualitiesqualities

Example: "Time let me play / and be golden in the Example: "Time let me play / and be golden in the mercy of his means“mercy of his means“

Poetry TerminologyPoetry Terminology alliterationalliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds, : the repetition of consonant sounds,

particularly at the beginning of wordsparticularly at the beginning of words Example: ". . . like a wanderer white“Example: ". . . like a wanderer white“

assonanceassonance: the repetition of similar vowel sounds: the repetition of similar vowel sounds Example: "I rose and told him of my woe“Example: "I rose and told him of my woe“

onomatopoeiaonomatopoeia: the use of words to imitate the sounds : the use of words to imitate the sounds they describethey describe

Example: "crack" or "whir“Example: "crack" or "whir“

allusionallusion: a reference to the person, event, or work : a reference to the person, event, or work outside the poem or literary pieceoutside the poem or literary piece

Example: "Shining, it was Adam and maiden"Example: "Shining, it was Adam and maiden"

Poetic Form TerminologyPoetic Form Terminology metermeter: measured pattern of rhythmic accents in a : measured pattern of rhythmic accents in a

line of verseline of verse

rhymerhyme: correspondence of terminal sounds of words : correspondence of terminal sounds of words or of lines of verse or of lines of verse

stanzastanza: unit of a poem often repeated in the same : unit of a poem often repeated in the same form throughout a poem; a unit of poetic lines ("verse form throughout a poem; a unit of poetic lines ("verse paragraph")paragraph")

blank verseblank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter: unrhymed iambic pentameter

free versefree verse: lines with no prescribed pattern, rhyme, : lines with no prescribed pattern, rhyme, or structureor structure

Poetic Form TerminologyPoetic Form Terminology coupletcouplet: a pair of lines, : a pair of lines,

usually rhymedusually rhymed

heroic coupletheroic couplet: a pair of : a pair of rhymed lines at the end of a rhymed lines at the end of a sonnetsonnet

quatrainquatrain: four-line stanza: four-line stanza

iambic pentameter: iambic pentameter: a a traditional form of poetry traditional form of poetry consisting of lines containing consisting of lines containing five iambic feet (and, thus, ten five iambic feet (and, thus, ten syllables)syllables)

A sonnet isA sonnet is

a lyric poema lyric poem consisting of fourteen linesconsisting of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameterwritten in iambic pentameter with a definite rhyme schemewith a definite rhyme scheme and a definite thought structureand a definite thought structure

Iambic pentameter consists ofIambic pentameter consists of five measures, units, five measures, units,

or meters, ofor meters, of iambsiambs

An An iambiamb is a metrical foot is a metrical foot consisting ofconsisting of

an unaccented syllable an unaccented syllable UUfollowed by an accented followed by an accented

syllable syllable //..

U /U /a gaina gain

U / U / U / U / im mor tal izeim mor tal ize

Iambic pentameterIambic pentameter

U / U / U / U / U /U / U / U / U / U / One day I wrote her name u pon the strand,One day I wrote her name u pon the strand, U / U / U / U / U /U / U / U / U / U / But came the waves and wash ed it a way:But came the waves and wash ed it a way: U / U / U / U / U /U / U / U / U / U / A gain I wrote it with a sec ond hand,A gain I wrote it with a sec ond hand, U / U / U / U / U /U / U / U / U / U / But came the tide, and made my pains his preyBut came the tide, and made my pains his prey

Edmund Spenser, Amoretti, Sonnet 75 Edmund Spenser, Amoretti, Sonnet 75

1 2 3 4 5

Rhyme schemeRhyme scheme

Petrarchan (Italian) rhyme scheme:Petrarchan (Italian) rhyme scheme: abba, abba, cd, cd, cdabba, abba, cd, cd, cd abba, abba, cde, cdeabba, abba, cde, cde

Shakespearean (English, or Shakespearean (English, or Elizabethan) rhyme scheme:Elizabethan) rhyme scheme:

abab, cdcd, efef, ggabab, cdcd, efef, gg

Sonnet 18Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's dShall I compare thee to a summer's dayay??Thou art more lovely and more temperThou art more lovely and more temperateate::Rough winds do shake the darling buds of MRough winds do shake the darling buds of Mayay, , And summer's lease hath all too short a dAnd summer's lease hath all too short a dateate::Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shSometime too hot the eye of heaven shinesines, , And often is his gold complexion dAnd often is his gold complexion dimmedimmed,,And every fair from fair sometime declAnd every fair from fair sometime declinesines,,By chance, or nature's changing course untrBy chance, or nature's changing course untrimmedimmed::But thy eternal summer shall not fBut thy eternal summer shall not fadeade, , Nor lose possession of that fair thou Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'stow'st,,Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shNor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shadeade, , When in eternal lines to time thou grWhen in eternal lines to time thou grow'stow'st,,

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can sSo long as men can breathe, or eyes can seeee, , So long lives this, and this gives life to thSo long lives this, and this gives life to theeee..

ABABCdCDEFEFGG

Thought structureThought structure

Octave/ sestetOctave/ sestetThe octave, eight lines, presents a The octave, eight lines, presents a

situation or idea.situation or idea.The sestet (sextet), six lines, responds, The sestet (sextet), six lines, responds,

to the situation or idea in the octave.to the situation or idea in the octave.

Quatrain, quatrain, quatrain, coupletQuatrain, quatrain, quatrain, coupletEach quatrain, four lines, describes and Each quatrain, four lines, describes and

idea or situation which leads to a conclusion idea or situation which leads to a conclusion or response in the couplet, two lines.or response in the couplet, two lines.

Sonnet 18Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough windsRough winds do shake the darling buds of May, do shake the darling buds of May,And And summer's summer's lease hath all too short a datelease hath all too short a date::Sometime Sometime too hottoo hot the eye of heaven shines, the eye of heaven shines,And often is And often is his gold complexion dimmedhis gold complexion dimmed,,And And every fair from fair sometime declinesevery fair from fair sometime declines,,By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:

ButBut thy thy eternaleternal summer summer shall not fade,shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'stNor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,,Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in When in eternaleternal lines to time thou lines to time thou grow'stgrow'st,,

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this So long lives this, and this gives life to theegives life to thee..

The octave describes the ways in which the summer’s day is inferior to the beloved.

The sestet describes the ways in which the beloved is superior to the summer’s day.

Sonnet 29Sonnet 29When When in in disgracedisgrace with fortune with fortune and men's eyes and men's eyesI I all aloneall alone beweepbeweep my my outcastoutcast state, state,And And troubletrouble deafdeaf heaven with my heaven with my bootlessbootless criescries,,And look upon myself, and And look upon myself, and cursecurse my fate, my fate,Wishing meWishing me like to one more rich in hope, like to one more rich in hope,Featured like him, like him with friends possessed,Featured like him, like him with friends possessed,Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope,Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope,With what I most enjoy With what I most enjoy contented leastcontented least;;

YetYet in these thoughts my self almost despising, in these thoughts my self almost despising,Haply Haply I think on theeI think on thee, and then my state,, and then my state,Like to the Like to the larklark at break of day at break of day arisingarisingFrom sullen earth, From sullen earth, singssings hymnshymns at heaven's gate; at heaven's gate; For For thy thy sweet lovesweet love remembered such remembered such wealthwealth brings brings

That That then I scorn to change my state with kingsthen I scorn to change my state with kings. .

The diction of the octave implies the speaker’s self-pity and depression.

The sestet’s diction, in conrast, is joyful.

Sonnet 73Sonnet 73

That time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.In me thou see'st the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west;Which by and by black night doth take away,Death's second self, that seals up all in rest. In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,As the death-bed, whereon it must expire,Consum'd with that which it was nourish'd by.This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong,To love that well, which thou must leave ere long.

1st Quatrain

Year - Fall

2nd Quatrain Day - Twilight

3rd QuatrainFire - Coals

“This” is ll.1-12

Sonnet 73Sonnet 73

The speaker isThe speaker is Part of life livedPart of life lived The whole of lifeThe whole of life

in the in the fallfall of his life of his life the spring and summerthe spring and summer the yearthe year

in the in the twilighttwilight of the day of the day the morning and noonthe morning and noon the daythe day

In the glowing coalsIn the glowing coals The ashes of youthThe ashes of youth hourhour

Q1Q1

Q2Q2

Q3Q3

Year

Day

Hour

Time is rapidly shortening.

That time is running out is what the beloved perceives.