Podpora rozvoje cizích jazyků pro Evropu 21. stol.
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Transcript of Podpora rozvoje cizích jazyků pro Evropu 21. stol.
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Podpora rozvoje cizích jazyků pro Evropu 21. stol.
INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky.
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APARTHEID
• Apartheid (Afrikaans pronunciation: separateness)
• a system of legal racial segregation
• enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994
• the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.
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• racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times
• but apartheid as an official policy was introduced following the general election of 1948
• new legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups: "black", "white", "coloured", and "Indian"
• residential areas were segregated
• sometimes by means of forced removals.
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• from 1958 – Blacks - deprived of their citizenship
• legally becoming citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing homelands called bantustans
• four of which became nominally independent states
• the government segregated: education, medical care, and other public services
• provided black people with services inferior to those of whites
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• Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance
• violence as well as a long trade embargo against South Africa
• a series of popular uprisings and protests were met
• banning of opposition and imprisoning of anti-apartheid leaders
• unrest spread and became more violent
• state organizations responded with increasing repression and state-sponsored violence
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• reforms to apartheid in the 1980s failed to quell the mounting opposition
• in 1990 President Frederik Willem de Klerk began negotiations to the end of apartheid, culminating in multi-racial democratic elections in 1994, which were won by the African National Congress under Nelson Mandela
• the vestiges of apartheid still shape South African politics and society
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• colonialism and apartheid - a major impact on women since they suffered both racial and gender discrimination
• oppression against African women was different from discrimination against men
• they had very few or no legal rights• no access to education and no right to
own property • many African women worked as
agricultural or domestic workers - wages were extremely low, if existent
• children suffered from diseases caused by malnutrition and sanitary problems
• mortality rates were therefore hig
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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
• born 18 July 1918• served as President of South
Africa from 1994 to 1999• the first South African
president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election
• before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe - the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC).
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• the South African courts convicted him on charges of sabotage
• as well as other crimes committed while he led the movement against apartheid
• Mandela served 27 years in prison - spending many of these years on Robben Island
• Mandela supported reconciliation and negotiation
• helped lead the transition towards multi-racial democracy in South Africa
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• Since the end of apartheid - many have frequently praised Mandela - including former opponents
• in South Africa he is often known as Madiba - an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela's clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela.
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• Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades
• most notably the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize
• in November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly announced that Mandela's birthday (18 July) is to be known as 'Mandela Day' to mark his contribution to world freedom
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INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky.
Tato výuková prezentace byla pořízena z finančních prostředků hrazených Evropským sociálním fondem
a rozpočtem České republiky.