PMR Blood Circulation and Transport Part One

7/31/2019 PMR Blood Circulation and Transport Part One

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http://mrsuntharanmuniandy.blogspot.com

TRANSPORT

BLOOD

CIRCULATION

Chapter TwoPart One

PMRChapterReview:

Labelingofheart Doublecirculation(Pulmonarycirculationand

systemiccirculation)

Differencebetweenbloodvessels Typeofbloodcells Bloodtypeandtransfusion Transpirationprocessinplants Factorsaffectingthetranspirationprocess thestructureofstomataandguardcell. Thestructureofxylemandphloemindicotyledon

andmonocotyledon

CopyrightreservedPrepared by Mr. Suntharan

Muniandy

2012 edition


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Bloodcirculation

andtransport

Human

BloodCirculatorySystem. Systemconsistofheart,bloodvesselsand

bloodtissue.

Functionsaretosupplyoxygentoallbodycellsandeliminatecarbondioxide.

Italsotransportswasteproductslike

carbondioxideandurea.

Humanshaveclosebloodcirculatorysystem.

Bloodflowsinclosedbloodvesselsandexchangeofgasandfoodwilltakeplace

throughcapillariesviadiffusionprocess

Bloodvesselsthatcarriesbloodintotheheartarecalledveins/venacava.

Bloodvesselsthatcarriesbloodoutofheartarecalledarteries.

Theaortaisthelargestarteryandvenacavaisthelargestvein.

Veinhasvalvethatpreventthebackflowoftheblood.

Heartisdividedintotwomainsitesthatareleftandrightsideofheartthatis

separatedbyastructurecalledseptum

Theupperportionoftheheartiscalledatriumandthelowerportionsofheart

arecalledventricles.

Specificvalvesseparatetheatriumandventricles.

Therightatriumandventriclesareseparatedbytricuspidvalve.

Theleftatriumandventriclesareseparatedbybicuspidvalve.

Thesemilunarvalveseparatespulmonaryarteryandaortafromventricles.

Theventriclewallswillbethickerthenatriumwallsthisisbecausetheventricleswillpumpthebloodoutofheartand

atriumjustpumpthebloodtoventricle.

Theleftsideofventriclewillbethickercomparetotherightsideofventricle

becausetheleftsideofventriclewillneed

topumpthebloodtothewholebodyand

therightsideoftheventriclewilljust

pumpthebloodtolungs.

BloodCirculationinheart

Venacavacarriesdeoxygenatedbloodanddepositsitinrightatrium.Oncetherightatrium

isfull,therightatriumpumpsthebloodtoright

ventricle.Oncetherightventricleisfull,itwill

pumpthedeoxygenatedbloodtothelungs.

Thebloodfromrightventriclewillbepumpedtolungsthroughpulmonaryartery.

Inthelungs,Deoxygenatedbloodwillbeconvertedtooxygenatedblood.Thisoxygenated

bloodwillbesenttotheheartagainthrough

pulmonaryvein.

Theoxygenatedbloodwillbedrainedintoleftatrium.Oncetheleftatriumisfullitwillpump

thebloodtoleftventricle.

Oncetheleftventricleisfull,itwillpumpthebloodtothewholebodythroughaorta.

Thevalvescontrolmovementofbloodfromonechambertoanotherorchamber/vessels.The

valvespreventsthebloodfromflowingback.


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Bloodcirculation

andtransport

Pulmonaryandsystemiccirculation

Pulmonarycirculation:DeoxygenatedBloodistransportedfromhearttolungs

andbacktotheheart.

Bloodfromrightventriclewillbepumpedtothelungsthroughpulmonaryartery.In

thelungs,thedeoxygenatedbloodwillbe

convertedtooxygenatedblood.

Oxygenfromthealveolusdiffusesintotheonecellthickbloodcapillaryandbinds

withthehaemoglobinintheredbloodcell.Theheamoglobinisthencalledthe

oxyhaemoglobin.

Systemiccirculation:Theoxygenatedbloodwillbesenttotheheartbackagain

thoughpulmonaryveinanddrainedinto

leftatrium.

Leftatriumwillpumpthebloodtoleftventricleanditoncethechamberisfullit

willpumptheoxygenatedbloodtothe

wholebodythoughaorta.

Bloodvessels:

Veincarriesbloodtotheheart.itcarriesdeoxygenatedbloodexceptpulmonary

vein.Lowpressuredbloodthatflows

slowly.Thevesselsarethin,lessmuscular

andlesselasticwallandthelumen

diameterisbig.Theveinsareconstructed

withvalvestopreventthebackflowofthe

blood.

Arterycarriesbloodfromtheheart.Itcarriesoxygenatedbloodexcept

pulmonaryartery.High-pressuredbloodthatflowsinhighvelocity.Thevesselsare

thickandmuscularwall.Itiselasticandthe

lumendiameterissmall.

Bloodcapillarycarriesbloodfromarterytovein.Thebloodflowsveryslowlybecause

thepressureisverylow.thisprocess

enablethediffusionandexchangeof

substanceshappensatmaximumrate.Itis

onecellthickandthelumensizeisthe

smallest.

Maintainingahealthyheart

Heartdiseaseiscausedbydamagedtothevalveintheheart,failureoftheventricles

andatriumwallstocontract,blockageof

bloodsupplytotheheartasaresultsof

cholesteroldeposits.

Balancedfoodintake,exerciseandlowworkpressurearebeneficialforahealthy

heart.intakeoffoodrichinfat

(cholesterol)shouldbereduced.

Theimportanceofmaintainingahealthyheart:

Avoidcontractingheartdisease.inseriouscases,heartdiseasecausedeath

Ensurethatourbodycellsgetenoughsupplyofoxygenandfood.thisisbecause

theheartpumpsthebloodtothewhole

body.

HumanBloodGroup:

Humanbloodgroupisclassifiedintofourgroups:A,B,AB,O

Apersonwhodonatesbloodarecalledblooddonor.andthepersonwhoreceivebloodare

calledrecipient.

Transferofbloodfromdonortorecipientiscalledbloodtransfusion.

Ifunsuitablebloodmixestogether,itwillcausebloodagglutination.

PeoplewithbloodgroupOareknownasuniversaldonor,theyareabletodonateblood

toanybloodgroup.Peoplewithbloodgroup

ABareuniversalrecipientandtheycanreceivebloodfromanybloodgroup.

Tablebellowshowsthebloodcompatibility: A B AB O

A YES NO NO YES

B NO YES NO YES

AB YES YES YES YES

O NO NO NO YES

Donors


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HumanBloodTissue

Plasma

55%oftotalbloodtissueisbloodplasma.

91%ofbloodplasmaiswater. italsocontainsproteins,enzymes,

antibodies,vitamins,food,fat,

mineralsetc.

Bloodplasmaalsoplaysaveryimportantroleinbloodclotting

processasitcontainsbloodclotting

factors

Redbloodcell

Erythrocytes

Itcarriesoxygentothewholebody. It'sbiconcaveinshapeandthe

matureredbloodcellshasno

nucleus.

Redbloodcellscontainhaemoglobin(redpigments)that

bindswithoxygentoproduce

oxyhaemoglobin.

InoneRBCtherewillbeapproximately200million

haemoglobinmolecules.

RBCareproducedinhaemoglobin. Itslivespanisabout90day

Thenitwillbedestroyedinspleen

orliver.

Whitebloodcells

Whitebloodcellsareproducedinbonemarroworthymus.

Whitebloodcellscontainsnucleus Itismainlyforthedefense

mechanismwhereitkills

microorganismandpreventhumans

fromgettinginfectionsandsickness.

Platelets

Smallestbloodcell.

Ithasnonucleus. Itisalsoproducedinbonemorrow Itisessentialforbloodclotting


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2012 edition


Muniandy

2012 edition





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Bloodcirculation

andtransport

Plants

Transportsysteminplant

Transpiration Itsisaprocessinplantswherewaterislostintheformof

watervaporthoughevaporationprocessthrough

evaporationfromthesurfaceoftheleaves.

Iftoomuchwaterislostfromtheplant,theplantwilllooseitsturgorpressureandwilt.Ifthiscondition

continues,theplantwilldie.

Mostwatervapourwillbelostthoughthestomataopeningofleaves.

Stomataareporesoropeningsontheundersurfaceoftheleaves

Stomatahaveguardcellstocontrolthelossofwaterfromplants.

Theporesizeofthestomataiscontrolledbytheguardcells

Alotofwaterwillbelostiftheporesizeofthestomataislar eandlesswaterwillbelostifthe oresizeissmall

Transportsysteminplant

FACTORSAFFECTINGTHERATEOFTRANSPIRATIONFactors Transpirationrate

HighTemperature High

HighLightIntensity High

StrongWind High

HighAir Moisture Low

THEROLEOFTRANSPIRATIONTOAPLANT: Toremoveexcesswaterfromplants. Tocoolorcontrolthetemperatureduringhotdays. Transportwaterandmineralsaltsthatcontributestothe

photosynthesisprocessofplants.

TheXylemisavesselwhichtransportswaterandmineralfromtheroottotheshootoftheplants

Thephloemisthevessel,whichtransportsfood(glucose)fromthesiteofsynthesistothewholeplant.

Onthestemofadicotyledonplantlikethebalsamplantandrambutantree,thexylemislocatedinthemiddlesection

whilethephloemislocatedinthebarkoftheplant


Muniandy

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PMR Blood Circulation and Transport Part One

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