PMEL Atmospheric Chemistry Climate Air Quality
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Transcript of PMEL Atmospheric Chemistry Climate Air Quality
PMEL
Atmospheric Chemistry
Climate
Air Quality
1.The Scientists
2.History
3.Highlights of results
4.Near future plans
NOAA PMELTim Bates, Scientist, UW affiliate faculty Trish Quinn, Scientist Jim Johnson, Scientist Derek Coffman, Research TechnicianKristin Schulz, Research TechnicianDrew Hamilton, Research Technician
University of WashingtonDavid Covert, Research FacultyTad Anderson, Research FacultySarah Doherty, Research Scientist, IGAC executive officerYonghua Wu, Research associate Berko Sierau, Research associate Rob Elleman, PhD candidateRobert Charlson, Professor
NOAA CMDL & Aeronomy, Boulder
In Cooperation with the IAMAS Commission on
Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP)
A Core Project of the International Geosphere-
Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
JISAO/PMEL hosts the IGAC International Project Office
Dr. Sarah Doherty,
JISAO Scientist,
IGAC Executive Officer
www.igac.noaa.gov
Aerosols, Climate, Air Quality
• Direct effect - scattering (absorbtion) of solar radiation with a net cooling effect on the Earth’s surface.
• Indirect effect – alter cloud reflectivity, lifetime, extent, precipitation.
• Transport and transformation of gas and condensed phase from sources to downwind regions.
History
Charlson,Lovelock,Andreae,Warren.1987
1987 – Charlson et al.
PMEL/JISAO Atmospheric Chemistry - Aerosol
Field Projects (1992-2004)
Atmospheric Aerosols Brighten CloudsDurkee et al., 2001
Ship tracks off the west coast of the US. Higher particle concentrations at a fixed liquid water content result in more reflective clouds.
Atmospheric Aerosols Brighten CloudsSchwartz et al., 2002
Sulfate particle number concentration
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NH4 nssSO4 NO3 Seasalt POM EC nssK Dust H2O
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Sea salt dominates total and submicron aerosol mass in remote marine regions (ACE-1).
(Quinn and Bates, 2005)
Sea salt dominates total and submicron aerosol light extinction in remote marine regions (ACE-1).
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PMEL
Atmospheric Chemistry
Climate
Air Quality
1. The ocean is a minor source of CO, CH4, and OCS to the atmosphere.
2. The remote oceans are a small source of ammonia to the atmosphere. However, ammonia is still the dominant gas-phase basic species in the remote marine atmosphere.
3. The ocean is the major natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere. Air-sea exchange of DMS is only a minor sink in the seawater sulfur cycle.
4. There is no direct connection between DMS emissions and particle number concentration in the overlying atmosphere.
5. Sea salt dominates sub- and supermicron aerosol mass and light extinction in the remote marine atmosphere.
IPCC: In order to understand how the Earth’s climate is changing, it is critical to quantify each mechanism that changes the balance of radiation coming into and going out of the Earth-atmosphere system.
MISR measure of AOD
Aerosol chemical composition is needed to attribute aerosols to sources
NE United States (Pollution)
Asia (Dust)
India (Pollution)
Africa (Biomass burning)
Europe (Polluted)
Southern Ocean (Marine)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
NH4 nssSO4 NO3 Seasalt POM EC nssK Dust H2O
Mass Fraction of Submicron Particles
Quinn & Bates, 2005
Air pollutants are transported intercontinentally affecting air quality and climate in regions far downwind
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1.0Aerosol Optical Depth, 500 nm The aerosol
optical depth measured off the East Coast of the U.S. was comparable in magnitude to that measured off the coasts of Asia (ACE-Asia) and Indian (INDOEX).
Quinn & Bates, 2005
PMEL
Atmospheric Chemistry
Climate
Air Quality
6. A large fraction of the submicron aerosol mass over the oceans in not sulfate.
7. Absorbing aerosols have a complex impact on radiative forcing at the surface.
8. Asian dust is relatively non-absorbing.
9. The NE U.S. plume can be of comparable magnitude to the Indian and Asian plumes in terms of aerosol mass, surface extinction, and aerosol optical depth.
Future Direction….
• Mission Goal 2: Understand Climate Variability and Change to Enhance Society’s Ability to Plan and Respond– High-Level Outcome #2: Document and
understand changes in climate forcings and feedbacks, thereby reducing uncertainty in climate projections
• Mission Goal 3: Serve Society’s Needs for Weather and Water Information– High-Level Outcome #3: Establish National Air
Quality Forecast Capability
Research QuestionsHow do chemical transformation and physical transport processes affect the spatial distribution of aerosols in the marine boundary layer?
What are the chemical, physical, and optical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles and how do these properties affect regional haze and aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcing of climate?
How will the aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcing of climate change with changing regional air quality?
Improved chemical transport and radiative
transfer models NASA, NCAR, NOAA, ONR, DOE
Community Collaboration
SatelliteObservations
Anderson, Charlson, Wu
In-situMeasurements
PMEL and UW
Strategy
Obtaining a Global Aerosol DistributionGlobal satellite observations provide aerosol and geophysical data to refine and constrain chemical transport and radiative transfer models.
MISR on
Terra
CALIPSO
Aerosol Lidar in Space
2006Gulf Coast
2008Pacific
transport
RV over the years
PMELsampling inletdevelopment
PMEL, UW, JISAO
Atmospheric Chemistry
Climate
Air Quality
Single Scattering Albedo o = scat /ext = s /(s + a)
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1.05Single Scattering Albedo, 550 nm, Ambient RH
The highest mass fractions of EC and lowest SSA were observed off the Indian subcontinent.
Quinn and Bates, 2005
Single Scattering Albedo
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1.05Single Scattering Albedo, 550 nm, Ambient RH
Mean SSA observed during ACE Asia in air masses containing pollution and dust was 0.94 ± 0.03.
Quinn and Bates, 2005