Plenary 1 - The Science of Climate Change
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Living with
Global Warming
Tolentino B. Moya, Ph DInstitute of Environmental Science and MeteorologyCollege of Science, University of the PhilippinesDiliman, Quezon City
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The Earth is warming
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Global populationGlobal population 6.48 billionStill grows by over 70 million a year9 billion by 2050 – up to 12 billionMost future growth in developing
worldGrowth variable – TFR 1.2 – 8Many low pop growth countries
wealthyMost high pop growth countries poor
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CARBON DIOXIDE
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Carbon emissions
Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions were 64.5 million tonnes (approximately 0.3% of world total)
The share of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels was 76.6% from oil, 17.0% from coal, and 6.4% from natural gas in 2002
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Philippine energy and environment
Fossil fuel reserves of the country include: proven oil reserve of 24.2 million m3
proven natural gas reserve of 3 trillion m3, and proven coal reserves of 236 million M tons
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Energy Consumption
Total electricity generation capacity in the country - 51.2 billion Kwh in 2003 61.9% thermal 15.8% hydro and 22.2% geothermal
Growth rate - 5.9% per annum between 1999 and 2003
Total energy consumption was 1.18 quadrillion Btu
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TEMPERATURESIn the Philippines
pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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RAINFALL
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Hydrological impacts—precipitation changes
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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Philippine rainfall anomalies
pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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TROPICAL CYCLONES
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Super typhoons caused by global warming?
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STC
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Sta
ndar
dize
d an
omal
ies
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Standardized anom
alies
original
2-8 yr
8-16 yr
16-32 yr
Standardized number of TCs making landfall in South China, Vietnam and Philippines
stan
dar
diz
ed a
no
mal
ies
stand
ardized
ano
malies
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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SEA LEVEL RISE
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Sea levels rising?
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Philippine sea level rising?
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Philippine sea level rising
pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=65&Itemid=41
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Will sea levels rise further?
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Climate change
Rising seas Half meter rise by 2100 will double number of
people affected by flooding (to 100 m) Coastal land and mangroves damaged Severe implications for fish-stocks from a
warming ocean (wind strength and ocean circulation will affect breeding and migration patterns)
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Vulnerability information systems
El Niño - La Niña Vulnerability Map
Support for Greenhouse Gas Inventory
www.sc.chula.ac.th/courseware/2303105/BBAPart4_2n.ppt
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Consequences of Global Warming
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Agriculture: Changes in crop yields
Irrigation demands,Productivity
Forests: Change in Ecologies,
Geographic range of species, and
Health and productivity
Coastal Areas: Erosion and flooding
InundationChange in wetlands
Water Resources: Changes in water supply
and water qualityCompetition/Trans-border
Issues
Human Health: Weather related
mortality Infectious disease
Air quality - respiratory illness
Industry and Energy:
Changes in Energy demand
Product demand & Supply
Global warming impacts
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Water supplies
Water sources for large cities could shrink or even dry up
People would have to migrate to where there is an adequate water source
Summer runoff from snowmelt of glaciers provides 20-50% of the total stream flow in the surrounding drainage basins. The removal of such glaciers will reduce the area exposed to summer melting thus reducing the availability of water to lowland areas
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Thermal impacts
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1920 1960 2000Year
Tem
pera
ture
Cha
nge
(°C
)
1920 1960 2000Year
Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
Northern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere
LandOcean
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Weather extremes
When more heat is held in the climate system, more air will move across the surface, causing higher wind speeds, more clashing warm and cold fronts, and more violent weather
Tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons, and violent storms will be more intense as well as an increase in the number of these disasters
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Biodiversity Impacts: Winners and Losers
Possible effects of global warming on the geographic range of some tree species based on ecological evidence and computer models.
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Impacts on wildlife
Polar bears Require pack ice to live Might eventually go extinct
in the wildSea turtles
Breed on the same islands as their births
Could go extinct as some beaches are flooded
Other species could go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world
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Food production 800 million undernourished (hungry)
with no money to buy available food 3 billion malnourished Many countries not self-sufficient in
food Total calorie production has kept
pace with population growth thanks to oil crops, but…
per capita grain production has fallen for past two decades (380 to 330 kgs/person)
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Climate change Global warming has already cut rice
harvests by 10% for every 1 degree inc in night-time temperatures
Rice production needs to increase 1% annually to keep pace with demand….but
3.5 degree rise this century would see rice yields decline another 30%
Modern strains of rice may be resistant to rising temperatures (IRRI – Philippines)
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Impacts on food production With a warmer world some regions may experience
benefits in crop production, while others will be less prosperous
Drops of crop yields of even 10% would cause large increases in hunger and starvation and also cause economic and social turmoil Rice yields decreases with rise in nighttime temperature Wheat has lower protein content at high CO2
An increase of 1-2 degrees Celsius can cause corals to become bleached; 3-4 degrees will kill coral animals; decreasing marine productivity
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Effect on Humans Fewer deaths from cold, more from heat Decreased thermohaline circulation
Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic
CO2 fertilization effect Precipitation changes
Droughts and famine (some areas) Expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union
Warm weather means more disease (yellow fever, malaria, and others)
Bacteria and molds on stored foods will also increase, meaning more spoilage of foods and food poisoning
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Possible Solutions to Global Warming
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Dealing with global warming
Climate change is such a difficult problem to deal with because: The problem is global. The effects will last a long time. The problem is a long-term political issue. The harmful and beneficial impacts of climate
change are not spread evenly. Many actions that might reduce the threat are
controversial because they can impact economies and lifestyles.
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Cost to stabilize CO2 concentrations
450 550 650 750
18001600140012001000
800600400200
0
Carbon Dioxide (ppm)
Co
st (
Tri
llon
s U
.S. D
olla
rs)
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Dealing with the threat of global warming
A precautionary strategy should be adopted Scientists and economists in this school
of thought strongly believe that the safest course to take is informed preventative action
To stabilize CO2 levels, current emissions would need to be cut by 66-83%
Quickest and cheapest way is to use energy more efficiently
Many people oppose placing stringent Immigration policies for moral reasons
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Mitigation of Global Warming
Conservation Reduce energy needs Recycling
Alternate energy sources Biofuels Wind Geothermal Hydroelectric Solar
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Storage of CO2 in geological formations
Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
1. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs2. CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery3. Deep saline formations—(a) offshore (b) onshore4. CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery
3a
2
3b
1
4
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Scientific consensus
Global warming is happeningMost warming is probably the result of
human activitiesThere will be positive and negative (mostly)
repercussions from global warmingThere will be winners and losers in global
warmingThe costs to mitigate global warming will be
high – better spent elsewhere?
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Scientific consensus
Virtually all climate scientists and researchers agree that global climate is changing.
Virtually all climate researchers agree that human fossil fuel use plays a large role in driving climate change.
There is uncertainty over other possible factors that may be involved, and how they might interact with anthropogenic causes.
Be prepared for climate surprises.
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Ongoing debate over climate change
There is much debate over what to do about climate change. Would costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions outweigh
costs of climate change?
Should industrialized nations bear more responsibility for reducing emissions, or should all nations share equally?
Should emissions reduction occur voluntarily, or through legal, political, or economic pressure?
How should we allocate funds to reduce emissions and deal with climate change impacts?
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What About LDCs ?
Some suggestions:Forgive debt to LDCsFund the transfer of energy efficiency,
pollution control, sustainable agriculture and reforestation technologies
In exchange, LDCs would “agree” to stop deforestation, slow population growth, have fairer land distribution, etc.
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…A sustainable future
…A sustainable future…A sustainable future
The best way to predict the future is to invent it.Alan Kay (Inventor of OS for Apple Computers)
The best way to predict the future is to invent it.Alan Kay (Inventor of OS for Apple Computers)
Maraming Salamat PoMagandang Araw