3

p l e n a r u l i s x d o m a

10 ivnisi, 1100, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis sxdomaTa

darbazi

konferenciis gaxsna

demur jalaRonia _ Salva nucubiZe _ Rvawli da

azrovnebis stili

irakli braWuli _ aleTologiisa da areopagitikis Sinagani kavSiris Sesaxeb

elguja xinTibiZe _ Salva nucubiZe _ rusTvelologi

Tamar nucubiZe _ Salva nucubiZis saojaxo portreti

aRmosavleTmcodneobis seqcia

d a r e j a n g a r d a v a Z e

sad gadis zRvari sakuTari da ucxo kulturebis

dapirispirebaSi erik-emanuel Smidtis romanSi “batoni

ibrahimi da yuranis yvavilebi”

Tanamedrove humanitaruli mecnierebebidan `me~-sa da `sxvis~ urTierToba, `ucxos~, `sxvis~ fenomeni yvelaze intensiurad filosofiaSi muSavdeba, magram ara mxolod iq.

`mes~ sferos diferenciacia aisaxeba `sakuTar TavTan~ da `sxvasTan~ damokidebulebaSi. `Cemi~ samyaro ucvleli rodia, me mas Sevicnob, is am Secnobis gzaze icvleba da `sxvac~ am samyaros nawilia, romelsac `me~ Sevicnob.

samyaros Sesacnobad pirveli nabiji aris gamijvna `sakuTaris~, `Cemi Ego-s~ da `sxvisi~, anu ucxos Secnoba ganuyofelia sakuTari Tavis Secnobis procesisgan. aris `me~ da aris `sxva~. es `sxva~ aucilebeli pirobaa samyaros arsebobisa. rogorc ar aris bolomde gansazRvruli `me~, iseve ar aris gansazRvruli `sxva~ (isic Secnobis procesSi icvleba).

`mes~ da `sxvis~ swored am tipis damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganzogaddes sociokulturuli urTierTobebis

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sferoSic. amrigad, Tu samyaro mocemulobaTa mravalferovnebaa, sadac pirvel rigSi `mesa~ da `sxvas~ Soris gansxvavebas vxedavT, ar unda daviviwyoT isic, rom Cven Soris aris erTobac. Cven wyvilSi varT _ `me~ da `sxva~ da amas intersubieqturi samyaro SeiZleba vuwodoT. `CemSi~ me aRmovaCen `sxvas~. swored aseTi swrafviT `ucxosken~ iqmneba sazogadoeba, kulturuli samyaro da mTlianad sociumi. esaa samyaro TiToeulis da yvelasi erTad _ orsaxovani, iseve rogorc `me~ (`me~ rogorc Cemi arsebis matarebeli da rogorc `ucxo~, Cemgan gansxvavebuli).

mxatvruli literaturis Temad Zalian xSirad qceula interkulturuli komunikaciebi, `mesa~ da `sxvis~ urTierTobebis variaciebi. `batoni ibrahimi da yuranis yvavilebi~ swored amgvari nawarmoebia. igi mcire romania Tanamedrove belgieli mwerlis _ erik-emanuel Smidtisa. is dRevandeli evropuli kulturuli sivrcis Zalian popularuli frangulenovani avtoria, mwerali da dramaturgi. romanma `batoni ibrahimi da yuranis yvavilebi~ 2004 wels saukeTeso mxatvruli nawarmoebisTvis dawesebuli germanuli premia miiRo. am romanis kinoversia 2003 wels iqna gadaRebuli, romelSic mTavar rols _ b-n ibrahims omar Sarifi TamaSobda. am rolma msaxiobs 2004 wels franguli oskari _ sezari _ arguna saukeTeso samsaxiobo rolisTvis.

romanis mTavari gmiri, 11 wlis ebraeli mozardi mose, igive momo, Rimils gadaCveuli martosuli biWi, 60-iani wlebis parizis erT-erT ubanSi izrdeba, ebraelebis quCaze. deda ar axsovs, imdenad adre miatova. advokati mama sakuTar samyaroSia gamoketili, mama-Svils Soris sulieri erTobis natamali ar arsebobs. biWi Tavs marto grZnobs pirquS, siyvarulisa da siTbosgan daclil binaSi. sakuTari ubadruki cxovrebis Secvlis surviliT Sepyrobili samoTxis quCaze meZavebs etorRialeba, maT garemocvaSi eZebs im siTbos, romelic ojaxSi ver upovia. da ai, vakuums mis sulSi nel-nela, SeumCnevlad avsebs quCis arabi bayali b-ni ibrahimi, ebraelebiT dasaxlebuli cisferi quCis erTaderTi arabi binadari da `arabi~ am SemTxvevaSi sabaylos niSnavs, dilis rva saaTidan SuaRamemde da xSirad kviraobiTac ki Rias. man momos yofiTi problemebis mogvareba, fulis ekonomiis aTasi saidumlo da, rac mTavaria, Rimilis xelovneba aswavla. momosave sityvebiT, b-

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ni ibrahimis wyalobiT, mozrdilTa samyaro misTvis aRar iyo Seuvali kedeli, romelsac unugeSod exeTqeboda. es kedeli gaibzara da iqidan viRacam xeli gamouwoda.

es mcire romani mTlianad `mesa~ da `sxvis~ urTierTobazea agebuli, am urTierTobis saocar paradoqsebze.

biWi parizelia, magram mxolod mSobliur quCas icnobs. b-nma ibrahimma ki biWs namdvili parizi aCvena, iseTi, mas Tavis cisfer quCaze rom arc daesizmreboda. mama, romelsac mTeli cxovreba icnobs, ufro ucnobia biWisTvis, vidre lamis guSin gacnobili ibrahimi da metic, `sxva~, `ucxo~ cdilobs, biWis warmodgenaSi misi biologiuri mamis suraTi pozitivisken Secvalos. uyveba, rogori mZime cxovreba aqvs gamovlili mamamiss, visi mSoblebic nacistebs sakoncentracio banakSi amouxocavT da TviTon mTeli cxovreba damnaSavis kompleqsi stanjavda imis gamo, rom maT xvedrs gadaurCa. matarebelsac SemTxveviT ar Cavardnia _ mas cxovrebisTvis Zala ar eyo da amaSi momo araa damnaSave... biWs mamis tragikul sikvdilze reaqcia ar aqvs da mxolod is eCveneba ucnaurad, rom mamamisi marselSi waexeta matareblisTvis Sesavardnad maSin, roca es parizSic SeeZlo gaekeTebina. ibrahimis sikvdili ki misi cxovrebis waruSleli tkivilia.

biologiur dedasTan 13-wliani unaxaobis Semdeg Sexvedra biWs gadaawyvetinebs, sTxovos ibrahims, rom iSvilos. biWi midis bunebis kanonis winaaRmdeg _ is irCevs mamas. da roca b-n ibrahims `mamiT~ mimarTavs, rogorc TviTon ambobs, misi guli icinis da sulierad maRldeba. ibrahimisTvis bednierebis ori piroba arsebobs _ momo mis gverdiTaa da man icis, mis yuranSi ra weria. es ki sakmarisia.

da ai, ibrahimis tragikuli aRsasrulis Semdeg xdeba `mes~ sruli identifikacia `sxvasTan~. `me ukve aRar var is, rac viyavi: erT-erTi im atomTagani var, romelic yovlismomcveli sicarielis garSemo trialebs,~ _ ambobs momo. erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac kargad Cans, am mcire romanis Tavdapirveli mocemulobebi rogor elvis siswrafiT icvleba _ is, rac nacnobia, Turme ucnobia da is, rac ucxoa da ucnauri, sul male ganuyofeli da mSobliuri xdeba, metic, is vinc sisxliT da xorciT naTesavia, rogori ucxoa Turme da is vinc ucxo _ rogori

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mSobliuri. mTavari gmiri dasawyisidan dasasrulamde aswrebs, mosedan muhamedad iqces, ebraelidan _ muslimad. es kidev erTi dasturia imisa, samyaros Secnobis procesSi rogori cvalebadia yvela da yvelaferi, `mec~ da `sxvac~ da am elvis siswrafiT momxdar cvlilebebSi aseve TvalSisacemia Tavidan bolomde ucvleli erTi mocemuloba _ rom ibrahimi arabia. arada, am faqts gacnobisTanave TviTon ibrahimive uaryofs da azustebs, rom is muslimia da ara arabi da rom is `oqros naxevarmTvaridanaa~, rogorc Tavad eZaxis TurqeTs, sadac mihyavs kidec momo Tavisi mSobliuri zRvis sanaxavad.

amrigad, es mocemuloba, rom ibrahimi arabia, obieqturad Tavidanve mcdaria, magram subieqturad _ bolomde Seucvleli da Seumcdari momosTvis, romelic Tavadac ki mosedan muhamedad iqca, magram ibrahimi bolomde arabad datova Tavis warmodgenaSi (metic, roca TviTidentifikacias axdens masTan ibrahimis sikvdilis Semdeg, Tavad xdeba cisferi quCis arabi). ratom? _ amaze gaazrebuli pasuxi Tavad masac ar unda hqondes, magram isev ibrahimisgan icis, rom pasuxis gaucemlobac pasuxia. da rom silamaze yvelganaa, sadac ki gaixedav! – ase weria yuranSi da man es silamaze arab ibrahimSi da arabi ibrahimis meSveobiT dainaxa, amitomac ar unda arafris Secvla am mocemulobaSi. mTeli misi cxovreba yiraze dadga da yvelaferi kardinalurad Seicvala sul mokle xanSi, am erTis garda – misTvis ibrahimi arabia da is mamamisia. garkveuli eWvi TavisTavad Cndeba _ xom ar aris romanSi semituri erTobis qvecnobieri, kodirebuli gancda?

aq uneblie paralelebi Cndeba droiT sivrceSi bevrad ufro adrindel erT yuradsaReb movlenasTan _ ebraelTa arabebTan eTnikuri TviTidentifikaciis SemTxvevebTan, rac XX saukunis dasawyisSive SeiniSneboda sionisturi moZraobis saTaveebTan, roca evropaSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi TavianT semitur fesvebTan daaxloebas swored arabul-muslimur kulturasTan daaxloebis gziT cdilobdnen. es iyo sakmaod fexmokidebuli idea ebraelTa palestinaSi da, zogadad, axlo aRmosavleTSi dabrunebiT Tanamedrove ebraul-muslimuri bunebrivi semituri simbiozis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb (ris warmatebul precedentad maTTvis istoriuli magaliTi iyo muslimur-ebrauli simbiozi andalusiasa da granadaSi).

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am paralelebis safuZvels ki Tavad mwerlis mier micemuli interviu iZleva, sadac is adasturebs, rom romani exmianeba XX s.-is arab-israelis konfliqts da miznad isaxavs arabul-ebraul urTierTobebSi pozitivebis win wamowevas.

q e T e v a n l o r T q i f a n i Z e

`vefxistyaosnis” erTi ucnobi Turquli Targmanis

Sesaxeb

1999 wels TurqeTSi yofnis dros ucxoeTSi mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebis delegacias Cvenma Tanamemamulem hairi hairioRlum (vaxtang malaymaZem) gadasca “vefxistyaosnis” dRemde ucnobi Turquli Targmanis xelnaweri.

warmodgenili Targmani Sesrulebulia XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi “vefxistyaosnis” feliqs peCinas germanuli Targmanidan. Targmanis avtoria q. adanis vaJTa liceumis germanuli enis maswavlebeli halis koiuTurqi.

wignad gamocemuli aRniSnuli Targmani SemTxveviT aRmoCenil iqna q. bursis biblioTekaSi, magram misi gamotana ver moxerxda administraciis kategoriuli winaaRmdegobis gamo. maSin Cvenma Tanamemamulem mehmed sevalma (futkaraZem) moaxerxa am wignis xeliT gadmowera. am faqtis gamomJRavnebis Semdeg biblioTekis administraciam wigni saerTod gaaqro kartoTekidan, xolo mehmed sevali ki samsaxuridan daiTxova.

am dramatuli bedis mqone prozauli Targmanis erTaderTi egzemplaris teqstualurma analizma gamoavlina TargmanTan dakavSirebuli rigi sayuradRebo momenti.

m z i a b u r j a n a Z e

ironia Tanamedrove iraneli mwerlebis, feridun

Tonqabonis da bahram sadeyis, TxzulebebSi ironia, imis mixedviT, ramdenad mZafria igi, xelovnebaSi

an satiriT gamoixateba, an _ iumoriT. satirul nawarmoebSi ironia zogjer imdenad mZafrdeba, rom sarkazmSi gadadis.

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zogierTi mosazrebiT, satira _ mZvinvare da gesliani sicili _ bevrad ufro Zvelia, vidre keTili dacinva _ iumori.

satirisTvis TanagrZnoba miuRebelia, igi Tu gmobs movlenis erT mxares, gmobs movlenas mTlianad. Tumca, cxadia, Tanamedrove etapze amgvari aradiferencireba ukve mxolod mxatvrul xerxs warmoadgens ferebis gamuqebis mizniT.

rac Seexeba iumors, igi imTaviTve diferencirebas gulisxmobs: dacinva SeiZleba exebodes adamianis ama Tu im qcevas, magram ara mis arss mTlianad. vlaparakobT ra ironiaze, unda ganvasxvavoT misi ori funqcia:

1. ironia, rogorc mxatvruli principi; 2. ironia, rogorc stiluri xerxi.

sparsul literaturaSi satira axali movlena ar gaxlavT. ukve Suasaukuneebis poetebTan gvxvdeba brwyinvale satiruli furclebi. Tanamedrove epoqam ki axali gzebi dausaxa mxatvruli asaxvis am formas.

Tumca, aqve SevniSnavT, rom im mweralTa ricxvi, romelTaTvisac ironia ara imdenad mxatvrul princips, aramed stilur gzas (SeiZleba iTqvas, msoflaRqmis saSualebasac) warmoadgens, sakmaod mcirea. aseTi tipis nawarmoebebSi ironia uSualod aris warmodgenili avtoris an personaJis sityvebSi.

moviyvanT TiTo magaliTs ori saintereso mwerlis _ feridun Tonqabonis da bahram sadeyis _ nawarmoebebidan: `yvelam viciT, rom adamianisTvis yvelaze Zneli fiqria. Aazrovneba, fiqri _ ZirSi ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis zarmac bunebas. televizori aTavisuflebs fiqris mZime aucileblobisgan. amitom televizori buterbrodTan da tansacmlis “elvasTan” erTad kacobriobis istoriaSi udides aRmoCenad unda iqnas miCneuli” (Tonqaboni, “qebaTa qeba sizarmaces”);

`me da farviz-xani samsaxurma iran-amerikis urTierTobis sazogadoebaSi migvavlina inglisuris Sesaswavlad. ramdenime beriqali da berikacic dadis sxvadasxva dawesebulebidan. dRes xom, Tu kacma inglisuri ar icis, wasulia misi saqme. qalis dasaniSnad, samsaxuris saSovnelad _ dasagvelad, universitetis darajad samuSaod...…inglisuria saWiro” (sadeyi, “daupatiJebeli stumari did qalaqSi”).

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ironiis, rogorc stiluri xerxis, floba sakmaod rTulia, avtorisgan daxvewil gemovnebas da sifaqizes moiTxovs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, ironia ritorika-paTetikaSi gadaizardos.

x aT u n a T u m a n i S v il i

moralis simravle paremiaSi da polifunqciuroba

gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, morali, romelsac igavi Seicavs, aris sentencia, romelic ganmartavs masSi arsebul sasargeblo azrs. igavi, Cveulebisamebr, aRwers konkretul epizods, xolo morali, romlis matarebelic is aris, aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, romlis ilustrireba am epizodiT xdeba. rogorc nebismieri igavi, andazac praqtikulad Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: qaragmulad naTqvami msjelobisagan _ zogadi daskvnisagan da darigebisagan _ axsna-ganmartebisagan. orive erTeuli dakavSirebulia cxovrebiseuli yoveldRiuri realobis amsaxvel faqtebTan da movlenebTan. afasebs ra situacias, iRebs gadawyvetilebas da Sesaferis drosa da konteqstSi daskvnis saxiT gvTavazobs rCevas yofiTsa Tu zneobis sakiTxebze.

niSandoblivia, rom germanuli samecniero literatura igavSi ganarCevs `morals~ (Moral) da `cxovrebiseul sibrZnes~ (Lebensklüg). rogorc Cans, `Lebensklüg~ unda gavaigivoT zogad daskvnasTan _ ganzogadebul sibrZnesTan, xolo ` Moral~ _ SefasebasTan, romelic gulisxmobs vinmes an raimes gansjas, TanagrZnobas, darigebas da a.S. Sefaseba ki, Cveulebisamebr, eyrdnoba ganzogadebul sibrZnes, ramdenadac xazgasmiT unda iyos aRniSnuli, naTqvami Tu romeli saqcielia gansasjeli an, Sesabamisad, Sesaqebi.

jer kidev antikuri xanis ritorebi SesaZleblad Tvlidnen, rom erTsa da imave igavs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime morali, Tuki mas ganvixilavT sxvadasxva motiviT. am SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, marTebuli iqneba paralelis gavleba andaza-omonimebTan.

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zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, arabulenovani magaliTebis analizze dayrdnobiT, Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze gamoyofil iqna Semdegi jgufebi:

a) wminda omonimia _ erTi konkretuli SinaarsiT war-modgenili teqsti erTze met ganzogadebul sibrZnes _ zo-gad daskvnas (Sesabamisad, erTze met morals) afiqsirebs. amas safuZvlad edeba mocemuli eTnosis mier samyaros Se-mecnebis procesSi erT konkretul movlenaze dakvirvebisas sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxuli Tvisebebi da Sedegad miRebuli gamocdileba. es ganapirobebs erTi teqstis sxvadsxva ra-kursiT (rig SemTxvevaSi metic, urTierTsapirispiro azriT) gaxsnas, ris fonzec, bunebrivia, TiToeuli gansxvavebul Sefasebas iZleva da gansxvavebul situaciur konteqstSi iTxovs realizacias, e.i. mocemul paremiul sivrceSi misi zogadazrobrivi ganfenilobis parametrebi da erovnul cnobierebaSi Sesabamisi relevanturi CarCoebis gansazRvra sxvadasxa sibrtyeze fiqsirdeba.

b) heterosituaciuroba _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi kvlevisas postulatad iqna aRebuli i. neigoris termini `Tavisufali qmedeba~ (action de choix), romlis Sida struqtura aseTia: morali iZleva Sefasebas, xolo Sefaseba SeiZleba mxolod saqcielisa, romelic Tavisufali arCevanis pirobebSi xdeba. aq mocemul teqsts safuZvlad udevs erTi ganzogadebuli sibrZne _ zogadi daskvna, romlesac, SesaZloa, msgavsi tipis (ara sxvadasxva) situaciur konteqstebSi sxvadasxva-gvari azrobrivi Seferiloba mieces, ris fonzec, garkveul-wilad, gansxvavebul morals _ Sefasebas iZens. amgvari magaliTebis aqtualizaciisas miRebuli Sefaseba (morali) mocemuli zogadi mniSvnelobis Tematur CarCoebs praq-tikulad ar scdeba, magram mis Camoyalibebas, erTi mxriv, is konkretuli situaciuri konteqsti ganapirobebs, romel-Sic xdeba misi realizeba da, meore mxriv, mis formirebas garkveulwilad gansazRvravs sametyvelo aqtis monawileTa individualuri gemovneba, pirovnuli msoflmxedveloba, zneobrivi TviTSegnebis normebi da a.S.

sailustracio masala, romelic warmodgenili iqneba mox-senebaze, Cawerili da Targmnilia arabuli pirvelwyarodan. teqstTa umravlesobisaTvis monaxulia Sesabamisi qarTuli ekvivalentebi.

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Tea janaSia

fereidun Tavaloli _ iraneli kritikosi da poeti

XX saukunis dasawyisSi sparsul poeziaSi axal

literaturul mimarTulebas, e. w. `Sere nous,~ eyreba safuZveli.

`Sere nou~ _ axali poezia, romelic dasavleTevrupuli literaturis gavleniT Camoyalibda, iwvevs sparsuli klasikuri leqsTwyobis msxvrevas da sparsul poeziaSi axal msoflmxedvelobas amkvidrebs.

iranel kritikosTa didi nawili iranSi axali lite-raturuli mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis process nima iuSijis saxels ukavSirebs.

fereidun Tavaloli, romelic nimas leqss `Tavisufali aruzis poezias~ uwodebs da mis novatorobas calsaxad aRiarebs, mkacrad upirispirdeba da akritikebs `Sere nous~ im warmomadgenlebs, romelTa poeziac aruzis sistemis sruli rRveviT gamoirCeva da misi SefasebiT, `dasavleT-evropuli verlibris martivi gadamRerebaa.~

cnobili iraneli kritikosi hamid zarinqubi wignSi `axali poeziis Tvalsawieri~ fereidun Tavalolis, iraj mirzasTan erTad, axali poeziis fuZemdeblad miiCnevs.

fereidun Tavalolis poeziaSi SenarCunebulia aruzis sistema, Tumca TvalSi sacemia XIX saukunis dasawyisSi evropaSi klasicizmTan brZolaSi aRmocenebuli axali literaturuli mimarTulebis _ klasicizmis niSnebi.

Tavalolis Semoqmedeba zogadad xasiaTdeba ukiduresi pesimizmiTa da sevdis motivebiT, rac satrfialo lirikasa da bunebis peizaJis aRwerasTan erTad, romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Strixi iyo.

Tu dasavleTevropul romantizmSi sasiyvarulo Tematika dominirebs, xolo qarTuli romatizmisTvis, ZiriTadad, damaxasiaTebelia patriotuli motivebi, iranSi es axali literaturuli mimarTuleba, metwilad, sevdis motivebiTa da ukiduresi pesimizmiT gamovlinda.

poeziaSi ukiduresi uimedobisa da usazRvro sevdis gamoxatvis gamo, iranelma kritikosebma fereidun Tavaloli `Savi, reaqciuli romantizmis~ fuZemdeblad aRiares, xolo mis poezias `bedis maradiuli wyevla~ uwodes.

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marTalia, fereidun Tavalolis SemoqmedebaSi dasavleT-evropuli literaturuli gavlenis pirveli niSnebi gamo-vlinda, magram fereidun Tavalolis poezia ar iyo `Sere nou~ - Tavisufali versifikaciis forma, radgan mis poezi-aSi axali Tematika tradiciuli saleqso formebiT ga-JRerda.

qeTevan megreliSvili

“visramianSi” moxseniebuli bibliuri gmirebi

“visramianis” qarTuli redaqcia, romelic ara ugvianes XII s-is II naxevramde unda Sesrulebuliyo, faxr ed-din gorganis “vis o raminis” sparsul teqstTan gansakuTrebuli siaxloviTa da sizustiT xasiaTdeba. qarTvel da ucxoel iranistTa, kritikosTa da mravalricxovan mkvlevarTa mier Catarebulma muSaobam didi xania naTeli mohfina Txzulebis siuJetis falaurobas. nawarmoebi ZiriTadad aqameniduri ideebis samyaroSi trialebs, zoroastruli Cvevebi da ideologia masSi xSirad iCens Tavs. TxzulebaSi TviT sakuTari saxelebic ki Zveli iranulia.

Cven mier “vis o raminisa” da “visramianis” anTro-ponimebis safuZvlianma Seswavlam naTelyo, rom nawarmoebis moqmed pirTa saxelebis umetesoba avesturi Zirebidan momdinareobs. Tumca, faxr ed-din gorgani, romelic XI s.-is muslimi poetia, cxadia, Tavisi drois winaSe xarks moixdida. poemis Sesaval nawilsa da boloSi gvxvdeba muslimuri sakuTari saxelebi, romelTa matareblebi maSindeli sulTnebi, gamgeblebi Tu cnobili vezirebi arian da gorgani, tradiciisamebr, maT mimarT xotbas aRavlens. avtori Tavisi personaJebis ama Tu im Tvisebis ufro damajereblad warmosaCenad arcTu iSviaTad mimarTavs ro-gorc iranelTa miTiur, aseve bibliur gmirebsac. amjerad yuradReba SevaCereT bibliur gmirTa saxelebze, romlebic dafiqsirda `vis o raminsa~ da `visramianSi~. esenia: adami, balaki, ieso, iosebi, maTusala, mose, noe, solomon, qriste. aqedan maTusala da qriste mxolod poemis qarTul versiaSi gxvdeba.

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TiToeul saxels konkretuli datvirTva aqvs. ase, magaliTad, solomoni, romelmac bibliis mixedviT, RamiT gamocxadebul ufals mosTxova ara simdidre, aramed mxolod sibrZne, raTa samarTlianad emarTa eri, gvevlineba uzenaesi samarTlianobisa da marTlmsajulis simbolod. poemaSi, romlis ZiriTadi idea umaRlesi samarTlianobaa, imarjvebs ramini _ anu sikeTe da samarTlianoba. misi gamefebis Semdeg raminisagan `xelmwifeni yvelani iswavlidis mosamarTleobasa~ (`visr~, 368). is Sedarebulia solomonTan (`v. o r.~, 527). saqarTvelos istoriaSi Tamaric `bWed jda Soris Tavisa Tvisisa da mezobelTa mefeTa ara miSuebad brZolisa, arca gardadebad uRelsa mZlavrobisasa urTierTas, da saxed Tavsa Tvissa miscemda da amisTvis maT zeda meore solomon iqmna mefeTa Soris~. raminis gardam solomonTan Sedarebulia sultan ToRrul-begi da misi veziric.

qarTveli mTargmneli, romlis ena, v. rodonaias SefasebiT, bibliisa Tu saRvTismetyvelo traqtatebis, himnografiisa Tu hagiografiis, sagmiro Tu samijnuro eposis didebuli da mravalferovani poeturi sityviTaa nasazrdoebi, TiTqmis zedmiwevniT icavs nawarmoebis suliskveTebas, Tumca zogjer is principuli xasiaTis koreqtivs gvTavazobs. `visramians~ aSkarad datyobia qristianuli aRmsareblobis ieri. a. baramiZisa da k. kekeliZis azriT, mTargmneli imTaviTve emijneba `vis o raminis~ sarwmunoebriv-zneobriv sinamdviles da sagangebod afrTxilebs mkiTxvels: `ese xelmwife (Sahi moabadi) qristes moslvasa winaT iyoo~. qriste sparsul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba. am SemTxvevis garda, kidev ramdenime epizodSi mTargmneli aseTsave kilos inarCunebs. mag: `viTa wesia sparsTa~ da a.S.

moxsenebaSi ganvixileT gorganis TxzulebaSi da mis qar-Tul TargmanSi dadasturebuli cxrave bibliuri saxeli da SevecadeT maTi rolis garkvevas qarTul-sparsuli kon-teqstebis urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze.

14

TamTa farulava

Zilisa da mRviZarebisaTvis (rumis `mesnevis~ mixedviT)

moxsenebaSi gaanalizebulia jalal ed-din rumis `mesnevis~ arakebSi warmodgenili zneobriv-filosofiuri koncefciis ori urTierTdapirispirebuli cneba: Zili da mRviZareba.

muslimuri kanonis mixedviT, mRviZareba uflisaTvis saTno saqmed iTvleboda. Tumca mRviZarebis saTnoeba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas mainc sufiebSi asketuri cxovrebis wesis Camoyalibebisas iZens. pirveli sufi asketebi xSirad Rameebs yuraniT gansazRvruli locvebis kiTxviT atarebdnen, dRes ki _ marxviT. sufiuri praqtikis saZirkvlad sami ram moiazreba: `mcire sakvebi, mcire Zili, cota saubari~. mRviZareba udides saTnoebad iTvleboda mistikur gzaze winsvlisaTvis. raRa Tqma unda, Zilisagan Tavis Sekaveba, sifxizle sufiuri asketuri praqtikis erT-erTi safexuri iyo ufro didi sulieri simaRlis misaRwevad. fizikuri mRviZareba adamians sulieri srul-yofisaTvis mzadyofnas aswavlida, sulier sifxizlemde mihyavda igi.

rumis `mesnevis~ erT arakSi (wigni II, ambavi kacisa, mZi-nares pirSi gveli rom SeuZvra) Zili uzrunveli adamianis mdgomareobas gamoxatavs. amgvari sulieri mdgomareobis kacma mTvlemarebis gamo gveli _ sakuTar sulSi Separuli saSineli mankierebani _ SeiZleba verc SeniSnos.

sxva arakSi poeti mogviTxrobs im adamianis ambavs, didi xnis nanatrma satrfom RamiT paemani rom dauniSna (wigni VI). SuaRamisas, roca satrfo movida, metrfe daZinebuli daxvda. tradiciuli sufiuri poeturi terminologiiT, am arakSi satrfo ufalia, romelTanac SeerTeba metrfis _ adamianis umaRlesi mizania. rumis arakis metrfe am mniSvnelovan wuTs sulieri siZabuniT, ZiliT Sexvda. Zili aq adamianis yoveldRiur sazrunavsa da fuW safiqralTan erTad, sulier sikvdilsac gulisxmobs. rogorc fizikuri Zilis dros adamians micvalebuliviT amqveynisa araferi ga-egeba, sulieri Zili kacs sulieri Rirebulebebisa da saWi-roebebis mimarT gulgrils xdis. am arakSi mRviZareba sabo-lood ufalTan Sesaxvedrad sifxizlesa da mzadyofnas gu-lisxmobs.

15

marina aleqsiZe

Tbilisuri warmomavlobis sparsulenovani poetebi

XIII saukuneSi

XIII saukuneSi iranSi cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen poetebi, romelTa Taxalusic (literaturuli fsevdonimi) @”Teflisi” iyo. es fsevdonimi ueWvelad migvaniSnebs maT kavSirze TbilisTan _ rogorc wesi, Tbilisur war-moSobaze. Tumca poetebis erovnebis dasadgenad es fsevdo-nimi arafers iZleva. am dros Tbilisi didi, mravalerovani qalaqi iyo da isini SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen rogorc sparselebi, ise sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi.

XIII saukunis sparseli poetis, xalil Sirvanis, krebulSi XI-XIII saukuneebis 300 poetis 4000-ze meti robai aris Setanili. maT ricxvSia XIII saukunis is eqvsi poetic, romelTa Taxalusic `Teflisi” iyo. maTi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb Zalian cota cnoba arsebobs. oTxi maTganis _ yazi Teflisis, qamal Teflisis, laTif Teflisis da seif Teflisis, saxelic ki dakargulia da mxolod literaturuli fsevdonimebia SemorCenili. krebulSi maTi ramdenime robai aris Sesuli.

SedarebiT meti viciT badr Teflisis Sesaxeb. cnobilia misi saxeli _ badr ad-din daudi (mahmudi). xalil Sirvani mas piradad icnobda da da albaT amis gamo Tavis krebulSi badr Teflisis 37 robai Seitana.

yvelaze meti cnoba SemorCa abu-l-fazl habiS bon ebrahim mohammad Teflisis Sesaxeb. cnobilia misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva detali da, rac mTavaria, misi Txzulebebis vrceli nusxa. habiS Teflisi ara mxolod poeti iyo, aramed swavlulic. mas ekuTvnis naSromebi sxvadasxva sferoSi: literaturismcodneobaSi _ `literaturis kanoni”, `riTmaTa mTargmnelebi”, `gamoxatvis srulyofileba”; TeologiaSi _ `yuranis arseboba” da `yuranis mokle Sinaarsi”; astronomiaSi _ `astrologiis ganmarteba”; medicinaSi _ `medicinis ganmarteba” da `wamlebis CamonaTvali” da sxva.

masalis simcire am avtorebis Semoqmedebis kvlevas arTulebs, Tumca erTi SexedviTac Cans, rom maTi poezia jdeba xatovani azrovnebis im CarCoebSi, romelic aseTi myaria sparsul klasikur literaturaSi.

16

nanuli kaWarava

somaturi leqsika TurqulSi

somaturi leqsemebis Semcveli frazeologizmebi uxvadaa TurqulSi. es frazeologizmebis uZvelesi plastia. mokle mimoxilva Catarebulia Bbaş (Tavi), el (xeli), göz (Tvali) – sami somatizmis magaliTze.

metyvelebis nawilebis mixedviT somatizmebis Semcvelı frazeologizmebSi gamoiyo:

a) substantiuri frazeologizmebi: baş tacı – 1. kerpi 2. (gadat.) saTayvano, RmerTi; el kiri – xelis WuWyi, fuli; göz nuru

– TvalisCini.

b) adieqturi an posesiuri frazeologizmebi: başı sert (Tavi misi Zlieri) - jiuti, daujerebeli; eli bayraklı (xeli misi droSiani) – CxubisTavi, buntisTavi; gözü pek (Tvali misi keTili) – mamaci, gabeduli.

g) adverbialuri frazeologizmebi: baş başa – 1. martod, ganmartoebiT, pirispir; el ele – xeli xels, mxari mxars; göz

göze – pirispir. d) zmnuri frazeologizmebi: baş gösterdi – Tavi iCina, Tavi

wamoyo; el soktu – Caeria; göz tuttu – TvalSi mouvida. moZiebuli magaliTebis siuxve saSualebas gvaZlevs

davaskvnaT, rom yvelaze meti produqtiulobiT gamoirCeva zmnuri frazeologizmebi.

Turqul da qarTul frazeologizmebSi imdenad xSiria leqsikuri erTeulebis damTxveva, rom uciloblad sa-varaudebelia siRrmiseuli stereotipebis arseboba. fsiqikuri procesebisa da adamianis sxeulis nawilebis mTavari funqciebis identurobis gamo am ori sxvadasxva eris, ori sxvadasxva enaTa ojaxis enis – qarTulisa da Turqulis _ frazeologizmebSi bevria saerTo: başını kaşımaya

vakti yok – Tavis mosafxani dro ara aqvs; eline ayağına düşer –

fexebSi uvardeba, evedreba; gözüne hiç bir şey görünmez – TvalSi araferi uCans da mravali sxv.. bevria somatizmis Semcveli iseTi frazeologizmi, romelic mxolod TurqulisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli: başına ateş yandı (Tavze cecxli waekida) – mexi daeca (didi ubedurebis niSnad); eli böğründe kaldı (xeli ubeSi CarCa) – dauZlurda, daCaCanakda; gözünün ipi sarardı (Tvalis ZarRvi gauyviTlda) – Tvalebi amouRamda (lodiniT) da sxv.

17

somatizmebis Semcveli frazeologizmebis popularoba ganpirobebulia Sinaarsis aqtualobiT, saxieri warmosaxviT, xalxurobiT, gramatikuli agebulobis simartiviT, stilisturi mravalmxrivobiT da sxv. am tipis fra-zeologizmi gamoiyeneba an ucvlelad, iseve rogorc ix-mareba igi xalxSi, an avtoriseuli gadamuSavebiT. xSirad individualuri da tradiciuli sawyisi erTiandeba erT mTelSi da viRebT gansakuTrebuli eqspresiulobis naTel magaliTs.

fati anTaZe

leqsikuri da frazeologiuri derivaciis

mimarTebisaTvis sparsul enaSi

sparsuli leqsikis nebismieri, gansakuTrebiT ki, sagnobrivi Sinaarsis mqone Sre maRali sityvaT- da fra-zaTwarmoebiTi potencialiT gamoirCeva. sazogadod, spar-suli saxeldebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli xatovaneba, rac bunebrivad ganapirobebs am enis mkveTrad gamoxatul midrekilebas frazeologiuri derivaciis mimarT, frazeologizmi xom xatovani enobrivi miniaturaa.

Cven mier yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Semdeg garemoebaze – erTi da imave leqsikuri elementiT motivirebuli saxeladi derivatebi, kompozitebi da zmnuri frazeologizmebi semantikuri TvalsazrisiT xSirad erTmaneTs utoldeba. amgvari tendencia gansakuTrebuli TvalsaCinoebiT naxevradafiqsuri leqsemebis, e.w. kompozitoidebis masalaze ikveTeba. sparsul enaSi yvelaze produqtuli naxevradafiqsi zmnis awmyos fuZea (mag. gäribangir – „abezari, momCivani“, Sdr. gäriban-e Kasi-ra gereftän – 1. „sayeloSi wvdoma“, 2. „vinmeze akideba, vinmesTvis Tavis mobezreba“; naxevrad afiqsi „gir“ – „mwvdomi“ zmna gereftän-is „mokideba, wvdoma“ awmyos fuZea).

moxmobili masalis analizi cxadyofs, rom sakvlevi kompozitebi, afiqsuri, gansakuTrebiT ki, naxevrad afiqsuri warmoebis sityvebi zmnur frazeologizmTa transformebs, maT SekumSul variantebs warmoadgenen, Sesabamisad, erTsa

18

da imave leqsemaze dafuZnebuli saxeladi da zmnuri derivatebi Rrma struqturaSi Sinaarsobrivad tolfasia.

rig SemTxvevebSi, bazisuri zmnuri frazeologizmebi sityvaTmniSvnelobaTa raodenobiT aRemateba Tavis saxelad Sesatyvisebs. ixileT zemoT moyvanili magaliTi da aseve papuš duxtän – 1. „(vinmes – bäraye) gacureba, gabriyveba“, 2. „(vinmesTvis - bäraye) oinis mowyoba“, 3. „(vinmesTvis - bäraye) intrigis mowyoba“, 4. „(vinmesTvis bäraye) cilis dawameba“, Sdr. papušduz – „matyuara, TaRliTi“. rogorc vxedavT, magaliTad motanil zmnur frazeologizmTa polisemia ar aisaxeba maT erTsityvian transformebSi.

nino ejibaZe

qalis metyveleba arabuli enis egviptur dialeqtSi

arabuli enis dialeqtebis klasifikaciis sxvadasxva principi arsebobs: teritoriuli, socialuri, asakobrivi da a.S. saintereso Taviseburebebs aCvenebs qalTa metyveleba egviptur dialeqtSi. adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan kontaqtisas dasturdeba, rom qalis metyveleba gansxvavdeba mamakacis metyvelebisgan leqsikisa da fonetikis zog aspeqtSi. Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad, rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, morfologiisa da sintaqsis sferoSi informantTa sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba ar dadasturebula.

egviptur arabulSi qalis metyvelebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebia:

leqsikis sferoSi 1. qalTa metyveleba kacebis metyvelebasTan SedarebiT

metadaa gajerebuli sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT, romlebic tabudadebul sityvaTa nacvlad gamoiyeneba.

(alahis saxelimc hfaravdes) اسم الله عليه (mociqulis saxelmamc daicvas)اسم النبى حارسه

da sxva msgavs gamoTqmebs, romlebic ufrosi an mcirewlovani vaJiSvilis saxelis nacvlad gamoiyeneba, an avadmyofi vaJiSvilisa, mxolod qalebi warmoTqvamen.

2. aseve, tabudadebulia im avi Tvalis mqone ada-mianis saxeli, romlis mavne zemoqmedebis Tavidan asa-Sorebladac, misi saxelis nacvlad warmoTqvamen fra-zebs:

خمس فى عينه

19

(xuTi (TiTi) mis TvalSi, rac daaxloebiT niSnavs, Tvalebimc daTxrodes).

1Q.(xuTi (TiTi) mis Surian Tvals) خمسه فى عينه الحسودfonetikis sferoSi 1. mamakacTa metyvelebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalTa me-

tyvelebaSi dentaluri Tanxmovnebi d, t, ÷ ganicdian al-veolarizacias wina warmoebis xmovanTa (i, e) gavleniT, Tu es xmovnebi mosdeven aRniSnul Tanxmovnebs:

d: ‘adêm – ‘aÜêm (Zveli). t: è×tim – è×cim, èׇim (beWedi). t.: nawa÷êr

– nawaöêr (mcvelebi). 2. msgavsi fonetikuri cvlileba SesaZlebelia z

TanxmovanTanac, am winaalveoralurma Tanxmovanma SeiZleba mogvces ukanaalveolaruli ì, aseve wina warmoebis xmovnebis zegavleniT: z > ì mazêka – maìêka (musika) da sxv.

3. emfatikurma Tanxmovanma ó aseve i,e xmovnebis winamdebare poziciaSi SeiZleba mogvces ô Tanxmovani: ya

èal×ói - ya èal×ôi (sityv. Cemo dasasrulo, gamoTqma, romlis daaxloebiTi mniSvnelobaa “Cemo yvelav”).

zemoTqmuli gviCvenebs, rom arabul dialeqtologiaSi adamianTa metyvelebaSi sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebac erT-er-Ti mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, romlis detalurma Seswavlamac, SesaZloa, kvlevis axali saintereso Temebi wamoswios.

nomadi barTaia

qarTulSi Semosuli sparsuli leqsikidan (ioseb

griSaSvilis `qalaquri leqsikonis~ mixedviT)

1997 wels rusudan kusraSvilma saarqivo masalaze dayrdnobiT gamoaqveyna ioseb griSaSvilis `qalaquri leqsikoni~, romelic mdidaria aRmosavluri _ maT Soris sparsuli _ leqsikiT. Cven SevecadeT, gamogvevlina da gamogveyo es leqsika, romelTa erT mcire nawils warmovaCenT.

sityvebi `qalaquri leqsikonidan~: 1. aSpaSxana, 2. gabotili, 3. gamouSiarda, 4. dabaxana, 5.

dardimandi, 6. Tamahqroba, 7. TaxCafuCi, 8. inCi, 9. murdaSuri, 10. namardi, 11. nimro, 12. farezi, 13. qamandari da 14. SaniSini momdinareoben Semdegi sparsuli leqsikuri erTeulebidan:

20

دباغ .4 ,(huSiar) ٌوشیار .3 ,(boT) بت .2 ,(aSfazxane) اشپز خاوً .1

طقچً .7 ,(Tamaqar) طمع کار .6 ,(dardmand) دردمىد .5 ,(dabaRxane) خاوً

وامرد .10 ,(mordeSur) مردي شور .9 ,(hiC) ٌیچ .8 ,(TayCefuS) پوش(n‰mard), 11. ویمرو (nimru), 12. پرٌیز (farhiz), 13. ن دارکما (qamandar) da 14. شاي وشیه (SahneSin).

manana kvaWaZe

swavla-aRzrdis sistemis Sesaxeb Zvel iranSi

Zveli samyaros tradicia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda swavla-aRzrdis problemas, rasac mravali sayuradRebo faqti adasturebs. aRzrdis instituti organulad ukavSirdeboda Zveli iranis imperiis socialur sistemas, mkacrad Camoyalibebuli xasiaTi hqonda da ganpirobebuli iyo saxelmwifos interesebiT.

aqemenianTa iranSi damkvidrebulma aRzrdis sistemam asaxva pova berZnul wyaroebsa da iranul legendebSi, mogvianebiT _ mxatvrul literaturaSi. yuradRebas iqcevs cnobebi, romelnic Zvel iranSi ufliswulisa Tu sxva warCinebul ojaxTa vaJebis aRzrdas asaxaven. aqemenianTa iranSi arsebuli aRzrdis sistema miznad isaxavda mxne, mamaci meomris Camoyalibebas, zoroastruli religiis karg codnasa da Sesaferisi saero ganaTlebis miRebas. aristokrat vaJTa sagangebo momzadeba da wvrTna bavSvobidanve iwyeboda. aqemenianTa ufliswuli izrdeboda samefo karisagan moSorebiT, socialurad ufro dabla mdgom ojaxSi, xSirad ubralo xalxTan, zogjer _ mwyemsebTan.

parTuli xanis Sesaxeb gabneuli cnobebis safuZvelze ramdenadme Wirs saxelmwifos cxovrebis aRdgena, Tumca garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana mainc SesaZlebelia, kerZod, “gaZiZavebis” instituti damkvidrebuli Cans rogorc aqemenianTa, ise parTul xanaSi.

`gaZiZavebis” tradicia grZeldeba sasanur epoqaSic. vaJis aRzrda ara mSoblebis saxlSi, aramed sxva ojaxSi warmodgenilia falaur literaturasa da istoriul qronikebSi. maRali wodebis vaJis aRzrda iTvaliswinebda

21

rogorc fizikur wvrTnasa da samxedro-sportul varjiSebs, ise Teologiuri da saero ganaTlebis miRebas.

sayuradReboa vaJebis asakobriv jgufebad dayofis principebi; aRmzrdelisa da aRzrdilis (aRzrdilebis) gansakuTrebuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxebi; calke aRniSvnis Rirsia e. w. “qalis xazi” swavla-aRzrdis sistemaSi da sxv.

swavla-aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT saintereso masalas gvawvdis qarTuli wyaroebi, rogorc adreul xanaSi, ise gvian feodalur periodSic. arsebuli masalebis Sepirispireba-Sejerebis Sedegad mravali msgavseba-gansxvaveba iCens Tavs, rac metad saintereso suraTs warmogvidgens.

lili JorJoliani

qeianTa dinastiis ori mefisა da maTi STamomavlebis

saxelebi `rostomianSi~

rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelebi ZvelTaganve did interess iCendnen `Sah-namesadmi~ da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Targmnidnen mas mSobliur enaze. am Txzulebis Cvenamde moRweuli Targmanebi qarTuli mwerlobis aRorZinebis epoqaSi _ XV-XVIII saukuneebSia Sesrulebuli. Tumca n. maris mosazrebiT, `Sah-nams~ qarTuli Targmani XII saukuneSic unda gvqonoda, magram JamTa siavis gamo mas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. aseTi varaudis safuZvels n. mars qarTuli mwerlobis klasikuri periodis zogierTi saistorio Tu mxatvruli literaturis ZeglSi `Sah-names~ ramdenime personaJis saxelis moxsenieba aZlevda. amasTan, raki zogierT maTganSi `Sah-names~ gmirTa saxelebi Zveli an saSualo sparsuli formiTac aris mocemuli, d. kobiZe da m. andronikaSvili fiqrobdnen, rom iranuli epikuri Tqmulebebi da maTi personaJebis saxelebi saqarTveloSi zepirgadmocemaTa gziT uZvelesi droidan iyo gavrcelebuli da qarTveli avtorebi am saxelebs saqarTveloSi ukve damkvidrebuli formebiT iyenebdnen, xolo maT mier saxelTa axalsparsuli formebiT warmodgenas es mecnierebi `Sah-names~ teqstis originalSi codniT xsnidnen.

22

aRorZinebis epoqaSi SemuSavebuli `mefeTa wignis~ qarTuli Targmanebi, romlebsac versiebsac uwodeben, firdousis Txzulebis sakuTari saxelebis qarTulad gadmotanisas friad mravalferovan suraTs warmogvidgenen da yvelaze mniSvnelovani is faqtia, rom zogierT qarTul versiaSi firdousis Txzulebis da misi mibaZva-gagrZelebebisaTvis sruliad ucnobi personaJebis ambebic ikiTxeba, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom es versia (kerZod, `uTruTian-saamiani~), SesaZloa, ara firdousis, aramed sxva avtoris `Sah-names~ qarTul Targmans warmoadgendes.

`mefeTa wignis~ qarTul versiebSi sul 337 piris sakuTari saxeli dasturdeba. amaTgan 285 anTroponimia, xolo 52 devebisa da jinebis saxelia. gvxvdeba mTargmnel-gamleqsavTa mier moxseniebuli sxva saxelebic.

`mefeTa wignis~ qarTuli versiebis sakuTar saxelTa Seswavlas safuZveli iust. abulaZem Cauyara. Semdgom zogierTi saxelis Sesaxeb saintereso da sayuradRebo mosazrebebi gamoTqves d. kobiZem, m. andronikaSvilma, m. xubuam, k. kekeliZem, a. baramiZem. Cven ki am sakiTxis kvlevas karga xnis win SevudeqiT. kvlevis Sedegebs periodulad vaqveynebdiT.

amjerad warmogidgenT `Sah-names~ qarTuli versiebis ZiriTad nawilSi _ `rostomianSi~ mocemul qeianTa bolo ori mefisa da maTi STamomavlebis saxelTa amosaval sparsul formebTan Sedareba-Sejerebis gziT miRebuli kvlevis Sedegebs. ganxiluli gvaqvs saxelebi: luarsab, goStaSp, zariar, spandiat, ormeazd, Sirasp, xurSid vard, faSoTan, nostev, baaman, merinuS, danuS, daruS (sul 13 saxeli variantebiTurT). sxvadasxva wyarosa da leqsikonSi moviZieT am saxelTa Zveli da saSualo sparsuli formebi, maTi etimologiebi. vcdilobT avxsnaT sparsul da `rostomianSi~ mocemul formaTa Soris gamovlenili sxvaobebis mizezebi.

vfiqrobT, kvlevis Sedegebi saintereso iqneba qarTuli onomastikis (saxelebisa da gvarsaxelebis) mkvlevarTaTvis, radganac `Sah-names~ mravali personaJis saxeli (maT Soris amJamad ganxilulTa nawili) qarTvelebma didi xania gaiTavises da isini qarTul erovnul saxelebad iqcnen, ufro metic, zogierTi maTgani Semdgom qarTul gvarsaxelebsac daedo safuZvlad.

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dasavleTevropuli enebisa da literaturis seqcia

natalia orlovskaia

aRmosavleTis Tema XVIII saukunis frangul zRaprebSi

XVIII saukunis safrangeTSi sagZnoblad izrdeba interesi aRmosavleTisadmi. Soreuli qveynebis Sesaxeb cnobebs frangi mwerlebi upiratesad mogzaurTa aRwerebis meSveobiT iRebdnen. im xanad Zalze didi warmateba xvda wilad antuan galanis mier frangul enaze Targmnil `1001 Ramis zRapars~. amas mohyva sparsuli da Turquli zRaprebis Targmani, Semdeg ki aRmosavluri zRaprebis gadakeTeba da mibaZva.

aRmosavluri zRaprebis gansakuTrebuli warmateba aixsneba imiT, rom im periodSi mimdinareobda brZola klasicizmis esTetikis winaaRmdeg da izrdeboda interesi xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi; mkiTxvelebs Zalian moewonaT Sarl peros mier gamoqveynebuli zRaprebi.

XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi safrangeTSi Seiqmna mTeli rigi zRapari aRmosavlur Temaze, romlebSic nacionaluri literaturuli tradiciebi gaerTianebuli iyo aRmosavlur egzotikasTan. maTi moqmedeba viTardeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, romelsac avtorebi warmoadgenen aseTive saTavgadasavlo-zRaprul aspeqtSi.

aRmosavleTis Tematika frang mweralTa nawarmoebebSi iZens Tavisebur kolorits.

toma-simon geleti (1683-1766) Tavis aRmosavlur Temaze daweril zRaparTa krebulebSi cdilobs Seqmnas saTanado adgilobrivi koloriti. amisaTvis igi iyenebs im dros arsebul zogierT wyaros da akeTebs teqstSi istoriul da geografiul komentarebs, romlebSic zust masalebTan

24

erTad gvxvdeba bevri Secdomac. saTavgadasavlo da fantastikur ambebTan erTad, geletis moTxrobebSi igrZnoba agreTve didaqtikuri tendenciac, radganac avtoris mizani aris `ara marto gaarTos, aramed gaacnobieros mkiTxveli~. geletis zRaprebSi naTeli da bneli Zalian mkveTrad aris erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli da mwerali mkacrad icavs Tavisi drois moralur kodeqss. saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli masalebi gvxvdeba geletis krebulebSi `Cinuri zRaprebi~ da `TaTruli zRaprebi~.

saqarTvelos Temas Tavis zRaprebSi exeba agreTve jan kazoti (1719-1792). geletisagan gansxvavebiT, mas ara aqvs survili mogvawodos istoriuli Tu geografiuli cnobebi da amis saSualebiT Seqmnas adgilobrivi koloritis iluzia. mis moTxrobebSi aseve naklebad aris didaqtikuri tendenciebic. zRaprebi agebulia fantastikur ambebze, magram am araCveulebrivi movlenebis aRwerisas igrZnoba avtoris ironia da dacinva.

inesa merabiSvili

`SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~ da XX saukunis evropuli

azrovneba

`evropis kulturis wyaroebi evropaSi ki ar unda daiZebnos, aramed aRmosavleTSi, aRmosavleTis gavleniT dasavleTze da ara piriqiT... unda gaTavdes rusTavelis kvlevis mxolod qarTuli kulturis farglebiT SemosazRvra, radgan arsebiTad rusTaveli... sakacobrio kulturis sferoSi gadadis,~ _ brZanebda Salva nucubiZe. Tu platonma sibrZnis sawyisad `Tavmazia~, anu gakvirveba gamoacxada, rusTavelma aseT sawyisad SiSi aRiara. `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsao~ _ brZana man da RvTismoSiSoba sibrZnis mwvervalze aiyvana.

mTis gagiJebul ruebs, RviiT, ZenZiT da qviSiT, grigali daayruebs

macxovrisadmi SiSiT, _ brZana galaktionma XX saukuneSi da amiT rusTvelis filosofias axali sicocxle STabera, sicocxle, romelic mis pirdapir memkvidreobas niSnavda.

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arc rusTvelia mxolod qarTul codnaze aRmocenebuli poeti da arc galaktioni, romelSic, aRmoCndeba, rom mTeli msoflio kulturaa gardatexili.

Cveni moxsenebis mizania, gamovavlinoT, Tu ramdenad aris XX saukunis evropuli azrovneba am damokidebulebis mimdevari.

eTer kircxalia

xelovanis bediswera uiliam goldingis romanSi

`qaRaldis adamianebi~

uiliam goldingis romani ~qaRaldis adamianebi~ (1984) filosofiuri igavia, romelsac Rrma simboluri datvirTva aqvs. es nawarmoebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba goldinis sxva romanebisagan da rogorc formis, aseve Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT ufro tradiciulia. romanSi daculia movlenaTa qronologia, naklebad aris gamoyenebuli retrospeqciis xerxi. Tumc, `qaRaldis adamianebi~ gacilebiT ufro datvirTulia simbolurad, vidre goldingis romelime sxva nawarmoebi.

Aam romanis igavuri bunebis gaxsnas is arTulebs, rom goldingis sxva nawarmoebebisgan gansxvavebiT, masSi simbolo ufro Rrmad aris dafaruli da formiT da SinaarsiT ufro mravalwaxnagovania, vidre, magaliTad kunZulis simbolikaa romanSi “buzebis meufe”, gamoqvabuli – “memkvidreebSi” an klde “finCer martinSi”.

iseve rogorc goldingis yvela sxva romanSi, `qaRaldis adamianebis~ saTauric simboluria: qaRaldis adamianebs warmoadgenen cnobili mwerali berkli da axalgazrda biografi Takeri, romelTa cxovrebis arsi qaRaldisaa da, Sesabamisad, maTi arsebobac moCvenebiTi da iluzorulia. romani qronologiurad asaxavs berklis `kunZulad qcevisa~ Tu izolirebis process. berkli cdilobs ganacalkevos sakuTari ATavi warsulisagan da nebismieri urTierTobisgan adamianebTan. mis `gariyul~ stils mkiTxvelisagan gaucxoebis efeqtic ki aqvs. SiSiT gamowveuli izolireba aiZulebs berklis adamianebSi mxolod safrTxe dainaxos. swored amitom gaurbis igi adamianebs, sakuTar Tavs da

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sakuTar warsuls. berkli warsulis daviwyebas sasmelis daxmarebiT cdilobs. romanis dasawyisSi berkli warmodgenilia rogorc ukve Camoyalibebuli loTi, romelic nabaxusevs daexeteba Tavisi cnobierebis `Sav ormoSi~. misi mexsiereba daemsgavsa filmis areul kadrebs, romlis mTavari arsi sibneleSi gauCinarda. faqtobrivad, darCa mxolod im movlenaTa mogoneba, romelTa daviwyebac mas gamalebiT swadia. misi cxovreba namdvil jojoxeTad iqca.

am romaniT goldingi gviCvenebs, rom jojoxeTi da samoTxe Cven TviTon SegviZlia SevqmnaT aq axla CvenSi. codvilma berklim itanja jojoxeTSi dedamiwaze, magram mitevebis sulma masac daanaxa samoTxis silamaze. mxolod Tavisi romanis daweriT aRiara berklim Tavisi codvebi, Tvali gauswora warsuls. amaSi mas riq Takeri daexmara. axalgazrda biografi, romelsac berkli abuCad igdebs, misi bediswera gaxda. riqis brma tyviam bolo mouRo berklis agonias da gvauwya, rom yvelaferi dasrulda.

Tamar afciauri

impresionizmi marsel prustis romanSi `dakarguli

drois ZiebaSi~

1. Tanamedrove kulturaSi SeiniSneba xelovnebis dargTa Soris urTierTgavlenis gaZliereba, ris Sedegad izrdeba humanitaruli mecnierebebis interdisciplinaruli funqcionirebis aucilebloba. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan ferweraSi, Semdgom musikasa da literaturaSi impresionizmi mkvidrdeba, rogorc samyaros xedvis axali «meTodi», romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina modernistul xelovnebaze da, kerZod, franguli modernistuli romanis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze.

2. marsel prustis romani “dakarguli drois ZiebaSi” SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc impresionistuli prozis TvalsaCino nimuSi, sadac Tavs iCens am mimdinareobis stilistur da filosofiur-esTetikur TaviseburebaTa mTeli wyeba, myarad damkvidrebuli im drois ferwerasa da musikaSi.

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3. prustis midgoma samyarosa da masSi myofi Semoqmedis mimarT emsaxureba ara mxolod mwerlis emociur-esTetikuri miswrafebebis gamoxatvas, aramed agrZelebs impresionisti mxatvrebisa da musikosebis Ziebebs samyaros Semecnebis axali saSualebebisa. eyrdnoba ra sivrcisa da drois novatorul koncefcias, prusti aRwers warmaval, wuTier samyaros da iyenebs amisTvis bgeriT da vizualur saSualebebs, rogorc mxatvari – sinaTles da kompozitori – JReradobas. erTgvari "puantilizmi" da disonansuri JReradoba; ganyenebuli stili da siuJeturi xazis waSla, msgavsad musikaSi - tonalobis da ferweraSi - perspeqtivis gaqrobisa; xSiri Tematuri gadaxvevebi, sadac romanis siuJeti da forma, rogorc melodia da ritmi musikalur nawarmoebSi da Tema da kompozicia ferwerul tiloze uSualod eqvemdebareba grZnobebs - wamier Semecnebas da aTavisuflebs xelovnebas dogmebisgan, statikuri mdgomareobisgan da gamohyavs igi Tavisufali formebisa da asociaciebis samyaroSi.

4. impresionizmis mimdevari, marsel prusti gaxda Tavisufal ZiebaTa gamtarebeli, romelic arasodes emoCileboda « formulebs », radgan TviTon cneba “impresionizmi” – “STabeWdileba” aris mxolod is amosavali wertili, saidanac iwyeba axali «individu-alisturi » gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis Zieba, iqmneba is niadagi, romelzedac iSleba modernizmis sruliad gansxvavebuli saxeebi ferweraSi, musikaSi, literaturaSi da xelovnebis sxva dargebSi.

mariam baramiZe

dialoguri istorizmi georg Traklis poeziaSi

georg Traklis poeturi azrovnebiis kosmiurobas erwymis misi istoriulobac, ara marto samyaros xedvis vertikalur-droiT aspeqtSi, aramed im istoriuli gzis gaTavisebiT, romelic gaiara kacobriobam samyaros sazrisis wvdomis procesSi. `dialogiurobas~ SeiZleba vuwodoT g. Traklis poeturi gzis motivi da Secdoma iqneboda gvesaubra gavlenaze sxva SemoqmedTa mxridan. erTaderTi sityva-kategoria, romelic am SemTxvevaSi marTebuli iqneboda, aris dialogi. `dialogiuroba~ unda gavigoT rogorc qveteqsturad momqmedi motivi, xolo

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`dialogi~ qveteqsturi motivis teqsturad realizebuli aspeqti. `dialogiuroba~ rogorc motivi, Traklis poeziaSi realizdeba koncentruli wreebis saxiT. yvelaze viwro wreSi xvdeba `dialogi~ im SemomqmedTan, vinc TiTqmis Traklis Tanamedrove iyo, pirvel rigSi bodlerTan da dostoevskisTan. orive SemomqmedTan mas aerTianebs Tanamedrove sinamdvilis krizisuli aRqmis gansakuTrebuli simZafre. magram Traklis kavSiri frang poetTan da rus romanistTan araerTgvarovania: Tu Tavisi poeturi gzis dasawyisSi Trakls bodlerTan akavSirebs Tanamedrove samyaros dacemul-xrwnadi realobis xedva, Semdeg igi am realobas gaiazrebs rogorc katastrofas, magram amave dros mis poetur azrovnebaSi isaxeba daRupvisadmi dapirispirebuli tendecia, romelsac SeiZleba xsnis Ziebis motivi vuwodoT.

swored realobis katastrofuli aRqmisa da misi SesaZlo xsnis sul ufro gamokveTili ganWvreta da maTi erTmaneTTan Serwyma unda CaiTvalos im Tematikur-motivur kompleqsad, romelic Trakls akavSirebs dostoevskisTan.

Semdeg farTovdeba wreTa areali da am arealSi `vxvdebiT~ hioldernlinsa da novaliss. momdevno wreSi dialogis monawiled gvevlineba epoqebi, maTi msoflmxedveuluri arsiT _ Sua saukuneebi, bibliuri epoqa da antikuroba.

g. TraklisTvis mTavari iyo dialogiuri mimarTeba qristianul warsulTan da swored am dialogs emsaxureba mTeli Trakliseuli simbolika da motivTa sistema, anu qristianobasTan dialogi centraluria Traklis dialogiur samyaroSi.

sibila gelaZe

poeturi teqstis Tavisebureba

1. poeturi ena enobrivi saSualebebis Taviseburi gamoyenebiT gamoirCeva.

2. poeturi teqsti azrebsa da sagnebs arapirdapirad gamoxatavs. TviT bunebrivi aRwerac ki ar niSnavs faqtis Sesaxeb martiv Txrobas, piriqiT, is moicavs esTetur mizans afeqturi konotaciebiT.

3. poeziaSi verbaluri Tanmimdevroba ar qmnis progresulad ganviTarebad azrs; pirveli wakiTxvisas

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verbaluri Tanmimdevroba moqmedebs, rogorc mimezisi, am dros xdeba informaciis sxvadasxva elementis dagroveba. amas mohyveba semiozisi. (rifateri, in:Littérature et réalité, L’illusion

référentielle, P, 1982 gv.118) anu, mkiTxveli referencias eZebs poeturi teqstis CarCoSi da ara mis miRma. radgan, poetur teqstSi sityvis individualuri mniSvneloba waSlilia, igi poeturi teqstidan gamomdinare iZens mniSvnelobas.

4. poeturi teqstis pirveli wakiTxvisas TvalSi gvxvdeba, rifateris terminiT Tu vityviT, “agramatikuloba”. ase magaliTad, dabali zeca, romelic axuravs Sewuxebul suls, Rameze Savi dRe, Ramuris msgavsi imedi, gisosebiviT wvimis nakadebi, oboba, romelic adamianebis tvinSi qsels abams, katafalka, romelic seravs adamianis suls, xolo Savi alami amSvenebs adamianis kefas. Cveulebriv enobriv situaciaSi msgavsi sityvaTSexamebebi warmoudgenelia. magaliTad, aravin ityvis ~wvimis gisosebi gvawvimso, anda, sulze zeca maxuravso, an kidev, imedi-igive Ramuraao, an katafalka sulSi damidiso~, da a. S. rasac ver vityviT Ppoetur teqstze. am SemTxvevaSi referencia, anu sityvis, an frazis mniSvneloba yalibdeba poeturi teqstis farglebSi da ara eqstralingvistur situaciaSi. ase gadadis mimezisi semiozisSi.

5. mokled, Tu roman iakobsons davesesxebiT, swored poeturi teqstis farglebSi warmoqmnili referencia uwyobs xels verbaluri mesijis xelovnebis nimuSad gardaqmnas. (Roman Jakobson, Essais de linguistique générale, P.1973, p..210) anu, verbaluri mesiji iZens eqspresiul, anu poetur Rirebulebas. xolo iqidan gamomdinare, rom lingvistika aris enobrivi struqturebis Semswavleli mecniereba, poetikac, anu poeturi teqstebic, romlebic igive enobrivi struqturebiT operirebs, lingvistikis ganuyofeli nawilia. 6. poeturi teqstis erT-erTi distinqciuri niSani isaa,

rom igi iyenebs uCveulo Sinaarsis mqone enobriv struqturebs. magaliTad, bodlerisaTvis qali aris “Semodgomis lamazi ca, naTeli da vardiferi” (bodleri, “saubari”)- “Vous êtes un beau ciel d’automne, clair et rose”, verlenisaTvis ki “rCeuli peizaJi”- “Votre âme est un paysage choisi

(Verlaine “Clair de lune”).

nino qavTaraZe

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Jerar de nervalis romanis, ,,orelis,‟‟ kompoziciis

Tavisebureba

1. Jerar de nervalis (1808-1855) romani ,,oreli” misi ukanaskneli nawarmoebia, romelic avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoica. mweralma misi damTavreba ver moaswro, rac mxolod varauds badebs nervalis Canafiqrisa da nawarmoebis SesaZlo agebulebis Sesaxeb.

2. romantizmis epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqsperimentebi, mxatvruli nawarmoebis formasTan mimarTebiT, ucxo ar iyo e. w. ,,mcire romantikosTa” jgufis warmomadgenlisaTvis. ,,oreli‟‟ ideur-Tematurad aris dakavSirebuli ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebsa” da ,,qimerebTan”. am nawarmoebebis siuJetebis msgavseba mkvlevarTa yuradRebas ipyrobs: ,,oreli” saintereso xdeba, ara marto rogorc damoukidebeli qmnileba, aramed, rogorc nervalis mxatvrul-stilisturi xerxis Taviseburebis gamovlineba: mwerlis ocneba, Seeqmna erTi diadi qmnileba, swored am sami nawarmoebis erTian konteqstSi gaazrebaSi hpovebs asaxvas.

3. nawarmoebis kompoziciis safuZvlad laitmotivebis gamoyeneba damaxasiaTebelia neoromantizmis, miTologiuri simbolizmisa da XX saukunis miTologiuri romanisaTvis. ,,oreli”, iseve, rogorc ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi” da ,,qimerebi”, orfeosis Sesaxeb miTis siuJeturi invariantia. siuJetebis msgavseba SeiZleba laimotivis arsebobad miviCnioT erTi avtoris sami nawarmoebis farglebSi. swored aq Cans nervalis, rogorc mwerlisa da Semoqmedis, novatoroba.

4. miTi orfeosis Sesaxeb moaruli siuJetis saxiT vlindeba romanSi _ ,,oreli”, da amkvidrebs mis adgils literaturis istoriaSi, msgavs siuJetze Seqmnil sxva mwerlebis nawarmoebebis gverdiT.

5. ,,oreli” iqmneboda nervalis cxovrebis urTuless perodSi: daavadebuli mwerali fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobda. realuri da irealuris monacvleoba, erTi mxriv, romantizmis esTetikis erTgulebiT aixsneba. amave dros, nawarmoebSi asaxuli movlenebi da romanis struqtura mwerlis avadmyofobis mimdinareobas hgavs. Sesabamisad, ,,oreli”, avtoris sulieri da fizikuri avadmyofobis amsaxvel Canawerebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

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6. Jerar de nervalis romanis _ ,,orelis‟‟, kompoziciis Tavisebureba gamoixateba: 1) daumTavrebeli nawarmoebis arqiteqtonikaSi 2) romanis, rogorc pirovnuli miTis gaazrebaSi 2) ,,orelis”, novelebis krebulis _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebisa” da leqsebis _ ,,qimerebis”, siuJetebis msgavsebaSi, rac romans siuJeturi invariantis formas sZens 3) realurisa da irealuris monacvleobaSi, rac nawarmoebis struqturuli Tviseburebis da misi miTologiuri kvlevis sawindari xdeba.

konstantine bregaZe

goeTe da qristianuli religia

1. goeTes mimarTeba zogadad religiisadmi, da konkretulad qristianobisadmi urTulesi problemaTagnia da Rrma Seswavlas moiTxovs. xolo Tavis mxriv am problemis metnaklebad marTebuli gaazreba qmnis safuZvels goeTes msoflmxedvelobisa da Semoqmedebis marTebuli Seswavlisa da recefciisa.

2. dogmaturi qristianobis poziciebidan goeTes qristianobisadmi damokidebulebas imTaviTve negatiurad afasebdnen literaturul da Teologiur wreebSi (iohan kaspar lafateri, avgust vilhelm Slegeli, fridrix Slegeli, volfgang menceli, romano guardini da sxv.). es Sefasebani calmxrivi da sworxazovania da safuZvelSive mcdari, ramdenadac maTSi saerTod ar aris gaTva-liswinebuli Tavad goeTes pirovnebis sirTule, mraval-planianoba da yovlismomcveloba, goeTes pirovnebis poeturi arsi. aseve, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli Tavad is epoqa, is ontologiuri konteqsti (ganmanaTleblobis epoqa zogadad), romelSic mouwia cxovreba goeTes; ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli Tavad goeTes sicocxlis xangrZlivobac ki, ramdenadac iseTi grZeli cxovrebis manZilze, romelic goeTem ganvlo, religiuri, da maT Soris qristianuli warmodgenebi, arc Tu ise sworxazovnad da martivad iqmneboda da yalibdeboda, da miT umetes iseTi rTuli da Rrma pirovnebis sulSi, rogoric goeTea. goeTes religiuri warmodgenebis Camoyalibeba, Sesabamisad qristianobisadmi misi mimarTeba xangrZlivi da mravalmxrivi procesia, goeTes religiuri Semecneba sxvadasxva safexurs moicavs.

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3. goeTes mimarTeba qristianobisadmi obieqturi religiurobiTaa ganpirobebuli, anu codnaze dafuZnebuli religiurobiT. qristes fenomeni goeTesaTvis obieqturad arsebuli sinamdviliseuli fenomenia (Natrurphänomen), anu, pirvelfenomenis Taviseburi gamovlena.

4. Sesabamisad, qristeSi goeTe xedavs ara RvTis Zes, RmerTs, macxovars, aramed mas ganixilavs iseTive did pirovnebebad, rogorebic iyvnen sokrate, mose. anu, goeTe qristes upirvelesyovlisa ganixilavs rogorc kacobriobis sulier aRmzrdels, umaRlesi saRvTo zneobis gamocxadebas. Sesabamisad, qristes pirovnebas goeTesaTvis ara mistikuri, aramed eTikur-moraluri datvirTva aqvs.

5. goeTes qristianoba araeklesiuri, arakonfesiuri da adogmaturia, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze formalurad luTeranul-protestantuli eklesiis wevri iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom goeTe saboloo jamSi Tavisufali qristiania da misi qristesadmi mimarTeba pirovnul-individualuria. misTvis pirvelqristianTa mier dafuZnebul pirvelqristianobasa aqvs WeSmariti Rirebuleba, romelic wminda saxarebebSia asaxuli, da ara eklesiis mier gaSualebul da interpretirebul dogmatur qristianobas. Tavisi pirvelfenomenis Teoridan gamomdimare goeTe qristianobasTan mimarTebaSi swored wminda religiurobis, anu religiurobis ontologiuri impliciturobis Tvalsazriss aviTarebs.

6. Tumca goeTes mimarTeba qristesadmi iseTi intensiurad subieqtivisturi da mistikuri araa, rogorc es novalisTanaa, vinaidan s. kirkegoris marTebuli SeniSvniT, qristianobisa da qristes mimarT goeTes mainc aklda “uSualobis paTosi”, anu subieqturi mistika, xolo fr. nicSes eniT rom vTqva, qristianobisa da qristes mimarT goeTes axasiaTebda “distaniciis paTosi”, anu, am SemTxvevaSi obieqturi mWvreteloba.

33

levan cagareli

parateqstis mxatvruli daniSnuleba arno Smidtis

romanSi `saRamo oqros SaravandediT~

saRamo oqros SaravandediT germaneli mwerlis arno Smidtis ukanaskneli dasrulebuli tiposkriptuli romania (1975 w.). parateqstSi ikveTeba romanis struqturuli da naratiuli Taviseburebebi. moipoveba Semdegi saxis parateqstebi: saTauri (Abend mit Goldrand), Janrobrivi miTiTeba (“eine MärchenPosse” – “zRapruli farsi”), qvesaTauri (“55 Bilder aus der Lä/Endlichkeit für Gönner der Verschreibk/Kunst” – “55 suraTi sofluri/sasruli cxovrebidan etimistikis keTilismyofelTaTvis”), epigrafi (satitulo gverdze, TiToeuli dRis win da XVIII scenis win), moqmed pirTa nusxa, Sualeduri saTaurebi da sarCevi. aRniSnuli parateqstobrivi elementebi asrulebs ara mxolod erTgvari “zRurblis” funqcias, romelmac mkiTxveli mxatvrul samyaroSi unda gadaiyvanos da misi molodinis horizonti aagos, aramed isini awvdis recipients informacias teqstis struqturis Sesaxeb. naSromSi TiToeul maTgans ganvixilavT.

“saRamo oqros SaravandediT” – rogorc toposi – romanis daweramde didi xniT adre arsebobda arno Smidtis teqstobriv kosmosSi. misi gamoyeneba saTaurad axorcielebs interteqstobrivi konteqstis aqtualizebas. esaa tipiuri citaturi saTauri (Jeneti 1989:91), romelsac Tematuri, ufro zustad ki – metaforuli funqcia aqvs: igi metaforulad mianiSnebs nawarmoebis centralur Temaze – sibere, cxovrebis mwuxri, kulturis daisi.

Janrobrivi miTiTeba – “zRapruli farsi” fiqcionalobis mkafio signalia. igi mTel nawarmoebs fiqcionalur diskurss miakuTvnebs da gamoricxavs mis wakiTxvas biografiul WrilSi. amasTan, aRniSnuli Janrobrivi miTiTeba garkveul cnobebs gvawvdis romanis Janrobrivi da diegeturi Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.

qvesaTaurSi sacnaurdeba romanis erTi damatebiTi Tavisebureba, saxeldobr – avtorefleqsiuroba. sxva qvesaTaurebis msgavsad “55 suraTi sofluri/sasruli cxovrebidan etimistikis keTilismyofelTaTvis” rematu-lia, anu igi uSualod teqsts ukavSirdeba (da ara mis Temas an Sinarss), gansazRvravs mis arqiteqtonikas (“55 suraTi”), gamoyofs sasurvel recipients (“etimistikis

34

keTilismyofelTaTvis”) da axorcielebs poetologiuri principis Tematizebas (“etimistikis”).

sainteresoa moqmed pirTa nusxac. igi moicavs cnobebs moqmed pirTa orive jgufis (saxlis mobinadreni da mawanwalebi), moqmedebis adgilisa da drois Sesaxeb. mocemul parateqstSi warmodgenilia ara mxolod per-sonaJebis saxelebi, aramed maTi metsaxelebic, romlebic simboluri datvirTvis matarebelia.

sarCevi romanis arqiteqtonikasTan erTad moicavs mi-niSnebebs nawarmoebis recefciis Sesaxeb. amgvari miniSnebebia, magaliTad, “gayofili gverdi”, “samsvetiani gverdi”.

amrigad, romanis parateqstebis esoden didi mra-valricxovneba da mravalferovneba aixsneba am axali tipis nawarmoebis recefciis gamartivebisa da Semsubuqebis sur-viliT.

dali fanjikiZe

mxatvruli Targmanis analizis principebi. stilis

ekvivalentobis problema

mxatvruli Targmanis analizi sam dones moicavs. esenia: Sinaarsis done, anu teqstis gagebis xarisxi, normatiuli stilistikis done, anu gamarTuli enobrivi safuZveli da stilis done rogorc Targmanis ekvivalentobis umaRlesi gamovlineba.

CamoTvlilTagan pirvel or pirobas qarTuli Targmanis sakmaod didi nawili akmayofilebs. Sesabamisad Targmans literaturul faqtad verc vaRiarebT, Tu pirveli da meore donis arseboba garantirebuli ar aris. rac Seexeba stils, misi kvleva am ori donis dadebiTad Sefasebis Semdeg iwyeba, stilis kvlevaSi ki gadamwyvetia dinamikuri ekvivalentobis principi _ Targmani iseTive STabeWdilebas axdendes mkiTxvelze, rogorsac dednis mkiTxvelze axdenda. am STabeWdilebas dednis kognitur mxaresTan erTad emociuri da esTetikuri mxaris reproduqciis xarisxi ganapirobebs, rac mTlianad stilis sferoSi Tavsdeba.

qarTul Targmnil literaturaSi dednis stilis reproduqcias xels uSlis erTgvari metaenis arseboba, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba Targmanis ena vuwodoT. igi Tavisi xasiaTiT universaluria, akmayofilebs qarTuli enis normatiuli stilistikis normebs, gajerebulia enis

35

sxvadasxva Sreebidan mopovebuli erTeulebiT, maT Soris arqaizmebiT, iSviaTad xmarebuli, markirebuli sityvebiT, zogjer ki piriqiT, grZnobebis, gancdebis amsaxveli trafaretuli leqsikiT, kliSeebis simravliT, qarTul realiebze damyarebuli frazeologizmebiT, dialeqtizmebiT da sxva iseTi enobrivi erTeulebiT, rac Targmanis gaqarTulebis mizezi xdeba, mTlianobaSi ki es metaena maRalfardovanebisa da sityvauxvobis efeqts qmnis, erTgvari universalobis miuxedavad mTargmnelis individualur stilad yalibdeba da safuZvelSive gamoricxavs dednis stilis reproduqcias. Tavis mxriv dednis stilis reproduqcias ramdenime komponenti ganapirobebs, romlebic profesional mTargmnels teqstze muSaobis dawyebamde unda hqondes gacnobierebuli.

es komponentebia: 1. dednis avtoris pozicia asaxuli movlenebisa da personaJebisadmi. es pozicia SeiZleba iyos neitraluri, ironiuli, filosofiuri, tragikomikuri, kvaziseriozuli da a.S. 2. avtoris damokidebuleba saliteraturo enasTan da mis miRma arsebul SreebTan, rogoricaa dialeqti, Jargoni, skabrezi, argo; 3. avtor-mTxrobelisa da personaJebis gansxvavebuli xmebi; 4. stilis abstrahirebuli niSnebi: maRalfardovaneba da sisadave, lakoniuroba da sityvauxvoba, ritmi da intonacia; musikaloba da polifoniuroba; xatovneba da simSrale. 5.mxatvrulobisa Tu gansjis primati da a.S.

sailustracio masalad warmodgenili iqneba sakuTari Targmanebi: maqs friSis "Homo Faber", herman heses `tesinuri Semodgomis dRe", ulrix plencdorfis `axalgazrda v.-s axali vnebani" da gr. robaqiZis ese `adolf hitleri ucxoeli mwerlis TvaliT", romlebic stilis TvalsazrisiT diametralurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.

manana gelaSvili

simbolos funqcia kolrijis ,,baladSi moxuc

mezRvaurze”

kolrijis ,,balada moxuc mezRvaurze” (1798) im nawarmoebTa rocxvs ganekuTvneba, romelic Tavisi TematikiTa da gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiT ori saukunis Semdegac kritikosTa da mkvlevarTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs.

36

kolrijisaTvis samyaro RmerTia emanaciaa, amitom yoveli movlenis miRma sulieri samyaro Zevs, romlis poeturi gamosaxva mxolod simboloTia SesaZlebeli, radgan simbolo saSualebas AZlevs poets warmoaCinos xanierSi _ maradiuli, konkretulSi _ zogadi, xilulSi _ dafaruli da sxv. ,,baladaSi moxuc mezRvaurze” kolrijis saYvareli poeturi xatis uaRresad saintereso simbolur datvirTvasTan gavqvs saqme. nawarmoebis erTerT centralur simbolos zRviT mgzavroba warmoadgens. kolrijis leqsebi, Canawerebi, piradi werilebi adastureben, rom es xati misTvis mSvenierebisa da WeSmaritebis ZiebasTan, sulier xetialsa da am ZiebaSi gamovlil SeWirvebaTa xatad iqca. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs mzisa da mTvaris simbolika. avtoris miTopoetikaSiMmze RmerTis, usazRvro sayvarulis xiluli xatia, romelic samis erTobas moicavs: siTbos, sinaTlesa da wriul formas. Tumca Tu siyvarulis, anu RmerTis dakargva xdeba, mxis buneba keTilis nacvlad borotad gamovlindeba. swored ,,sisxliani mzis” qveS iwyeba moxuci mezRvaurisa da misi megobrebis tanjva. Kkolriji mTeli sicocxlis manZilze agrovebda cnobebs mTvaris fazebTan dakavSirebul sakulto dResaswaulebze, iwerda Tavis dakvirvebebs mTvareze da sxv. mTvare Smag xilvaTa, warmosaxvis stimulatoria, amitom samyaros dafaruli azris gamovlena swored misi sinaTlis qveS xdeba. amasTanave kolrijis poetur xedvaSi mTvaris namgalisuburi forma da navi/kidobani erTmaneTTan asocirdeba, rac mTvarisa da zRviT xetialis kavSirze miuTiTebs, orive erTad ki sulier Ziebas ukavSirdeba. nawarmoebis erT-erT centralur epizods moxuci mezRvauris mier wylis gvelTa dalocvaa, sadac kolrijis sayvareli sami xati iyris Tavs: mTvare, wyali da gveli. nawarmoebSi am moqmedebiT mTavrdeba borot ZalTa aRzeveba, iwyeba wvima, ganbanvis, ganaxlebis simbolo, romelic mTvaris sinaTlis qveS mimdinareobs. nawarmoebis rTul samyaroSi zogierT xatTa simboluri mniSvnelobis kvleva araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs mkacrad gansazRvrul, logikur inter-pretirebas, radgan ama Tu im poeturi saxis erTniSna maCvenebelze dayvanas meqanikur Sekvecamde mivyavarT, riTac poeturi xatis Riaoba, sugesturoba ikargeba. xolo

37

kolrijis am nawarmoebSi simboloTa mravalniSnadoba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs nawarmoebis mravalplanianobas.

rusudan enuqiZe

diskursis marealizebeli lingvisturi erTeulebi

mxatvrul teqstSi

warmodgenil naSromSi diskursis im gansazRvrebas veyrdnobiT, romelic diskurss ganixilavs, rogorc teqstis aqtualizaciis process, anu teqstis konteqstualizacias. es procesi, anu dialogi avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris realizebulia, rogorc mkiTxvelis mier avtoris gzavnilis rekonstruqciis mcdeloba. teqstisa da diskursis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis miuxedavad, mainc SeiZleba gamoiyos mniSvnelobebis is sfero, romelic TiToeul maTgans axasiaTebs: is formaluri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic kodirebulia

t e q s t i s enaSi da amasTanave damoukidebelia mwerlis Tu mkiTxvelis konteqstisagan, s e m a n t i k i s sferoa, xolo d i s –

k u r s i s ena, romelic gamoiyeneba Sesabamis konteqstSi teqstis dekodirebisaTvis, p r a g m a t i k i s sferoa.

teqstis lingvistikis da lingvostilistikis mkvlevarTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom diskursis, iseve rogorc sxva superverbaluri kategoriebis, formalizacia SeuZlebelia, magram verbalur doneze unda arsebobdes is lingvisturi signalebi, romlebic xels uwyobs diskursis realizebas. diskursi asociaciuri donis fenomenia, magram mis warmoSobas reprezentul anu verbalur doneze raRac safuZveli unda hqondes. am mosazrebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZloa avtorTa dayofa raodenobrivi an Tvisebrivi msazRvrelebis mixedviT: a) mwerlebi an "sityvauxvni" arian da mkiTxvels naklebad sWirdeba "siRrmiseuli wvdomani" teqstis adekvaturi gagebisaTvis (mag. dikensi; Tumca dikensTan Tvisebrivi msazRvrelebis – misi brwyinvale

38

metaforebis dekodirebaa saWiro); an "sityvaZunwni" arian, maTi naTqvami implikaciebiTaa datvirTuli da SesaZleblobas iZleva nairgvari interpretaciebisaTvis (heminguei). ra Tqma unda, arsebobs am niSniT dajgufebul mweralTa Soris "Sualeduri" avtorebic (golsuorTi). b) diskursis marealizebeli verbaluri donis erTeulebis "Tvisebrivi" niSniT gamoyofa uTuod stilisturi Seferilobis mqone enobriv elementebs exeba. am mosazrebis sailustraciod l.peinis wignSi "The Lively Art of

Writing" (1965) moyvanili mosazreba gamodgeba (Tumca araferi aqvs saerTo diskursTan – amas wignis gamocemis welic adasturebs) – werisas gamoiyeneT "audio-aqtiuri" da "maRali voltaJis" mqone zmnebi, romlebic "aRizianeben" warmosaxvas; rac ufro aqtiuria zmna, miT ufro cocxalia suraTi, romelsac is qmnis. l.peini "aqtiur" zmnebs weris xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT ganixilavs, warmodgenil naSromSi isini diskursis warmomSob elementebaTaa miCneuli. l.peins avtoris stilis gamomsaxvelobiTi mxare ainteresebs, am naSromSi isini sapirispiro mxares – mkiTxvelis diskurss ukavSirdeba.

gaanalizebul moTxrobebSi (q.mensfildis "The Wind

Blows", arn.benetis "The Wind") audio-aqtiuri zmnebis garda vizualurad-aqtiuri da grZnobad-aqtiuri zmnebic mravlad gvxvdeba – yoveli maTgani "maRali voltaJis" mqone zmnaa da Zalze eqspresiul suraTebs qmnis, rac stimuls iZleva warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebisa da amis safuZvelze diskursis SeqmnisaTvis.

ciala sakaruli

sasveni niSnebis realizaciis zogadi Taviseburebebi v.

vulfis nawarmoebis _ `Suqurisaken~ _ mixedviT

1. v.vulfis romani `Suqurisaken~ avtoriseuli idumalebiT gaJRenTili nawarmoebia. mwerlis am qmnilebas samarTlianad uwodeben xolme `namdvil Sedevrs~, rameTu novatoruli enobrivi saSualebebiT aRwerili sinamdvile amarTlebs mwerlis intensias, mTeli simarTliT gadmogvces gmirTa gancdebi, rac, Tavisi mxriv, dakvirvebuli, filologiurad ganswavluli mkiTxvelisagan, ostaturad

39

realizebuli emociuri muxtis mTeli siZlieriT aRsaqmelad, frTxil dekodirebis unars moiTxovs;

2. romanSi realizebuli Txrobis manera mravali saintereso parametriT xasiaTdeba. leqsikis, gramatikuli formebisa da sasveni niSnebis riTmul suraTTan daqvemdebareba v.vulfis mxatvruli stilis gamnsazRvrelia; aseTi daqvemdebarebis Sedegia nawarmoebSi TeTri leqsis teqnikiT Seqmnili maRalmxatvruli pasaJebi;

3. sasveni niSnebis virtuozuli gamoyeneba v.vulfis nawarmoebis `Suqurisaken~ erT-erTi Zlieri maxasiaTebelia. mwerali metad originalurad iyenebs wertil-mZimes, frCxilebs, kiTxviT niSnebs da a.S. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is konteqstebi, sadac sasveni niSnebis daxmarebiT xdeba garkveuli modalobis realizacia;

4. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi sasveni niSnebi SeiZleba, informaciuli an emociuri pauzis gakeTebis aucileblobaze miuTiTebdes;

5. sasveni niSnebis ara marto gamoyeneba, maTi ugulebelyofac v. vulfis SemoqmedebiTi teqnikis damaxasiaTebeli parametria, rac, umetesad, gamoyenebulia garkveuli riTmis sarealizaciod, gmiris Sinagani gancdebis gadmosacemad da a.S.;

6. nawarmoebSi pirdapiri metyvelebis mimaniSnebeli sasveni niSnebi umetesad ugulebelyofilia, rac `cnobierebis nakadis~ mimarTulebis teqstisaTvis ucxo ar aris. es aixsneba imiT, rom sasveni niSnebis aseTi nivelireba teqsts ufro riTmulsa da moqnils xdis;

7. iribi metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebi umetesad daculi ar aris da gadatanil struqturebSi Sesabamisi pirdapiri metyvelebis realizacia didi asoTia warmodgenili. Cveni varaudiT, am gziT avtors surs, rom gmiris teqsti irib metyvelebaSic gamoirCeodes;

8. CamoTvlisas da mxatvruli gameorebisas mZimis nacvlad avtori xSirad wertil-mZimes an orwertils iyenebs, rac gaxangrZlivebul pauzas gulisxmobs. Camo-naTvalis wertil-mZimiT warmodgena gradualur kul-minacias ufro amwvavebs da, Sesabamisad, emociurad tvir-Tavs. aseTi saxiT warmodgenili konteqsti, umetesad, Sema-jamebeli daskvniT (afterthought) sruldeba xolme;

40

9. `cnobierebis nakadis„„ mimarTulebisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli principebiT warmodgenil pirdapir me-tyvelebaSi sasveni niSnebic avtoris intencias eqvemdebareba da informaciac garkveul Sinaarsobriv wiaRsvlas mo-iTxovs;

10. v. vulfis nawarmoebSi `Suqurisaken~ `cnobierebis nakadis~ mimarTulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `gaSlili CarTuli konstruqciebi~, riTmisa da polifoniurobis SegrZnebis gaadvilebis mizniT, umetesad frCxilebSia warmodgenili.

nino daraselia

Sorisdebuli freimuli semantikis

TvalsazrisiT

rogorc cnobilia, kognitologTa gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs is enobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic diskursSi metaSetyobinebis rols asruleben da freimuli tipis kognituri struqturebis aqtivacias iwveven inglisur, qarTul da rusul enaTa masalaze Catarebulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom aRniSnul enobriv erTeulTa ricxvs SeiZleba Sorisdebuli mivakuTvnoT. komunikaciisas, diskursSi sakvanZo mniSvnelobis mqone. relevanturobis prezumfciis matarebeli Sorisdebuli asrulebs ostensuri stimulis rols – igi ipyrobs adresatis yuradRebas, mimarTavs mas relevantur informaciaze, asrulebs diskursSi megzuris rols, rac adresats adresantis intenciis amocnobaSi exmareba. amasTan erTad, Sorisdebuli axdens adresatis azrovnebis stimulirebas da garkveuli tipis freimis an freimebis erTobliobis aqtivacias. individi Setyobinebis aRqmisas agebs mentalur sivrces, romlis farglebSi (CarCoSi) igi axdens teqstiT operirebas. aqtivirebuli freimi / freimebi qmnis Setyobinebis interpretaciisaTvis inferenciul safuZvels.

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m a n a n a r u s i e S v il i

komunikaciis socialur-kognitiuri modeli da

lingvisturi Tavazianoba

Tanamedrove enaTmecniereba dRes warmoudgenelia pragmatikis Teoriis gareSe, romelic lingvistikis damoukidebel dargad ramdenime aTeuli wlis win Camoyalibda. pirvel etapze misi sakvlevi sakiTxebis didi nawili Seadgina im SekiTxvebma, romlebsac pasuxi ver daeZebna maSindel lingvistikaSi. swored amitom uwodebdnen pragmatikas “lingvistikis sanagves”. amiTve aixsneba am TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis garkveuli ekleqturoba da siWrele.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, SesaZlebelad gveCveneba xsenebul problemaTa or ZiriTad jgufSi moqceva: pirvel jgufSi gaerTiandeba pragmatikis TeoriisaTvis relevanturi socialuri, eTnikuri Dda kulturologiuri sakiTxebi (lingvisturi Tavazianobis Teoria, diskursis analizi, konversaciis analizi), xolo meore jgufSi - kognituri xasiaTis problematika (inferenciuli procesebi, relevanturobis Teoriis problematika, gamonaTqvamis kodirebisa da dekodirebis relevanturobis kvleva da a.DS)

moxsenebis mizania a) pragmatikis TeoriaSi arsebul am or ZiriTad jgufs Soris xidis gadeba, maTi “Serigeba” da rogorc socialuri, ise kognituri momentis Semcveli integrirebuli modelis ageba; b) am modelSi lingvisturi Tavazianobis TeoriisaTvis adgilis miCena.

n aT i a n e m s a Z e

gramatikalizaciis meqanizmis dadgenis mcdeloba

konkretuli kategoriebis gramatikalizaciis kvlevisas dadginda is ori ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic am process ganapirobebs: es aris kognitiuri da komunikaciuri faqtorebi. cnobilia, rom mosaubreebi Tavisi azris gamosaxatavad sakuTari kognitiuri struqturebis amsaxvel lingvistur struqturebs qmnian. magram Tuki saubrisas aseTi struqturebi xSirad gamoiyeneba, isini rutinul da avtomatur xasiaTs iZenen. magram sxvadasxva enebSi sxvadasxva kategoriebi gramatikalizdeba, radganac adamianebs gansxvavebuli kognitiuri sturuqturebi da

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sakomunikacio miznebi aqvT. gramatikalizaciis procesis gaazrebisas gamoyofen ara mxolod im kategoriebs, romlebic gramatikalizaciisaken miiswrafvian xolme enebSi, aramed im mizezebssac, Tu ratom ar xdeba am kategoriebis gramatikalizacia yvela enaSi. miiCneven, rom gramatikalizacias ganapirobebs garkveuli kognitiuri kategoriebis mier Seqmnili winaswari ganwyobebi. miCneulia, rom kategoriebis gramatikalizaciis mizezebi SeiZleba iyos: a) SemTxveviToba, b) kulturulogiuli safuZvlebi, g) raime kategoriis gramatikalizaciis enis aw arsebul gramatikul struqturaze damokidebuleba. axali gramatikuli kategoriebis warmoqmna motivirebulia Tanamedrove gramatikuli sistemiT an es ukanaskneli xels uSlis maT warmoqmnas.

bevri gamokvleva mieZRvna sintaqsuri cvlilebebis bunebas, sadac aRniSnulia, rom es cvlilebebi TandaTanobiT xorcieldeba: es SeiZleba iyos sityvaTa wyobis cvlilebebi, winadadebis axali sintaqsuri struqturis warmoqmna, gramatikuli markerebis gamoCena da a.S. bevr mkvlevars ufro cvlilebis procesi ainteresebs, vidre erTi formisa Tu funqciis meoreSi transformaciis Sedegi (timberleiki, hoperi da martini). enobrivi cvlilebebis kvlevisas mec aqcents ufro TviT procesis Seswavlaze gavakeTebdi.

cnobilia, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi erTi struqtura mTlianad icvleba meore struqturiT, magram es arasdros xdeba erTbaSad: garkveuli periodis dros orive struqtura erTdroulad funqcionirebs enaSi da maT Tanaswori uflebebic ki aqvT. xandaxan es ori struqtura Tavisuflad cvlis erTmaneTs enis matarebelTa mTel garemocvaSi, xandaxan ki, mxolod garkveul garemoSi xdeba SesaZlebeli maTi Canacvleba. enobrivi cvlilebebis gradualuroba variaciulobiTac xasiaTdeba.

enis sistemaSi kanonzomieri da SemTxveviTi movlenebisa da enis cvalebadobis kvlevisaTvis gadamwyvet faqtorad mimaCnia nobelis premiis laureat i. prigoJinis Teoriisa da e.w. briuselis skolis paradigmis gamoyeneba da misadageba. cvalebadobis prigoJiniseuli Teoria SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos yvelanairi cvlilebis faqts enasa da metyvelebaSi da mogvces am cvlilebis sqema, romelic ukve gamoyenebulia

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sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi cvlilebebis kanonzomierebebis dasadgenad.

g ior g i y u f a r a Z e

teqstis fonologiuri segmentaciis sakiTxisaTvis

imis aRiareba, rom teqsti SeiZleba daiSlos Semadgenel segmentebad da masSi gamoiyos fonemis formatis erTeulSi gaerTianebuli jgufebi, sxva araferia Tu ara zedapiruli Zieba. realurad JRerad teqsts mkafiod gamoxatuli kontinualuri xasiaTi da is erTeulebi aqvT, romlebic SesaZlebelia advilad warmoCindnen droiT-speqtrul suraTSi. mocemul erTeulebs saerTod ar gaaCniaT enobrivi Rirebuleba.

Cveulebriv veyrdnobiT im mosazrebas da tradiciul SexedulebaTa im grZliv jaWvs, romelTa safuZvelzec aRiarebulia enaSi fonemaTa sistemebis arseboba. am, erTi SexedviT, sakamaTo sakiTxis amosaval wertilad diskretuli erTeulebis (fonemebis) aRmoCenis rTuli procesi iTvleba. es ukanasknelni xom ama Tu im fonemaTa konkretul warmomadgenlebad gvevlinebian.

eWvgareSea, rom segmentaciis problema lingvistur (enobriv) da ara “bunebrivmecnierul”, anu akustikur an, Tundac, fiziologiur xasiaTs atarebs. aqedan gamomdinare, unda aRiniSnos, rom lingvisti winalingvistur masalas rodi urTavs lingvistur (enobriv) kriteriumebs. ufro metic, igi muSaobas teqstis fonologiuri, fonemuri CaweriT iwyebs. segmentaciisaken mimarTuli yvela manipulacia sxva araferia, Tu ara teqstis fonologiuri dayofis damamtkicebeli sabuTi. fonemaTa fonologiuri realizacia dasturdeba erTdroulad teqstis fonemur interpretaciasTan erTad an mis Semdeg.

Cveni azriT, fonologiurma segmentaciam Tavad unda mogvces minimaluri fonologiuri segmentebi, amitom sxva damatebiTi gamoyeneba savsebiT zedmetia. ZiriTadi kriteriumi am procesSi gansaxilveli segmentis morfologiuri dayofadobis unaris garkvevaa. es ukanaskneli ki Tavs iCens rogorc morfemuli sazRvris gavlisas, ise morfologizirebul CanacvlebebSi, Tumca ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kriteriumi saWiroebs ufro dawvrilebiT analizsa da mtkicebulebas. teqstis

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fonologiuri segmentaciis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba marcvals eniWeba. fonologir TeoriaSi es ukanaskneli naklebadaa Seswavlili, vidre segmenturi fonologiis sxva ufro myari Semadgeneli nawili. zogierT naSromebSi marcvali an saerTod uaryofilia an naklebad figurirebs. avtorTa garkveul nawils saeWvodac ki miaCnia marcvlis arseboba sametyvelo aqtebSi.

asea Tu ise, sazogadod miCneuli faqtia, rom Tanamderove mecnierebaSi zesegmentur erTeulTa formiereba garkveuli raodenobis segmentur erTeulTa Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis Semdgom xorcieldeba. isini am ukanasknelTa Sinagani komunikaciuri Sinaarsis erTgvar gamformeblebad gvevlinebian.

m a r i a m m etr e v eli

tipuri Secdomebi inglisuri enis Semswavlel qarTvel

studentTa metyvelebaSi

inglisur enaze metyvelebisas qarTveli studentisaTvis yvelaze Znelad dasaZlevi is fonetikuri movlenebia, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, identuri sCans, magram sinamdvileSi, mis mSobliur enaSi sruliad gansxvavebulia. Cven SevecadeT, yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina yvelaze tipur SemTxvevebze, romelTac swavlis procesSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces. Tanxmovnebze muSaobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom orive enaSi arsebuli bgerebi t, d, n, s, z, l inglisurSi nunismieria, xolo qarTulSi ki dentaluri. qarTuli [r] aris winaenismieri, dorsaluri, alveolaruli, xolo inglisuri [r] ki winaenismieri, kakuminaluri, post-alveoraluri. qarTulSi sigrZe-simoklis mixedviT xmovanTa klasifikacia ar xdeba, maSin roca inglisurSi xmovnis dagrZelebam an damoklebam SesaZlebelia mniSvnelobis Secvla gamoiwvios. labializebuli xmovnebi [o] da [u] inglisurSi mxolod momrgvalebulia, maSin roca qarTulSi win wamoSverili bgeriT warmoiTqmis. inglisuri sonantebi [l], [m], [n] inglisurSi marcvlebs qmnian, Tu maT win Tanxmovani uZRviT, xolo qarTulSi maT marcvlis Seqmnis unari ar aqvT.

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gabmul metyvelebaSi, roca ori inglisuri xSuli erTad iyris Tavs, pirvels artikulaciis mxolod ori safexuri (xSva da dayovneba) aqvs, xolo qarTulSi orive xSuls samive safexuri aqvs. roca inglisurSi xSuls mosdevs nazaluri sonanti, ganxSva nazaluria, xolo qarTulSi ki _ oraluri. inglisurSi gvaqvs progresuli, regresuli da ormxrivi asimilacia, qarTulSi ki mxolod regresuli, amitom qarTvelebi frTxilad unda iyvnen, raTa mSobliuri enis Cvevebi inglisurSi ar gadaitanon. maxvili inglisurSi dinamiuria, mniSvnelobis ganmasxvavebeli (fonologiuri), qarTulSi ki fiqsirebulia da fonetikuri. Zlieri maxvilis gamo inglisurSi umaxvilo marcvlebSi myofi xmovnebi ganicdian reduqcias, maSin roca qarTulSi, sadac maxvili Zlieri araa, xmovnebi umaxvilo poziciebSi inarCuneben maT Tvisebebs. qarTuli da inglisuri enebis intonacia radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: inglisuri enis TxrobiT winadadebebSi I umaxvilo marcvali warmoiTqmis yvelaze maRali toniT (qarTulSi yvelaze dabali an saSualo toniT); momdevno marcvlebi TandaTanobiT dabla eSveba da, Cveulebriv, toni ecema bolo maxvilian marcvalze (qarTulSi toni ecema bolo umaxvilo marcvalze) qarTuls ar axasiaTebs inglisurisaTvis tipuri tonis mkveTri vardna winadadebis bolos.

i z a b el a p etr i a S v il i

deiqsisis kategoriebis realizacia avtoriseul

wiaRsvlebSi

deiqsisi pragmatikis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia, romelic emsaxureba enasa da konteqsts Soris damokidebulebis asaxvas enaSi arsebuli struqturebis meSveobiT. deiqsisis Tema, anu indeqsuri gamoTqmebi (indexical

expressions/indexicals) ganxilulia mTqmelis konteqstSi: deiqsisis centrad miCneulia mTqmelis lokacia da yovelgvari indeqsuri gamoTqma masTan mimarTebaSi dgindeba. ganvasxvavebT deiqsuri gamoTqmebis orgvar gamoyenebas: referenciuls da atributuls/gansazRvrebiTs. referenciuli mniSvnelobiT mniSvnelovania mTqmelis

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intencia da adresatis mier gamiznuli referentis warmatebiT moTavseba, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs davadginoT mTqmelis referencia semantikuri (gansazRvrebiTi) referenciis sapirispirod.

moxsenebaSi warmodgenilia deiqsisis tradiciuli kategoriebis _ piris, adgilis/sivrcobrivi, drois/temporaluri, aseve, diskursis/teqstis da socialuri deiqsisis kategoriebis analizi da maTi realizaciis lingvisturi saSualebebi avtoriseul wiaRsvlebSi inglisuri romanis masalaze.

piris deiqsisi exeba monawilis rolis gadmocemas sametyvelo xdomilebaSi. yovelgvari miTiTeba, anu indeqsireba xdeba im piris mier, visac ekuTvnis es gamonaTqvami. avtoriseul wiaRsvlebSi es piri yovelTvis aris pirveli piri – avtori, Tumca piris kategoria SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos verbalurad gamoxatuli.

adgilis/sivrcobrivi deiqsisi exeba sivrcobrivi adgilmdebareobis gamoxatvas sametyvelo xdomilebebSi monawileTa mdebareobasTan mimarTebiT. ganvasxvavebT proqsimalur/Proximal (mTqmelTan axlos) da distalur/Distal (ara-proqsimalur/adresatTan axlos) kategoriebs, romlebic ZiriTadad gamoxatulia CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebSi da adgilis deiqsur zmnizedebSi.

drois/temporaluri deiqsisi exeba temporaluri momentebisa da monakveTebis gamoxatvas gamonaTqvamis zepirad an werilobiT gadmocemis drosTan mimarTebiT. am ukanasknels levinsoni uwodebs kodirebis dros – Coding

time- CT, romelic SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes miRebis droisagan – Receiving Time – RT. rodesac RT identuria CT – si, adgili aqvs deiqsur sinqronulobas (deictic simultaneity). diskursis/teqstis deiqsisi exeba gamonaTqvamSi gamoyenebul sityvebsa Tu gamoTqmebs, romlebic miuTiTebs diskursis im nawils, romelic am gamonaTqvams Seicavs (TviT gamonaTqvamis CaTvliT). amasTan dakavSirebiT ganvixilavT diskursis Tematur markirebas, romlis ZiriTadi funqciac aris winmswreb (winare) diskursSi wamoWrili markirebuli gamonaTqvamis dakavSireba romelime gansazRvrul TemasTan.

socialuri deiqsisi exeba socialur gansxvavebaTa kodirebas monawileTa rolebTan mimarTebiT, kerZod,

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mTqmelsa da adresats/adresatebsa an mTqmelsa da referents Soris socialur urTierTobaTa aspeqtSi. socialuri deiqsisis gamomxatvelia nacvalsaxelTa mxolobiTi/mravlobiTi formebi, pativiscemisa da mowiwebis gamomxatveli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi (honorifics), wodebiTi formebi (vocatives) da enaSi arsebuli titulebisa da mimarTvis sxvadasxva forma.

i a f x a k a Z e

simulakra, fantazma, reklama, miTi da adamianTa

sazogadoeba

1. simulakris da reklamis zogadi Teoriuli daxasiaTeba ar isaxavs miznad konkretuli klipis an klipTa simravlis daxasiaTebas da klasifikacias. es ZiriTadad dasaxelebul sakiTxTa irgvliv arsebul SexedulebaTa erTad Tavmoyra da warmodgenaa. nebismieri dasaxelebul movlenaTagan uaRresad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis, Tundac im Zil-buranidan gamosaRviZeblad, romelSic dRes reklama da mis mier Seqmnili samyaro qmnis. nebismieri pirovneba, qvecnobierad da gacnobierebulad, am samyaroSi moqmedi Zalebis morCilia da maT mier imarTeba. amdenad, qvemoTmoyvanili Teoriuli mosazrebani efeqturad SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli konkretuli reklamuri movlenis gasaanalizeblad. Tanamedrove reklamis erT-erTi tipi _ klipi _ iseTi audiovizualuri saSualebaa, romelSic, rogorc naratiul instanciaSi, yvelaferi emsaxureba ambis, Txrobis agebas da avtoris simboluri (virtualuri) samyaros gaxsnas. 1. klipi, rogorc interteqstualobis da fsiqoanalizis fenomeni. klipis enobrivi realizacia. 2. simulacia da simulacionisturi moZraoba; am moZraobis principebi da warmomadgenlebi. klipis adgili masmediaSi, rogorc luhanis ZiriTadi principis `media-mesijia~ realizacia. 3. Jan-bodriiari simulaciis movlenis erT-erTi ZiriTadi interpretatori. obieqtTa dominireba subieqtze, niSanTa siWarbe, mniSvnelobis da, Sesabamisad, realobis gaqroba. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, rogorc simulakrTa da fantazmTa (moCvenebaTa) samyaro; bodriiari _ postmodernis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxe.

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4. simulakrebis interpretacia platonis, epikures da delezis TvalsazrisiT. simulakri da fantazma (moCveneba), rogorc sazogadoebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. miTi, da maradiuli dabrunebis miTi samulakrTa wrebrunvaSi. simulakri, rogorc maradiuli siyalbis, usasrulo siyalbis produqti; fantazma _ am produqtis efeqti. reklama – simulakris erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri saxe, romlis ZiriTadi impulsia pirovnebaze zemoqmedeba, xolo mizani – gasaReba-moxmareba. Tanamedrove adamiani simulakrebis da fantazmebis ararealur, demonur samyaroSi cxovrobs.

T aT e S v il i T e a

droiseuli anaqroniebis roli mxatvrul teqstSi

1. droiseuli anaqroniebi did rols asruleben teqstis dekodirebasa da interpretaciaSi. Jerar Jeneti ganasxvavebs retrosfeqciul da prosfeqciul anaqroniebs, romlebic fokalizaciisda mixedviT SeiZleba iyos subieqturi an obieqturi. garda informatiul da eqsplikaciur funqciebs maT aqvT agreTve interteqstualuri da generaciuli funqciebi. Aamgvarad, swored am interteqstualuri da generaciuli funqciebiT axdenen droiseuli anaqroniebi mxatvruli teqstis dekodirebas. 2. mxatvruli teqstis mravalganzomilebian struqturaSi prolefsisi da analefsisi, romelic aseve cnobilia flash-

back-is saxeliT, warmoqmnis iseve rogorc mise en abyme, mikro-teqstebs, magram, am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, ar imeorebs mTavari teqstis siuJetsa da Tematikas, aramed qmnis axal mikro teqstebs, rac TviT teqstSi iwvevs axali teqstobrivi samyaros warmoqmnas. vinaidan, drois manipulirebiT, prolefsisi da analefsisi amyareben kavSirs am axal mikroteqstebs Soris da Semdeg maTi ganlagebiT

qmnian superteqsts, anu hiperteqsts. 3. klod simonis romanSi ,,akacia”, romelic struqturiTa da SinaarsiT warmoadgens postmodernistul romans, droiseuli anaqroniebi funqcionireben rogorc naratiuli kodi.A analefsisebiTa da prolefsebiT Seqmnili mikro da qvemikroteqstebis uwesrigo ganlagebiT aRwevs klod simoni ,,akaciaSi” romanis qaosuri struqturis saxis Seqmnas.

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mkiTxvels eqmneba STabeWdileba TiTqos mTeli romani erTi grZeli frazaa. 4. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani momentia romanis bolo epizodi, rodesac naratoris gonebaSi operirebs operaciuli dro. m. tabaCnikisa da g. giiomis mixedviT operaciuli dro warmodgenilia, rogorc virtualuri niSnis transformacia Tanmimdevruli ganxorcielebis procesSi. Aanaqroniebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic qmnis struqturis eqsplicitur zedapirs, operaciuli dro miekuTvneba siRrmiseul teqstur struqturas. igi univeqtorulia, gansxvavebiT pluriveqtoruli Txrobis droisagan. 5. akaciis foTlebis forma naratorSi iwvevs kalmis asociacias, rac mas STaagonebs weras da rac mas sabolood saSualebas aZlevs ipovos Tavisi arsebobis mizani da cxovrebis qaosuri moZraoba harmoniulobiT Secvalos. es damokidebuleba erTdroulad msgavsia da upirispirdeba prustis xedvas. saqme exeba weris saSualebiT ipovo “dakarguli dro”, magram, prustisgan gansxvavebiT, klod simons ar sjera “drois povnis” SesaZleblobis. is eTanxmeba hegelis filosofias, romlis mixedviTac ,,istorias aqvs dasasruli”, mexsierebas ar SeuZlia warsulis aRdgena.

q e T e v a n g a b u n i a

enobrivi dagegmarebis sociolingvisturi fenomeni

1. dRevandeli frankofonia, rogorc enobrivi politikis erT-erTi (erovnuli) saxe, gulisxmobs franguli enis poziciebis gasamyareblad mimarTul yvela sistemuri xasiaTis RonisZiebas (SigniT TuU gareT) da, Sesabamisad, warmoadgens erT-erT sociolingvistur problemas, romlis gadawyvetas aqvs ara mxolod Teoriul-mecnieruli, aramed praqtikul-saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobac.

2. terminebi ,,enobrivi politika‟‟, ,,enobrivi dagegmareba‟‟ da ,,enobrivi mSenebloba‟‟ sxvadasxva moculobis da Sinaarsis cnebebia. Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, maTi mniSvneloba gaigivebulia. Cveni azriT, ,,enobrivi politika‟‟ orive cnebas moicavs: dagegmareba aris grZelvadiani enobrivi RonisZiebebis Sesrulebis gegma, xolo enobrivi mSenebloba _ mis gansaxorcieleblad Catarebuli

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praqtikuli muSaoba. enobrivi politika zogadi saxelmwifo politikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.

3. enobrivi situacia aris sinqronuli da diaqronuli fenomeni. pirveli gulisxmobs konkretul situaciasa (enis mdgmoreobisagan gansxvavebiT) da enaTa urTierTobebs mocemul lokalur sivrceSi, meore _ am lokaluri situaciis sxvadasxva qronologias. enobrivi situacia dinamikuri cnebaa, romlis Camoyalibebaze moqmedebs rogorc obieqturi (sxvadasxva enis matarebelTa ricxvi, damwerloba (Zveli Tu axali), ise subieqturi faqtorebi; arsebuli enobrivi situaciis SenarCunebis an SecvlisaTvis saxelmwifos sxva romelime struqtura Sesabamis RonisZiebebs atarebs.

4. frankofoniis xarisxobrivi qronologiuri cvlileba saboloo saxiT Camoyalibda rogorc msoflio masStabis erT-erTi enobrivi politikis modeli. aq SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime etapi: a) brZola franguli enis uflebebisaTvis (laTinurTan mimarTebaSi), b) franguli kolonizaciis ena, g) franguli _ rogorc kulturis, Tavisuflebis simbolo da msoflio elitaruli sazogadoebis ena, d) franguli enis poziciebis daTmoba da Sesabamisi enobrivi politikis SemuSaveba _ ganxorcieleba misi dRevandeli poziciebis SenarCunebisaTvis.

eT e r m el q a Z e

lokaluri brunva Tanamedrove frangul enaSi

1. `lokaluri funqcia~ brunvis kategoriaa da gamoxatavs sivrcobriv-droiseul mimarTebebs. isini zmnis modifikatorebad iwodebian, radgan zmnis jgufSi Semavali damatebebis msgavs mimarTebebs ar amyareben masTan.

2. winadadebis siRrmis struqtura Sedgeba zmnisa da erTi an meti saxeladi jgufisagan; TiToeuli maTgani dakavSirebulia zmnasTan brunvis gansazRvruli mimarTebebiT _ siRrmuli brunvebis universaluri sistema sintaqsuri bunebisaa da ara morfologiuri.

3. generaciuli gramatikis mixedviT zedapirul struqturaSi brunvebi Semoiyvaneba specialuri wesebiT da gamoxatavs siRrmul da zedapirul mimarTebaTa sxvadasxva tips. amave wesebis gamoyenebiT vlindeba is gramatikuli maxasiaTeblebi, romelTac ar aqvT `morfemuli~

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realizacia, magram sinamdvileSi arseboben da gamoixatebian brunvis morfemisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli sintaqsuri mimarTebebiT.

4. termini `brunva~, C. filmoris azriT, siRrmuli sintaqsur-semantikuri mimarTebaa, xolo termini `brunvis forma~ _ brunvis mimarTebis gamoxatva konkretul enaSi; igi nebismieri formiT SeiZleba gamoixatos _ afiqsaciiT, supletiurobiT, enklitikuri Tu proklitikuri nawilakebis damatebiT, sityvaTa rigis SezRudviT.

5. brunvis morfemebis roli SeiZleba windebulebmac Seasrulon. `lokaluri funqciebi~ SeiZleba gamoixatos nulovani windebuliT, arsebiTi saxelis mier arCeuli windebuliT; zogierTi zmna specifiur windebuls Txoulobs. arsebiTi saxelis windebuliani xmareba afarToebs brunvis mniSvnelobas. Tu windebuli NP-s aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia, maSin isini warmoadgenen erTi da imave siRrmuli elementis, magaliTad K (kasus-brunva) realizacias.

m e d e a k i n w ur a S v il i

interterteqstualoba, rogorc lingvisturi kvlevis

obieqti

1. lingvistikaSi interteqstualobis problematikis Seswavla uaxloes warsuls ukavSirdeba, imdenad ramdenadac interteqstualobis fenomeni ganixileboda rogorc wmindad literaturuli kategoria. amave dros, udavoa is mniSvneloba, rasac ucxo teqstSi interteqstis CarTvis konkretuli formebi Tu saxeebi iZens.

2. interetqstualobis fenomeni TandaTan iqcevda lingvistebis, gansakuTrebiT ki teqstis interpretaciaSi momuSave mecnierebis yuradRebas. maTi Seswavlis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda, ganexilaT interteqstualuri fenomenis arsi, gaeanalizebinaT, Tu rogor da ratom gaxda interteqstualoba lingvistikis kvlevis sagani. inter-teqstualobis lingvisturi analizis dros wina planze gamodis teqstis komunikaciuri aspeqti, anu producientis da recipientis urTierTqmedeba da metateqsturi kom-ponentebis SeRweva sxva komunikaciur sivrceSi.

3. interteqstulobis mravalmxrivi koncefciis Tanaxmad am termins aqvs sakmaod gamWvirvale Sinagani

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forma (,,inter”-Soris). interteqstualobis arsi mdgoma-reobs imaSi, rom SemoqmedebiTi aqtebi xorcieldeba im ena-ze, im masalaze, im tradiciis mixedviT romelTagan es ukanasknelni warmoiqmnebian da romelTa ganaxleba maT mTavar mizans warmoadgens. Tanamedrove mecniereba aRniSnuli interaqciis gamosaxatavad ,,interteqstualobis” terminTan paralelurad iyenebs iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa `gadawera-gadamuSaveba~, (réécriture) ,,preceden-tulobis Teoria”, ,,sxvisi sityva”, ,,zeteqstobrivi kav-Sirebi”, ,,teqstTa Soris komunikacia” `rizoma~ da a.S. rizomatuli teqstis nimuSia u. ekos romani `vardis saxeli~

4. intertqstualobis problematikis lingvisturi kvle-vis CarCoebSi moqcevis pirveliMmcdeloba, mecnierTa azriT, J. Jenets ekuTvnis. Tavis naSromSi ,,palimsesti” igi ganixilavs interteqstualobas rogorc erT teqstSi sxva erTi an ramodenime teqstis arsebobis faqts, romelic vlindeba iseTi formiT, rogoricaa citata, aluzia, plagiati da a.S.

5. lingvistur kvlevebSi interteqstualobis markerad miCneulia interteqstema, rogorc interteqstualuri kavSirebis realizaciis lingvisturi saSualeba. inter-teqsti aris teqstis mravalmxrivi fsiqolingvisturi kategoria, romelic miuTiTebs sxva teqstTan mimarTebas leqsikur, sintaqsur Tu stilistur doneze gamoxatuli enobrivi markerebis _ interteqstemebis saSvalebiT. amgvari kvleva saSualebas iZleva ufro Rrmad iqnes gaanalizebuli teqsti, radgan xSirad interteqstualuri miniSnebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe teqstis gageba-interpretacia Zneli, zogjer ki SeuZlebeli xdeba.

c i u r i a x vl e d i a n i

qarTuli fonotaqtikuri bgeraTsimbolikis asaxva

`vefxistyaosnis~ frangul TargmanebSi

1. Tanamedrove lingvistikam wina planze wamoswia ara formis, aramed funqciis kvleva. es exeba enis fonotaqtikuri sistemis komponentebsac, maT Soris Tanxmovan fonemaTa jgufebis Seswavlasac maTi funqciebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. fonemaTa SeerTebebi Seferilni arian garkveuli semantikiT, gamomsaxvelobiT, xatovanebiT da amitomac aRiqmebian rogorc matarebelni an gamaZlierebelni sxvadasxva grZnobisa: sinazis, SiSis,

53

sixarulis, yuradRebis, mwuxarebis, siyvarulis, simsubuqis, uxeSobis da sxv. es funqciebi sruldeba bgeraTa jgufebis mier, romlebic sityvisa da gabmuli teqstis farglebSi warmogvidgenen fonemebs; amitomac funqcionaluri aRweris (da ara sistemuris) dros sakvlevi obieqtia bgeraTa jgufebi da ara fonemaTa jgufebi.

2. frangul lingvistikaSi arsebobs CamonaTvali TanxmovanTa jgufebisa, romlebic gamoxataven sxvadasxva SegrZnebas da maTi bgeraTsimboluri maxasiaTeblebi TvalsaCinod vlindeba teqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ poeziaSi; aseTebia: sinazis, siTbos, siyvarulis, erTgulebis gamomxatveli _ bl, dr, rl, fl, pl, rf, rd, rp, tr, rs, rt; simkacris, Zalis, sirTulis amsaxvelebi _ br, kr, ks, fr, gl, gr, str da a.S. poetur teqstSi bgeraTSeerTebebi asruleben esTetikuri zemoqmedebis funqcias, anu informaciis mimRebisaTvis gansazRvruli mdgomareobis Seqmnas. poetur TargmanebSi, originalis Sinaarsis zusti asaxvisaTvis, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs grZnobaTa gamomxatveli im bgeraTsimbolikis gamoyenebas, romelic semantikurad adeqvaturia originalis bgeraTsimbolikisa.

3. `vefxistyaosnis~ striqonebi:

`xams moyvare moyvrisaTvis Tavi Wirsa ar damridad, guli misces gulisaTvis, siyvaruli gzad da xidad~

s. wulaZiseul TargmanSi ase JRers: `L’ami vrai, pour l’ami de cœur, doit ne pas craindre de souffrir,

Il doit donner cœur contre cœur, comme un pont son amour offrir~; e. orbelianisa da s. iordaniSvilis TargmanSi:

`Un ami ne doit éviter aucun danger pour son ami,

Il doit offrir cœur contre cœur, l’amour lui servira de pont~; g. buaCiZiseul TargmanSi:

`Un ami endure les maux, à l’appel de l’ami répond,

Il donne le cœur pour le cœur, l’amour sert de route et de pont~. siyvarulisa da erTgulebis simbolikuri asaxvisaTvis s.wulaZes gamoyenebuli aqvs vr, rl, cr, dr, fr, tr bgeraTSeerTebebi; e. orbeliansa da s. iordaniSvils _ rs, fr, tr, rl, rv; g. buaCiZes ki _ dr, rl, rp, rs. franguli bgeraTsimbolikis wesebis mixedviT, s. wulaZis TargmanSi ori (rl, tr) bgeraTSeerTebaa siyvarulisa da erTgulebis simboluri amsaxveli, e. orbelianisa da s. iordaniSvilis TargmanSic aseve ori (rs,

54

tr) bgeraTSeerTebaa, xolo g. buaCiZis TargmanSi oTxive bgeraTSeerTeba (dr, rl, rp, rs) semantikurad adekvaturia siyvarulisa da erTgulebisa.

l ali q e c b a - x u n d a Z e

ena da emociebi XXI saukunis lingvistikaSi

zogierTi germaneli enaTmecnieris azriT, dRes ukve dadga azrovnebis Zveli wesebisgan Tavis DdaRwevisa da axali gzebis Ziebis dro kognitiur mecnierebebSi. amisaTvis, magaliTad, a. damazio (Damasio 1997), g. roTi (Roth

2001) m. Svarc-frizeli (Schwarz-Friesel, 2007: XII) gvTavazo-ben iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtorebis win wamowevas, rom-lebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi marginalur movlenad iTvleboda lingvistikaSi: es aris emociebi, romlebic adamianis kognitiur SesaZleblobebsa da unarebze, upirveles yovlisa, enisa da enis gamoyenebaze udides zegavlenas axdenen.

am TvalsazrisiT, interaqcia, romelic enasa da emocionalur faqtorebs Soris arsebobs Teoriuli da praqtikuli interesis obieqtad SeiZleba iqces. teqstze orientirebul amgvar analizebs ara mxolod filologiuri, aramed sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis SeZenac SeuZliaT, ramdenadac emociebi adamianis cxovrebis ganmapirobebel fenomenebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romlebic cnobierebis mdgomareobis, azrovnebisa da cxovrebiseuli qmedebebis procesebs areklavs. eniT gamoxatuli Sinagani, subieqturad gancdili grZnobebis, emociebis enobrivi reprezentacia aris maTi TanamosaubrisTvis (recipientisTvis) Setyobinebis umniSvnelovanesi gza.

enisa da emociebis urTierTmimarTeba ganpirobebulia kognitiuri sistemisa da grZnobebis konceptualuri sferos, am ori fenomenis urTierTkavSiriT. enobrivi procesebi, rogorc produqcia aseve maTi recefcia avlens emo-cionaluri komponentebis zegavlenas kognitiur procesebze. amdenad, es komponentebi ar unda ganixilebodes mxolod rogorc performansis (erT konkretul enobriv situaciaSi moqmedi) faqtorebi. aseve aRar SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTaderT marTebul midgomad mxolod sistemaze

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orientirebuli lingvistikis azrovnebis Zveli paradigma, romlis mixedviTac ena, rogorc Caketili kognitiuri sistema, mibmuli unda iyos enobrivi monacemebis damuSavebis avtonomiur procesebze. kognitiuri procesebisa da emociebis informaciebis mentaluri gadamuSavebisas interdisciplinaruli kvlevebi nevrologiis dargSi (Roth

2003, Isen 2004) ganuyofel procesualur erTianobaze mowmobs.

amgvari kvlevebi ZiriTadad eZRvneba enobriv niSanTa gamoyenebas afeqtis transferisTvis esTeTikur praqtikebSi, maT Soris fiqcionalur teqstebSi, romlebSic xdeba esTetikuri komunikaciis obieqtivacia e.w. „afeqtebis poetikaSi“ da xelovnebaze orientirebul diskursebSi( mag: mediebSi), kognitiur-emociuri kompetenciebisa da maTi rRvevis, personaluri, socialuri identobisa da emociebis kulturuli kodirebebis dadgenis mizniT.

n at a j a n el i Z e

goeTes `arCeviTi naTesaoba” kontrastuli lingvistikis

da translastikis WrilSi

1. konstrastuli, anu konfrontaciul / kontaqturi lingvistika mecnierebis SedarebiT axali ganxraa. enaTa Sepirispireba xdeba ara maTi genetikuri problematikis poziciidan, aramed igi miznad isaxavs struqturul-semantikuri, aseve semiotikur-simboluri paradigmebis konvergenciis da divergenciis SemTxvevebis dadgenas monaTesave da aramonaTesave enebSi.

2. amgvari kvleva gansakuTrebiT ucxo enebis Seswavlisas xdeba relevanturi. kerZod, kontrastuli lingvistikis gaTvaliswinebiT Sesaswavli enis dedaenasTan Sepispireba xels uwyobs interferentebis (Secdomebis) winaswar ganWvretas da Tavis aridebas. rogorc sabaziso codna kontrastuli lingvistika im SemTxvevaSia mniSvnelovani, rodesac enis matareblebi enobrivi kontaqtis saerTo pirobebs unda daeqvemdebaron da interferenciis Tu interferentebis arseboba calmxrivi an ormxrivi zegavlenis Sedegia.

3. Tanamedrove funqcionalur-pragmatuli da gamoyenebiTi miznebis Sesabamisad aRmocenda e.w.

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translastika (Targmanis Teoria), romelic SepirispirebiTi mecnierebis erTgvar zednaSens warmoadgens. misi kvlevis obieqtia mxatvruli Targmanis produqcia, mxatvruli literatura ki, Tavis mxriv, enis stratifikaciuli modelis srul realizacias da aqtualizacias axdens. amdenad, misi kvleva interdisciplinaruli meTodologiiT moiazreba.

4. kontaqti zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa sferoSi mxatvruli literaturis saSualebiT miiRweva da zneobriv faseulobaTa sistemis konstantuloba da homogenuroba, mxa-tvruli literaturiT gaSualebuli, kacobriobas erTi ni-SniT (eniT) aerTianebs.

5. goeTes Semoqmedeba zogadsakacobrio simboloTa da niSanTa erTobliobis nimuSia.

6. misi `arCeviTi naTesaoba” `gamocanisebur” qmnilebad iTvleba. Sepirispireba qarTul TargmanTan, romelic n. ama-Sukelis mier aris Sesrulebuli, saSualebas iZleva simbo-luri paradigmis Tanxvedris (konvergenciis) da gansxvavebis (divergenciis) dadgenisa germanul da qarTul enebSi.

m a r i n a a n d r az a S v il i

mosaubrisa da msmenlis intenciebi da gagebasTan

dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi

1. naTqvamis gagebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi, rogorc komunikaciis procesis Tanmxlebi movlena, tradiciulad normis darRvevas/normidan gadaxras ukavSirdeba da sakuTari genezisis mixedviT an uSualod enobrivi normisa da sametyvelo qmedebis, an organul-anatomiuri da fsiqikuri planis darRvevebad kvalificirdeba. winamdebare gamokvlevaSi simZimis centri gadatanilia gagebis fenomenisa da misi darRvevis meqanizmis analizze lingvistur, sociolingvistur da fsiqolingvis-tur rakursSi mosaubrisa sametyvelo intenciisa da msmenlis molodinis horizontis urTierTmimarTeba-Sepirispirebis fonze.

2. enobrivi gamonaTqvamis/teqstis gageba miCneulia mravalsafexurovan aqtiur kognitiur procesad, romelic iwyeba recefciiT da miRebuli informaciis seleqciisa da sakuTar gamocdilebasTan misi Sedareba-akomodaciis gziT midis mosaubris zraxvis amocnobamde, anu misi sametyvelo qmedebis interpretaciamde.

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3. mosaubris zraxvis interpretacia ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriv, interpersonalur aRqmas, romelic gulisxmobs Tanamosaubris xatisa da am ukanasknelis TvaliT danaxuli sakuTari xatis Sepirispirebas erTmaneTTan; meore mxriv ki, mTxrobelis intenciisa da msmenlis molodinis horizontis Sepirispirebas, rasac maT Soris hipoTeturad dasaSvebi mimarTebebis urTierTgansxvavebul konstelaciebamde mivyavarT.

4. gansxvavebuli konstelaciebi xdeba mTxrobelsa da msmenels Soris metwilad dispoziciuri, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki paritetuli mimarTebis Camoyalibebis safuZ-veli, rasac Sedegad axlavs ara mxolod Sesabamisi gamo-naTqvamis/teqstis aRmocenebis, aramed aseve erTi da imave teqstis gansxvavebulad interpretaciis SesaZleblobac identur sakomunikacio situaciaSi myof pirTaTvis.

5. naTqvamis/teqstis interpretaciis procesSi ioli warmosadgenia, rom ara mxolod enobrivi normidan gadaxra an sulac enobrivi omonimia SeiZleba gaxdes mizezi gamonaTqvamis araswori gagebisa, aramed aseve msmenlis molodinis horizontic, upirvelesad ki fonuri informacia mis fsiqikaSi damkvidrebuli saazrovno sqemebis stabiluroba-konservatulobis gamo; meore mxriv, gagebis procesis aqtiuri buneba imasac ar gamoricxavs, rom mosmenilma asimilireba-adaptaciis gziT uzrunvelyos msmenlis saazrovno sqemebis resrtuqturizacia raRac garkveul donemde, anu is gaxdes individis fonuri informaciis nawili da Tavi iCinos sxva dros, raRac sxva sakomunikacio situaciaSi gagebasTan dakavSirebuli axali barieris gadalaxvis procesSi.

T e a f et el a v a

naratiuli teqstebis semantikuri bazisi

1. teqstebis nairsaxeoba mkvlevarTa winaSe bunebrivad ayenebs teqstebis Sedarebis, maT Soris igiveobisa da gansxvavebulobis gamovlenis problemas. enaTmecnierebi cdiloben gansazRvruli niSnebis mixedviT teqstebis gaerTianebas internuli da eqsternuli maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT. AamasTan yuradReba maxvildeba iseT kriteriumebze, rogorebicaa funqcionaluroba, situaciuroba, Tematuroba da formulirebis adekvaturoba.

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2. naratiuli teqstebi miekuTvneba kalogenuri teqstebis jgufs. isini erTiandebian semantikuri bazisis mixedviT da diskursis sxvadasxva tips qmnian. naratologia Seiswavlis Txrobis Ysxvadasxva formebs, iqneba es novela, moTxroba Tu romani. naratiuli teqstebi enobriv niSanTa Tanamimdevrobaa, romliTac avtori warmogvidgens SemTxvevebis, ambebisa da istoriebis monacvleobas drois gansazRvrul perspeqtivaSi.

3. terminebisadmi wayenebuli upirvelesi moTxovnaa enobriv niSansa da cnebas Soris simetriulobis dacva, rac unda gamoixatos mimarTebaSi _ erTi cneba _ erTi termini. magram am moTxovnis dacva, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli Cans humanitarul mecnierebebSi. Tavdapirvelad Cndeba axali cneba, axali termini. Semdgom xdeba misi gadatana ukve axali niuansebiT mecnierebis erTi dargidan meoreSi an erTi terminologiuri velidan meoreSi. enobrivi niSnis asimetriulobis kanonis Sesabamisad mimarTeba erTi-erTze irRveva. cnebis semantikuri struqtura ivseba axali Sina-arsebiT, termini ki igive rCeba. 4.Ddiskursi, rogorc ganzogadebuli cneba, moicavs teqstebis garkveul raodenobas. isini erTmaneTTan pragmatuli da semantikuri TvalsazrisiT arian dakavSirebuli. Ddiskursad miCneulia Tematuri mimarTeba da pragmatuli erTianoba. Tundac drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi Seqmnil teqstebs SeiZleba hqondeT saerTo Tema, romelic gaerTiandeba diskursiul erTeulad. calkeuli teqsti SeiZleba gagebul iqnas rogorc monakveTi, fragmenti saerTo diskursisa.

n u n u k a p a n a Z e

dargobrivi teqsti, rogorc dargobrivi enisa da

azrovnebis urTierTmimarTebis Sedegi

dargobriv diskurSi nebismieri formiT Cabma adekvaturi sakomunikacio erTeulebis warmoqmnas gulisxmobs. es niSnavs, rom dargobrivi sakomunikacio erTeulis, dargobrivi teqstis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia specifikuri codna rogorc dargobriv, aseve enobriv da formalur-struqturul planSic, miT ufro, Tu teqsti ucxour enaze iqmneba an, piriqiT, ucxouri enidan qarTul enaze gadmoaqvT. amgvari codnis simwiris Sedegia araswori

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sakomunikacio erTeulebi, rac aisaxeba rogorc Sinaarsze, aseve enobriv-formalur gaformebazec.

dargobriv teqsts ganvixilavT dargobrivi enisa da dargobrivi azrovnebis urTierTmimarTebis fonze. igi warmoadgens enobriv-sakomunikacio qmedebis Sedegs, romelic xorcieldeba garkveul produqtul qmedebasTan kavSirSi/erTad. dargobriv sakomunikacio sferoSi momuSave adamianebi dargobrivi teqstebis meSveobiT axorcieleben komunikacias. ramdenadac komunikacia socialurad / sa-zogadoebrivad gansazRvruli qmedebaa, dargobrivi teqstic is erTeulia, romlis daxmarebiTac enobrivi qmedeba socialur-komunikaciuri qmedebis saxiT xorcieldeba.

adamianebs Soris gagebinebis process dargobrivi komunikaciis sferoSi dargobrivi cnobierebis Sinaarsebis materializaciisaken mivyavarT. amasTan komunikaciis pro-cesSi adamianebis mier gamoiyeneba (dargobrivi) enobrivi saSualebebi da struqturebi, romlebic konkretul dargs ukavSirdeba da kognitiur mimarTebebs zustad da sag-nobrivad gamoxataven. Aamis Sedegad mimarTeba ena-azrovneba dargobriv teqstSi gamoixateba rogorc mimarTeba dargobriv enasa da dargobrivad azrovnebas Soris.

dargobrivi teqstis lingvistikis, rogorc gamoyenebiTi lingvistikis erT-erTi disciplinis Teoriuli kvlevis gziT miRebuli Sedegebi praqtikul sferoze unda iqnes gadatanili, magaliTad, dargobrivi enebis Seswavlaze. Sesabamisad, dargobrivi enis swavleba niSnavs, zogadi enisagan gansxvavebuli funqciisa da maxasiaTeblebis mqone enis swavlebas. aseve, dargobrivi enis swavleba guli-sxmobs ara mxolod dargobrivi terminologiis Seswavlas, rogorc xSirad warmoudgeniaT (dargobrivi terminologia mxolod erTi mcire nawilia semantikuri ganzomilebisa), aramed es niSnavs dargobrivi enisa da azrovnebis wesebis resp. dargobrivobis Seswavlas.

aRniSnuli ki gulisxmobs, rom dargobrivi enis swavlebis procesSi unda iswavlebodes dargobrivi enisaT-vis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikur-semantikuri, sintaqsuri, sti-luri, funqciur-komunikaciuri, socio-lingvisturad inva-riantuli da variantuli elementebi da struqturebi, rom-lebic axasiaTeben dargobriv teqsts, rogorc kompleqsur warmonaqmns. mxolod am mravalmxrivi fenomenis, dargobrivi teqstis doneze dargobrivad azrovnebasa da dargobriv enas

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Soris mimarTebis analizis dros ikveTeba mkafiod xsenebuli mimarTebis rTuli meqanizmi. Sesabamisad, swored dasaxelebuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili sako-munikacio erTeuli aris im moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi, ra-sac dargobrivi teqsti ayenebs da mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneba dargobrivi diskursic warmatebuli da adekvaturi.

T a m il a s e s i a S v il i

msmenlis roli sametyvelo aqtebSi

msmenlis faqtori sametyvelo aqtebSi iseve mniS-vnelovania, rogorc mTqmelisa. msmeneli mTqmelis aqtiur partniorad gvevlineba. mTqmelis mier ama Tu im sametyvelo aqtis pirdapiri an iribi realizaciis Semdeg msmenels dek-odirebisa da interpretaciisaTvis eZleva gansazRvruli propoziciuli Sinaarsis, ilokuciuri funqciisa da stilis gamonaTqvami, romelic TxrobiTi, kiTxviTi an brZanebiTi winadadebaa. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, situacia: stumari zis oTaxSi, sadac fanjara Riaa da civa. mas SeuZlia maspinZels uTxras: (1) daxure ra fanjara! (2) SegiZlia fanjara daxuro? (3) civa oTaxSi.

am samive gamonaTqvamis ilokuciuri funqcia iqneba mowodeba fanjris daxurvisaken. (1), rogorc brZanebiTi winadadeba, pirdapiri gamonaTqvamia, vinaidan masSi winadadebis tipi srul SesabamisobaSia gamonaTqvamis komunikaciur mizanTan. (2) da (3) gamonaTqvamebi Txovnis sametyvelo aqtis iribi realizaciis formebia da maTi, rogorc kiTxviTi da TxrobiTi winadadebebis mniSvneloba, am gamonaTqvamebis WeSmarit komunikaciur funqcias ar gamoxatavs, vinaidan TxrobiTi winadadeba yovelTvis mxolod faqtis konstatacias ar axdens da arc kiTxviTi winadadebaa yovelTvis SekiTxva. (2) gamonaTqvami iribi sametyvelo aqtis Zlieri konvencionalizebuli formaa, radgan masSi Cans gamonaTqvamis propozicia, (3) gamonaTqvamis Semadgeneli elementebi ki propoziciis iolad amokiTxvis saSualebas ar iZleva da amitomac es gamonaTqvami sametyvelo aqtis realizaciis sustad konvencionalizebul formas warmoadgens.

amgvari gamonaTqvamebis ilokuciuri daniSnulebis Secnoba-gaSifvras msmeneli axdens graisis komunikaciuri

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implikaturis - msmenlis cnobierebaSi mimdinare gansjiT-daskvniTi operaciis saSualebiT, ris Sedegadac msmenels eqmneba gansazRvruli ganwyoba mTqmelis intenciisadmi da ganapirobebs mis dadebiT an uaryofiT reaqcias mTqmelis gamonaTqvamze.

mTqmel-msmenlis zepiri komunikaciis procesSi mniSvne-lovan rols asruleben vizualuri da fonaciuri signa-lebi, romlebic gamonaTqvamebis interpretaciisaTvis sa-Wiro damatebiT informacias iZlevian. msmenlis signalebad iTvleba kinesikuri da proqsemikuli komponentebi, Soris-debulebi, gansazRvruli sityvebi, Sesityvebebi, Caxveleba, dastvena, xvneSa, sicili, intonacia, intenciuri dumili. esenia komentarebi an replikebi, romlebiTac msmeneli aniS-nebs mTqmels, rogor STabeWdilebas axdenen misi ga-monaTqvamebi masze, adekvaturad axdens Tu ara is maT dekodirebas an maTi mizania dialogis warmarTva sasurveli mimarTulebiT an mTqmelisTvis sityvis Sewyvetineba sityvis CamosarTmevad.

n a n a go golaS v il i

politikuri enis konvencionaluri sazRvrebi da

malediqtologiuri diskursis problema

1. sociolingvistikaSi arsebuli e.w. sametyvelo aqtebis Teoria efuZneba intenciisa da konvenciis cnebebis antinomias, romlis Sedegsac enobrivi diskursi warmoadgens. 2. sametyvelo aqtebis procesSi politikis ena ar gamoavlens specifikur varietetul struqturas da im sferoebis enobrivi cnebebiT operirebas, romlebic Sedis politikuri saqmianobis sferoSi. (mag. safinanso politika, garemos dacva, diplomatia da a.S.). 3. politikuri enis intenciisa da konvenciis sazRvrebis dadgena damokidebulia Tavad politikis cnebis realizaciis masStabze, radgan politikuri leqsika principulad Ria sistemas warmoadgens, xolo politikurma

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diskursma SesaZloa mokle an grZelvadiani socialuri mniSvnelobis funqcia SeiZinos. politikuri diskursis ideologiuri leqsikoni specifikur gavlenas axdens sityvebis semantikaze da, SesaZloa, am diskursSi mas arazneobrivi funqciis Sesruleba daekisros. aseT SemTxvevebSi enis politikis realizacia aRiqmeba ara rogorc `cocxali demokratiis~ faqti, aramed rogorc komfliqtis maprovocirebeli sityvaTSemoqmedeba. 4. malediqtologia is mecnierebaa, romelic Seiswavlis enaSi arsebuli Seuracxmyofeli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis lanZRva-ginebisa da wyevla-krulvis socio-da fsiqolingvistur maxasiaTeblebs, romelTa realizaciis drosac ena kargavs Tavis sakomunikacio da sainformacio funqcias. 5. politikur diskursSi enis funqcia xSirad gascdeba xolme zneobriv sazRvrebs, ris drosac diskursis monawileTa politikuri Tu socialuri diskomforti enasTan urTierTobis krizisSi vlindeba. 6. politikis enis `malediqtologiuri diskursis~ maxasiaTeblebis realizaciis Sedegad xdeba enis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis xelyofa, risi Tavidan acilebac mxolod samarTlebrivi gziT dawesebuli sazRvrebis dacviT iqneba SesaZlebeli.

n i no q i m e r i Z e

saswavlo-samecniero teqstis saxeobebi qarTul da

germanul sauniversiteto sivrceSi da maTi dargobrivi

mniSvneloba

saswavlo-samecniero teqstis saxeobebi Tanamedrove sa-universiteto kurikulumebis monapovaria. maTi mravalfe-rovneba uwinaresad ganpirobebulia saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi mimdinare cvlilebebiT. es ukanaskneli ki anareklia sazogadoebis politikur-ideologiuri xedvisa. Sesabamisad, sauniversiteto kurikulumi avtoritarul sazogadoebaSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ganviTarebuli sauniversiteto swavlebis formatisagan, sadac saauditorio muSaoba upirveles yovlisa efuZneba ormxriv, interaqciul mimarTebas. am SemTxvevaSi auditoriaSi wamyvania dialoguri da arc Tu iSviaTad poliloguri samuSao reJimic ki, rac, Tavis mxriv,

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iwvevs sakomunikacio sivrceSi teqstis saxeobebis cvlilebas, kerZod, maT gamravalferovnebas.

empiriuli masalisa da studentebis gamokiTxvis Sede-gad miRebuli statistikis safuZvelze aRmoCnda, rom qarTul sauniversiteto sivrceSi moZiebuli saswavlo-samecniero teqstis saxeobebi, bunebrivia, gansxvavdeba im CamonaTvalisagan, rac damkvidrebulia germanul sa-universiteto kurikulumSi. aRniSnuli sxvaoba niSan-doblivia, faqtobrivad, yvela postsabWoTa sauniversiteto kurikulumisaTvis. gansxvavebis ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi faqtori, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ideologiaa.

migvaCnia, rom sagangebo ganxilvis sagani unda iyos, erTi mxriv akademiuri, xolo, meore mxriv, samecniero teqstis saxeobebi. saswavlo procesSi damkvidrebuli teqstis saxeobebi (amonaridi, Tezisebis furceli, hendauti, referati, oqmi, gafarToebuli gegma-eqspoze, saSinao davaleba/esse, sagamocdo wera-klauzura, saswavlo (didaqtizirebuli) teqstebi e.w. Sesavali kursebis saxelmZRvanelo da qrestomaTiebi) safuZvelia Semdgom safexurze samecniero teqstis saxeobebis (samecniero moxseneba, moderacia, statia, reziume, sabakalavro, samagistro, sadiplomo, sakvalifikacio naSromi, disertacia, monografia). saswavlo da samecniero teqstis saxeobaTa Soris calke SeiZleba dasaxeldes rogorc ZiriTadi (mag., saswavlo: referati, saSinao davaleba, samecniero: sxvadasxva safexuris samecniero naSromi, statia, disertacia, monografia), aseve damxmare teqstis saxeobebi (saswavlo: amonaridi, Tezisebis furceli, oqmi; samecniero: amonaridi, gafarToebuli gegma, reziume)

akademiuri teqstebis saxeobaTa dajgufeba SesaZloa movaxdinoT sakomunikacio situaciaSi monawile socialuri jgufebis poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT. am poziciidan gamomdinare unda dasaxeldes garkveuli damxmare teqstebis saxeobebi, romlebic miewodeba saswavlo procesis monawileebs teqstis Semdgom saxeobaTa warmoqmnis mizniT. maT Soris unda vigulisxmoT Semdegi teqstis saxeobebi: rideri (Tematuri principiT dalagebuli qrestomaTia), eqscerpti (amonaridi), skripti, sagamocdo testi/klauzura.

zomoxsenebuli teqstebis producireba ZiriTadad xdeba damoukideblad, isini individualuri SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sedegia, Tumca maT Soris saxeldeba aseve teqstis

64

saxeoba “oqmi”, romlis producireba xdeba saswavlo procesSi da, faqtobrivad, is aris poliloguri enobrivi qmedebis refleqsia. teqstis es saxeoba aris erTgvarad damxmare teqstis saxeobaTa nusxidan, romelic Semdgom etapze gamoyenebuli iqneba rogorc sainformacio wyaro teqstis saxeobis “saSinao davaleba” producirebamde gafarToebuli gegmis (eqspoze) Camosayalibeblad.

zemoxsenebuli teqstis saxeobebs aqvT mxolod maTTvis niSandoblivi gramatikuli Tu Tematuri struqtura da, Sesabamisad, sakomunikacio funqcia, rac ganapiroebebs maT gansxvavebulobas. gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania am tipis teqstebis funqciuri ganmarteba, radgan swored es faqtori ganapirobebs maT marTebul CarTulobas rogor akademiur, ise samecniero-kvleviT procesebSi. teqstis aRniSnuli parametrebi garkveul modifikacias ganicdis, roca vadarebT sxvadasxva dargobrivi mimarTulebiT Seqmnil erTsa da imave teqstis saxeobas. modifikacia ZiriTadad Seexeba teqstis saxeobis enobriv realizacias da dargis specifikidan gamomdinare, teqstis agebis principebs.

amrigad, qarTul da germanul sauniversiteto sivrceSi fiqsirdeba sxvadasxva tipis saswavlo-samecniero teqstis saxeobebi. migvaCnia, rom Tanamedrove saswavlo-didaqtikuri da samecniero-kvleviTi principebidan gamomdinare, saerTo-evropuli mobilobisa da mecnierebisa da kvlevebis tran-sferis mizniT, sasurvelia sauniversiteto sivrceSi dargo-brivad damkvidrdes saerTaSoriso standartebiT aRi-arebuli akademiuri da samecniero teqstis saxeobebi.

n a n a b e r i Z e

marTvisa da valentobis urTierTmimarTebis

sakiTxisaTvis

marTvisa da valentobis cnebebi sxvadasxva dros dam-kvidrda enaTmecnierebaSi. valentoba (Valenz) damokidebule-bis gramatikidan modis, marTva (Rektion) ki _ tradiciuli gramatikidan.

marTva aRniSnavs sityvaTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis gramatikul mimarTebas, romelic subordinaciis formas warmoadgens. daqvemdebarebuli sityvis brunva gansazRvravs masze sintaqsurad daqvemdebarebul leqsikur erTeuls.

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marTva morfologiur-sintaqsuri movlenaa, romelic tradiciulad axasiaTebs zmnebs, zedsarTav saxelebs, windebulebs.

uaxles enaTmecnierul literaturaSi marTvis axlebur interpretacias vxvdebiT. ase magaliTad, ganasxvaveben kategoralur (kategorial) marTvas, roca arsebiTi saxeli marTavs genitivs (Gen.) da leqsikur (lexikal) marTvas, roca windebuli marTavs dativs (Dat.). mas miaCnia, rom marTvis orive saxeoba zmnis jgufSia SesaZlebeli.

valentobis cneba Tavdapirvelad sintaqsSi Semovida, magram igi mxolod sintaqsuri Tvisebad ar iTvleba. ganasxvaveben sintaqsur, logikur-semantikur, pragmatul valentobas. komunikaciur-pragmatul aspeqtSi valentoba ganixileba rogorc aqtantebis damokidebuleba situaciasa da konteqstze. logikur-semantikuri valentoba Sinaarsobriv plans wamoswevs win, xolo sintaqsuri – aqtantebis struqturul mimarTebas gulisxmobs.

valentur Tvisebebs avlenen zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi, anu avtosemantikuri metyvelebis nawilebi, Tumca bolo dros sinsemantikur metyvelebis nawilebsac (zmnizedebs, windebulebs, kavSirebs) miaweren am Tvisebebs.

arsebiT saxelTa umravlesoba valentobis matarebelia. igi SeiZleba iyos erT-, or-, sam-, iSviaTad oTxvalentiani. arsebiTi saxelis valentoba gamoixateba genitivis atributiT, windebuliani arsebiTi saxeliT, infinitiuri jgufiT, zedsarTavi saxeliT, nacvalsaxeliT an damokidebuli winadadebiT, romlebic arsebiTi saxelis aqtantebad iwodebian.

valentoba gacilebiT farTo cnebaa, vidre marTva. marTvis moqmedebis sazRvrebi ufro SezRudulia, radgan marTviTi damokidebuleba Tavsdeba valenturi kavSiris SigniT.

valentoba semantikur-sintaqsuri movlenaa, romelic lokalizdeba winadadebis wevris doneze da semantikurad motivirebulia. igi SeiZleba gamovlindes winadadebaSi an potenciurad igulisxmebodes.

valentoba gulisxmobs: a) sintaqsuri formebis damokidebulebas; b) semantikur SeTavsebadobas; g) marTviT damokidebulebas.

p. aizenbergs genitiviT gamoxatuli atributi arsebiTi saxelis aqtantad ar miaCnia. igi Tvlis, rom es

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damokidebuleba marTvaa da ara valentoba. misi azriT, valentoba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, roca romelime kategoriis erTeuli ramdenime sxva erTeuls marTavs. aseT erTeulad is miiCnevs zmnas, radgan zmnas bevri sxva Semavseblis mierTeba SeuZlia.

marTva valentobis gansakuTrebul saxeobad unda CaiTvalos. marTva potenciur SesaZleblobebs ar iTva-liswinebs. is sintaqsur-morfologiuri movlenaa, gamoixa-teba morfologiuri niSnebiT da semantikurad aramo-tivirebulia. marTva efuZneba qvemdebare-Semasmenlis ro-gorc winadadebis orkomponentiani RerZis mTavar wevrebad aRiarebas, Sesabamisad, qvemdebare da Semasmeneli wina-dadebis mTavar wevrebad iTvleba, valentoba ki emyareba zmnis aRiarebas winadadebis birTvad da ara wevrad, amitom valentobis TvalsazrisiT qvemdebare miiCneva erT-erT aqtantad.

valentobisa da marTvis cnebaTa funqciuri datvirTva gansxvavebulia. valentoba gulisxmobs sityvaTa urTierT-mimarTebas rogorc sintaqsur, logikur, ise pragmatul-semantikur aspeqtSi, xolo marTva wminda sintaqsuri mov-lenaa.

so f io m u j i r i

teqstis daZabulobis veli intonaciis

TvalTaxedviT

1. daZabulobis veli gamonaTqvamsa da teqstSi warmoiqmneba verbaluri da prosodiuli saSualebebiT. daZabulobis Seqmnis verbaluri saSualebaa erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli enobrivi erTeulebis distanciuri ganlageba da piriqiT, maTi erT adgilze Tavmoyra. 2. prosodiis doneze daZabuloba gamoxatulia rogorc prosodiuli „dablobebiT“ da “mwvervalebiT”, aseve gamonaTqvamis pauzur jgufTa TanmimdevrobaSi aqcentisa da melodiis parametrebis TandaTanobiTi zrdiT, rac mTavrdeba fokusuri pauzuri jgufis „prosodiuli manifestaciiT“ da daZabulobis neitralizaciiT. 3. rogorc verbaluri, aseve intonaciuri saSualebebiT gamoxatuli daZabuloba ganacalkevebs da, amave dros erTmaneTTan akavSirebs teqstis pauzur jgufebs, riTac erTdroulad asrulebs delimitaciur da integraciul

67

funqciebs da gvevlineba teqstis diskretulobisa da koherentulobis realizaciis erT-erT saSualebad. 4. teqstSi daZabulobis velis ganviTareba korelaciaSia teqstis kompoziciis ganviTarebasTan, romlis komponentebia: problemis dasma, misi gadawyvetis gzebi da samomavlo perspeqtivebi. teqstis dasawyisSi teqstis Tema (problema) komunikaciis monawileTagan moiTxovs mis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqmas, mis specifikacias, rac iwvevs teqstSi daZabulobis Seqmnas da prosodiuli parametrebis TandaTanobiT zrdas. teqstis SuaSi, sadac ukve SemoTavazebulia problemis gadawyvetis konkretuli gzebi, daZabuloba da misi prosodiuli markireba raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad matulobs. teqstis bolos problemis specifikacia dasrulebulia da mxolod misi gadawyvetis samomavlo perspeqtivebia miniSnebuli. Sesabamisad, daZabuloba sruldeba da misi prosodiuli asaxva aRar xdeba.

slavuri enebisa da literaturis seqcia

n aT el a Wo xo n el i Z e

semantikuri analitebi, rogorc Tanamedrove rusuli

enis rekurentuli erTeulebi

semantikuri analitebi warmoadgens sociumis enobriv codnas drois garkveul monakveTSi. maTi ZiriTadi Tvisebebia: sixSire, socialuri mniSvneloba, adgilisa da drois parametrebi.

semantikuri analitebi Tanamedrove rusul enaSi ar ganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli leqsikuri erTeulebi, rac iwvevs maTi sistemuri da kompleqsuri Seswavlis aucileblobas rekurentuli erTeulebis saxiT.

rekurentuli erTeuli ganekuTvneba im leqsikur sferos, romelic funqcionirebs garkveul droSi enobrivi standartis doneze da miRebulia sociumis umravlesobis mier.

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rekurentuli erTeulebis gamoyofa damoukidebel leqsikur rgolebSi gamoxatavs aqtualobis kategorias, romelic warmoadgens rogorc kognitiur, aseve lingvistur cnebas.

rekurentuli erTeulebis Seswavla iZleva saSualebas, dafiqsirdes enis leqsikuri maragis ganviTareba, misi koncept-sferos aRwera, rac gvaZlevs saSualebas viqonioT warmodgena sociumze konkretuli drois aspeqtSi.

n a d e J d a y i f i a n i

normis variantuloba rogorc enis evoluciis Sedegi

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi sayovelTaod miRebulia l.v. SCerbas mier wamoyenebuli Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom `Zalian xSirad norma gamoxatvis or saSualebas uSvebs da orive maTgans marTebulad Tvlis~. ase, magaliTad, Tanamedrove rusuli saliteraturo enisaTvis normatiulia Semdegi sityvebis _ mikroorganizmebis saxelwodebebis: ameba, virusi, mikrobi, bacila da sxv. _ xan sulieri, xan usulo mimarTebiT gamoyeneba.

variantuli formebi _ es enis evoluciis obieqturi da gardauvali Sedegia. raSi mdgomareobs normis meryeobis mizezi aRniSnul SemTxevaSi? pasuxi enis istoriul warsulSi imaleba.

kategoria `sulieri~ rusuli enisaTvis axalia. misi Camoyalibeba rusuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis SedarebiT gviandel periods ukavSirdeba. mxolod XVII saukunis damdegisaTvis da isic ara saboloo saxiT, aRniSnulma kategoriam, adamianis piris garda, cxovelebis, frinvelebis, Tevzebis, mwerebisa da sxv. saxelwodebebi moicva. sityvebi ameba, virusi, mikrobi, bacila da sxv. am dros jer kidev ar iyvnen enaSi. es, ase vTqvaT, saxelebis bolo masivia arsebiT saxelTa Soris, romlebic `cocxal arsebas~ aRniSnaven.

kategoria `suliers” win uZRvoda piris kategoria. misi ganviTareba dakavSirebuli iyo sityvaTa Tavisufali wyobis mqone gramatikul sistemaSi subieqtisa da obieqtis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebis aucileblobasTan.

enis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, subieqtisa da obieqtis msgavsi gansxvavebis aucilebloba aRar arsebobs. rogorc sulieri, aseve usulo arsebiTi saxelebi

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absoluturad Tanmimdevrulad gairCevian erTmaneTisagan leqsikur-semantikuri niSnebis safuZvelze, rac formaTa paradigmaSi gamoixateba. sityvis mikuTvneba gansazRvruli jgufisadmi (sulieri / usulo) xdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra mimarTebaSia igi aRmniSvnelTan, sityva ganixileba izolirebulad, adgili aqvs, ase vTqvaT, sityvisadmi atomistur midgomas.

metyvelebis nakadSi sityvebis virusi, mikrobi da msg. sax.-brald. brunvebis fleqsiebis omonimia ar qmnis komunikaciur `dabrkolebebs~: rTulad Tu moipoveba konteqsti, romelSic aRniSnuli sityvebi pirTan kavSirSi arian an subieqtis rols asruleben. es mikroorganizmebi praqtikulad yovelTvis obieqtis rols asruleben. aqedan gamomdinare, sintagmaturi urTierTobebi sawyisi, tra-diciuli formis darRvevas ar moiTxoven. amitomac SesaZ-lebelia maTi Semdegnairi gamoyeneba: mecnieri /ivane, ni-kitini, is/ viruss ikvlevs. aseTi forma cvlilebas mxolod paradigmatuli urTierTobebis gavleniT ganicdis. xolo paradigmatikaSi maSinve wamoiWreba kiTxva: arsebiTi saxeli sulieria Tu usulo? am droisaTvis _ enaSi aRniSnuli arsebiTi saxelebis gaCenis periodisaTvis _ enaSi ukve gamomuSavda sulieris aRmniSvneli garkveuli kruteriumi: xiluli aqtivobis niSan-Tviseba, rasac akmayofileben sityvebi _ mikroorganizmebis saxelwodebebi.

t at a W e i S v il i - mo s k al e n ko

enis egocentruli elementebi mcire prozaul formaSi

(a. bitovis moTxroba `bebias fialas” mixedviT)

narativis lingvistikis ZiriTadi sagania TxrobiTi formebis Seswavla. tradiciulad narativi ganisazRvreba komunikaciuri situaciiT, romlis dros xdeba informaciis gadacema erTi subieqtisagan meore subieqtisaTvis. lingvis-tika Seiswavlis enas, rogorc urTierTobis ZiriTad formas da enis es Tviseba ZiriTadad ixsneba kanonikur-komunika-ciur situaciaSi, rodesac mTxrobeli da msmeneli xedaven erTmaneTs. narativi warmoadgens informaciis gadacemas ara-srulyofili komunikaciuri situaciis pirobebSi. sxvadasxva TxrobiTi forma zustad warmoadgens am arasrulyofilebis gadalaxvis xerxebs.

TxrobiTi forma naratiuli teqstis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes funqcionalur daxasiaTebas warmoadgens.

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TxrobiTi formis arCeva _ mniSvnelovani momentia mxatvruli teqstis Seqmnisas. ganxilul nawarmoebSi gamo-iyofa Txzuleba pirveli piris saxiT; avtori mTxrobelis rolSi gvevlineba da Tavad miekuTvneba am teqstis sam-yaros, anu aris moqmedebis uSualo monawile. Tumca am teq-stis gansakuTrebuloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom pirvelad gamoiyeneba pirveli piris mravlobiTi da ara mxolobiTi ricxvi (В нашем доме ремонт. То, что мы станем выше не

ощущается на третьем этаже. Мы бродим по квартире в ватниках и шапках...). es realobaSi, xolo momdevno zRaparSi gamo-yenebulia mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piri (Тут меня обняла

какая-то ласковая и теплая волна... Я стоял... Я пил чай из пиалы... А потом я уснул.).

TxrobiTi formis diagnostika moiTxovs teqstis ego-centruli elementebis analizsac. egocentruli ele-mentebia: deiqsisi, modaluroba, dialoguri sityvebi, eqspre-siis maCveneblebi (я, вдруг, пожалуй, благодаря, потом, тут, опять,

вокруг, отовсюду и др.). salaparako reJimSi “egocentrikebi,” rogorc wesi, mimarTulebi arian mTxrobelisken.

enis egocentrul elemntebad (bertran raselis mi-xedviT) iTvleba sityvebi, kategoriebi da konstruqciebi, romelTa semantika gulisxmobs mimarTulebas mosaubre subieqtisaken an misi romelime analogisken. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba deiqturi sityvebi (я, мы, здесь, там ). magram egocentrul elementebs miakuTvneben agreTve deiqtur gra-matikul kategoriebs (aspeqti da dro), subieqturi modalu-robis niSnebs da sxva. Eegocentrul elementebs yofen pir-velad da meorad elementebad. swored meoradi egocen-truli elementebi dasaSvebs xdian naratiul interpreta-cias. TxrobiTi formis gansasazRvravad sakmarisia ori pa-rametri: 1) romeli egocentrikebi aris dasaSvebi mocemul TxrobaSi; 2) vis gankargulebaSi arian isini.

x at i a x at i a S v il i

bilingvizmi da sazogadoeba

qveyana, eri, erovneba, Temi, saxelmwifo, skola, ojaxi, kultura _ TiToeuli am cnebaTagan enis gamoyenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

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multikulturuli da plurilingvaluri gamocdileba Cvens sinamdvileSi yoveldRiurobad, Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. swored amis wyalobiT viTardeba Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi lingvistika, gansakuTrebiT is mimarTulebebi, romlebic yoveldRiur metyvelebasa da enis aTvisebas ukavSirdeba.

socialuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva forma (saxelmwifoebriv-politikuridan yofiT da Sidaojaxur urTierTobebamde) sakuTar gavlenas axdenen bilingvi individis Camoyalibebaze. es Zalian mniSvnelovania mSobli-uri da meore enebis swavlebis meTodis gansazRvrisaTvis.

dedamiwis mosaxleobis umravlesobam ori an meti ena icis. Cveni samyaro mravalenovania. individis idealuri orenovanoba, rac l. blumfilds Tavis droze savsebiT SesaZleblad miaCnda, sinamdvileSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba. faqtobrivad, bilingvi adamiani TiToeul enas ama Tu im socialur konteqstSi iyenebs. mas ar SeuZlia ramdenime enis yvela konteqstSi gamoyeneba.

u. vainrixma odesRac wamoayena idea, rom bilingvizmi SeiZleba iyos SemadgenlobiTi (compoud), Tu ori enis sis-tema saerToa; koordinatuli (coordinate), rodesac ori enob-rivi sistema erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad funqcionirebs; subordinatuli (subordinate), rodesac meore enis sistemaSi Cawvdoma pirveli enis sistemis wyalobiT xdeba. dRes es sxvaoba aqtualuri aRaraa.

bilingvizmis fsiqolingvistur safuZvlebze diskusia, enis codnis diferencirebis aucilebloba doneebis mixedviT, ori an meti enis Serwymis kanonzomierebebis gavlena individze _ am sakiTxebze mecnierebi gamudmebiT kamaToben da droTa ganmavlobaSi es kamaTi sul ufro mwvave xasiaTs iZens. problemas, kerZod, terminologiis mravalferovnebasa da mis arazusti gamoyenebas arTulebs _ pirveli/meore, ZiriTadi/damatebiTi, mSobliuri/ucxo, dominanturi/meorexarisxovani, memkvidreobiTi/SeZenili, garemos ena, dedis/mamis ena da a.S.

enis aTvisebisas aranakleb mniSvnelovania pirovnebis xasiaTi, temperamenti, mexsierebisa da yuradRebis kon-centrirebis unari, warmosaxvis Tavisebureba, is, Tu rodis, ra asakSi aiTvisa man ena.

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bilingvuri aRqmisa da ganaTlebis swori warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi TiTqmis yovelTvis dadebiTia da pirov-neba ori enis karg mcodned yalibdeba.

m a r i n a al e q s i Z e

direqtuli komunikacia sxvadasxva mecnierul

paradigmaSi

enobrivi modelirebis zogad problemaTa Seswavla, lingvokreatiuli molaparake pirovnebis ganxilva kognitur-diskursiuli poziciebidan pirovnebaTSiris komunikaciaSi warmoadgens Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis aqtualur problemas.

direqtuli komunikacia, rogorc dialogiuri interaqciis monawileTa sametyvelo procesis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, farTod aris gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva enaSi.

direqtulobis, rogorc funqcionaluri enobrivi kate-goriis, mniSvneloba semantikuri variantis saxiT Seyvanilia saerTod kauzaciis@mniSvnelobaSi. kauzaciis kategorias safuZvlad udevs molaparakes nebis gamoxatva, romelic “waaqezebs” Setyobinebis adresats garkveuli qmedebisaken.

direqtul gamonaTqvamebs rogorc dialogiuri erTianobis nawils Seiswavlian sxvadasxva mecnierul pa-radigmaSi.

struqturul-semantikuri midgomis farglebSi gamoyofen kauzaciis replikebis iseT mniSvnelobebs, rogoricaa Txovna, rCeva, akrZalva, nebarTva da sxva. maTi semantikuri struqtura Seicavs Semdeg aucilebel komponents: kauzacia, kauzaciis agenti, kauzaciis paciensi da Sedegobrivi mdgomareoba.

funqcionalur-semantikuri midgomis poziciidan direq-tul gamonaTqvamebs warmoadgens leqsikur-gramatikuli ve-lebis saxiT.

xolo sametyvelo komunikaciis pragmatikis poziciidan, anu sametyvelo aqtebis Teoriis terminebSi, “iZuleba” (“wamqezebloba”) aris ilokuciuri Zala, romelSic gamoxatulebas povebs enobrivi urTierTobis miznobrivi aspeqti. misi konkretuli Sinaarsi ixsneba amosavali situacias, molaparakis qmedebis, anu sametyvelo aqtis da saqmis saboloo mdgomareobis, Sedegobrivi situaciis, urTierTqmedebis analizis safuZvelze.

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n at a b a s il a i a

konceptis asociaciuri funqcionireba

rusul enaSi

leqsikur-semantikur aspeqtSi koncepti warmoadgens erTeuls, romelSic akumulirebulia realiis sxvadasxva-gvari niSani (kerZod, TvalsaCino warmodgenis saxiT) da mTeli maTi mravalsaxeobis eqsplikacias axdens saTanado leqsikuri erToblioba. konceptis (konceptovani kom-pleqsis) struqturireba xdeba ramdenime aspeqtSi. erTi mxriv, igi ganisazRvreba semantikuri potencialisa (inten-sionalisa) da leqsikuri eqsplikaciis saSualebaTa (le-qsikuri simravlis) TanafardobiT. semantikuri potenciali, Tavis mxriv, aRiwereba aspeqtis, semantikuri niSnisa da semuri konkretizatoris ierarqiulad Tanafardi cnebebis meSveobiT: semuri konkretizatorebis erToblioba – aspeqtis, aspeqtebis erToblioba – konceptis semantikur potenciali. meore mxriv, konceptis struqtura aRiwereba makrokonceptisa da misi Semadgeneli mikrokonceptebis kompleqsis cnebebiT, romlebic bazisur realias asaxaven misTvis damaxasiaTebel situaciur kavSirebSi. makro-konceptis rogorc erTiani struqturis, interpretacia emya-reba leqsikur da semantikur maCveneblebs: asv-is (aso-ciaciur-semantikuri velis) leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi integ-ralur rols asruleben leqsemebi (upirveles yovlisa, zmnuri), romlebic asaxeleben mimarTebebs Sesabamis re-aliebs Soris; makrokonceptis semantikur kontinuumSi inte-graluria mikrokonceptebisaTvis saerTo Sinaarsebi. kon-cepti ZiriTadi kategoriaa leksikis asociaciuri fun-qcionirebis semasiologiur analizSi, leksikaSi sistemuri mimarTebebis analizSi, es kategoria gansazRravs kvlevis saTanado models. semasiologiur aspeqtSi ganxilvisas konceptis kategoria axdens leqsemaTSorisi kavSirebis erT-erTi tipis reprezentacias. es tipi ganpirobebulia sityvaTa denotatur-situaciuri mimarTebis erTianobiT. enis matarebelTaTvis igi fsiqologiurad realuria da, amdenad, Rirebulia leqsikur-semantikuri sistemisaTvis. konceptis ase danaxuli kategoria SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes enis leqsikuri Sedgenilobis sistemuri aRweris modelad:

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amgvari aRweris erTeuls warmoadgens metyvelebis nawil-TaSorisi paradigma, romelsac asociaciur-semantikuri veli ewodeba. asv-s, romelic aerTianebs konceptis eqsplikaciis leqsikur saSualebebs, SeiZleba mieces semantikuri paradigmis kvalifikacia (Tumca paradigmebis kvalifikaciis klasikuri tipebis fonze igi friad specifikuria): masSi Semaval sityvebs, romelTac sxvadasxva kategorialur-gramatikuli da kategorialur-leqsikuri semantika aqvT, aerTianebs is, rom maT mniSvnelobebSi ama Tu im funqciuri da ierarqiuli statusiT warmodgenilia integraluri seman-tikuri kompleqsi (cecxli, wyali, saxli da misT.).

i r i n a k a p a n a Z e

leqsikur erTeulTa semantikuri gardaqmna slavur-rusul

religiur diskursSi

im sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis gansazRvris sirTuleebze, romlebic ixmareboda Soreul warsulSi, aseve maTi aRqmis Taviseburebebze bevri lingvisti werda. sityvis azrobrivi struqturis, misi yvela gramatikuli formisa da funqciis, eqspresiuli da stilisturi elferis sruli gamovlena SesaZlebelia mxolod leqsikuri sistemis fonze da masTan kavSirSi.

zogierT terminofondze sruli warmodgenis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod calkeuli sakvanZo sityvis winaswari semantikuri analizis safuZvelze. swored amitom mocemuli naSromis kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens slavur-rusuli sulieri kulturis sakvanZo sityvis “вдохновение”-s funqcionirebisa da semantikuri gardaqmnis Taviseburebebis gamovlena. am mizniT Seswavlili iqna ostroJskis biblia _ pirveli sruli slavuri biblia (1581 w.) da rusuli biblia.

v. dalis rusuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi (1880 w.) sityva “вдохновение”, “вдохнуть” mocemulia zmna “вдыхать” mniSvnelobaze dayrdnobiT.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ostroJskis bibliaSi sityva “вдохновение” ar figurirebs, rasac mowmobs Semdegi paraleluri leqsebi:

ostroJskis biblia (maTe, 22 : 43): Ã ëà èìú êàêî qáî

ä âäú ä õîìú ã à åãî íàðèöàåòú.

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rusuli biblia (maTe, 22 : 43): Говоритъ имъ: какъ же Давидъ,

по вдохновен³ю, называетъ его Господомъ. SegviZlia sxva magaliTis moyvanac:

ostroJskis biblia (maTe. 22 : 43): Èïð¿èäå ä õîìú

âö ðêîâü.

rusuli biblia (maTe. 22 : 43): И пришелъ онъ по вдохновен³ю въ храмъ.

rogorc vxedavT, sityva “вдохновение” Cndeba mxolod rusul bibliaSi, xolo ostroJskis bibliis paralelur

leqsebSi figurirebs sityva ä õ (дух). droTa ganmavlobaSi

adgili hqonda sityva “вдохновение”-s mniSvnelobis garkveul Zvrebs da misi semantikis gardaqmnas. kerZod, moxda zmnis moqmedebis mniSvnelobis mileva da fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis mniSvnelobis formireba, ramac asaxva hpova rusuli enis leqsikonSi (М., 1981, в 4 т. ).

sityva “вдохновение”-s semantikuri ganviTareba naTeli magaliTia mocemuli genetikur-stilisturi plastis sityvebisaTvis, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba ganyenebuli cnebebis aRsaniSnavad da ganekuTvnebian sazogadoebis socialur, samecniero da kulturuli cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebs.

m a i a T u x a r el i

Janrisa da metaJanris gancalkevebis

problemisaTvis

Tanamedrove literaturadmcodneobaSi Janris kategoria sakmarisad damuSavebulia. miuxedavad Janris gansaz-Rvrebebis simravlisa, Teoriuli da praqtikuli gaurkvevlobebi am mxriv TiTqmis ar aris. AamasTan erTad, 1970-iani wlebis miwurulidan da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan mecnierebaSi metaJanris, anu erTgvari “zeJanris”, “umaRlesi Janris” cneba gaCnda. Ees kategoria iSviaTad warmoadgens mecnieruli kvlevis interesis - am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs mkacri Teoria da Tavs iCens rigi aqtualuri problemebisa. EerT-erTi aseTi problemaTagani - Janrisa da metaJanris gancalkevebis gansazRvraa. aucilebelia gaverkveT - am movlenebs ra anaTesavebs da principulad ra ganasxvavebs.

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arsebobs metaJanris sami fundamentaluri gansazRvreba. pirveli ekuTvnis r.s. spivaks. metaJanri misi azriT, _ aris “struqturulad gamoxatuli, literaturuli saxeobis mimarT neitraluri, samyaros mxatvruli modelirebis mravali istoriulad konkretuli saSualebebis myari invarianti, gaerTianebuli mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis saerTo niSniT.” ramdenadme sxvagvarad xedavs metaJanrs n.l. leidermani. mkvlevari gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs sakuTari koncepciis kavSirs i.n. tinianovis ideasTan, romelic gulisxmobs “ufrosi Janrebis” arsebobas. metaJanri, am TvalTazrisiT _ erTgvari “wamyvani janria”, “Sinaarsobrivi formis erTgvari principialuri mimarTulebaa <...>, romelic damaxasiaTebelia Janrebis mTeli jgufisaTvis da avlens maT semantikur naTesaobas. metaJanris mesame gansazRvreba ekuTvnis e.i. burlinas. mkvlevari n.l. leidermanis kvals mihyveba da metaJanrs xedavs, rogorc epoqis “wamyvan Janrs”. misi azriT metaJanri “drosa da sivrceSi Semdgari nawarmoebis damasrulebeli tipia, romelic gamoxatavs garkveul konkretul-istoriul koncepcias”.AamasTan erTad e.a. burlina uciloblad usvams xazs metaJanrisis drois kulturasTan Sewyvilebas, mis funqcias, rogorc mocemuli kulturis gamomxatvelisa, gacilebiT dominanturis, vidre ubralo Janrebis, ramdenadac metaJanri, mecnieris azriT, erTdroulad vlindeba garkveuli kulturis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. yvela mocemuli gansazRvreba gansxvavebulia da Sesabamisad sakamaToa. Aamdenad, MmetaJanris kategoria bolomde gaurkveveli rCeba da mis Sesaxeb saubrisas aucilebelia yvela mkvlevaris koncepciis gaTvaliswineba. ZiriTadi momentebi, romlebic janrisa da metaJanris msgavsebisa da amave dros arsebuli gansxvavebis konstruirebis saSualebas iZleva SemdegSi mdgomareobs: pirveli – metaJanrs ganasxvavebs midrekileba gavides literaturuli sivrcis CarCodan sxvagvar, gacilebiT farTo koordinatebis sistemaSi. metaJanri Tavisi bunebiT erTgvar sinTeTikur warmonaqmnad gvevlineba. Lliteraturuli cikli, krebuli an leqsebis wigni - garkveulwilad metaJanria; rogorc metaJanris mniSvnelovani diferencionaluri maxasiaTebeli SegviZlia gamovyoT “disciplinaTaSorisi”, sinTetukuri mimarTuleba,

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swrafva erTgvari sinkretizmisken; Semdegi momenti - Janrisa da metaJanris struqturul-semantikuri bunebaa. Janris struqtura mudam kanonikuria. metaJanris struqturuqterul-semantikuri bunebis sakiTxi bolomde naTeli ar aris. Uudaoa, rom Tavisi Sinagani agebulebiT metaJanri msgavsia Janrisa: mis safuZvelSi arsebobs erTgvari myari konstruqcia. Tumca, metaJanris struqturul-azrobrivi matricis erTmniSvnelovnad arqaul bunebiaze saubari ar SegviZlia. mataJanrebi, SesaZlebelia warmoiSvnen rogorc aqtualizaciisa da transformaciis uZvelesi arqetipis gziT, aseve sxva saxis, arakonvencionaluri gziT. Bbolo momenti, romelic aucilebelia aRiniSnos, istoriul-literaturul procesSi Janris da metaJanris yofis Taviseburebebia. metaJanris sicocxle didi konvencionalobis SemTxvevaSi misi stuqturul-semantikuri safuZveli, savaraudod, Janris sicocxlis msgavsia.

n od ar for a q i S v il i

n. p. ogrevis poema ì`iumoris~ erTi

pasaJis Sesaxeb

1. ukve mravali welia, arcTu naTeli garemoebebisa da aseTive mizezebis wyalobiT, rusul poeziasa da samwerlo kulturaSi n.p. ogariovs aSkarad dakninebuli mdgomareoba da adgili ukavia. arada, mis sicocxleSive werdnen masze v.g. belinski, a.a. grigorievi, n.a. dobroliubovi, n.a. nekrasovi, n.g. CerniSevski da sxvebic, isini, visi soliduri mcdelobebic miznad isaxavda sityvakazmulobis faqiz samyarosTan xsenebuli mwerlis ziarebasa da misTvis, ase vTqvaT, damsaxurebuli da sapatio adgilis miCenas.

2. im nawarmoebebs Soris, romelic aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo ver erwymis poeziis sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesrigs da ver iZens saTanado sicxades, aRniSvnis Rirsia poema

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`iumori‟‟, romlis lirikul gmiradac Tavad avtori warmogvidgeba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, im `pirovnuli saxis‟‟ gamoaSkaraveba, romelic `literaturul oreuls‟‟ `biografiuli konkretulobiTa‟‟ da SemTxveviTi Tvisebebis `SemoWris‟‟ gareSe Caenacvla _ Cveni gamokvlevis strategiis umTavres amocanas warmoadgens.

3. yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi saintereso faqti: lirikul gmirs, avtoris msgavsad, izidavs mogzauroba da mis marSrutSi xvdeba ara mxolod ruseTi Tavisi qalaqebiT, aramed safrangeTi, italia, poloneTi da, raRa Tqma unda, kavkasiac, Semkuli Sesabamisi komentarebiT. es ukanaskneli aucilebelia rogorc Tavisufal moazrovnis swrafvaTa sapirwone:

Я патриот, свой знаю долг, Но взять Парижа б не решился.

Я думаю, довольно с нас, Когда мы усмирим Кавказ

4. yofiT cxovrebaSi barbarosuli debulebebiT SeWra, maT Soris poloneTis an kavkasiis yofaSi _ erT-erTi aSkara gamoxatuleba despotizmisa _ ara mxolod primitiuli mocaleobis an Zaldatanebis doneze, aramed SemaZrwunebeli formiTa da vulgaruli konfiguraciiT aRwevs `siyrmeSi‟‟. da sruliad aRar aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu visi misamarTiTaa naTqvami qvemomoyvanili muqara:

К тому ж во мне другая кровь,

В душе совсем другая вера: Есть к массам у меня любовь, И в сердце злоба Робеспьера. Я гильотину ввёл бы вновь...

Вот исправительная мера! Но нет её, и только в них

Могу я бросить желчный стих. 5. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT kavkasias an poloneTs,

rogorc warsuls derJavuli realobisa, da awmyos warsulisgan mowyvetis gareSe, yvela safuZveli gvaqvs davaskvnaT: `droebaTa dominirebuli suraT-xatebi‟‟ kvlavac gayinuli rCeba rusul politikur azrovnebaSi _ droebis yinuli ar dneba da verc masSi Cayinuli suraT-xatebi daiZrebian; da swored amis wyalobiT Cndeba maradiulobis iluzia, anu `statikuri mdgomareobidan‟‟ gamousvlelad

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`Tavis TavSi drois usasrulobis mocva‟‟. es ki mowmobs im faqts, rom ruseTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia `istoriis mizanmimarTulad daviwyebis daCqarebuli procesi‟‟, xolo `axali istoristebi‟‟ kvlavac `katakombebis‟‟ ideologiis tyveobaSi rCebian ise, rom `disciplinaruli getodan‟‟ gamosvlis mciredi Sansic ar eZlevaT.

6. gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom `iumoris‟‟ lirikuli personaJi kavkasiasa da poloneTTan, iseve rogorc dRevandeli ruseTi saqarTvelosTan, amyarebs `mistikur urTierTobebs: realoba warmoadgens ara mocemulobas, aramed mis mizanmimarTul, `derJavnikul‟‟ mcdelobaTa nakrebs‟‟.

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qarTveluri enebis, kavkasiologiisa da klasikuri

filologiis seqcia

irine darCia

qarTveluri elementebi berZnul TeonimebSi

jer kidev XIX saukunis II naxevris unikalurma arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma cxadyo berZnuli miTebis WeSmariteba, rom gmirTa epoqaSi egeidaSi maRalganviTarebu-li civilizaciebi arsebobdnen, rom berZenTa istoriul as-parezze gamoCenamde balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, egeida, mci-re aziis dasavleTi da samxreT-dasavleTi sanapiroebi da-saxlebuli yofila pelasgebiT, lelegebiT, karielebiTa da sxva winaberZnuli tomebiT. jer kidev homerosis “odisea” aRgviwerda kunZul kretas (XIX, 172 Smd.), sadac ramdenime tomi binadrobda da ramdenime enaze metyvelebdnen.

winaberZnuli kultura mraval kiTxvas badebs da XIX saukunidan moyolebuli dRemde mecnierTa araerTi Taoba cdilobs am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas. erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo da imavdroulad aqtualuri sakiTxi winaberZnuli tomebis eTnikuri kuTvnileba da maTi enisa Tu enebis raobaa da es uSualod ukavSirdeba berZnuli enaTmecnierebis problematikas, vinaidan berZnulma enam aTasobiT winaberZnuli leqsikuri formativi Tu sityvaTmawarmoebeli Semogvinaxa. mravali berZnuli sityvis etimologia dRemde daudgenelia da arsebobs mosazrebebi maTi winaberZnul enobriv samyarosTan kavSiris Sesaxeb.

winaberZnul enobriv masalaSi dReisaTvis gamovlenilia ramdenime aseuli leqsikuri formativi, romelTa qarTveluri warmomavloba mecnierTa garkveul wreebSi eWvs aRar iwvevs. ra masalis, ra monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovTqvaT varaudi winaberZnuli mosaxleobis qarTvelur tomebTan naTesaobis Sesaxeb? es gaxlavT qarTu-li da berZnuli leqsTwyobis SedarebiTi analizi, orive xalxis kulturis akvnad mcire aziis miCneva, antikuri mi-Tologiis monacemTa detaluri analizi da calkeuli lin-gvisturi dakvirvebebi.

moxsenebaSi “qarTveluri elementebi berZnul TeonimebSi” qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT warmodgenili da gaanalizebulia ramdenime berZnuli Teonimi (kerZod, aTena, bakqosi, kibele, titani, kabirebi), romlebSic, SesaZlebelia, qarTveluri elementebi gamoiyos winaberZnulis kavkasiuri Teoriis konteqstSi.

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sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom es aris uaRresad rTuli da sakamaTo sakiTxi, romelsac momavalSi seriozuli kvleva esaWiroeba. aRsaniSavia isic, rom berZnulsa da qarTvelur enebs Soris paralelebis arseboba kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs im aTaswlovan istoriul da kulturul urTierTobebze, romelic egeidasa da kavkasias, qarTul samyaros Soris arsebobda.

T i n aT i n g ior gob i a n i

dednisa da Targmanis SepirispirebiTi

analizisaTvis

moxsenebaSi yuradRebas vamaxvilebT, rom mxatvruli Targmanis enisaTvis esTetikuri funqciaa gadamwyveti da rom mTargmneli cdilobs Targmani ufro metad moeqces saliteraturo enis farglebSi, gaiTvaliswinos sali-teraturo enis normebi da Sedegad vRebulobT ori sxva-dasxva enis potenciis realizebis nayofs, ori struqturis sinTezs, sadac Zveli berZnuli da qarTuli erT mxatvrul Tvisobriobadaa qceuli. imisaTvis, rom berZnuli dednisa da qarTuli Targmanis SepirispirebiTi analizi warmogved-gina, mivmarTeT akaki uruSaZis mier qarTulad ametyve-lebul plutarqes.

plutarqes stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo zneobrivi kategoriebi. igi filosofiasa da ritorikas Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi poziciis gasamagreblad mimarTavda. plutarqes “moraliebi” – filosofiur-fsiqologiuri, religiuri, didaqtikuri Tu plotikur-istoriuli wiaR-svlebiT, poeturi amonaridebiT da maxvilgonivruli dakvi-rvebiT erTgvari ritorikaa. maRalmxatvrulobam, eTi-kurobam, enis xatovanebam gansazRvra plutarqes na-warmoebTa popularoba.

zneobriobis umTavresi Tvisebebi plutarqes “parale-lur biografiebSic” kargad ikveTeba. igi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs cxovrebasa da istorias. plutarqe antikuri samyaros ormocdaaTi moRvawis cxovrebis aRmweria da swo-red misi SemoqmedebiTi stilis damaxasiaTebelia, rom man saTave daudo xasiaTis anu literaturul portrets.

ritmi da intonacia erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria prozis stilistikaSi; stilisturi xerxebi, ritorikuli fi-

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gurebi Txzulebis ritmulobas qmnida da berZnuli ded-nebis mixedviT kargad iyo cnobili Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebisaTvis.

qarTul TargmanebSi formaTa bunebrioba, azris sicxade da xatovaneba miiRweva qarTuli enisaTvis bunebrivi kon-struqciebis gamoyenebiT kalkebis nacvlad. frazis gaSliT da qarTuli enis bunebis Sesabamisad gadmotaniT gansakuTrebuli bunebrioba da sisadave miiRweva; aRdge-nilia winadadebis gamotovebuli wevrebi, mimReoburi for-mebi gadmotanilia zmnis piriani formebiT, SenarCunebulia dednis stili, intonacia. amiTaa es Targmanebi faseuli.

qarTveli mTargmneli bunebrivi qarTuli fraziT cvlis ritorikuli xerxis, paronomasiis Semcvel berZnul gamoTqmebsac. gramatikul formaTa erToblioba, mxatvrul teqstSi maTi organizeba da xmarebis metnaklebi sixSire leqsikur erTeulebTan erTad ayalibebs nawarmoebis polifonias, maT Soris ritmsa da intonacias.

miCneulia, rom prozis idumali mizidulobis Zala mis ritmulobaSia, xolo prozis ritmis kanonebi leqsTwyobis mkafiod gamoxatul metrikul kanonebze maRla dgas.

l e il a g e g u C a Z e

paronomaziuli gamoTqmis sintaqsuri

kvalifikaciisaTvis

1. rogorc specialuri literaturidanaa cnobili, paronomaziul gamoTqmebSi, Cveulebriv, ori komponenti gvaqvs: sawyisi moqmedebiTi brunvis formiT da zmnis piriani Fforma (povniT vpovo..., gmorCeviT gamoirCia...). paronomaziul gamoTqmaSi SeiZleba sami sityvac iyos, Tu moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmuli komponenti Sedgenil SemasmenelTan aRmoCndeba (SeCuenebiT SeCuenebul vyveniT..., mwirobiT mwir iyvnes...);

2. paronomaziul gamoTqmaSi erTi da imave Ziris formebi gvxvdeba (moRebiT moviRo..., daxsniT dahxsndes...), magram SeiZleba sxvadasxva Ziris formebic Segvxvdes, “romelTac erTi Sinaarsi an daaxloebiT erTi Sinaarsi aqvT...: aRmocenebiT aRmohxed..., ganTxeviT ganmiSoren...“ (i. imnaiS-vili);

3. paronomaziul gamoTqmaSi SesaZloa rTuli zmnac gvqondes (SeuracxebiT Seuracx-myo...), iSviaTad orive komponenti sawyisia (ubrZana TreviT moTrevai...);

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4. paronomazia Zalian xSirad Zvel qarTul naTargmn ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, magram igi araa miCneuli araqarTul movlenad, ramdenadac mas vxvdebiT rogorc Zveli, ise axali qarTulis originalur ZeglebSic da dialeqtebSic (SeZlebiT ki SeiZleba..., galaxviT ar gamilaxavs, mara SejanjgalebiT ki Sevajanjgale...);

5. rac Seexeba aRniSnuli gamoTqmis sintaqsur kvalifi-kacias, am TvalsazrisiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa:

a) igi ganixileba rogorc erTi mTlianoba, an b) TiToeuli komponenti paronomaziuli gamoTqmisa miiCneva winadadebis damoukidebel wevrad.

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia es Tvalsazrisebi da aris cda sakuTari Tvalsazrisis warmodgenisa.

d i a n a a n f i m i a d i

zmna, rogorc semiotikuri niSani (aRmniSvnelisa da

aRsaniSnis urTierTmimarTebis ramdenime sakiTxisaTvis)

zmnis, rogorc semoitikuri niSnis daxasiaTebisas saWiroa gamoviyenoT ramdenimegvari mimarTeba, zogadad zmnis erTgvari abstraqtuli modeli, abstraqtuli kategoria, anu platonis eniT rom vTqvaT, zmna, rogorc zogadi idea, zogadi formula – es iqneba zogadi niSani, anu erTgvari abstraqtuli niSani.

amas garda, am formulaSi Casmuli yoveli calkeuli mniSvneloba warmoadgens calkeul niSans, anu zmnis yoveli calkeuli forma – iqneba damoukidebeli niSani, romelic gamomdinareobs zmnis abstraqtuli niSnisgan, da sxva niSnebs daukavSirdeba rogorc vertikaluri, agreTve horizontaluri mimarTebebiT.

da TiToeuli zmnis yoveli calkeuli kategoria SeiZleba agreTve qveniSnis formiT warmovadginoT, radgan mas eqneba Tavisi sakuTari aRsaniSni da aRmniSvneli.

zmnis, rogorc zogadi niSnis daxasiaTebisas, saWiroa SevqmnaT erTgvari formula, zogadi ganmarteba, romelSic Cajdeba yvela enis yvela zmnis yvela forma, anu es iqneba gvareobrivi daxasiaTeba zmnisa, rogorc universaluri niSnisa.aq udaod gamogvadgeba ana verJbickaseuli modeli enobriv primitivTa, anu yvela enisaTvis saerTo sityvaTa daxasiaTebisa.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom zmnam, nebismier enaSi SeiZleba gamoxatos uamravi konteqsturi mniSvneloba, moqmedeba,

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mdgomareoba, grZnoba, aRqma, situacia, da a.S. amitom, Cvens zogad definiciaSi, imisaTvis rom Cajdes absoluturad yvela calkeuli Semadgeneli, zmnas gamovxatavT, rogorc drosa da sivrceSi fiqsirebad movlenas, romlis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoben aqtantebi. zmnis mier gamoxatuli nebismieri Sinaarsi aucileblad warmoadgens movlenas, xolo zmnis specifikurobas, romelic pirTa monawileobiT ganisazRvreba, aqtantTa roliT warmovadgenT.

anu, Cven mier warmodgenil definiciaSi Cajdeba yvela zmna.

e.i. zmnis abstraqtuli mniSvneloba, warmoadgens niSans, sadac aRsaniSni aris movlena, xolo aRmniSvneli - pirTa monawileobiT gamoxatuli zmnuri forma.

radganac zemoxsenebul definiaciaSi mxolod sintaq-tikuri wesebia mocemuli, niSnis amgvari interpretacia formalur saxes miiRebs.

zmnis zemoTdasaxelebul verbalur formulaSi kon-kretuli mniSvnelobebis CasmiTa da dakonkretebiT miviRebT calkeul zmnur niSnebs.sadac, aRsaniSni – movlena danawildeba da ganisazRvreba ufro viwro da konkretuli mniSvnelobebiT da agreTve ufro konkretul formas miiRebs aRmniSvnelic,konkretul zmnur formas Seisxams.

magaliTad, romelime “vwer” zmna, es iqneba niSani, romelSic aRmniSvneli iqneba konkretuli moqmedeba – wera, xolo aRsaniSni - pirveli piriT gaformebuli, awmyo drois zmnuri forma.

es qveniSani Cajdeba zmnis zogadi definiciis qveS moazrebul paradigmaSi da horizontaluri mniSvnelobiT daukavSirdeba imave Ziris sxva zmnur formebs.

amdenad gamovida, rom arsebobs zogadi zmnuri formula, da qvezmnur niSanTa sistemebi, sadac vertikalur koordinatTa sibrtyeze ganTavsdeba yoveli calkeuli niSnisaTvis unikaluri semantikuri mniSvneloba, xolo horizontalurze – zmnis iseTi kategoriebi, romelic SeiZleba saerTo iyos sistemis sxvadasxva wevrisaTvis.

q e T e v a n m i r z i k a S v il i

metyvelebis aRmniSvneli onomatopoeturi sityvebi

qarTulsa da frangulSi

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metyvelebis aRmniSvneli qarTul-franguli onomato-poeturi xasiaTis leqsikis urTierTSedarebis Sedegad saintereso suraTi ikveTeba. metyvelebis aRmniSvneli onomatopoeturi sityvebiis Sedareba sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi udidesi da xSirad radikalurad Semcvleli mniSvneloba aqvs konteqsts. magram aseve sainteresoa calke, ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT ramdenad moicavs metyvelebis im emociurad Seferil bgerweras, ris gamoc Cven maT gamovyofT.

saanalizod avarCieT sityvebi, romlebic aucileblad sametyvelo xmianobis mniSvnelobas gamoxataven da ara _ mxolod xmabaZviTobas, sxva SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT meti sityva mogrovdeboda. esenia: `bodiali~ (sisulelis, CvenTvis miuRebelis laparaki da ara avadmyofis uazro bodva. situaciis gaTvaliswonebiT gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba xolme); `qaqani~, `dadRani~, `WiWyini~, `titini~, `tiktiki~, `tatani~ (dautatana), `jijRini, jajRani~, `yayani~, `CiCini~, `CifCifi~, `Clifini~, `roxroxi~, `Wartali~ (enis), `cacxani~ (daucacxana) da sxva.

frangulSi msgavsi emociiT datvirTuli sityvebi, rasakvirvelia, arsebobs, magram zusti Tanxvedra qarTul-frangul TargmniT leqsikonebSi daculi ar aris. es sityvebia: bavarder (le bavardage); le verbiage; coqueter (lecoquetage; le caquet); jaser (la jaserie); babiller (le babiage); jacasser; le babil; le babillement; le ramage; balbutier; murmurer; gazuiller (le gazuillement); le grognement (la grognerie); le bougonnelent; le ronchonnement (fam.). ramdenime qarTuli cneba erTi sityviT ver gamoixateba da aRweriTi formebia gamoyenebuli, rac mosalodnelicaa; erTi ram udavoa, aRniSnuli mniSvnelobis onomatopoeturi sityvebi qarTulSi ufro mravalricxovania da mravalferovani

rogorc Cans, aseTma sityvebma mogvianebiT itvirTa adamianis xmianobis aRniSvna, isini erTgvari asociaciis gziT mimsgavdnen adamianisas imis mixedviT, manamde rasac gamoxatavdnen. rogorc cnobilia, xmabaZviT sityvebSi aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris kavSiri motivirebulia, bgeras garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. bgerweriT leqsikas mWidro kavSiri aqvs bgerasa da mniSvnelobas Soris. am tipis leqsikaSi mcire bgeriTi cvlilebebi semantikur mniSvnelobaTa elferis cvlas iwvevs. amitom variaciuloba,

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romelic bgerweriTi derivaciis saxes iRebs, erTgvarovani mniSvnelobis mqone sityvaTa konebs qmnis. monaTesave mniSvnelobis mqone leqsemebs monaTesave bgeriTi struq-tura aqvT. amitom SeiZleba vilaparakoT fonemur diferen-cialur niSanTa da semantikur diferencialur niSanTa kavSirebze (meliqiSvili, 1999, 80). magram es procesi sxvadasxva enaSi gansxvavebulad mimdinareobs. am SemTxve-vaSi, qarTuli da franguli enebis magaliTis gaTvalis-winebiT, erTi ram udavoa, qarTulSi aseTi sityvebi ga-cilebiT mravalricxovania da struqturulad ufro mo-wesrigebul, sistemur suraTs qmnis, vidre frangul enaSi. qarTulSi /a-i-u/ xmovnebis monacvleoba erTgvarovan bgeriT yalibSi sakaod xSiria. saSualo aweulobis /e, o/ xmovnebi bgerweriTi sityvebis gadmosacemad ar gamoiyeneba xolme. es erTgvari ukiduresoba mkveTri dapirispirebis Seqmnis mizniT unda aixsnas.

d a m a n a m el i q i S v il i

prokle diadixosis ontologiuri struqturis cneba-

terminTa gageba da gadmocema ioane petriwTan

gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi (71 wlis win) qarTuli kulturisa da humanitaruli mecnierebis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlena moxda: gamoica ioane petriwis Sromebis II tomi _ ganmarteba prokle diadoxosis, “platonuri filosofosis”, traqtatisa “Teologiis safuZvlebi” (petriwis TargmaniT _ “kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”). teqsti gamosca simon yauxCiSvilma da gamokvleva daurTo Salva nucubiZem, romelmac ioane petriwi gamoacxada warmarTuli filosofiis avtorad (“..…ase mivida qarTveli gamgrZelebeli berZnuli warmarTuli filosofiisa warmarTobamde, magram ara berZnul da arc aRmosavlur, aramed qarTul warmarTobamde”. mwarmarTulma filosofiam igi warmarTobas dauaxlova da qristianobis da qristianobis warmarTul enaze gadaTargmnis cda gaabedvina”).…… I tomi, TviT prokles teqsti (anu kimeni) gamoqveynda sami wlis Semdeg, 1940 wels. mas win uZRvis mose gogiberiZis gamokvleva ioane petriwis msoflmxedvelobaze, romelSic sruliad sapirispiro azria gamoTqmuli: “petriwis teqstSi araviTar warmarTobaze laparaki ar aris.. petriwi udidesi ostatobiT xmarobda antikuri filosofiis klasikur

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nimuSebs, raTa amis saSualebiT qristianuli dogmis gonebiT gamarTlebis saqme uzrunveleyo.. petriwi iseTs interpretacias ukeTebda filosofias, rom qristianobas aguebda, anda igi TviTon akeTebda qristianobasTan Seguebul cnebebs, hqmnida sakuTar filosofias, magram es sakuTari filosofia iyo qristianuli sqolastika”. samecniero literaturaSi es ori Tvalsazrisi DdRemde upirispirdeba erTmeneTs da teqstis ufro Rrma kvlevas moiTxovs.

platonuri filosofiisa da misi terminologiis sistematizatoris, prokle diadoxosis `Teologiis safuZvlebis” Targmnas didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologiis dadgenisa da sistematizaciis TvalsazrisiT. prokles filosofiuri sistemis komentirebis procesSi petriwma daamuSava, daazusta da sistemaSi moiyvana qarTuli filosofiuri cnebiT-terminologiuri aparati, Seqmna prokles ontologiuri struqturis (rigebis _ seirav) cnebiTi sistemis Sesatyvisi naTeli da gamWvirvale terminologiuri sistema, romelic ostaturad miusadaga qristianul dogmatikas da, rogorc TviTon ityoda, “aaRmrTismetyvela” igi. radganac prokles `RmrTismetyvelebis safuZvlebi”, petriwis azriT, aris `didTa saRmrTismetyueloTa xedvaTa” saxelmZRvanelo, romelic `saswavlod SemavalTa yovelTa” aswavlis RvTismetyvelebis elementebs, safuZvlebs, umartives cnebebsa da kategoriebs (winasityv. gv. 5-6), da romlis avtormac martivad da naTlad warmoaCina arsis

wesi da rigi (seirav, tavxi), rogoricaa gonebisa, sulisa, bunebisa, sxeulisa (winasityv. gv. 6), amitom igi Tav-Tavis adgilas ganumartavs msmenelebsa da moswavleebs TiToeul cneba-termins, dakavSirebuls am struqturasTan.

prokles ontologiuri struqturis TavSi dgas (hgies,

mevnei) uzado da wmida (eijlikrinhv) erTi, romelic aris dasabami da mizezi (ajrch;, aijtiva) yovelTa myofTa (//simravlisa _ pa`n plh`qo);

am uzado, TviT platonis `umwvervalesi gonebisaganac ki miuwvdomeli” erTis Sesacnobad imecadina proklem da, raoden iyo SesaZlo, warmoadgina naTeli dasabuTeba am myofTa sawyuri, satrfo da sasurvo erTisa. gansamartavi

traqtatis (Stoiceivwsi Qeologikh;) ZiriTadi azri, amocana swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi warmoaCinos, Tu ars

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erTi da iZulebaTa mier TanSesityuaTaÁsa aRmoaCinos ese mravalsaqadagoÁ erTi (winasityv., gv. 3). pirveli Tavebi prokles traqtatisa da petriwis ganmartebebisa eZRvneba erTis upiratesobis dasabuTebas apofatikuri meTodiT, rodesac yoveli sawinaaRmdego debuleba ujeroebamdea miyvanili (`aramed ese SeuZlebel da ujeroca”) da `Tanganvlis saxed” (danaskvis saxiT) mtkicdeba pirvelad

daSvebuli Tezisi. es uzado da wmida (eijlikrinhv) erTi aris yovelives dasabami, safuZveli (ajrchv): dasabami erTi, mizezi yovlisa siraÁsaÁ ($ 22, gv. 61). igi aris upiratesi (prwvtisto) yovelTa myofTa, mizezi (aijtiva) da TviT umizezo (ajvnaitivo), mziarebeli (metevcwvn) da TviT ki uziaro (ajmevqekto); uziarebloba Tvisebaa mxolod zesTerTisa, romelic zesTa Zes yovelTa erTTa ($ 24, gv. 65, 29-32). erTi sami aspeqtiT ganixileba:1 samsaxe ars xedvaÁ erTisaÁ: 1) viTar zesTaÁsa pirvelisa, romeli zesTa Zes yovelsa gsazidsa ricxuTasa da arca-ras eziarebis pirvel TÂssa da arca-ras iziarebs Semdgomad TÂssa, raÁTamca ganwvala misdami; 2) da kualad ars sxuaÁ erTi, xiluli Soris simravlesa da Tanganwvalebuli simravlesave Tana; 3) da kualad sxuaÁ erTi _ TiToeulsa oden TÂTebasa Soris ixilvebis, romelTa amaT Sesaty saxeli erqumis: pirvelsa _ zesTaÁ mravalTaÁ, xolo meoresa _ Soris mravalTaÁ, xolo mesamesa _ erTi TÂTebasa Soris guarTasa ($. 24, 67, 31-34, 68, 1-7). (ix. agreTve, $ 23, gv. 64, 25-30.) is zesTa erTi, absoluturi erTi, TviTerTi (aujtoen) (=uqmnoÁ, uqmneli erTi), pirveli erTi, `romlisa sxuaÁ arRa iyos upirmSoes~ ($ 3, gv. 23, 32-33) _ oden es zesT erTi da keTiloba SeuZlebs erTqmnad yovelsa naTxzsa siraÁsasa, rameTu erT-iqms yovelTa da mouvlens yovelsa naTxzsa siraÁsasa gaerTebasa da Semohkrebs ganwvalebulTa da erT-iqms yovelsa. romeli sxuaTa erTTa ver uZles, viTar ganmravlebulman erTman da gaTÂTebulman erTman, viTar romlisame mxoloÁsaman, aramed man zesTaman erTman yovlisa siraÁsaman simravle erT-yo da TÂTebani ricxuTani aerTna ($ 23, gv. 65, 13-20).

1 qmnuli erTis (), Sedgmuli erTis, myofi erTis, Sesaxeb ix. a.

xaranauli, 1990, gv. 89, 117, 130, 159, 163.

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es aris swored yovelTagan zesTmdebare ucnauri erTi da keTilobaÁ, romelsa wadilman pativisaman hkadra mas da mamadca wodebaÁ (winasity., gv. 8, 6). erTi _ igive keTilobaa: igiveobaÁ erTi da keTili (e]n kai; t jajgaqovn) da dasabam yovelTa keTili ($ 20, gv. 18, 16); keTilobaÁ da erTi _ igiveoba da RmerTi da keTili _ igiveoba (kavSirni, $ 113).

aq erTi daxasiaTebuli iyo misgan gamomdinare simravlesTan, arsis ierarqiul wyobasTan mimarTebiT.

mTeli rigi terminebisa ki erTs axasiaTebs apofatikuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Seucnobels, miuwvdomels, uTqmels

da warmousaxvels: erTi aris ucnauri _ ucnoÁ (a[gnwsto), miuwvdomeli _ miuwuTo; uTqmeli _ uTqoÁ; uqmneli _ uqmnoÁ dabolos, igi aris warmousaxveli _ uocno. rogorc vxedavT, yvela es termini zemoT struqturul modelebSi ganxiluli im mokle modelis mixedviTaa nawarmoebi (cnoba _ u-cn-o, miwuToma _ mi-u-wuT-o, Tquma _ u-Tq-o, oc(n)eba _ u-ocn-o), romelic SemuSavebul iqna specialuri filosofiur-Teologiuri cnebiTi enisaTvis, misi yofiTi, anu `mdabrionTa” enisagan gansxvavebis mizniT. cnoba zmnidan garda ucno terminisa, rogorc zemoT warmodgenili sqema gviCvenebs, ioane petriws mokle modelebiT sxva terminebic aqvs nawarmoebi: me-cn-e, sa-cn-o; ukuTqmiTi Sinaarsis kidev erTi forma u-cnob-o aqvs nawarmoebi. ukanasknelis mniSvnelobaa `umecari, uvici, ugono.~ cnebaTa diferencireba am SemTxvevaSi fuZis aTematur c[a]n da Tematur cn-ob formebs akisriaT: ucno aris `gonebiT Seucnobeli, Seumecnebeli”, ucnobo ki `umecari, uvici”: isityua ucnoboman gulsa Sina TÂssa, ara ars RmerTi (fsalm. 13,1; 52,2. ganmarteba, 213, 15-16. Sdr. Zveli Targm: Tqua ugunurman gulsa Sina TÂssa _ ara ars RmerTi).

rac Seexeba u-ocn-o termins, igi nawarmoebia ocneba zmnidan. berZnuli terminebis fantasiva, favntasma, fantastikovn,

fantastov Targmnisas mniSvnelobaTa gansxvavebuli niuansebis dacva da gadmocema metad Znelia. amitom nemesiosis rusulad mTargmnelma, f. vladimirskim, es terminebi uTargmnelad gadmoitana. ioane petriwi, rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSi, aqac SesaniSnavad iyenebs qarTuli enis sityvawarmoebiT SesaZleblobebs da Zvel qarTulSi ukve arsebuli ocneba terminis gverdiT moxerxebulad awarmoebs danarCeni terminebis zust qarTul Sesatyvisebs. es kargad Cans `bunebisaTÂs kacisa”-s VI Tavidan, romelic `fantaziis,

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warmodgenis” anu `ocnebis” unars, Zalas exeba. nemesiosi ambobs: OiJ di; Stwivkoiv tevssara tautav fasi, fantasivan, fantastovn,

fantastikovn, favntasma (Nnem. PG, t. 40, 633). ioane petriwis TargmaniT: xolo stoelni oTxad ityodes amas: ocnebad, ocnebiTad, ocnebrivad da ocebad (bun. kac. 72, 8-9. iqve: ocneba//saoci). u-ocn-o sabas gagebuli aqvs, rogorc cnoba zmnis derivati da ganmartebuli aqvs, rogorc `arasacnobeli.” aseve, sim. yauxCiSvilsac uocno gagebuli aqvs, rogorc `sacnauris” antonimuri da `ucnauris” sinonimuri mniSvnelobisa da saZiebelSi ioane petriwis Sromebis II tomisaTvis axsnili aqvs, rogorc `Seucnobeli” (ix. kavSirni, gv. 301). asevea gagebuli uocno petriwis `ganmartebis” rusuli Targmanis orive gamocemaSi (ix. Hfccvjnhtybt> 1942, gv. 25, 1984, gv.39). magram petriws aSkarad gansxvavebuli cnebebi aqvs gadmocemuli am ori terminiT: ucno _ `Seucnobeli” da uocno _ `warmoudge-neli, warmousaxveli”. amgvarad, uocno miRebulia ara cnoba, aramed ocneba zmnidan. rogorc zemoT vTqviT, termini uocno ioane petriws erTisa da keTilobis _ RmerTis atributad aqvs naxmari maxasiaTeblebis rigSi ucnauri _ ucnoÁ, miuwdomeli _ miuwuToÁ, uTqmeli _ uTqoÁ, uqmneli _ uqmnoÁ sinonimuri wyvilebis rigSi.

ucnauri, ucnoÁ erTi (`Seucnobeli” erTi): rameTu igi zesTaÁ da ucnauri erTi usaxosaca da uromelosa warmoaCens nivTsa (ganmarteba, 43,9); mis erTisa mier warmoiCina ese ucnauri nivTi, viTar ucnoÁ _ ucnoÁsa mier (iqve, 43,13).

miuwTomeli, miuwuTo erTi: pirvelsa mas miuwTomelsa zesT arssa erTsa (iqve, 130, 28-29); erTi igi da zenaÁ yovelTa sworebiT yovelTa mizez da miuwuTo (60,4).

uTqoÁ, uTq erTi: uTqoÁ igi erTi miudrekelobasa zesTa Zes (iqve, 48,15); mis uTqÂsa erTisa mier (45,8).

uqmneli, uqmnoÁ erTi: uqmnelsa erTsa arca nawilni hqonan da arca asoni da kavSirni (23,6); uqmnoÁ erTi zesTa Zes nawilTmierobasa (23,37).

uocnoÁ erTi: uocnoÁ igi erTi zesTa Zes yovelsa Zalsa da moqmedebasa (18,25); mas uocnosa erTsa moaqus TÂs-Soris yoveli zesTguarTaÁ (30,4); ese mis uocnoÁsa oden erTisa ars TÂTebaÁ (65,31) da sxv.

ucno da uocno cnebebi ioane petriwamde ar unda yofiliyo garCeuli: gonebiT warmousaxvelis,

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warmoudgenelis mniSvnelobiT efrem mcire iyenebs termins mougonebeli: yovelTa mogonebaTagan mougonebel ars zeSTagonebisa igi erTi (areopag., 6,19). (Sdr. arca gamoÁTqumis, arca mogonebaÁ SesaZlebel ars (iqve, 10,20).

amonios ermiasis Sromebis mTargmneli ioane tariWisZe `gonebiT warmodgenis” (ejnnoh`sai) mniSvnelobiT mogonebas iyenebs: arca kacisaÁ, TÂnier sityÂerebisa, SesaZlebel ars mogonebaÁ (amon. 87,6). mas `azrovnebis”, `Semecnebis”

mniSvnelobiTac mogoneba (novhsi) SesatyvisiT aqvs gadmocemuli, Tumca amave, gnoseologiuri SinaarsiT igi gagoneba terminsac iyenebs.

maqsime aRmsareblis Sromebis TargmanSi (K-14), romelic amoniosis mTargmnelis xelidan Cans gamosuli, `gonebiT warmousaxveli” aRweriTadaa nawarmoebi: ara gagonebuli (ouj novhsin). sainteresoa, rom `gonebiT warmosaxva” gadmocemulia SesityvebiT: gagonebisSorisi ocneba, sadac Sesityveba-terminis ZiriTadi wevri ocneba terminia.

es uzado, uocno, uTqo, miuwuTo, uqmneli zesTerTi

miRmaa (immre _ ejpevkeina) da zesTa Zes (uJperkei`no,

uJperivero) yovelive misgan warmogzavnilze, anu

warmoebulze (provodo, proveisin). es ukanaskneli iyofa rigebad, prokles terminiT _ seirav (jaWvi), romelic petriws xan transliteraciiT gadmoaqvs _ bizantiuri warmoTqmiT _ `sira”, xan ki zust qarTul Sesatyviss iZleva (xSirad hendiadisur wyvilSi): naTxzi siraÁsaÁ (`Txzavs” zmnidan mimReoba `naTxzi”, Zv. `naTxzeni” _ `nawnavi”), xan: naqusi siraÁsaÁ (`qsovs” zmnidan). zogjer proklesTan am

cnebis aRsaniSnavad tavxi (`wyoba, ganrigi, wesi”, `hfphzl”) terminic gvxvdeba, rac Sesabamisad wesiT iTargmneba. sira (naTxzi, naqusi) Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, teqnikuri terminia.

Tvisobrivad igi erTi gvaris (ei\do) mxoloTa Semcvelia, siras anu rigisaTvis eidosis anu gvaris (ragvarobis) mimcemi, gvarmyofeli da arsebis mimniWebeli. amdenad igi aris gvarTmTavari anu siraTmTavari, (seriis, rigis mTavari), wesTmTavari, siraTdasabami. siraTmTavrebTan anu siraTdasabamebTan msgavsebis safuZvelze baZvis (zuelvis,

mivmesi, oJmoiovth) gziT xdeba ukuqceva uSualod Tavisi arsebiTi dasabamis, mizezis (ajrchv, aijtiva) mimarT da ara `viTar daxudes” (anu rogorc moxvdeba, SemTxveviT), radganac ucxosa viTar etrfos bunebiT? (gv. 88,18).

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warmoobis, anu gzavnis (proi>evnai, provodo) anu emanaciis safuZvelic msgavsebaa: gzavnani arsebaTani msgavsebisa mier arian ($ 55). amasTan, rac ufro axloa (moaxlea) yoveli momdevno gvarTa sfero anu rigi zesTerTTan, miT ufro msgavsia misi da, amdenadve, ufro umjobesia mis-qveSeTa rigze. Sesabamisad _ rac ufro daSorebulnia `naTxzni siraÁsani” erTisagan, miT ufro mdare anareklebia da `umsgavsonia” isini erTisa. da ase _ usaxo da ugvaro nivTamde, romelsa ararsad saxelsdva sityuaman ($ 21, gv. 58).

yovelives dasabami da pirvelmizezi zesTerTia (anu TviTerTi _ au[toevn: erTisa mier pirvelisa warmoiyenebian mxoloni arsebaTani (`kavSirni”, $ 115, gv. 71)), magram, rogorc ukve vTqviT, yovel rigs Tavisi sakuTari dasabami, Tavi (siraTmTavari, gvarTmTavari) aqvs da, maSasadame, Tavisi uaxloesi mizezic. am gvarTmTavari henadisagan _ yoveli guaris dasabamobiTi mizezi msgavsTa warmoayenebs: yoveli siraTdasabami, viTarca iyos TÂTebaÁ pirvelisaÁ, Tan-miscems TÂsTa TÂTebisagan sirasa yovelsa (`kavSirni”, $ 115, gv. 71), anu rogorc petriwi ityvis, `iziarebs uzesTaesi da mizezi TÂs-gamo mizezoansa da Tan-miscems Tavisi mouklebelisa myofobisagan~ ise, rom TviT arafers miiRebs misgan. amgvarad, ujobesi (umaRlesi) iziarebs udaress, (anu udaresi eziareba umjobess: e. i. ziarebis1 meqanizmi seriaTa mwkrivSi warmoobis procesSi _ calmxrivia. mizezisagan gamomdinare mizezoani2 (aijtiatovn) Tavis TavSi atarebs

1 ziareba terminis gaazrebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. ioane

petriwis `ganmartebis” I Tavi, sadac igi metad marjved

iyenebs am zmnis sami sxvadasxva formis (iziarnes maT igini,

eziara igi mas da iziara man igi) lingvistur analizs

imisaTvis, rom daasabuTos prokles ZiriTadi Tezisi

`yoveli simravle eziarebis raÁTave erTsa.~

2 termini `mizezisagani”, romelic berZn. aijtiatovn-is

Sesatyvisad aqvT naxmari efrem mcires da arsen iyalToels

(ix. `dial.”, 47,2), gamoxatavs mizezisagan gamomdinareobas,

petriwis termini mizezoani ki xazs usvams mizezisagan

gamomdinareobasTan erTad mizezis Tavis TavSi mqoneblobas

anu `pyrobas~ (-ovan sufiqsi qonebis gamomxatvelia), rasac

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mizezs, magram misi igiveobrivi, identuri ki ar aris, e. i.

ara TviT igia (oJ aujtov, tautovn), aramed `viTar _ igive sxua.” kerZod: igivea ukue msgavsebisa mier, xolo gasxuaebul _ umsgavsoobisagan. mizezni Tanuziaroni anu

Tanuqononia (ajmevqekto) _ rameTu aras miiReben TÂsTa SemdgomTagan, aramed samaradisod damsWualul arian zenaobasa Soris mTavrobisasa, viTarca mizezni da wyaroni arsTani da aras miiReben TÂs-gamoTa mizezoanTagan ($ 63, gv. 128).

siraTa anu guarTa gamomdinareoba, warmooba (proi?enai,

producire, progreditur) gzavna (o[do _ gza-dan,) garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, safexurebrivad xdeba. es procesi naTladaa gadmocemuli petriwis `ganmartebis” me-60 TavSi: yoveli zeda rigis mTavari anu siraTmTavari (mxolo, monada

monav) gadascems Tavis TviTebas mis momdevnos da dauzesTavdeba mas rogorc mizezi da maarsebeli. TiToeul mwkrivs, serias (naTxzs, naquss) Tavisi siraTdasabami mxolo anu monada aqvs (monav), romelic ideis (ei[do _ I[deva) tolfasia: raÁc-raÁve iyos, viTar mxoloÁ sxeulTaÁ _ caÁ; da mxoloÁ bunebaTaÁ _ sayovelTaoÁ bunebaÁ; da mxoloÁ sulTaÁ _ sayovelTaoÁ suli; da mxoloÁ gonebaTaÁ _ namdÂlmyofi, da mxoloÁ erTTaÁ (henadebis) _ mze igi erTisaÁ (`ganmarteba”, $ 21, gv. 59, 12-16).1 arsTa yoveli gvarTmTavari (gonebisa, sulisa, bunebisa...) mxolod Tavisi gvaris farglebSi moqmedebs, mag., gonebisa yoveli moqmedebaÁ vidre da sadamde moqmedebs Zali gonieri _ da gaguarebulTamdis, xolo metad veRara gazidavs TÂsTa gonierTa naTelTa ($ 20, gv. 58), maSin, rodesac erTis moqmedeba gaswvdeba yvela rigs TviT usaxo da ugvaro, uromelo nivTamde (materiamde), TiToeuli gvaris arsebobis

principi ki erTobaSia, rac erTTan ziarebiT (mevqexi)

igi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs mizezisa da mizezoanis

urTierTdamokidebulebis gagebisaTvis.

1 henadebis (erTTa) da monadebis (mxoloTa) Sesaxeb

proklesa da petriwis ontologiur sistemebSi dawvrilebiT

ix. ana xaranauli, 1990, gv. 117-130, misive 1995, gv. 140-151; aseve,

l. gigineiSvili, 1995, gv. 152.

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miiRweva. erTTan ziarebaa ukuqcevis (ejpistrofhv) safuZvelic. erTi maziarebelia, xolo TviT ki uziaro, anu Tanuqonoa (ajmevqekto), TviTmdgomia (aujtarkhv, aujqupovstato). mxolod am zesTerTs ZaluZs simravlis erTyofa da SeerTeba ($ 23, gv. 65), e. i. imaTi erT-gvarad qmna, romelnic erT rigs, siras Seadgenen (warmoadgenen). magram ziareba yoveli momdevno rigisa erTTan xdeba ara uSualod, aramed wina rigis siraTmTavrebis, anu gvarTmTavrebis msgavsebis (oJmoiovth) meSveobiT ($ 35, gv. 87). radganac saTanado ars, raÁTa egosca da warmoiarsosca da gasxuavdesca (gv. 88). winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, e. i. Tu ar gamoeyofa Tavis dasabamsa da dasawyiss da, `Tu oden egos Soris mizezsa mizezoani”, maSin `arca warmovlos naTxzman siraÁsaman da arca ganTÂTden mxoloni myofTani” (gv. 87), e. i. ar iqneba warmooba, ganviTareba. amgvarad, ganviTarebis azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli mizezoani hgies mizezsa Soris TÂssa da iwarmoebs misgan da ukuniqcevis misdadve (gv. 87).

amgvarad, erTi aris sawado da satrfo (to; ojrektovn) yovelTa mis mier warmonaarsTa. trfoba da wadili mis

erTisadmi anu keTilobisadmi (ajgaqov) aris ukunqcevis (ejpistrofhv) safuZvelic, es aris ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala, ganviTarebisa, romelic elinur azrovnebaSi cikluri xasiaTisaa qristianul azrovnebaSi ki sulis wvrTnisa da ganviTarebis, zeaRsvlisa da ganRmrTobis gzaa.

d a r e j a n T v alT v a Z e

romeli redaqciis teqsts Seicavs alaverdis oTxTavi?

alaverdis oTxTavis saxeliT cnobilia 1054 wels Sav mTaze, kerZod, kaliposis wminda RvTismSoblis lavraSi gadawerili xelnaweri, romelic saeklesio muzeumis xelnawerTa koleqciaSi alaverdis monastridan moxvda da amJamad 484-e nomriT inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnuli

centris A fondSi. es manuskripti sxvadasxva kuTxiT sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili, magram dRemde pasuxgaucemelia kiTxva, Tu romeli redaqciis teqsts Seicavs alaverdis oTxTavi.

samecniero literaturaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. xelnaweris pirveli aRmwerelis, Te-do Jordanias, azriT, alaverdis oTxTavi eqvTime aTonelis

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redaqciis teqsts Seicavs, imave azrisaa ilia abulaZec. ufro frTxilad gamoxatavs Tavis pozicias am sakiTxze korneli kekeliZe, magram arc is gamoricxavs, rom A 484-Si daculi saxarebis teqsti eqvTime aTonelis redaqciisa iyos. iv. imnaiSvils wignSi `qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia~ aRniSnuli aqvs, rom alaverdis oTxTavis teqsti giorgi aTonelis redaqciisa, Tumca amis damamtkicebeli argumentebi ar mohyavs. gansxvavebuli da, vfiqrobT, sayuradRebo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli mixeil qavTarias, romelsac ekuTvnis am xelnaweris bolo vrceli aRweriloba. misi azriT, `alaverdis oTxTavi unda asaxavdes giorgi mTawmidelis oTxTavze muSaobis I etaps, rodesac mas eqvTimes redaqcia orjer Seudarebia berZnuli dednisTvis da adreuli qarTuli TargmanisTvis~. miuxedavad imisa, rom m. qavTarias mier gakeTebuli da-skvnebi ar eyrdnoba teqstologiur analizs da ZiriTadad xelnawerze darTuli anderZebis monacemebs efuZneba, vfiq-robT, zemoT dasaxelebuli mosazrebaTagan igi yvelaze ax-los dgas im daskvnebTan, romelic Cven alaverdis oTxTavis kodikologiur-teqstologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad miviReT.

Cveni azriT, alaverdis oTxTavSi asaxulia giorgi mTawmidelis mier saxarebis teqstze muSaobis Sualeduri etapi, roca giorgis qarTuli Targmanis teqsti berZnulTan mxolod orjer aqvs Sedarebuli. redaqtirebis procesi jer araa dasrulebuli, Sesabamisad arc vulgatis teqstia saboloo saxiT Camoyalibebuli, radgan berZnulTan mesame da saboloo Sedareba jer ar ganxorcielebula. amitomac ar erTvis alaverdis saxarebas giorgi mTawmidlis is cno-bili anderZi, romelic man muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg, berZnulTan mesamed Sedarebis Sedegad vulgatad Camo-yalibebul teqsts daurTo da romelic am redaqciis Sem-cvel xelnawerTa umravlesobas axlavs. samagierod, mas er-Tvis metad sayuradRebo anderZi, romelSic giorgi aToneli gveubneba, rom alaverdis oTxTavSi daculi saxarebis teqsti sando da ueWvelia, radgan is Sedarebul-Sejerebulia sami sando wyaros mixedviT. esenia: a)

(SeiZleba igulisxmebodes eqvTimes mier Targmnili saxarebis svinaqsaruli sakiTxavebi an mis mierve Targmnil maTes da ioanes Tavis ganmatebebSi warmodgenili saxarebis teqstis Targmani); b) `

(igulisxmeba Zveli, albaT, xanmeturi da

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sabawminuri redaqciebi) da g) (savaraudod, im dros bizantiaSi miRebuli da garcelebuli), romelTanac mas Zveli Targmanis teqsti orjer Seudarebia. cxadia, amgvari Sedarebis Sedegad miRebuli teqsti gansxvavdeba rogorc Zveli redaqciebis (`qarTuli saxarebis~) teqstisagan, aseve eqvTime aTonelis Targmanisagan, radgan berZnulTan orjer Sedareba-Sewamebis Semdeg man mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada, magram amave dros, es teqsti gansxvavdeba berZnulTan mesame Sedarebis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli versiisganac, romelic liturgiaSi damkvidrda, mTel saqarTveloSi gavrcelda da vulgatad iqca.

a n a x a r a n a uli

Zveli aRTqmis xanmeti fragmentebi da qarTuli bibliis

Targmanis istoria

esaias da ieremias winaswarmetyvelebebisa da ezra I-is xanmeti fragmentebi, rogorc cnobilia, ramdenime saukuniT uswreben Zveli aRTqmis wignTa Semcvel xelnawerebs. amdenad, qarTuli bibliis Targmnisa da misi teqstis ganviTarebis istoriis kvleva, pirvel rigSi, am fragmentTa Seswavlasa da maT Sepirispirebas ukavSirdeba mogviano qarTul xelnawerebTan.

xanmeti fragmentebi naTels hfenen qarTuli bibliis TargmanTan dakavSirebul zogad da konkretul sakiTxebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa:

1. Targmanis dedani: xanmet fragmentebSi daculi Zv. aRTqmis teqstebi momdinareoben septuagintas sxvadasxva recenziidan – lukianuri (esaias winaswarmetyveleba da ezra I) da heqsapluri (ieremias winaswarmetyveleba) recenziebidan.

2. Targmanis adgili: xanmet fragmentebSi daculi ori teqstualuri tradiciis – antioqiurisa da palestinuris arseboba uCvenebs, rom xanmet framentebSi Semonaxuli Zv. aRTqmis Targmanebi sxvadasxva garemoSi iyo Sesrulebuli.

3. Targmanis dro. Targmani, romelic esaiasa da ezras xanmet fragmentebSia daculi, ar SeiZleboda Sesrulebu-liyo meoTxe saukunis pirvel naxevramde, manam, sanam lu-kianuri recenzia Seiqmneboda da sanam am recenziaSi xanmet fragmentebSi dadasturebuli gviandeli sworebebi Sevi-

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doda. Targmanis is saxe, romelic xanmetma ieremiam Semo-gvinaxa, aseve, ver Sesruldeboda IV saukunis dasawyisamde, sanam heqsapluri recenzia, ebraelebTan polemikis iaraRad Seqmnili, eklesiis yofaSi ar damkvidrdeboda.

4. teqstis istoria. im wignebis teqstis istoria, romlebic xanmetma fragmentebma Semogvinaxes, gviCvenebs bib-liis qarTuli Targmanebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzas: ezra I-is xanmet fragmentSi Semonaxul Targmans oSkur-ierusalimur xelnawerebSi sruliad gansxvavebuli – som-xuridan ganorcielebuli Targmani Caenacvla, ieremias xan-meti teqsti aseve, axalma Targmanma – berZnulidan mom-dinare lukianuri tradiciis versiam Secvala, xolo esaias winaswarmetyveleba faqtiurad igive darCa, Tumca ki gar-kveul monakveTebSi oSkur da ierusalimur xelnawerebSi daculi es teqsti Cvenamde armoRweuli, gansxvavebuli Tar-gmanisa Tu kontaminirebuli teqstis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

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v a xt a n g i m n a i S v il i

defisis xmarebasTan dakavSirebuli

zogierTi sakiTxi

qarTulSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca sasveni niSnis ara-swori xmareba winadadebaSi zogjer avtoris Canafiqrisagan sruliad gansxvavebul Sinaarsobriv mniSvnelobas gvaZlevs.

amjerad minda defisis xmarebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi darRvevis Sesaxeb gamovTqva ramdenime mosazreba.

vnaxoT ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli magaliTi. `saxel-mwifo sakuTrebaSi didi raodenobiT sasoflo-sameurneo da arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebicaa~ (`kviris palitra~, #29, 2004, gv.7). `sasoflo-sameurneo~ sworad weria _ defisiT, magram `arasasoflo-sameurneo~ mcdari dawerilobiTaa mocemuli. avtors am sityvaSic defisi uxmaria `sameurneos~ win. ra gamovida? imis nacvlad, rom eTqvaT: saxelmwifo flobs miwebs, romlebic araa sasoflo-sameurneo daniS-nulebisao, miviReT sruliad sxva Sinaarsi: aRniSnuli miwebi arasasofloa, magram sameurneo. `arasasoflosameur-neo~ an udefisod, SeerTebulad unda daeweraT, anda `ara~ calke da Semdeg `sasoflo-sameurneo~ Cveulebrivad _ de-fisiT.

sagangebod minda SevCerde `erTerTis~ marTlweraze. tradiciulad am sityvas defisiT weren. ratom? xuT-xuTis, sam-samis, or-oris gagrZeleba aris `TiTo-TiTo~ da ara

`erTerTi~. `erTerTi~ aris bevridan erTi, esaa rusuli jlby bp (vyjub[), `TiTo-TiTo~O ki gj jlyjve. maswavlebelma rom Tqvas, erTerTi bavSvi gamovides dafasTan amocanis amosa-xsnelado, erTi romelime mowafe unda gamovides klasSi myofTagan Tu TiTo-TiTo morigeobiT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT? vfiqrob, pasuxi naTelia. amitom am sityvis miRebuli marTlwera unda Seicvalos da udefiso daweriloba damkvidrdes.

`gilocavT Soba-axal wels~ _ amgvari daweriloba arasworia. ise gamodis, TiTqos defisiT `SobasTan~ dakavSirebulia `axali~ da ara `(axali) weli~. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamosavali SeiZleba iyos aseTi Cawera: `gilocavT Soba-axalwels~. magram sxva SemTxvevebSi gaWirdeba analogiurad moqceva, radgan, magaliTad, qarTul geografiul saxelebSi msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli axali, zemo, didi... (axali aToni, zemo maCxaani, did jixaiSi,

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patara cemi...) mocilebulia sazRvruls da maTi SeerTeba sazRvrulTan ar aris rekomendebuli. albaT, dadga dro, gadavxedoT dadgenil wess da amgvari msazRvrelebi saz-RvrulTan erTad, Serwymulad, gauTiSavad davweroT. es bevrad gagviadvilebs analogiuri aRnagobis mqone rTuli saxelebis marTlweris mowesrigebas.

samedicino da specdaniSnulebis masalebis teqnologia (gaz. `erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi-2005~, 2005, gv. 7). aq bun-dovania: `samedicino~ `daniSnulebas~ ekuTvnis Tu `ma-salebs~. dawerilobis mixedviT igulisxmeba `samedicino ma-salebisa da specdaniSnulebis masalebis teqnologia~, mag-ram, sinamdvileSi aq ivaraudeba `samedicino daniSnulebisa da specdaniSnulebis masalebis teqnologia~. ase rom, es sa-konkurso specialoba unda gaformebuliyo defisis daxmarebiT: `samedicino- da specdaniSnulebis masalebis teqnologia~.

b e d i s a S a v i S v ili

`qebaás" teqstis erTi adgilis

ganmartebisaTvis

1. "qebaás" teqstis gamoqveynebisTanave uamravi problema

gaCnda imis gamo, rom am erTgverdian Txzulebas sxvadasxvagvarad kiTxulobdnen da gansxvavebul Sefasebasac aZlevdnen imis mixedviT, Tu vin rogor kiTxulobda mas. 2. teqstis uamravi gamocema arsebobs. amaTgan TiTqmis yvelaSi gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili pirveli da bolo muxlebi. gansxvavebuli wakiTxvis mizezi isaa, rom sxvadasxvagvaradaa gagebuli ramdenime termini, magaliTad: "yoveli", "enaá"... da is gaugebari fraza, teqstis boloSi

ase rom ikiTxeba: "asi ese weli". 3. TiTqmis yvela gamocemaSi fraza "asi ese weli" dakavSirebulia dasabamiTganis gamoTvlasTan. amitomaa asis nacvlad xan 104, xan 112-ia imis mixedviT, romeli sistemaa navaraudevi. xelnawerebSic ki gansxvavebuli cifrebia miTiTebuli. 4. yvela problema Zalian advilia gadasaWrelad, Tu teqsts ise wavikiTxavT, rogorc Zegls, romelsac wers (an iwers) Zveli qarTuli enis, Teologiuri terminologiis, qristianobis istoriisa da qarTveli eris istoriis kargi

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mcodne, uganaTlebulesi pirovneba, futkariviT mSromeli didi mecnieri. adamiani, romlisTvisac gamokveTiladaa damaxasiaTebeli ama Tu im TariRis zustad dadgena da miTiTeba.

el e n e k o Sor i Z e

axali saleqsikono masala ganmartebiTi

leqsikonisaTvis

ena, rogorc cvalebadi movlena, mudmivad mdidrdeba da viTardeba. es cvlileba gansakuTrebiT naTlad aisaxeba enis leqsika-frazeologiaSi.

am mxriv, uxv masalas iZleva uaxlesi qarTuli mwerlobis nimuSebi (giorgi leoniZe, giorgi SatberaSvili, revaz inaniSvili, Tamaz bibiluri, zaira arseniSvili, nugzar SataiZe...). kerZod:

1. maTs TxzulebebSi gamoyenebuli leqsikis erTi nawili "qarTuli enis ganmartebiTs leqsikonSi" ar gvxvdeba (dafnia, namiWamia, adlabija, xixrika, gasadevari, sayvelawmindao, qirmiSi, daisRame, nimbi...).

2. leqsikonSi Setanili bevri sityva damatebiTs axsna-ganmartebas saWiroebs (dafa, frCxili, zro, buqTaoba, Semodgomura, Wanari, waegluvebina, naerTbaSevi...)

3. leqsikis garkveuli nawili mwerliseuli Cans, magram migvaCnia, rom leqsikonSi unda aisaxos: zogi maTi gansxva-vebuli semantikis warmosaCenad (azezili, xeluRirsi, CaTak-ruli, axvetili...), zogi ki, rogorc istorizmi, romelic ar unda daikargos (Tavglejila, gojila, aliwewia...).

amgvarad, saerToqarTuli leqsikuri fondis gamdid-rebis ZiriTad wyarod kvlavac rCeba, erTi mxriv, dialeq-tebi, xolo, meore mxriv, Zveli, miviwyebuli leqsika-fra-zeologiis amoqmedeba; amasTanave _ mwerliseuli sityva-TSemoqmedeba da, rogorc wesi, ucxo qveynebTan kulturuli urTierTobis Sedegad saerTaSoriso sityvebis Semosvla-da-mkvidreba (zogjer Zalmomreobis gziTac).

s alom e o m i a Z e

intensivobis gamomxatveli enobrivi

saSualebebi

101

intensivoba enis semantikuri kategoriaa, romelic efuZneba raodenobis gradaciis gagebas farTo mniSvnelobiT. igi Tvisebis ganmsazRvreli raodenobrivi maxasiaTebelia. intensivoba eqspresiulobis, emociurobis, Semfaseblobis, eqsplikaciurobis sazomia, romelic gradualobaze mianiSnebs.

intensivobis kategoriis realizeba sxvadasxva enobrivi saSualebiT xdeba: • leqsikuri gameoreba (miSveleT! miSveleT! / ufro da ufro); • kompozitebi: a. reduplicirebuli sityvebi, romlebSic fuZis gameorebiT am fuZesTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobis gaZliereba xdeba (nel-nela=Zalian nela; cxel-cxeli=Zalian cxeli); b. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone fuZeebiT Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic ufro intensiurad gamoxataven Sesabamis mniSvnelobas, vidre maTi komponentebi cal-calke(SiSvel-titveli, Rarib-Rataki, ugzo-ukvlo); • afiqsacia: a. zedsarTav saxelTa ufroobiTi xarisxis formebi (u-erTgul-es-i, u-did-es-i, u-martiv-es-i); b. zmnizedebi (u-keT-es-ad, u-met-es-ad, u-swraf-es-ad); • intensifikatori zmnizedebiT Seqmnili Sesityvebebi (Zalian maRali, ufro swrafad, ukiduresad Raribi, gansakuTrebiT saWiro); • gradaciuli tipis leqsikur sinonimTa rigi (didi, uzarmazari, giganturi); • sityvaTa leqsikuri mniSvnelobis komponentebi (nTqavs= Wams xarbad, ylapavs bevrs; mokurcxlavs=swrafad gaiqceva); • ormagi uaryofa (uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelisa Tu uaryofiTi zmnizedis Semcvel winadadebaSi uaryofiTi nawilakis xmareba aZlierebs uaryofas, Sdr.: arsad waxvide! _ arsad ar waxvide!); • zmniswinebi (moqmedebis intensivoba _ da-dis, da-curavs, ga-iZa-xis); • mravalgzisoba (uwyvetlisa da xolmeobiTis formebi, awmyosa da myofadis `xolme~-darTuli formebi).

intensivobis kategoriis formaluri gamoxatuleba ar Semoifargleba zmnizedebiTa da saxeluri SesityvebebiT, aramed moicavs zmnebs, zmnur sintagmebs, maintensifici-rebel zedsarTav saxelTa jgufs, intonaciur saSualebebs, morfologiur formebsa da sintaqsur konstruqciebs.

102

intensivoba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc raodenobis zogadi funqciur-semantikuri kategoriis subkategoria.

m a i a m a d u a S v il i

saxelTa brunebis morfonologiur cvlilebaTa

variantebi da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi qarTul

saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebSi

brunebis, rogorc morfonologiis Seswavlis obieqtis ganxilva brunvis niSnis alomorfTa aranJirebaze dayrdnobiT miznad isaxavs im meqanizmis gamovlenas, romelic iwvevs brunebis sistemasTan dakavSirebul morfonologiur cvlilebebs.

sakiTxis sinqroniul WrilSi SeswavlasTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis ganxilvas diaqroniaSic, raTa ukeT davinaxoT is cvlilebebi, romlebic xdeba enaSi misi ganviTarebis kvaldakval.

masalis analizis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, rom dialeqtebi erTmaneTisagan da amave dros saliteraturo qarTulisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu maTSi mimdinare morfonologiuri procesebis mxriv romeli donisaa primati _ fonologiisa Tu morfologiis. magaliTad:A

a) xSirad morfologiuri modeli ver axerxebs Tavis dacvas da qarTuli enisaTvis arabunebrivi TanxmovanTmimdevrobis Sedegad ikargeba micemiTi brunvis niSani, anu primati ekuTvnis fonologias: kac-Ø dauZaxa (qarTluri, kaxuri), Sdr. saliteraturo qarTulis – kac-s dauZaxa.

b) zogjer primati ekuTvnis morfologias: movida da-i (Sdr. saliteraturo qarTulis - movida da).

aRsaniSnavia, rom cvlilebaTa Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba poziciasac. kerZod, di-aleqtTa umravlesobaSi saxelobiTi brunvis /-Ø/ alomorfi TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan daCndeba zmniswiniani Se-masmenlis win (qal waiyvanes, pauzis win ki didia /-i/-s SenarCunebis albaToba, am SemTxvevaSi morfologiuri mode-li ucvleladaa realizebauli (waiyvanes qal-i).

103

sagulisxmoa isic, rom brunvis niSanTa alomorfebis ganawilebas zog dialeqtSi funqciuri daniSnuleba aqvs. magaliTad:

1) mesxurSi /-i/ da /-ჲ/ gvxvdeba ZiriTadad sakuTar an

masTan gatolebul saxelebTan: SoTa-i//SoTa-ჲ, deda-i//deda-

ჲ (dedaCemi), (Sdr. deda-ჲ movida=dedaCemi, magram, im gogos deda movida). aWarul dialeqtSi ჲ-s darTva sakuTar saxelze zogjer ganarCevs oficialursa da kninobiT-

alersobiT formebs. mag.: esme, zeqie, magram: esme-ჲ, zeqie-ჲ da sxv.

2) micemiTi brunvis /-s/ da /-Ø/ alomorfTa ganawileba specialur fonetikur wess misdevs mTis dialeqtebSi (xevsurulSi, TuSurSi, fSaurSi). garCeva xdeba imis mixedviT, Tu sintaqsurad ra funqciiT aris gamoyenebuli saxeli. aRniSnuli funqciuri (semantikuri) sxvaoba gavlenas axdens formebis morfofonematur cvlilebaTa xasiaTze. im SemTxvevaSi, roca micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli aqtantia, /-s/ SenarCunebulia. mag., daxqsoven toleb-s, mag-ram, roca garemoeba gamoixateba /-s/ ikargeba da gvaqvs /-Ø/. mag., TianeT midis (fSauri).

alomorfTa realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli mkacri distribuciuli gansxvaveba zog SemTxvevaSi da zogSi ki gadamkveTi pozicia gamowveulia enaSi daSrevebuli sxvadasxva drois normaTa TanaarsebobiT.

axelTa brunebasTan dakavSirebuli morfonologiuri cvlilebebisa da brunvis niSanTa morfonologiuri va-riantebis ganxilvis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, rom prognozis gakeTeba SedarebiT advilia saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, dialeqtebis SemTxvevaSi ki saqme rTuldeba, Tumca, zogadi wesebi mainc ikveTeba da aerTianebs rogorc saliteraturo qarTuls, ise dialeqtebs. is, rac arabunebrivia salite-raturo enisTvis, arabunebrivia dialeqtebisTvisac. saerTo aris winaaRmdegoba morfologiursa da fonologiur done-ebs Soris. gansxvavebulia am winaaRmdegobis daZlevis (su-peraciis) gzebi.

paata cxadaia

zogi kolxuri toponimis marTebuli

ganmartebisaTvis, I

104

Tsu axali qarTuli enis kaTedrasTan 1969 wels toponimikuri kvlevis respublikuri centris _ toponimikis laboratoriis daarsebam, xolo Semdeg am laboratoriis mier umaRles saswavleblebSi, samecniero dawesebulebebSi, istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumebSi, maswavlebelTa Soris Catarebulma TaTbir-seminarebma waaqeza da gaaqtiura saqarTvelos regionebSi toponimiuri masalis mopoveba da kvleva-Zieba. samagaliTod gamodgeba gegeWkoris (amJamad martvilis) mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis mier samegrelos oTxi raionis toponimuri masalis Sekreba da gamocema, magram, samwuxarod am gamocemebs aSkarad etyoba enaT-mecnieruli midgomis deficiti. nimuSad gamodgeba "Cxo-rowyus raionis toponimikis katalogi" (Tb., 1985; qvemoT: "katalogi"), romelic daufaravad scodavs avtorTa koleqtivis "etimologiuri ZiebebiT".

1. lemoqacare – Rele sof. TaiaSi, bebas marjv. Senakadi, "katalogSi" ganmartebulia rogorc "sabatkno" (gv.73). qacar sityva megrulSi marTlac niSnavs Tikans. magram maSin raRaa wina komponentebi le- da mo-? saqme isaa, rom amosavali fuZea gvari maqacaria, romelsac moepoveba varianti moqacaria (Sdr.: malaSxia//molaSxia, margoSia //morgoSia). maSasadame, lemoqacare niSnavs moqacariebis dasaxlebas: le- anTropotoponimis mawarmoebelia, xolo mo-//ma-, iseve rogorc qarTulSi me-, awarmoebs xelobis saxelebs: qacari "Tikani" ma-qacar-e "meTikne" maqacare-a

maqacaria (gvarsaxeli). 2. oZile megrulSi hidroleqsemaa: aRniSnavs wyalqveSa

darans, sadac Tevzi ibudebs, gansakuTrebiT zamTrobiT. fuZe Zil- dakavSirebulia qarTul jile-sTan. sulxan-saba ganmartavs: "jile _ wyalTagan gamoflatuli" (qarT. jile megr. Zile onZile. g. rogava). "katalofSi" ki (gv. 86) oZile ganmartebulia rogorc "saZebni, TevzsaWeri". qarTuli Zebna sityva megrulSi saerTod araa gavrcelebuli.

3. lebi megrulSi farTod gavrcelebulia rogorc niadagmcodneobiTi leqsema, Sesulia qarTul enaSic da qse-Si ganmartebulia rogorc "momwvano, mocisfro, mtredisferi an Jangisferi horizonti sxvadasxva siRrmeze". martivad rom vTqvaT, lebi aris "lia, Waobis molurjo feris rbili miwa, romelsac iyeneben Sin moqsovili Saleulis dasarbileblad da SesaRebad" (o. qajaia).

105

samegrelos toponimiaSi xSirad gvxvdeba lebi, olebe, nalebu... "katalogSi" ki ganmartebulia: "olebe _ lebis xis, lobios xis adgili" (gv. 51); "lebi _ adgili, sadac lebis xe xarobs" (gv. 102). ibadeba kiTxva: sad lebi "lia, Waobis miwa..." da sad lobios xe? (es lobios xe, igive jalebia, sinamdvileSi aris "amerikuli katalpa", romelic kolxeTSi gavrcelda XX s. damdegidan).

4. damatebiT davasaxelebT ramdenime magaliTs: nuzm-ikataxu "katalogSi" ganmartebulia, rogorc "naZvis

mosatexi" (fv. 87). sinamdvileSi nuzm¸kataxafu (aseTia swori forma) niSnavs "naZvis (naZvTana) mosaxvevs" (mTis gzaze naZvTan mkveTri mosaxvevia), xolo oxvameS marTu aris ara "eklesiis gadasaxvevi" (gv.52), aramed "eklesiis (ekle-siasTana) wyaltriala morevi"; WukiS nasilu (unda iyos "WukiS nasulu") aris ara "Tagvis nasilari" (gv. 78), aramed _ "Wukis naselari" (Wuki, Wukia pirsaxelia), aseve nasaju niSnavs ara "ganamijns" (gv. 77), aramed _ "sajaias

adgilyofils", xolo xvarcamiaS na¹udu unda "iTargmnos" ara rogorc "munianis nasaxlari", aramed rogorc "xvarcamias nasaxli" (xvarcamia anTroponimia. amosavali fuZe xvarcami marTlac niSnavs "munians") da sxv. mr.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas; aRniSnuli da sxva mravali etimologiuri uzustobis (rbilad rom vTqvaT) mizezebia: cruxalxur etimologiaze dayrdnoba, sityvaTa da maTi amosavali fuZeebis mravalsemantiurobis gauTva-liswinebloba, sayovelTaod gavrcelebul leqsemaTa mniS-vnelobis dauzustebloba, saWiro samecniero literaturaSi Cauxedaoba da sxv.

m a i a lom i a

megruli zRapris ori versiis lingvistur-

struqturuli analizi

Sesadareblad aRebulia megruli zRapris ori versia: erTi moZiebulia makar xubuas mier 1923 wlis 5 seqtembers s. faxulanSi (walenjixis r-ni) akaki Soniasgan (dabeWdilia wignSi: makar xubua, megruli teqstebi, tf. 1937, gv. 87-94). meore versia Cawerilia Cven mier 2007 wlis zafxulSi samecniero proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli lingvisturi eqspediciis

106

dros s. jgalSi (walenjixis r-ni) 75 wlis nodar Cangeliasgan.

moxsenebaSi naCvenebia ori versiis msgavseba-gansxva-veba lingvistur-struqturuli TvalsazrisiT.

(samecniero proeqti _ `monografiis _ `megrulis lin-gvisturi analizi~ _ momzadeba gamosacemad~ xorcieldeba rusTavelis fondis (qarTvelologiis, humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis fondi) finansuri mxardaWeriT).

n a i r a b e p i e v i

qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmebis zogierTi

aspeqti osur enaSi

qarTul enaSi qvemdebare-Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxme-bis dros ganmsazRvrelia is, qvemdebare sulieri sagniT aris gadmocemuli Tu usuloTi, osurSi ki mTavari aqcenti gadatanilia imaze, Tu romeli metyvelebis nawiliT aris gadmocemuli qvemdebare.

qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, osur enaSi qvemdebare, ro-melsac msazRvrelad axlavs raodenobis aRmniSvneli sa-xeli (ricxviTi saxeli, an nacvalsaxeli) da dgas moT-xrobiT brunvaSi, Semasmenels SeiTanxmebs mravlobiT ricxvSi.

araaerTgvarovania qvemdebare-Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi, rodesac erTgvari qvemdebareebi SeerTebulni arian maerTebeli kavSirebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi Semasmeneli mas SeiZleba Seewyos mxolobiTSic da mravlobiTSic. sainteresoa, rom osurSi xSirad darRveulia msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SeTanxmebac.

qvemdebare-Semasmenlis SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT os-ur enaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. mecnierTa erTi nawili aR-niSnavs, rom qvemdebare-Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi dasaSvebia mxolobiTSic da mravlobiTSic.

Cveni azriT, saWiroa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da-konkretdes erTi (ufro metad misaRebi) wesi marTlweris normebis SedarebiT martivad dacvis mizniT. kerZod, Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom krebiTi saxeli isedac mravlo-biTobas aRniSnavs, misaRebi iqneba masTan SeTanxmebuli Semasmeneli daisvas mxolobiT ricxvSi (rig SemTxvevaSi Ta-namedrove osur literaturaSi es asec aris).

107

r e v a z a b a S i a

bgeraTSesatyvisobis kidev erTi rigisaTvis qarTvelur

enebSi

saerToqarTveluri leqsikidan jer kidev n.maris dakvirvebiT cnobilia Sesatyvisobis magaliTi – qarTuli

anwl-i : megrul-Wanuri inWir-i : svanuri g nW - sadac

bgeraTfardobis kanonzomieri wesia asaxuli, Tumca am kanonzomierebas arRvevs svanur fuZeSi Tavkiduri g Tanxmovnis gamoCena, romlis Sesatyvisad qarTulsa da megrul-WanurSi araferia warmodgenili. Gam viTarebis gamo g Tanxmovnis istoriam azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia qarTvelologiaSi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili am Tanxmovans

qarTveluri fuZe-enis *R ukanaenismieri Tanxmovnisagan

momdinared miiCnevs, meore nawili aseve ukanaenismier *

Tanxmovans ukavSirebs da sxv. es fonemebi ara mxolod Tanamedrove qarTul enasa da dialeqtebSi (iseve rogorc zanursa da svanurSi), aramed Zveli qarTuli enis arcerT masalaSi araa dadasturebuli.

daismis kiTxva: xom ar ukavSirdeba svanuri fuZis g

Tanxmovani saerToqarTvelur fuZe-enaSi savaraudo ჵ

faringalur mJRer spirants, romelic zemoTxsenebuli Tanxmovnebisagan gansxvavebiT Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebulia, rogorc anbanuri sistemis erT-erTi wevri.

ჵ:g bgeraTSesatyvisobis SesaZleblobas adasturebs

daRestnur enaTa monacemebi, sadac ჵ spiranti dResac

cocxali fonemaa da saerTo daRestnur fuZeebSi misi erT-erTi Sesatyvisi swored g Tanxmovania. magaliTad, xunZuri

enis ჵ fonemis ekvivalentad xinaluRur da bagvalalur

enebSi g Tanxmovani daCndeba:

xunZuri ჵazo / ჵazu “Tovli”: xinaluRuri g za “Tovli” ;

xunZuri maჵu “cremli”: bagvalaluri magva “cremli”.

108

daRestnis sxva enebSi xunZuri ჵ-s ekvivalentad, rogorc

zanursa da svanurSi, ZiriTadad nulovani refleqsia warmodgenili. magaliTad, andiuri, karatauli, tindiuri

enebis anzi, axvaxuri enis anJi, hunziburi z, udiuri iJ

“Tovli”.

maSasadame, vfiqrobT, Zvel qarTulSi ჵ fonemis

arseboba da daRestnur enebSi

ჵ:g bgeraTfardobis dResac cocxali magaliTebi

SesaZlebels xdis bgeraTSesatyvisobis kidev erTi

savaraudo rigis – qarTveluri fuZe-ena *ჵ : qarTuli Ø

(nulovani refleqsi): megrul-Wanuri Ø (nulovani

refleqsi): svanuri g_ daSvebas da, Sesabamisad,

saerToqarTvelur fuZe-enaSi *ჵ fonemis rekonstruqcias.

109

mixeil qurdiani

“yurZnis” argumenti da saerTo-daRestnuri eTnosis

pirvelsacxovrisis problema enobrivi monacemebis

mixedviT

saerTo-daRestnuri fuZe-enis qronologiur doneze rekonstruirdeba am enaze metyveli eTnosis pirvelsacxovrisis Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: 1. landSafti: 1.1.1. “mTa”, 1.1.2. “borcvi”, 1. 2. “tye”, 1.3.1 „zRva”, 1.3.2. “mdinare”, 1.3.3.“wyaro”, 1.3.4. “Waobi”, 1.4. “gamoqvabuli”; 1.5. “kaJi”. 2. klimati: 2.1.1. “setyva”, 2.1.2. “TrTvili”, 2.1.3. “Tovli”, 2.1.4. “yinuli”, 2.1.5. “sicive”, 2.1.6. “Rrubeli”, 2.2. “dnoba”,2.3. “qari”; 3. flora: 3.1.1. “vaSli”, 3.1.2. “msxali”; 3.2.1. “muxa”;3.2.2. “cacxvi”; 3.3.1. “balaxi”, 3.3.2. “xorbali”,3.3.3.”qeri”, 3.3.4. “qerSiSveli”, 3.3.5. “WinWari”, 3.3.6. “seli”, 3.4. “yurZeni”, 3.5. “cercvi”. 4. fauna: 4.1.1. “mgeli”, 4.1.2. “melia”, 4.1.3. „daTvi”, 4.2.1. “arwivi”, 4.2.2. “yvavi”, 4.2.3. “guguli”, 4.3. “xvliki” 4.4. “Tevzi”; 4.5.1. “futkari”, 4.5.2. “kalia”, 4.5.3. “koRo”. rekonstruirebadi saerTo-daRestnuri leqsemebi iZlevian safuZvels saerTo-daRestnuri eTnosis pirvelsacxovrisis lokalizebisa didi kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTebze (samxreTi sazRvari) da kaspiis zRvis piras (aRmosavleTi sazRvari) anu daRestnur enebze metyvelTa dRevandeli gansaxlebis oden qedgadaRma teritoriaze. Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi samxreT kavkasiasTan SedarebiT ufro gril teritoriaze. erTaderTi monacemi romelic, erTi SexedviT, ar iZleva aseTi kategoriuli daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas

110

aris saerTo-daRestnuri fuZe-enis qronologiur doneze rekonstruirebad leqsikaSi yurZnis aRmniSvneli sityvis povniereba.

xunZ. ibil “yurZeni”: boTl. eli (<* eeli < *

ebeli) “id”. :

lezg. ci iw (<* wi iw<* ti iw) “id”. : ruT. t m l (<*

d m l?) “id”.:

wax. tumul (<*dumul) “id”. : ud. Wipal “vazis foToli” (gigineiSvili 1977: 107) daRestnur enebSi leqsema warmodgenilia kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebiT, romlebic iZlevian saSualebas saerTo-daRestnuri fuZe-enis qronologiuri donisaTvis rekonstruirebul iqnes * w fonemaY(gigineiSvili 1977: 106) sityva marTlac saerTo-daRestnuri fuZe-enis kuTvnilebaa, magram is fuZe-enis qronologiuri donis nasesxobaa qarTveluri enebidan, romelmac fuZe-enis diferenciaciis procesSi kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebi mogvca istoriulad dadasturebul daRestnur enebSi.

Sdr. s/qarTv. *w1ipw1a “yurZnis kurka (Tesli) :

qarT. wipwa “yurZnis kurka”: zan. [WimWa] < * WipWa “id”. ( Cuxua 2003: 360) nasesxobis wyaro qarTuli enaa – wipwa , razec

metyvelebs lezgiuri ci iw (*wi iw) , romelSic meore w-c

aris SenarCunebuli. yurZnis aRmniSvneli sityva rom saerTo-iberiul kavkasiuri fuZe-enidan ar aris namemkvidrevi saerTo-daRestnurSi amaze metyvelebs kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebis darRveva qarTvelur da

daRestnur enebs Soris s./qarTv. *w/*w1 : s/daR. w nacvlad

s/qarTv. * w/*w1/*W : s/daR.*s:

s/qarTv. * w1em-i : s./daR. *sam//*s am

“balaxi”, “Tiva” “Cala”, “namja”

111

* w1ur-i : *sur

“siTxe”, “dena” “TrTvili”

*miw-a/*miw1-a : *misa

xmeleTi “adgili”

*win/*w1in : * sen

“win”, `winaT” “guSin”, “gasuls”, *“win” *me Wed-i : * mesed beWedi (oqrosi) `oqro” da sxv.

sami saerTo-qarTveluri sibilantis *w/*w1/*W

Sesatyvisad saerTo-daRestnurSi erTi fonemis povniereba ewereba ian braunis hipoTezaSi, romlis Tanaxmad saerTo-baskur-qarTvelurSi (resp.protoqarTvelurSi) sibilantur afrikatTa da spirantTa mxolod erTi rigi iyo pirobiTad “sisin-SiSina” (i.braunis terminologiiT “sisina”, brauni 1998:131), qarTveluri da daRestnuri bgeraTSesatyvisobebidan gamomdinare sibilanturi afrikatTa da spirantTa erT rigs vvaraudob me saerTo-iberiul-kavkasiuri fuZe-enisaTvisac. axla relatiuri qronologiis Sesaxeb: saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-ena droSi uswrebda saerTo-daRestnurs, romelsac ukve sakuTriv qarTulidan nasesxebi aRmoaCnda “yurZnis”aRmniSvneli sityva. amas garda saerTo-daRestnurSi rekonstruirdeba ara marto “cxeni”-s aRmniSvneli sityva aramed “unagiri”-sac, anu saerTo-daRestnuri fuZe-enis qronologiur doneze cxenis domestikacia ukve momxdari iyo. vfiqrob yurZnis (resp. vazis) kultura yurZnis aRmniSvnel sityvasTan erTad saqarTvelodan gavrcelda daRestanSi. raki yurZens TesliTac anu kurkiTac amravlebdnen – wipwis saxelis yurZenze gadasvlis (resp. semantikuri gadaxris) axsnas aranairi dabrkoleba ar unda axldes.

112

m e r i n i kola i S v il i

zmnisgan marTuli Tandebuliani saxelebis semantikuri

niuansebi

qarTuli enis Seswavlisas saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces zmniswinebisa da Tandebulebis sakiTxs. cnobilia, rom zmna marTavs saxels garkveul brunvaSi Tandebulis saSualebiT. rogorc l. kvaWaZe aRniSnavs, Tandebuli damatebiTi mniSvnelobiT avsebs brunvis formis Sinaarss da garkveul mimarTebas amyarebs zmnasTan. Tandebuli sintaqsuri wyvilis Semadgeneli nawilia. igi ar SeiZleba iyos gabatonebuli sityva, xolo saxeli masze daqvemdebarebuli. wamyvani sityvaa zmna, romelic marTavs saxels Tandebulis meSveobiT.

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac zmna moiTxovs saxelisagan erTsa da imave brunvas, magram gansxvavebuli TandebulebiT. amis mizezia saxelis semantika, swored es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs imas, Tu romeli TandebuliT unda iqnes warmodgenili esa Tu is saxeli erTi da imave zmnis formasTan.

zmniswiniani formebi, romlebic maSorebel orientacias gamoxataven, anu mimarTulebas I pirisagan III pirisaken (mag.: midis, Cadis, Sedis da sxv.), moiTxovs saxelisagan sxvadasxva Tandebulian formas imis mixedviT, Tu risken an visken miemarTeba moqmedeba. Tu arsebiTi saxeli usulo sagania, maSin gamoiyofa ori jgufi: erTi dairTavs –Si Tandebuls, meore ki _ ze-s. –Si Tandebuli gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu unda gamoixatos risame SigniT myofadoba,

113

xolo -ze Tandebuli gamoiyeneba maSin, Tu miTiTebulia adgili, sadac raRac xdeba. rac Seexeba sulier arsebiT saxelebs, isini -Tan Tandebuliani formebiT warmogvidgeba. mag.: mivida skolaSi, Cavida sofelSi da sxv.; mivida gamofenaze, koncertze da sxv.; mivida ZmasTan, nikosTan, ZaRlTan da sxv.

zmniswiniani formebi, romlebic maaxloebel orientacias gamoxataven, anu mimarTulebas III pirisagan I pirisaken (mag.: modis, Semodis, Camodis da sxv.), moiTxovs saxelisagan sxvadasxva brunvis formas. kerZod, Tu arsebiTi saxeli usulo sagania (aq gamoiyofa mxolod erTi jgufi), is gamoixateba moqmedebiTi brunvis -gan Tandebuliani formiT, romlis saxecvlileba –idan/-dan daboloebas gvaZlevs; Tu arsebiTi saxeli sulieria, maSin is iqneba naTesaobiT brunvaSi -gan TandebuliT. mag.: modis skolidan, leqciidan da sxv.; modis Zmisgan, Cemgan, ZaRliisgan da sxv. zemoTqmuli sqemis saxiT ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT:

skolaSi gamofenaze sofelSi midis koncertze ofisSi leqciaze universitetSi

ZmasTan nikosTan masTan ZaRlTan

skolidan Zmisagan saxlidan modis nikosagan koncertidan misgan gakveTilidan ZaRlisgan

114

aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi garemoeba. Tu zmniswiniani forma gamoxatavs maaxloebel orientacias, rodesac moqmedeba mimarTulia II pirisaken, maSin mo- zmniswinian formebTan Sewyobili saxelebi warmogvidgeba -Si, -ze da -Tan TandebulebiT iseve, rogorc es iyo aRniSnuli mi- zmniswinTan dakavSirebiT.

skolaSi me movdivar sofelSi (SenTan an SenTan erTad) gamofenaze is modis koncertze (SenTan an SenTan erTad)

ZaRlTan nikosTan amrigad, qarTuli zmna, romelic mravali gramatikuli

kategoriis Semcvelia, gansazRvravs masTan Sewyobili saxelis Tandebuliani saxelis formas, magram, amave dros, saxelis semantikac garkveul zegavlenas axdens aRniSnuli saxelis formaze.

nino SaraSeniZe

enis normalizaciis sakiTxebi: Cems megobrad Tu Cem

megobrad?

sakiTxis dasmisaTvis enis normalizacia iseTive mudmivganviTarebadi movlena

unda iyos, rogoric enis cvlilebaa. ena cocxalia, igi viTardeba, icvleba da masTan erTad unda xdebodes normaTa gadaxedva, gadasinjva da cvlileba _ es kanonzomieri movlenaa ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi.

samwuxarod, bolo krebuli (romelic pirvel krebulad aris saxeldebuli), 1985 wels gamovida da mas Semdeg es procesi aRar gagrZelebula. bunebrivia, araerTi naSromi daiwera Tanamedrove qarTuli enis ganviTarebis an masSi arsebuli problemebis Sesaxeb, magram ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi arc enis normaTa damdgen komisias umuSavia

115

da arc esoden mniSvnelovani `enis kanoni~ Seqmnila, romelic met-naklebad moagvarebda qarTuli enis winaSe wamoWril axal-axal problemebs....

enis normalizacias Tavisi myari principebi aqvs. paralelur formaTagan SeirCeva is, romelic `1. ufro gavrcelebulia klasikosTa enaSi da egueba qarTuli enis ganviTarebis tendencias; 2. gamarTlebulia qarTuli enis dRevandeli gramatikuli sistemiT, ese igi, gramatikulad kanonieria da ar arRvevs am sistemiT nagulisxmev Tanamimdevrobas; 3 sxva Tanabar pirobebSi warmoebis principis mixedviT ufro martivia da 4. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi mniSvnelobis mixedviT ufro naTelia.~ (a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb. 2005, gv. 36); xolo `orTografiuli sakiTxebis mogvarebisas savaldebuloa darCes erTi forma, romelic a) ufro gavrcelebulia saliteraturo qarTulSi; b) gamarTlebulia etimologiurad da morfologiurad; g) misaRebia qarTuli enis bunebriv kompleqsTa TvalsazrisiT.~ (iqve, gv. 37)

unda aRvniSnoT, rom erTgvarovneba da calsaxa analizi araa mocemuli formis ganxilvisas.

gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime sakiTxi: 1. qarTuli enis brunebis sistemisaTvis mniSvnelovania

ori kriteriumi: TiToeul brunva aqvs gansxvavebuli forma da gansxvavebuli funqcia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom forma da funqcia mkveTradaa Camoyalibebuli da gamijnuli, arasodes ar xdeba maTi aRreva.

2. `Cems megobrad~ Sesityvebis normad damkvidrebas safuZvlad udevs formaTa garCevis principi (pirisaa nacvalsaxeli Tu kuTvnilebisa). aris Tu ara es principi imdenad mniSvnlovani, rom enaSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli kanonzomiereba Seicvalos _ erT formaSi aisaxos sxvadasxva funqciis formanti (viTarebiT brunvaSi gaCndes micemiTis niSani)?

3. micemiT brunvaSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis arsebiTTan brunebis dros normadaa miCneuli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis sruli gaformeba (Cems megobars), Tumca zepir metyvelebaSi ukve damkvidrebulia Sesitveba s brunvis niSnis gareSe (Cem megobars) da amiT aRniSnuli Sesityvebis bruneba uTanabrdeba zedsarTavi saxelisa da arsebiTis erTad brunebas. e.i. enis ganviTareba gulisxmobs

116

gaTanabrebis tendencias. maSin ramdenad gamarTlebulia viTarebiT brunvaSi micemiTis niSnis damkvidreba?

4. im principiT, rom ar SeiZleba naTesaobiTis fuZesTan micemiTi brunvis niSnis gaCena, s ikrZaleba iseT forrmebTan, rogorebicaaa: Cems Ssaxeb, Sens mier, Sens gverdiT, Tqvens garSemo... Tumca am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi arc ki dgas formaTa garCevis an aRrevis Sesaxeb.

5. Cndeba kiTxva: rogor unda vaswavloT saskolo gramatikaSi is sakiTxi, romlis Sesaxebac samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa? rogor unda avxsnaT viTarebiT brunvaSi micemiTi brunvis niSnis gaCena?

vfiqrobT, normad unda miviRoT `Cem megobrad~, radgan paradigma iseve gaswordeba, rogorc zedsarTavsaxelian msazRvrelTanaa.

1. analogiuri ram ar xdeba sxva SemTxvevaSi. 2. es arRvevs enis sistemas, enis kanons. 3. qarTuli enisaTvis araa aucilebeli piris

nacvalsaxelis gamoyeneba, ase rom aRrevis albaToba metad mcirdeba (Sen megobrad migule _ megobrad migule).

4. Tundac moxdes amgvari aRreva, igi ar iwvevs Sinaarsis bundovanebas (mniSvnelobas ar ganasxvavebs nacvalsaxeli pirisad gaigeba Tu kuTvnilebisad).

5. saskolo gramatikaSi a. SaniZem swored `Cem megobrad~ Sesityveba Seitana, radgan gaWirdeboda axsna imisa, Tu ra aris es s. sruliad gasagebi da advilad asaxsnelia misi gaCena micemiT brunvaSi kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelTan, rasac ver vityviT viTarebiT brunvaze.

6. zepir metyvelebaSi damkvidrebulia swori forma, ratom unda moviTxoviT sxva forma normis saxiT?

7. klasikosTa nawarmoebebSic amave principiT nawarmoebi forma dasturdeba: `damSviddi, mama. Cem valad mimiRia. SegisrulebT.~ (m. javaxiSvili `miwis yivili~).

i n g a s a n i k i Z e

erTi enobrivi principis swavlebis Sesaxeb qarTulSi

qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi procesi xSir SemTxvevaSi TviT iyo garanti qarTuli swormetyvelebisa, radgan literator-gadamwerebi, qveynis

117

mematianeni gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen im uZveles saganZurs, romelsac qarTuli ena ewodeboda. miuxedavad amisa, XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli lingvisturi mecnierebis ganviTarebam enaSi arsebuli bevri sadavo sakiTxis gadaWris saWiroeba warmoSva. Aam sakiTxTa Soris kompozitTa dawerilobis problemac iyo.

Cveni yuradReba da kavSiriT Serwymulma zmnizedebma miipyro. zmnisarTuli mniSvnelobis sityvaTa nawili (igulisxmeba da-kavSiriani zmnizedebi) erTad, e.i. Serwymulad iwereba, nawili ki _ cal-calke.

ismis kiTxva: ra SeiZleba iyos erTi rigis, msgavsi Sinaarsis, arsebiTad erTcnebiani rTuli sityvebis mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli dawerilobis safuZveli? vfiqrobT, rom orgvari dawerilobis ganmsazRvreli maTi erTcnebianoba da orcnebianoba ki ar aris, aramed_ TviT am sityvaTa Sedgeniloba, maTi morfologiuri forma. kerZod, aRmoCnda, rom da kavSiriT Txzuli, reduplicirebuli zmnizedebis is nawili, romelic gaorkecebis SemTxvevaSi ar iyenebs brunvis niSniT warmoqmnil fuZes, maSin erTad daiwereba (xandaxan, sxvadasxva, windawin...) ; xolo da kavSiriT nawarmoebi rTuli zmnizedebi, romelTa calkeuli (zmnizeduri) nawilebi brunvis niSans an nawilaks dairTavs (e.i. brunvis niSniT arian warmoqmnilni) ,cal-calke daiwereba (bolos da bolos, mxolod da mxolod, isev da isev, mainc da mainc...).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom qarTuli enis ganviTarebis uZveles etapze moqmedebiTi brunvis erT-erT saxeobad -iv niSniani brunva unda gvqonoda (ak.SaniZe), romelic Zvelsave qarTulSi ukve naSTis saxiTaa SemorCenili, maSin cxadi xdeba, rom -iv brunvis niSnis kvali unda amovikiTxoT iseT zmnizedebSi, rogorebicaa: ise-Áv da ise-Áv > ise-v da ise-v, kvla-Áv da kvla-Áv >kvla-v da kvla-v, kide-Áv da kide-Áv > kide-v da kide-v.

g i uli S a b a S v il i

qarTuli reklamis enobrivi maxasiaTeblebi

cxovreba 21-e saukuneSi warmoudgenelia reklamis gareSe. Tumca, reklamas safuZveli, dasavleTevropuli qveynebisa da amerikisagan gansxvavebiT, postsabWour

118

saqarTveloSi, mxolod 1990-ian wlebSi eyreba sabazro ekonimikis ganviTarebis paralelurad. Sesbamisad, reklamam farTo gavrcelba pova da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi damkvidrda moRvaweobis axali sfero - reklama da axali tipis teqsti - sareklamo.

reklamis enas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs im funqciur-stilur erTeulebSi, romlebic ganekuTvneba masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs da gaerTianebulia masobrivi komunikaciis meSveobiT. reklamis enis es gansakuTrebuloba ganpirobebulia sakuTriv sareklamo saqmianobis TaviseburebiT. erTi mxriv, mas aqvs komerciuli datvirTva, meore mxriv ki, warmoadgens mravaldonian teqsts, rogorc lingvoaudiovizualur mTlianobas, romelic realizdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. aseTi teqstis mizania miawodos momxmarebels informacia, moaxdinos gavlena adresatis motivirebaze.

sareklamo teqstis Taviseburebas ganapirobebs ramdenime faqtori. igi ar aris calsaxa da mudmivad ukavSrdeba: 1. vizualur gamomsaxvelobiT plans (beWduri reklama - gazeTebi, banerebi, afiSebi, plakatebi da a. S.); 2. audio plans (radio rgolebi); 3. orives erTad: (satelevizio rgolebi, klipebi).

es urTerTmimarTeba organulia, Tumca sareklamo teqstisTvis mas konstruqciuli mniSvneloba aqvs. zemoaRniSnuli elementebis gareSe reklama ubralod ar arsebobs.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT reklamis Taviseburebebsa da misi zegavlenis moxdenis xarisxs, enobrivi normebis dacva aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da saTuTia. ra xdeba am TvalsazrisiT qarTul reklamaSi? enobrivi normebis dacva reklamaSi damokidebulia reklamis xarisxze, Tumca maRalxarisxian reklamaSic gvxvdeba darRvevebi: xaar bali? Tqvens mier daxarjuli dro.... bisivi develofmenT! 10 wliani ganvadeba; garemos Seqmnis 18 wliani tradicia.

reklamaSi saerTod ar gamoiyeneba mZme da wertili. reklamis teqstze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom teqstSi

gamoyenebuli elementebidan (audio, vizualuri da verbaluri) yvelaze efeqturia da yvelaze didi datvirTva modis swored verbalur mxareze, gansakuTrebiT beWdur reklamaSi.

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verbalur teqstSi gamoiyofa sainformacio, Sinaarsobrivi da eqspresiul-emociuri datvirTvis mqone Semdegi komponentebi: 1) ktematoni (berZn.ktema qoneba + onima saxeli) - savaWro niSnis verbaluri komponenti; 2) slogani - mokle lozunti, sareklamo ideis mokle, naTeli, adviladaRsaqmeli formulireba; 3) konentarebi, sadac gavrcobilia ktematonis, brendis, saxelwodebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi lapidaruli (SekumSuli da gamomsaxvelobiTi) maneriT: ramdenime dinamikuri fraza.

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia qarTul reklamaSi arsebuli enobrivi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi: fonetikuri, grafikuli, leqsikuri, morfologiuri, sityvaTwarmoqmna da a. S. naCvenebia, Tu ra msgavsebasa da gansxvavebebs avlens igi ucxour sareklamo teqstebTan. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli reklama TanadaTanobiT ganicdis progress da yalibdeba rogorc damoukidebeli da ganviTarebuli sfero.

r a m a z q u r d a Z e

qarTuli enis kursebi niu-iorkis saxelmwifo

universitetSi stoni-brukSi

2007-2008 saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi fulbraitis saerTaSoriso programis mixedviT miwveuli viyavi niu-iorkis saxelmwifo universitetSi stoni brukSi, sadac profesor alisa harisTan erTad wavikiTxe ori kursi: pirvel semestrSi _ LIN 650: “Fieldmethods and Structure of Georgian” (“savele meTodebi da qarTulis struqtura”). Ees kursi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo aspirantebisaTvis; xolo meore semestrSi _ LIN 431: “Structure of an Uncommonly Taught Language:

Structure of Georgian” (“arazogadadswavlebadi enebi _ qarTulis struqtura”), romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo studentebisaTvis.

aRniSnuli kursebi leqtorebTan erTad moiTxovs muSaobas informantTanac (pirTan, visTvisac qarTuli mSobliuri enaa).

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia am kursebis Sedgeniloba, amocanebi da informantTan studentebis muSaobis Taviseburebani.

n a n a S a vT v al a Z e

qarTuli enis swavleba inglisurenovanTaTvis

120

seria `biliki~, saxelmZRvaneloebi ,,qarTuli ena inglisurenovanTaTvis" enas, pirvel rigSi, funqciuri mniSvnelobiT iyenebs. saxwlmZRvaneloebSi maqsimaluradaa gaTvaliswinebuli studentis winaSe arsebuli siZnele. amitom etapobrivad, martividan rTulisakenaa mimarTuli yovelgvari saxis siaxle TiToeul karSi. yoveli axali zmna mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame piris formiT miewodeba axal sityvebSi mag.: muSaobs; fiqrobs; awevs... meore wignSi ki mesame piris miwodebisas mieniSneba zmniswini frCxilebSi mag.: alagebs (da-); rekavs (da-)... am saxiT miwodeba students exmareba zmnuri warmoebis damaxsovrebaSi. Segnebulad ar vaZlevT Tavidan sawyiss formas. TiToeul karSi gaaqtiurebulia axali zmna sxvadasxva saSualebiTa da xerxiT, rogorc savarjiSoebSi, aseve teqstsa da dialo-gebSi.

pirveli wigni isea agebuli, rom yvela zmnuri forma nel-nelaa miwodebuli. yvelaze xSirad xmarebadi zmnebiT iwyeba. am savaldebulo da aucilebeli zmnebis (yofna, codna, ndoma, qoneba, yola...) Seswavlis Semdeg Semodis sistemis saxiT -ob TemisniSniani zmnebi, mxolod Semdeg -eb, ukve wignis dasasrulisken -av, uTemisniSno da -i TemisniSniani zmnebi. ZiriTadad micemulia –ob TemisniSnian zmnaTa warmoeba, radgan sistemuria. mag.: TamaSobs –iTamaSebs. -ob TemisniSniani 1506 zmna iyenebs momavlis warmoebis am tips (n. SavTvalaZe, ,,qarTulSi Tavisebur zmnaTa Seswavlis istoriis, klasifikaciis, konstruqciisa da swavlebis sakiTxebi,”gv. 37, 1999). am zemoaRniSnul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT Seqmnilia seria ,,bilikis” zmnaTa swavlebis oTxi tipi (ix. wigni I, gv. 326).

The conjugation of

verbs is diveded into four types and

14 parts

I tipi II tipi III tipi IV tipi

#1 --stem-ob #2 --stem-eb #3 --stem-am #4 --stem-av #5 --stem-i #6 --stem-0

#7 m--stem- g--stem- 0,h,s-stem- #8 mi--stem- gi--stem- u--stem-

#9 --stem-ebi #10 -stem-debi #11 i--stem-ebi #12 e--stem-ebi #13 --stem--

#14 irregulars

121

ia am sistemas eyrdnoba Cveni studentic advilad aRiqvams

mocemul masalas. awmyos Semdeg aucileblad miewodeba uwyveteli, radgan

warmoeba advilia da students SesaZlebloba eZleva warsulis formis gamoyenebisa. Semdeg Semodis momavali drois formebi or saxed gamoyofili: 1) -ob TemisniSnianebi i_eb warmoebiT. mag.: cxovrobs – icxovrebs; TamaSobs – iTamaSebs; fiqrobs – ifiqrebs da a.S. 2) zmniswiniani warmoebis. mag.: akeTebs - gaakeTebs; patiJebs - dapatiJebs; amzadebs – moamzadebs da a.S.

momaval dros mosdevs brZanebiTis formebi mag.: gaakeTe; iTamaSe. Mmxolod amis Semdeg vawvdiT wyvetils. bolos miewodeba uwyveteli. uwyvetlis formisTvis samzadisi jer kidev me-7 karidan iwyeba. iq mza formaa miwodebuli. mag.: minda viyido, ginda iyido da a.S. am konstruqcias kvlav vubrundebiT me-10 karSi, sadac yvela naswavl zmnasTan vaaqtiurebT am formis gamoyenebis sxva funqciasac. mag.: minda vicxovro; unda vicxovro. uwyvetels kvlav vubrundebiT sxva funqciiT me-16 karSi. mag.: ar icxovro; dabolos, 24-e karSi uwyveteli am eqvsi funqciiT iSleba maT Tavalwin mag.: minda/ar/SeiZleba/SemiZlia/SeiZleba/unda vicxovro.

20. kari to turn, to stop, to continue

21. kari to ask, to cut, to dye, to trim, to style, to be able

(Aorist) 22. kari to drink, to eat, to set table, to toast, to

congratulate 23. kari to punish, to change, to receive

24. kari to say, to see, to built, to let

play TamaSobs TamaSobda iTamaSebs iTamaSa iTamaSos I #1

play music ukravs ukravda daukravs daukra daukras I #4

prepare amzadebs amzadebda moamzadebs moamzada moamzados I #2

pirvel wignSi ar gvxvdeba vnebiTi gvaris formebi, es

principi sruliad gamiznulad da Segnebuladaa gatare-buli. aq sul aTasi sityvaa miwodebuli, samocdaTormeti zmna, xuTi mwkrivi, Svidive brunva, budobrivad gan-

122

viTarebuli leqsika Sesabamis 24 Temaze. studenti mzadaa warmarTos martivi dialogi da gaikvlios gza Tavisi enobrivi baziT.

es mokled, rac Seexeboda seria `bilikis~ pirveli donis saxelmZRvanelos `qarTuli ena inglisurenovan-TaTvis~ CD-iT.

literaturisa da folkloris seqcia

l a u r a g r i golaS v il i

kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da

mijnebisaTvis

1. qarTuli mwerloba sam umTavres etapadaa dayofili. es etapebia: Zveli, axali, uaxlesi. aRniSnuli klasifikacia literaturaTmcodneTa Soris dRes mraval kiTxvas badebs: ramdenad marTebulia V_XVIII saukuneebis literaturis mTlianad Zvel qarTul mwerlobad miCneva, an misi gamijvna axali da uaxlesi mwerlobisgan? mizanSewonilia Zvel mwerlobaSi sasuliero da saero xasiaTis nakadTa erTmaneTisgan gamoyofa? xom ar unda davubrunoT sasuliero mwerlobas misi funqciuri datvirTvis gamomxatveli termini saeklesio||samRvdelo? sadavod iqca TviT mwerlobis calkeul periodTa mijnebisa da maTi saxeldebis sakiTxic. uaryofil iqna socialur-ekonomikur formaciebTan literaturul procesTa misadagebis tradicia. samagierod gaCnda literaturul periodTa aRmniSvneli axali terminebi: elinizaciis xana, saxismetyvelebiTi (eideturi, eikonuri, sakuTriv saxismetyvelebiTi ...) determinaciebi da a.S. meti kategoriulobiT daismis qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisaTvis evropuli kulturologiuri paradigmebis (renesansi, baroko, manerizmi ...) misadagebis sakiTxi. yvela es kiTxva gansjisken gvibiZgebs. 2. Zveli da axali||uaxlesi mwerlobis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna (rac sulac ar niSnavs maTi erTianobis uaryofas) ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes mxatvruli saazrovno procesis

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ganviTarebis logikas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im fundamentur literaturul-esTetikur da msoflmxedvelobriv princi-pebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs, erTi mxriv, Zvel qarTul mwerlobas, meore mxriv ki, axal da uaxles qarTul mwerlobas. axalisagan gansxvavebiT Zveli mwerlobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msoflmxedvelobrivi simwyobre da mTlianoba, am winamZRvrebze dafuZnebuli koncefcia adamianisa, tradiciis, nimuSis, reglamentis esTetika, Semoqmedis, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis msoflSegrZnebiTi da esTetikuri xedvis sruli Tanxvedra, fabulisa da siuJetis urTierTmimarTebis specifika, realizmis Taviseburi gageba (`Sebrunebuli perspeqtiva~), droisa da sivrcis srulad gansxvavebuli koncepti da sxva. aRniSnuli principebi transformacias Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis wiaRSive ganicdis, rac niadags qmnis axali esTetikuri principebis damkvidrebisaTvis. 3. V-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis Zvel mwerlobad miCneva sruladac ar uSlis xels masSi gamoiyos evropuli literaturuli procesebis Sesatyvisi etapebi evropuli terminebiTve (renesansi, manerizmi, baroko...). swored amgvarad moiazreben rusi medievistebi Zveli rusuli literaturis (IX-XVII s.s.) ganviTarebis process.

el i so k al a n d a r i S v il i

asketizmis principebi qarTul

agiografiaSi

asketizmis elementebi jer kidev mociqulTa epoqaSi dasturdeba, Tumca igi sabolood IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda. eklesia warmoSobiT ufro Zvelia, vidre monazvnoba. qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel aTwleulSi saxarebiseuli moZRvreba mkvidrdeba qristianuli Temis wiaRSi, romelic erTiania da ganuyofeli. wuTisofeli ar aRiqmeba codvisa da cdunebis sadgurad. piriqiT, es is samyaroa, romlis mkvidrTac swamT, rom RvTis nebis gareSe beRurac ki ar kvdeba, adamians Tmis bewvic ar Camouvardeba. zeca da miwa TiTqmis erTiania da ganuyofeli. Tumca II-III aTwleulidan fexs ikidebs miwieri samyaros arasrulyofi-lebis, arasrulfasovnebis aRiarebis tendencia. qris-tianuli Temis wevrebi uars amboben amqveyniur cxovrebaze-

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qonebaze, qorwinebaze, ojaxze. ase yalibdeba sasuliero pirTa ori fena-e.w. ,,TeTri‟‟ da ,,Savi‟‟ samRvdeloeba.

qarTul agiografiaSi srulyofilad aris asaxuli Cvens qveyanaSi asketizmis gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis gza. agiografia mogviTxrobs maTze, vinc ,,dauteva yovelive qristesTvis, aRiRo jvari misi‟‟ da golgoTis gzas daadga, vinc daTmo yvelaferi, rac Zvirfasia mokvdavTaTvis.

sasuliero pirTa ierarqiis saTaveSi TviT macxovari dgas. misi eklesiis wiaRSi safuZveli eyreba morwmuneTa erTobas.

qarTul agiografiaSi asketizmis idealebi mkvidrdeba asureli mamebis misioneruli moRvaweobis Sedegad. agiografi maT ,,xorcis damauZlurebelT‟‟ uwodebs. gan-sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvi-melisa da daviT garejelis asketuri principebi. as-ketizmisaken maT swrafvas isic adasturebs, rom qarTlSi wamosvlamde isini moinaxuleben did mnaTobs, svimeon mesvetes, da misgan locva-kurTxevas miiReben. maTi swavlani da qadagebani bermonazvnuri yofis Taviseburi saxelmZRvane-loa.

qarTul agiografiaSi aRwerilia rogorc martodmyof berTa saxeebi, aseve Zmobis, didi lavrebis Camoyalibebis is-toria. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania tao-klarje-Tisa da aTonis savaneebSi moRvawe berTa asketuri idealebi.

m a k a el b a q i Z e

`vefxistyaosnis~ Janris gansazRvrisaTvis

`vefxistyaosnis~ Janrobriv specifikaze msjelobisas, faqtiurad, yvela mkvlevari eyrdnoba rusTvelis mier prologis me-17 strofSi Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss: “moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad”, romelic Sairobis Teoriis erTgvar Semajamebel debulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. vinaidan prologSi leqsis (poeturi formis teqstis) Sesaxeb aris saubari, `vefxistyaosnis~ TiTqmis yvela mkvlevarma daadastura rusTvelis mier “grZeli leqsis”, anu epikuri Janris upiratesobis aRiareba “cotai” Tu “mcire” leqsTan, anu lirikul JanrTan mimarTebiT. gasarkvevia did epikur formaTagan (epopea, simRera, romani, poema, balada) romels gulisxmobs rusTveli grZel leqsSi.

evropul-amerikuli literaturaTmcodneoba ganarCevs or gansxvavebul Janrs, romelTagan pirvels Seesabameba

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sityva Romance, meores ki _ Novel (ing.), novella (ital.), novela (esp.), nouvelle (frang.). Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, am JanrTagan sakuTriv romels miekuTvneba `vefxistyaosani~.

statiaSi gamokveTilia, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ struqtu-rul-kompoziciuri organizeba, ideur-Tematuri motivebi da kompoziciuri elementebi sakmao msgavsebas amJRavnebs JanrTan, romelsac evropuli da amerikuli literaturaT-mcodneoba Romance-s saxeliT icnobs. miuxedavad amisa, uciloblad unda aRiniSnos, rom vefxistyaosani ar aris Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanis (miT ufro, kurtuazuli literaturis) tipuri nimuSi. TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba mTeli rigi specifikuri mxareebi, romlebic Janris ganviTarebis gacilebiT maRal doneze migvaniSnebs. esenia: vefxis-tyaosnis struqturuli Tavisebureba, personaJTa xatvis rusTveliseuli manera, alegoriuli planis realuri pla-niT Secvla da a.S. am faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom `vefxistyaosani~ Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT aris Suasaukuneebis rainduli romani (Romance), romelic e.w. “gardamavali droSi” (gviandeli Suasaukuneebi/renesansi) ganaxlebuli konstruqciis, gamomsaxvelobiTi formebisa (narativis plastikuroba da mravalplanianoba) Tu koncep-tualuri principebis kvalobaze Janris gradaciis axal etapad, mis maRalganviTarebul formad unda miviCnioT.

n a n a f r u i Z e

akakis `ocneba~

akaki WeSmaritad saxalxo poeti iyo. mas sagangebod iwvevdnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da didi aRtacebiTac xvdebodnen. kaxeTs mgosani samjer estumra. bolo stumroba 1911 wlis 8 ivniss Sedga da mTeli Tve gagrZelda. vizitis msvlelobas aSuqebda `saxalxo gazeTi~.

kaxeTis STabeWdilebebi aisaxa leqsSi `ocneba~, romelic amave 1911 wels calke wignakad gamosca quTaisSi mrewvelma da qvelmoqmedma raJden daTeSiZem. meored leqsi Tavad akakim dabeWda 1913 wels `Cemi nawerebis~ meore tomSi. amis Semdeg arc poetis sicocxleSi da arc misi gadacvalebis Semdeg `ocneba~ aRarasodes dabeWdila. mizezi advili asaxsnelia. leqsi mZafri publicisturi JReradobiT gamoirCeva. masSi wamoWrilia qarTuli miwebis gasxvisebis sakiTxi. poeti miuTiTebs, rom kaxeTi wina

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saukuneebSi, roca umZimesi gansacdelisTvis Tavis garTmeva uWirda, mtris winaSe, SesaZloa, qeds ixrida (`...xanac iniT iRebavdnen wvers~), magram es kompromisi mxolod droebiT xasiaTs atarebda da mxolod fizikuri gadarCenis surviliT ar iyo nakarnaxevi. prioritetuli mniSvneloba mamulis gadarCenas eniWeboda da yvela danarCeni am uzenaesi miznis miRwevas ewireboda. axalma drom axali iaraRi misca mters xelSi _ fuli. akakis azriT, ekonomikur omSi Casabmelad qarTveli kaci moumzadebeli aRmoCnda. swored aman ganapiroba, rom Cveni umTavresi faseuloba _ qarTuli miwa _ erTbaSad ori mtaceblis, rusisa da somxis, sakbilo gaxda (`Ze~ da `Svili~ ganaxevrda vrCebiT `ovebs~ da `iancebs`).

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutma ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-sitetTan erTad daamuSava da dasafinanseblad waradgina akaki wereTlis akademiuri octomeulis sagranto proeqti. aRniSnuli gamocemis meoTxe tomSi leqsi `ocneba~, iseve rogorc Tavis droze cenzuris mier dawunebuli Tu koniuqturuli mosazrebis gamo ugulebelyofili mravali nawarmoebi, samarTlianad daikavebs kuTvnil adgils.

e k a v a r doS v ili

akaki wereTlis erTi leqsis raobisaTvis

ilia WavWavaZis `gandegils~ xSirad adareben e.zolas `abati mures Secodebas~, g. floberis `wminda antonis gansacdels~, lermontovis `mwirs~. qarTul literaturaSi mis analogiad SeiZleba miviCnioT akaki wereTlis leqsi `gandegilia~, leqsis qvesaTauri aseTia: apokrifuli ambavi, rac mimaniSnebelia imisa, rom rogorc ilias `gandegils~, aRniSnul leqssac religiuri siuJeti udevs safuZvlad, romelic rogorc qarTul, aseve msoflio literaturaSic araerTxelaa mxatvrulad xorcSesxmuli. apokrifebad miCneulia bibliis arakanonikuri wignebi, romelTa Seqmnis mizania im xarvezebis amovseba, romlebic bibliuri istoriis gadmocemisas kanonikur wignebs aqvs.

ak. wereTlis leqsis `gandegilias~ siuJeti TiTqmis emTxveva il. WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ siuJets. leqsis fabuluri qarga aseTia: udabnoSi dayudebuli beri sakuTari sulisa da qveynis gadarCenisaTvis loculobs.

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yuradReba unda mivaqcioT or rames: pirveli, gandegili RmerTs qveynis xsnas evedreba da meore, rom saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedria. ufals esma codvilis xma, Seiwira beris samsaxuri, Seismina misadmi aRvlenili locva, ramac boroti Zalebis dapirispireba gamoiwvia. akaki gvixatavs faruli brZolis suraTs, rac TvaliT uxilavia da adamiani mxolod SeigrZnobs. gandegili uZlebs yovelgvar cdunebasa da gasaWirs, Tavisi rwmenis moralisa da zneobis erTguli rCeba, radgan iqve axlos uCinrad dgas gandegilis `mfarvel-mcveli~, `sxivmosili~ qali, romelic Cven SegiZlia RvTismSobelTan gavaigivoT.

RvTismSoblis bibliuri pirvelsaxe aris kibe. kibe, romelic iakobma ZilSi ixila, moaswavebda yovladwminda RvTismSobels, romlisganac iSva qriste. man SeaerTa ca da qveyana, Seariga kaci RmerTTan. meore simbolo RvTismSoblisa aris cecxlis sveti, romelic egviptidan gamosul ebraelebs viTarca Rrublis sveti dRisiT sicxisagan ifaravda, xolo RamiT cecxlis svetad enTo da unaTebda maT gzas. idea, romliTac RvTismSobeli mkvidrdeba qristologiaSi aris idea mfarvelobisa da xsnisa.

ilias `gandegilSi~ RvTismSobeli gevlineba viTarca sulieri mfarveli berisa. niSandoblivia isic, rom sasowarkveTili beri xsnas RvTismSoblisagan moelis, magram yvelgan mwyemsi gogonas saxe elandeba. gandegilis warmodgenaSi RvTismSoblis xatis saxebas Caenacvla aw ukve misTvis idealad qceuli xorcieli silamaze. gogonas silamazeSi man ver dainaxa RvTismSobliseuli sawyisi, am idealis dakargvam gamoiwvia ilias gandegilis tragedia.

ak. wereTlis leqsSi `gandegilia~, beri ar marcxdeba, radgan ar wyvets sulier kavSirs RvTismSobelTan, ideali marad Tan sdevs mas.

m a m u k a W a nt u r a i a

`Savi nislis~ (`janRis~) vaJa-fSavelaseuli

gagebisaTvis

vaJa-fSavelasTan bunebis Cveulebrivi warmonaqmni – nisli – ganixileba rogorc sakuTari Sinaarsis, TviTmyofadobis mqone movlena, ganixileba rogorc

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samyaroSi arsebuli myari kanonis gamovlinebis aucilebeli piroba, rogorc garkveuli fenomeni. mas poetis SemoqmedebaSi ara mxolod logikur-emociuri safuZveli aqvs, aramed magiuri da miTosuri Zalac.

nisls xSirad vaJa pirdapiri, uzualuri mniSvnelobiT iyenebs, rac, cxadia, ar qmnis mxatvrul saxes. vaJasTan `nisli~ gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTacaa naxmari, magram am SemTxvevaSi igi uSualo poeturi warmosaxvisagan Tavs ikavebs da zomier enobriv xatebs gvTavazobs.

magram aris magaliTebi, roca sakiTxi rTulad dgas, radgan aseT dros sityva `nisli~ okazionaluri mniSvnelobiT warmogvidgeba da masSi nagulisxmevi azri, miuxedavad vaJas realisturi xedvisa, zogjer Znelad amosacnobi xdeba. maSasadame, vaJas poeziaSi nislis simbolika ar aris erTsaxovani da myari, igi winaaRmdegobrivi bunebisaa.

vaJas poetur nawerebSi `Savi nisli~ (`janRi~) is Zalaa, weramwerlis (bedismwerlis) nebiT rom moqmedebs, Seur-yvnelia da adamianTa (cocxalTa da gardacvlilTa) bed-iRbals ganagebs. Aasea warmoCenili `Savi nisli~ `stumar-maspinZelSi~. poemis eqspoziciur nawilSi soflis Tavs mZinare nisli Savia, dafiqrebuli saxisaa, am qveynis cota xnis stumaria, xval sxvagan wava, xilul qveyanas uxilavs gaxdis, garemos daabnelebs da a.S. ismis kiTxva: ratomaa `Savi nisli~ aseTi? pasuxi poemis finalSia moqceuli. aq `Savi nisli~ anu `Savi janRi,~ swored im Zalad gvevlineba, weramwerlis nebiT rom moqmedebs da gansvenebulTa bed-iRbals ganagebs. mas veranairi safaneli nirs ver Seucvlis, udreki da Seuvalia.

aseTia `Savi nisli~ (`janRi~) poemebSi: `mTaTa erToba~, `xis beWi~, `uiRblo iRbliani~, leqsSi: `qebaTa-qeba~ (`janRma dafara qveyana~) da sxva. am nawarmoebebSi `Savi nisli~, igive `Savi janRi~ miTosuri funqciis matarebelia, magram vaJasTan miTosuri unda gavigoT ara rogorc raRac legendaruli Cveneba, aramed rogorc esTetikuri Sinaarsis, esTetikuri funqciis mqone sinamdvile, rogorc poeturi saxe.

`Savi nisli~ zogjer simbolodac gvevlineba. poema `svindisSi~ nisli sakacobrio ubedurebis maniSnebelia. igi abelis sisxliTaa gaJRenTili, romelic cad asula da am sisxliT rwyavs qveynierebas.

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dabolos, unda ganvacxadoT, rom vaJasTan `Savi nisli~ anu `Savi janRi,~ raRac zebunebrivi Zala ki ar aris, aramed poetis didostaturi xati-simboloa, romelic mkiTxvelze emociuri zemoqmedebis momxdenia da ara bundovani sulieri agznebis gamomwvevi mistikuri movlena.

i a m z e g a g u a

orfevsis miTi da misi mxatvruli asaxva ovidiusis

“metamorfozebSi”

legendaruli momRerlis, orfevsis saxeli, romelic Tavisi jadosnuri xmiT atyvevebda suliersa da usulo arsebebs, ukavSirdeba apolons _ musikis, xelovnebis, medicinis, sinaTlis RmerTs, romlis taZari kunZul delfoze mdebareobda. aqve scemdnen Tayvans dionises, romelic moiazreba rogorc brma eqstazis RvTaeba.

strabonis cnobiT, bakhanaliebi da saferxulo cekvebi orive RmerTis pativsacemad imarTeboda. filosofiur literaturaSi aris mosazreba apolonisa da dionises igiveobaze. SemdgomSi es ori RmerTi (maTi gmirebi) upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. es aRiqmeba rogorc brZola qaossa da kosmoss, wesrigsa da uwesrigobas, sinaTlesa da sibneles Soris.

Zveli berZenis warmodgeniT, qaosidan warmoSobili kosmosi, kvlav SeiZleba qaosad iqces. es aris mudmivi brZolis procesi. apolonisa da dionises brZola aris amave dros maTi sinTezi, gaerTianeba.

orfevsis dagleja menadebis (dionises msaxur qalTa) mier, romelic moTxrobili aqvs ovidiuss “metamorfozebSi,” aris dionises SurisZieba apolonis msaxurze, stiqiuri uwesrigobis orfevsis mier mowesrigebul, harmoniul samyaroSi SeRweva. es naTlad aris miniSnebuli “metamorfozebSi”. orfevsis wreSi gaerTianebul arsebebs ovidiusi moixseniebs terminiT “attonitas,” rac zeaRmatebul, egzaltirebuls niSnavs, e.i. orfevssac aqvs is Zala, rac dionises, magram misi mxleblebi emorCilebian musikis harmonias, wesrigs. am simSvides arRveven menadebi, romelTac Semdgom dionise dasjis da mcenareebad gardasaxavs.

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n a n a to n i a

antikuri msoflaRqmis gagebisaTvis

berZenTa msoflaRqma iyo ara mxolod optimisturi, aramed tragikulic. ukiduresad ganzogadebuli da universaluri saxeebiT berZnuli esTetikuri cnobiereba cdilobda gaeazrebina samyaro mTeli Tavisi urTierT-dapirispirebuli mTlianobiT. daZabuli wonasworoba, rome-lic arsebobda mowesrigebul, naTel kosmossa (romelic TiTqos ori ganzomilebiT iyo Seqmnili _ olimpieli Rmer-TebiTa da adamianis gonebiT) da mouwesrigebel, qaotur miwier samyaros Soris, ganapirobebda adamianuri azrovnebis ZiriTad Taviseburebas _ heroikuli gamarjvebisadmi swrafvas sakuTari bedis tragizmis SegrZnebiT. swored es iyo safuZveli im “tragikuli optimizmisa”, romelic esodeni ubraloebiT aisaxa Zveli berZnuli xelovnebis didebul nimuSebSi, iqneba es arqiteqtura, plastika Tu literatura. berZnul plastikaSi maRali xelovnebiT warmoCenili Sinagani heroikuli daZabulobis, faruli dramatizmis gasagebad unda mivmarToT Zvel avtorTa im po-etur Tu filosofiur Txzulebebs, romlebSic Cans arsi an-tikuri msoflaRqmisa.

moxsenebaSi yuradRebas gavamaxvileb iseT umTavres kategoriebze, rogorebic aris: a) tragikuli kaTarsisi; b) humanizmi; g) arCevanis Tavisufleba; d) zomierebis grZnoba; e) bednierebis gancda; v) agonisturi miswrafebebi; z) siyvarulis fenomeni; T) folkloruli sawyisi.

berZnul poeziaSi esodeni uSualobiTa da umaRlesi xelovnebiT asaxuli elinTa msoflmxedvelobrivi prin-cipebis es zogadi analizic ki Cven win STambeWdavi ZaliT warmoaCens Zveli berZenis grZnobadi samyaros arss, misi gancdebisa da miswrafebebis sulier-zneobriv fenomenebs. es saSualebas gvaZlevs gavTavisufldeT antikurobis idealizebuli interpretaciisagan, SevigrZnoT is konteqsti, romlis fonzec warmodgenilni arian antikuri plastikis udidesi Sinagani sulierebiT aRWurvili saxeebi, iqnebian eseni daxvewili, mSvidi korebi; mkacri, vaJkacuri kurosebi Tu klasikis periodis statuarul jgufebsa an fron-tonebze warmosaxuli, daZabuli, uzarmazari cxovrebiseuli energiiT aRsavse figurebi.

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q e T e v a n n a d a r e i S v il i

evripides `ifigenia avlisSi~ _ qali sazogadoebis

samsaxurSi

1. cnobilia, rom klasikur aTenSi Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebSi demokratiuli aTenis mier gatarebulma ideologiurma kursma qalebis legaluri da kulturuli daqvemdebareba gamoiwvia, rac aTenuri demokratiis erT-erT umTavres paradoqsadaa miCneuli. sqesTa mimarT gatarebul radikalur politikas Sedegad sdevda sqesTa ukiduresi diqotomizacia _ mamrobiTi sqesi upirobod sazogados, mdedrobiTi ki _ privatul sivrces miakuTvnes. es ki imas niSnavda, rom aTeneli qali iyo sakmaod SezRuduli samoqalaqo uflebebis mqone moqalaqe. mas ar SeeZlo daswreboda saxalxo krebas, anda monawileoba mieRo kenWisyraSi, igi ver daikavebda raime samoqalaqo Tanamdebobas. sajaro sivrceSi misi monawileoba religiuri kultmsaxurebis sferoTi Semoifargleboda.

2. amgvari uuflebobis paralelurad berZnul dramaSi, kerZod tragediaSi, qalebi Zlieri pirovnebebi, RirsSesaniSnavi mxatvruli saxeebi arian, romlebic metwilad warmarTaven konfliqtebs da romlebic xSirad iWrebian sazogado sivrceSi, Tumca kanonmdebloba, kulturuli ideali da norma yovelmxriv abrkolebda sazogado sivrceSi qalTa aqtivobas.

ra SeiZleba am konteqstSi iTqvas sazogado sivrceSi tragediis qali gmiris moqmedebis Taobaze?

sazogado sivrceSi qalis Sesvlas / SeWras (SeWra am SemTxvevaSi ufro zustad gamoxatavs am fenomens) umetesad uaryofiTi Sedegi sdevs Tan. sazogado sivrceSi qalis SeWris erT klasikur magaliTSi _ `oresteas~ klitemnestras SemTxvevaSi _ qali anadgurebs ojaxs, xelT igdebs xelisuflebas, amyarebs tiranias da CixSi Sehyavs sazogadoebis ganviTareba. meore aseve klasikur magaliTSi _ antigones SemTxvevaSi _ qali, romelic aRasrulebs naTesavis winaSe umaRles valdebulebas da gamodis tiranis winaaRmdeg, imarjvebs moralurad, Tumca marcxdeba fizikurad (samudamo patimrobamisjili, igi sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT amTavrebs).

3. evripides tragediis `ifigenia avlisSi~ gmiri qali _ ifigenia, SeiZleba iTqvas, am mxriv gamonakliss warmoadgens. misi personaJi cocxali magaliTia imisa, Tu rogori

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keTilismyofeli SeiZleba iyos qalis moqmedeba sazogadoebis interesebisaTvis.

4. moxsenebaSi etapobrivadaa ganxiluli ifigenias personaJis fsiqologiuri samyaro, misi damokidebuleba sajaro da saojaxo sivrceebisadmi, gaanalizebulia ifigeniaSi momxdari faseulobaTa cvlileba da am cvlilebebis motivebi. qalisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo ifigenias bolo sityvaa. esqiles ifigeniasgan gansxvavebiT, evripides ifigenia martvili sakuTari nebiT xdeba _ igi aucileblobas pirovnul survilad gardaqmnis _ rac unda moxdes, igi Tavis nebad acxadebs. sikvdilis win ifigenia CamoTvlis Tavis umTavres faseulobebs: individualur sicocxleze win moqalaqeTa erTobis dayenebis aucileblobas, mamakacis sicocxlis ufro mniSvnelovanebas qalis sicocxleze; RmerTebis nebis upiratesobas adamianTa survilebze; elinebis mier barbarosebis marTvis aucileblobas. es Rirebulebebi _ erToba, elada, sxvebze zrunva _ zrdasruli mamakacis faseulobebia. amasTan, ifigenia aris piesis erTaderTi personaJi, romelsac sulSi pirovnuli wesrigi aqvs _ is siqvele, romelsac tragediis qoro mamakacis srulyofilebisaTvis aucilebel siqveled miiCnevs.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva _ xom ar xdeba ifigenias personaJSi misi genderuli rolis inversia, anu xom ar xdeba misi e.w. `gamamakacureba~?

vfiqrobT, calmxrivi pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze swori ar unda iyos. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba vilaparakoT genderuli rolis garkveul inversiaze, Tumca, meore mxriv, ifigenias SeiZleba idealuri qali vuwodoT. ifigenias SemTxveva gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa. ifigenia aris qali, romelic sazogado sivrceSi religiuri institutis _ msxverplSewirvis institutis – meSveobiT moqmedebs. qali ki Cveuli iyo am sivrceSi moRvaweobas. Sesabamisad, qali personaJis qmedeba, romelic sazogado sivrceSi religiis kuTxiT iRwvis, keTilismyofelia sazogadoebisTvis. ifigenias marTebuli qmedeba xorcs asxams qalSi arsebul im potencials, romelic sazogadoebam zogadad Tavisi interesebisTvis SeiZleba erTob warmatebiT gamoiyenos.

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m a r i n a b a k u r a Z e

TuSuri ,,xmiT natirlebis„‟ leqsika

saqarTvelos istoriulma yofam, patara qveyanaze didi da mcire tomebis gamudmebulma Tavdasxmebma ganapiroba gmirobis idealizacia. warsulSi saqarTvelos mTaSi vaJkacuri energiis gamovlinebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi iyo Seqmnili. mTiel vaJTa momxdurebTan gmiruli SebrZolebis ara erTi da ori faqti gamxdara poeturi Semoqmedebis wyaro. maTSi Seqebuli iyo gamorCeuli Tavdadeba, brZolis Jini da unari. erTi mxriv, vaJebis amgvarma qmedebam da, meore mxriv, mTqmelTa ambisadmi damokidebulebam ara marto sagmiro poezia Seqmna, aramed safuZveli Cauyara vaJkacobis ideilis kodeqsis Camoyalibebas.

,,kai ymis‟‟ fSavxevsuruli kodeqsis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi Tanabrad vrceldeboda saqarTvelos mTianeTis uklebliv yovel kuTxeze. TuSur sagmiro poeziaSic, sxva regionebis msgavsad, vaJkacis saxeliT is adamianebi moixseniebodnen, vinc pirveli Sedioda omSi da bolo tovebda brZolis vels. TuSur poeziaSi vaJebis mimarT naxmari epiTetebidan unda gamovyoT Semdegi: vefxvi, mgeli, qori, Sevardeni da sxv.

saqarTvelos mTianeTisa da, maT Soris, TuSuri tradiciis mixedviT, xmiT datirebas imsaxurebdnen iseTi vaJkacebi, romelTac Tavdauzogavad icodnen mterTan Sebma. lekebsa da qistebTan TuSTa brZolis Temaze Seqmnili sagmiro leqsebisa da ,,xmiT natirlebis‟‟ SedarebiTma Seswavlam gaarkvia, rom sxvadasxva mTqmelTa repertuarSi calke sagmiro leqsebisa da calke ,,xmiT natirlebis‟‟ mTqmelebi erTi saerTo leqsikiT sargeblobdnen:

,,daiZinea, xaro, daiZinea, vin gauZRveba mekopars qisteTSia,

vin SeaCoCqolebs sajixveebs, vin gauwevs qvriv-oblebs patronobas,

vin moitans sxva adgilebSi damrCal mkvdrebs, romlebic Tavis miwas miabare.‟‟

am faqts erTi axsna aqvs: cocxali gmiris saqebrad moZebnili sityvebi, maTi Rirsebebis warmosaCenad napovni epiTetebi da Sedarebebi vaJis sikvdilis Semdegac Zveleburad amkoben pirovnebas.

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msgavsi leqsikuri erTeulebis gamoyenebis miuxedavad, sagmiro leqsisa da ,,xmiT natiralis‟‟ gansxvavebuloba xelSesaxebia. es, pirvel rigSi, maTi daniSnulebiTa da Sesrulebis wesiTaa ganpirobebuli. msgavsi leqsikuri erTeulebi maJorulad JRers. qebiT sagmiro leqsebSi, ,,xmiT natirlebSi‟‟ ki gvrinviT Sesrulebis gamo, igive sityvebi sxva toniTa da ritmiT warmoiTqmebian da TiTqos nacnobni, axlebur JReradobas iZenen.

x vT i so m a m i s i m e d i S v il i

sakulto teqstebis Janruli da ritualuri

Tavisebureba

sakulto teqstebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba folkloris sxva Janrebisgan. zepirsityvier fondSi sakulto teqstebs, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT, aqvs Tavisi kuTvnili adgili.

sakulto-ritualuri teqstebi aRevlineba jvris TiToeuli ymis cxovrebis yvela gardamtex momentSi, dabadebidan sikvdilamde. xucobani, RvTisadmi gandobili es verbaluri teqstebi, gaismis ymis, rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis wevris, cxovrebis yvela mniSvnelovan epizodSi.

sakulto teqstebis specifikuri niSania sakraluroba, rac mas arsebiTad ganasxvavebs zepirsityvierebis sxva Janrebisgan. sakraluroba sZens am unikalur zepir Zeglebs TviTmyofadobasa da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas.

sakulto teqstebi, rogorc wesi, sruldeba religiur dResaswaulze, ojaxis axali wevris dabadebis aRsaniSnav zeimze, vaJiSvilis jvarSi gayvanis, anu `axalwulebis~ sociumTan ziarebis ritualze. xucobani gaismis jvarSi daficvis, damnaSavis darisxebisa da Temisgan mokveTis ritualze, nefe-dedoflis dalocvisas. sakulto teqstebs warmoTqvamdnen salaSqrod gamgzavrebis win. sulis xucoba Tan axlavs dakrZalvis rituals da a. S.

sakulto teqstebis maxsovarni, mcodneni, Semnaxvelni da matarebelni xuces-xevisbrebi arian. marTalia, sakulto teqstebis codnas mxolod sazogadoebis viwro wre inaxavs, magram is mTlianad gamoxatavs mTeli tradiciuli Temis

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msoflgancdas, rwmenas, damokidebulebas jvar-xatebTan. am gagebiT sakulto teqstebi koleqtiuri cnobierebis gamomxatvelia.

zepirsityvierebis sxva Janrebisgan sakulto teqstebi gansxvavdeba enobrivi da leqsikuri TaviseburebebiT. kerZod, sakulto teqstebSi gamoyenebulia `jvarT enis~ leqsika.

sakulto zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi, rogorc sakraluri teqstebi, gansakuTrebul kanonikurobas amJRavneben formisa da struqturis TvalsazrisiT.

iseve rogorc Selocvebsa da xmiT natirlebSi, sakulto teqstebSic gamoyenebulia mimarTvis forma. mimar-Tvis forma damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTadad iseTi teq-stebisTvis, romlebic ritualis TanxlebiT sruldeba.

is dRe, rodesac sruldeba jvar-xatTa sakraluri ri-tuali, sruliad gansxvavdeba saymos yoveldRiuri cxov-rebisgan. im dRes kidev erTxel `namdvildeba~ saymos andrezuli xana. saymo eziareba jvar-xatTa SemoqmedebiTi nayofis gameorebas, sruldeba jvaris `gamoxmoba~, RvTis-Svili awmyoSi ecxadebaT da jvaris sadideblad mosuli xalxi misi Tanamedrove xdeba. amdenad, saymo ritualurad am dRes cxovrobs ara istoriul, aramed arqetipul droSi, roca movlenebi pirvelad moxda, roca jvarma daikava Tavisi sabrZanisi da Seqmna Tavisi saymo-sazogadoeba. jvar-xatebisadmi aRvlenil sakralur ritualSi gamosWvivis saymos survili, daSordes yoveldRiurobas, kvlav Sexvdes Tavis mfarvel RvTisSvils, kvlav gaacocxlos andrezuli warsuli, romelic maTTvis Zvirfasi, saTayvanebeli da mniSvnelovania. ritualis dros mTeli saymo ganaxlebulia. m. eliades sityvebiT, `igi kvlav agnebs Tavis `saTaveebs~, is kvlav cxovrobs Tavis `sawyisebSi~. amrigad, rituali, rogorc Zvirfas ganZs, ise icavs saymos andrezul kulturas.

t r i st a n m a x a u r i

qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro balada `bloel berdia da

xirCla~

balada orTabrZolis motivzea agebuli, poetur teqstTan dakavSirebuli gadmocemebis mixedviT irkveva gmirTa vinaoba: erTia bloeli berdia mamakauri da meore _

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xevsureTSi saxelganTqmuli gmiri xirCla baburauli. isini XVII saukunis realuri gmirebi arian.

balada gvauwyebs, rom sanes jvris dReobaze, sadac mTeli xevsureTi iyrida Tavs, gmirebs SuRli CamovardniaT. oriode sityviT aris naTqvami SuRlis Sesaxeb:

`Camovardnia sityvai winandels mterobazeda~. gadmocemebis Seswavlis Sedegad cxadi xdeba

`winandeli mtrobis~ mizezic _ `orive kai biWebi iyvnen da erTmaneTs saxels ecilebodnen~ (Tedo razikaSvili).

baladaSi CarTulia dialogebi, rac ufro amZafrebs saomar situacias.

berdia mamakauri orTabrZolaSi gaiwvees xirCla baburauls da gamaRizianebeli sityvebiT mimarTavs:

`verca Samogxvdi gzazeda, es Cemi mokle franguli ver vapriale Senzeda.~

xirCla met simSvides iCens da gamomwvevs urCevs, amjerad Tavi Seikavos, radganac igi xirClas stumaria da stumarTan maspinZlis Serkineba xevsuruli adaTis mixedviT ar egebis. zepirgadmocemebi imis Sesaxebac mogviTxroben, Tu ratom iTvleba xirCla maspinZlad, xolo berdia _ stumrad.

orive gmiris SebrZoleba maSin iqneba samarTliani, roca isini `sasworos gzaze~, e.i. neitralur adgilas, Tanabar pirobebSi Seerkinebian erTurTs. xirClas erTi SexedviT mSvid pasuxSi gmiris Tavmoyvareobisa da siamayis grZnobac gamosWvivis:

`sxvas vervis uTamaSebav xmali xirClais tanzeda.~ baladis finali imas gvauwyebs, rom moSuRlar

vaJkacebs Soris jvris ymani Cadgnen da moqiSpeni gaazaves, saziaro tabla daudges da win `ileTiani mefandureni~ dauyenes, romlebic, ueWvelia, gmirobisa da vaJkacobisas umRerebdnen. aq uTuod igulisxmeba, rom ymaTa gamSveleblad jvari Cadga. amgvari mSvidobiani dasasruliT `bloel berdia da xirCla~ mkveTrad gansxvavdeba orTabrZolis motivze Seqmnili tragikuli baladebisagan.

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Te i m u r az q u r dov a n i Z e

xalxuri leqsis `xekorZulas wyali misvams~

warmomavlobisaTvis

saqarTveloSi popularul leqss `xekorZulas wyali misvams, mcxeTa ise amigia, damiWires, xeli momWres, ratom kargi agigia~ realur elfers sZens toponimi mcxeTa da hidronimi xekorZula. es mdinare marTlac moedineba mcxeTis maxloblad. rac Seexeba mcxeTas, mTqmeli, leqsis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, arc mTlianad dabas gulisxmobs da arc masSi arsebul samTavros, romelic sveticxovelis periodSi (XI sauk. I naxevari) aris aSenebuli, radgan naxsenebi xelis moWris motivi sveticxovelTan aris dakavSirebuli. am motivsac aqvs realuri safuZveli _ sveticxovlis CrdiloeT kedelze gamoqandakebulia kacis moWrili xeli gonioTi. es leqsi garkveulwilad epitafias gvagonebs, radgan am Janris kvalobaze masSi gamoTqmulia jer sinanuli mSeneblis Rvawlis daufaseblobisa da mere wuxili `jildos~ _ marjvenis moWris _ gamo. msmenlis yuradRebac maTzea fokusirebuli, rac ufro naTlad sveticxovelze arsebul prozaul gadmocemaSi ikiTxeba.

leqsic da legendac samecniero interesis sagnad XIX saukunis bolos iqca da mis Sesaxeb cnobili iyo Semdegi: `sveticxovlis taZris CrdiloeT kedelze, _ wers Tedo Jordania, _ gamoqandakebulia moWrili xeli kacisa, romelsac uWiravs g o n i o (e.i. sworis kuTxis sakalatozo iaraRi), kalatoz-arqiteqtorobis simbolo, romelsac oriv mxares warwera aqvs... `xeli monisa ars kostantinesi, raTa SeundoT~ (qronikebi..., I, 1892, gv. 175).

Tedo Jordania marTebulad xsnis kedelze gamoqandakebuli kacis moWrili xelis mniSvnelobas Tqmulebis warmoSobisaTvis. unda gavixsenoT, rom miTologiasa da folklorisaTvis ucxo ar iyo zRvis (mdinaris) sanapiros silaze an kldeebze raRac kvalisa da naCxapnebis, caze RrubelTa moZraobaSi xilviT Seqmnili warmodgenis, fantaziiT sagnis meore sagnisTvis mimsgavsebis Sedegad martivi sityvieri teqstis Seqmnis magaliTebi. Cans, msgavsi praqtika Semdgomac grZeldeboda. Tedo Jordania wers: `albaT am moWril xelis qandakman dahbada xalxSi Tqmuleba, viTom samTavros maSenebelis xuroT-moZRvris mowafem mcxeTa aaSenao. es SeSurdao maswavlebels, gavlenian pirs da kadniers mowafes xeli

138

mosWreso~ (iqve). mecnieri am mosazrebis materialur dadasturebazec saubrobs: `...Crdilo kedelze sxva qandakic ipoveba, romelic amasve afiqrebinebs kacsa: gamoqandakebulia ori kaci, erTi mxiaruli, qarTul CoxaSi, xolo meore ucxo tansacmelSi, mwuxared pirdaRebuli, cudad Cacmuli, pirisaxiT ufro sparss waagavs. nu Tu es simbolo ar aris imisa, rom ukanasknelis (ucxoel kacis) qarTvels Segirds pirvelisTvis ujobnia~ (iqve).

Tedo Jordanias mier sworad aris danaxuli legendis warmoSobis gza. xalxuri mTqmeli xedavs imas, rac zedapirze devs. ori sxvadasxvagvarad gamomzirali mamakacisa da moWrili marjvenis mxilvelis gonebaSi bunebrivad ibadeba SurisZiebis motivacia da legendac iqmneba. Znelia imis Tqma, rodindelia leqsi an legenda, magram Zveli motivi (mklavis moWra) rom gviandel motivaciasTan Tanacxovrobs CvenTvis es aSkaraa.

gavixsenoT, rom folkloristikaSi cnobilia Zveli droidan momdinare rwmena mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli xelovnebis `saidumloebebis~ Sesaxeb.

2

es rwmena gansakuTrebiT SuasaukuneebSi aRorZinda

qalaqmSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT da `samSeneblo msxver-plis~ saxeli hqvia.

`samSeneblo msxverplis~ rituali warmarTobis droidan momdinare animistur rwmenaze iyo dafuZnebuli da mSeneblobisaTvis teritoriis dakavebis uflebis mosapoveblad `miwis batonisaTvis~ (Cveni `adgilis deda~) adamianis msxverplad Sewirvas iTvaliswinebda (msxverpl-Sewirvis zogadi formis msgavsad, mogvianebiT am ritualSic adamiani cxoveliT Seicvala). uZvelesi rwmenis damcvelebs sjerodaT, rom Sewiruli suli imier qveyanaSic Sewirvis adgilze ganagrZobda cxovrebas da nagebobis mfarveli suli xdeboda. igi uzrunvelyofda Senobis myarad dgomas (gavixsenoT legendebi `suramis cixis~, siRnaRis kedlisa da sxvaTa agebis Sesaxeb. am konteqstSi interesmoklebulad ar gveCveneba istoriulad cnobili faqtebi: sveticxovelis saxeliT cnobili mirianiseuli xis eklesia da gorgasliseuli qviTkiris eklesia melqisedek

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pirvelis moRvaweobis periodSi mesamed agebamde (XI sauk. I naxevari) orjer iyo dangreuli).

Tavad msxverplis Sewirvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formebis (adamianis saZirkvelSi Cayoleba, msxverplis sisxliT saZirkvlis kuTxis morwyva, kedelSi cocxlad Cakirva) paralelurad dasaSvebi iyo variantebic (sxeulis nawilebis mokveTa), radgan moqmedebda principi: nawili = mTels.

arsukiZis sveticxovelisTvis msxerplad Sewirva, leqsisa da legendis mixedviT, taZris aSenebis Semdeg momxdara. `bibliis~ apokrifuli wignebis Tanaxmad, uZve-lesi rwmenis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli rituali aseve mSeneblobis dasrulebisas aRasrules da Tavis agebul ierusalimis taZars Seswires xirami. qarTveli xuroT-moZRvrisTvis marjvenis mokveTa msxverplSewirvis ritualis Sesrulebis tolfasad unda miviCnioT. imave rwmenaze dayrdnobiT Cveni Zvelebi ityodnen: sisxli daiTxia da miwis mfarveli suli daSoSmindao.

orive dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi, legendebis mixedviT, ostatebis msxverplSewirvis motivacia sxvadasxva Sinaarsis SurisZiebaa. amasTan SedarebiT, udaod ufro Zvelia am ritualis warmomSobi rwmena _ Sewiruli nagebobis simyaris garantia xdeboda. am dros prioritetuli iyo koleqtivis interesis (saukuneTa gamZle taZris ageba) dacva da is uTuod sruldeboda.

Cveni azriT, leqsi `xekorZulas wyali misvams...~ uZveles rwmenaze dafuZnebul rituals unda asaxavdes. nagebobisTvis msxverplSewirvis rituali (Tumca formaSec-vlili), magram mainc gamZle gamodga. ritualis amxsneli ambavi ki yovel axal dros, SesaZloa, axali SinaarsiT SeevsoT. sveticxovlis ostatTan dakavSirebuli rituali moWrili marjvenis qandakebam Semoinaxa, xolo legendis motivaciam gaabundovna ritualis pirvelsafuZveli, rac ucxo ar aris folkloris, rogorc zepirsityvieri SemoqmedebisTvis.

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T a m a r S a r a b i Z e

zRaprul personaJTa gamoxatvis xerxebi vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebaSi

vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi realur personaJTa gverdiT Tanaarseboben zRapruli arsebebi. maT iseTive funqcia da mniSvneloba eniWebaT, rogorc realur personaJebs, magram maTi gamoxatvis xerxebi ramdenadme gansxvavdeba realur arsebaTa gamoxatvis xerxebisagan. zRapruli personaJebi vaJas SemoqmedebaSi Tavis mxriv iyofa miwier da aramiwier arsebebad. miwieri arsebebi arian devebi, Winkebi, aseve miTologiuri panTeonis gmirebi _ amirani, kopala. aramiwier arsebebad moiazreba RvTisSvilebi, angelozebi, ukve gardacvlil adamianTa sulebi. ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxvagvaria maTi gamoxatvis xerxebi. zRapruli, magram miwieri personaJebi realurad arseboben mTielTa warmosaxvaSi. maTi aRweriT poeti ar ityvis axals, amitom ZiriTadad isini moiazrebian mxolod sulieri TvalsazrisiT da romelime, epiTetad qceuli, garegnuli detaliT. mag., devi aris `Savnabdiani~. is borotebis, antireligiurobis simboloa; arsebobs imisTvis, rom Seacdinos adamiani. devis es funqcia yvelaze mkveTrad gamoixata poema `eTerSi~, `stumarmaspinZelsa~ da leqsSi `devebis qorwili~. `stumarmaspinZelSi~ devis aRwerac gveZleva, romelsac specialuri funqcia aqvs da amiT personaJi viTomda aZlierebs Tavisi monaTxrobis realurobas, sinamdvileSi ki badebs eWvs, adasturebs, rom aRwerili monagonia (`devs garda, sxva ram saqmea kideva~,_ ar ayovnebs qmris pasuxic.). vaJa ar iZleva zRaprul arsebaTa aRweras, radgan maTi stereotipi erTnairi unda iyos. isini siuJeturi xazis ganviTarebasa da nawarmoebis arsis warmoCenas emsaxurebian. devi uSnoa, didi da boroti, ali lamazia, magram macduri. miTologiuri panTeonis gmirebs damaxasiaTebeli niSniTa da moqmedebiT amovicnobT. kopalas laxti uWiravs da devebs dasdevs, amirani ki kldezea mijaWvuli da Zal-Rones ikrebs jaWvis gasawyvetad. zRaprul aramiwier arsebebs vaJas SemoqmedebaSi mze buravT an nisli. isini `sanaxavs~ advilad efarebian da maTi danaxva mxolod gulis TvaliT xdeba SesaZlebeli. kaxeTis gadasarCenad mimavali, qveynis siyvaruliT Sekruli jari sxvadasxva saxiT xedavs laSaris wminda giorgis, romelic lurjazea amxedrebuli da garegnoba ki ar

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warmoaCens mas, aramed _ lurja. nisli efareba ukve gardacvlil, mTaze amaRlebul megobarTa sulebs. realuri xedva uZluria maT dasanaxavad. aramiwieri arsebaa poetis satrfoc. mas ciuri arsebis saxe aqvs, aRavsebs poets da SemoqmedebiT unars aniWebs. satrfo vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi madlis simbolod gvevlineba (`qebaTa-qeba~, `ocneba~, `moCveneba~). aramiwier arsebaTa garegnobis gareSe warmodgena ufro metad uwyobs xels, rom mkiTxvelma isini ganazogados, maTi moqmedebis gaanalizeba ki nawarmoebis arsis gagebas daukavSiros.

oT ar b a q a n i Z e

CaSlili iubile da ukrainelebis adresi

1897 wels ilia WavWavaZis samwerlo moRvaweobis ormoci da dabadebidan samoci weli sruldeboda. saqar-Tvelos sazogadoebam saiubileo dResaswaulis mowyoba ganizraxa.

caristuli xelisufleba SeSfoTebuli adevnebda Tvals saiubileo samzadiss. mefis xelisuflebis mesveurebi grZnobdnen, rom ilia WavWavaZis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT mosalodneli iyo sazogadoebrivi azris gamococxleba da im mimarTulebiT amoZraveba, romelic xelisuflebisaTvis ar iqneboda kargis momaswavebeli. xelisufleba yovelna-irad cdilobda, rom ar daeSva iubiles gamarTva, xalxis sazeimo Sekreba. ilia WavWavaZis iubile CaSales mefis moxeleebma.

amgvari devnis viTarebaSi qarTvel xalxs, rogorc yovelTvis, gverdSi amoudgnen ukraineli TanamoZmeni. maT ukraineli xalxis saxeliT saqarTveloSi sagangebo delegacia gamoagzavnes, romelmac sayvarel mwerals ilia WavWavaZes adresi miarTva.

ukrainelebi miesalmen im xalxs, romelic ibrZvis Tavisuflebisa da ukeTesi momavlisaTvis.

adresSi naTqvami iyo, rom saqarTvelo iziarebs ukrainelebis mware xvedrs, rusuli caristuli reJimis sisastikiT itanjeba, ewameba ise, rogorc kavkasiis mTebze mijaWvuli promeTe. magram Soreul moZmeebs is axarebT, rom rogorc promeTe ar SeuSinda tanjvas, ise ar Sedrka

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qarTveli xalxi, sulTamxuTavebma ver Seborkes misi cocxali suli, cocxali sityva.

ukrainuli literaturis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi ilia WavWavaZes eris saxelovan Svilad Tvlian. maTi azriT, ilia WavWavaZes sapatio adgili ukavia qarTveli xalxis sulier kulturaSi, da ara marto mSobliuri xalxisa. gamoCenilma ukrainelma moRvaweebma aRniSnes, rom qarTveli mwerlis Semoqmedebam, misma didebam gadalaxa kavkasiis mwvervalebi da ukraineli mkiTxveli daatyveva.

adresis erT-erTi iniciatori iyo ukrainuli literaturis klasikosi mixailo kociubinski da masTan erTad gamoCenili poeti boris grinCenko, poeti-satirikosi volodimir samiilenko, prozaikosi da mTargmneli maria zagirna, mwerali da publicisti a. rusovi da sxv.

n a n a g a f r i n d a S v il i

`axali” tipisMmsoflio literatura da globalizacia

msoflio literatura SedarebiT literaturaTmcod-neobaSi erT-erTi sakvanZo terminia, romlis gareSe SeuZ-lebelia im urTules problemebSi garkveva, romlebsac literaturuli komparativistika Seiswavlis. termins metad saintereso istoria aqvs. rogorc cnobilia, misi avtori goeTea. igi amtkicebda, rom erovnuli literaturebi gamoxataven adamianis arsebobis gansxvavebul formebs, mxatvruli warmodgenebi unda aRqmuliyo garkveul mTlianobaSi da maSin literatura gamosaxavda mTel msoflios. XIX saukunidan moyolebuli mecnierebi termin “msoflio literaturaSi” gansxvavebul Sinaarss debdnen.

dRevandelma viTarebam SedarebiTi literaturaT-mcodneoba erTxel kidev daafiqra msoflio loteraturis cnebis arsze, rac didad aris ganpirobebuli globalizaciiTa da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebiT.

globalizaciam, romelic met-naklebad yvela isto-riuli epoqisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, dRes arnaxuli masStabebi SeiZina da evrocentrizmisa da amerikacentrizmis niSniT ganviTarda. Gglobalizaciis masStabebis aseT zrdas didad Seuwyo xeli eleqtronuli mediis ganiTarebam.

axalma mediam da globalizaciam daaCqara nebismieri informaciis, maT Soris mxatvruli informaciis, gacvlac, e.i. ufro intensiuri gaxada literaturuli urTierTobebi. Maxali mediasaSualebebiT xdeba mxatvrul-esTetikuri

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faseulobebis arnaxulad swrafad “tiraJireba”, romelic zog SemTxvevaSi warmatebiT enacvleba tradiciul, qaRal-dze dabeWdil da ydaSi moqceul wigns.Mmetad mniS-vnelovania is garemoeba, rom msoflio kulturul rukas Tu gadavxedavT, mravlad aRmovaCenT iseT regionebs, sadac zepirsityvieri tradiciebi jer kidev Zlieria. medias Se-uZlia am regionebs literaturuli produqcia miawodos ara tradiciuli formiT (wigniT), aramed televiziiT, radio gadacemebiT, vebgverdebiT da amiT sul ufro meti regioni da, Sesabamisad, adamiani CarTon literaturul urTierTobebSi.

globalizaciam Seqmna msoflio literaturisa da literaturuli komunikaciis axali, metad produqtiuli da perspeqtiuli modeli. globalizaciisa da axali mediasaSualebebis pirobebSi literatura gaxda ufro demokratiuli da xelmisawvdomi msoflios sxvadasxva regionisaTvis. iqmneba “axali tipis“ msoflio literatura, romelic, erTi mxriv, efuZneba calkeuli erovnuli literaturebis socio-kulturul tradiciebs da, meore mxriv, internetis msoflio qselSi CarTuli erovnuli literaturis Zeglebi, TiTqos, ukve aRarc ekuTvnian romelime ers da axal cxovrebasa da dausrulebel “mogzaurobas” iwyeben internetSi. Einterneti xels uw-yobs, rogorc mxatvruli teqstebis popularizaciasa da gavrcelebas, aseve maT mecnierul Seswavlasac. Tumca, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, rogorc Cans, interneti zrdis literaturis ricxobriv da ara xarisxobriv maCveneblebs.

n i no w e r eT eli

literaturul-artistuli kafe `brodiaCaia sobakas”

istoriisaTvis

boris proninis cnobili literaturul-artistuli kafe “brodiaCaia sobaka” peterburgSi, mixeilis moedanze, erT-erTi saxlis sardafSi mdebareobda. mas mcire farTobi ekava da amitom duqans ufro waagavda. Weri mxatvar sudeikinis mier iyo moxatuli, romelmac mogvianebiT TbilisSi l. gudiaSvilTan da d. kakabaZesTan erTad kafe “qimerioni” moxata. am literaturul-artistul kafes saTaveSi edga boris pronini, msaxiobi, romelmac “brodiaCaia sobakas” daxurvis Semdeg daaarsa analogiuri xasiaTis kafe “prival komediantov‟‟.

144

“brodiaCaia sobakaSi” kargad icodnen WeSmariti xelovnebis fasi. aq xSirad stumrobdnen o. mandelStami, v. maiakovski, a. axmatova, m. kuzmini da sxvebi; moxsenebebiT gamodiodnen kulturisa da xelovnebis iseTi moRvaweebi, romelTa saxelebis gareSe XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis Tbilisis literaturuli cxovrebis warmodgena SeuZlebelia (s. gorodecki, i. zdaneviCi da sxvebi). “bro-diaCaia sobakas” erTgvar mecenatebad da organizatorebad gvevlinebian a. ServaSiZe da g. sidamon-erisTavi. ana-logiuri kafe “fantastikuri duqani” TbilisSic daarsda. igi 1917 wlis 25 noembers gaixsna da 1919 wlis II naxevramde arsebobda. “brodiaCaia sobakas” da “fantastikuri duqnis” arseboba qarTul-rusuli literaturuli urTierTobebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtia.

1913 wlis dekemberSi peterburgis universitetis studentma viqtor Sklovskim “brodiaCaia sobakaSi” waikiTxa moxseneba “futurizmis adgili enis istoriaSi”.

“brodiaCaia sobakaSi” saintereso saRamo moewyo 1914 wlis 22 aprils, sadac n. kulbinma waikiTxa leqcia Temaze “kavkasiis xelovnebis Sesaxeb”. amave periodSi aq Catarda “kavkasiis kvireuli” da aRmosavluri xelovnebis gamofenac moewyo. 1914 wlis 17 marts Tbilisis artistuli sazogadoebis sakoncerto darbazSi n. kulbinma waikiTxa moxseneba “futurizmi da Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da kritikis damokidebuleba mis mimarT”. agreTve, SemorCenilia v. Sklovskis moxsenebebis Tezisebi da programa, romelic iuwyeba, rom “brodiaCaia sobakas” sardafSi man waikiTxa moxseneba “futurizmis adgili enis istoriaSi”. am moxsenebis safuZvelze Sklovskim 1914 wels gamosca wigni “sityvis aRdgena”, romelic iqca formalizmis, erT-erTi yvelaze ufro xmauriani da cnobili mimarTulebis, dasawyisad.

Tavad avtori statiaSi ö”ocdaxuTi weli”, romelic 1939 wlis 10 Tebervlis “literaturul gazeTSi” daibeWda, aRniSnavs: „‟ocdaxuTi wlis win, 1014 wels, leningradSi gamoveci mcire moculobis, Teqvsmetgverdiani broSura. es iyo student-filolog-futuristis broSura gamomwvevi toniTa da akademiuri citatebiT.” v. Sklovski eyrdnoba po-tebniasa da veselovskis mecnierul Sromebs, Tumca, akeTebs Tamam daskvnebs, romelic friad mniSvnelovania xelovnebisa da literaturis TeoriisaTvis.

145

n i no po p i a S v ili

eTnikuri stereotipebi qarTul postsabWoTa

literaturaSi

stereotipi, rogorc garesamyaros aRqmis magaliTi an nimuSi, Sablonad aris qceuli da imdenadaa damkvidrebuli sazogadoebaSi, rom xSirad gvxvdeba rogorc masmediaSi, iseve literaturaSi.

cnobilia, rom stereotipi manamde iwyebs aRmocenebas, vidre azrovneba daiwyeba. stereotipebi SegrZnebebTan erTad jer kidev maSin aRwevs gonebaSi, vidre goneba miiRebs informacias ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ris gamoc stereotipuli azrovneba xSirad warmmarTveli xdeba. stereotipebs gansakuTrebiT rTuli damokidebuleba aqvs kritikisa da gansxvavebuli azris mimarT.

stereotipuli azrovnebis dasayrdens xSirad war-moadgens dabeWdili teqsti, statia gazeTsa Tu JurnalSi, xolo gansakuTrebiT, wigni, sadac msgavsi azri Tu Sexeduleba fiqsirdeba.

eTnikuri stereotipebi sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTre-biT aqtualuri gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. bunebrivia, es sakiTxi qarTul literaturaSi garkveul-wilad aisaxa, Tumca cnobilia, rom eTnikuri stereotipebi manamdec arsebobda da Tavis kvalsac tovebda rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise enobriv cnobierebaze. eTnikuri stereotipis magaliTad mecnierebs miaCniaT sityva “walekva” “waileka”, romelic lekebis Semosevebidan unda mom-dinareobdes.

eTnikuri stereotipebis gaCenas xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri da socialuri foni, rac postsabWoTa qarTul literaturaSi aSkarad ikveTeba. sxva stereotipul Temebs Soris: gaWirveba, patriotizmi, samarTlianobis survili, patieba, Sewyaleba, dasja eTnikuri stereotipebic xSirad gvxvdeba.

saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma eTnikurma konfliqtebma samxreT oseTis yofil avtonomiur olqsa da afxazeTSi eTnikuri stereotipebis axali talRa gaaCina, rac post-

146

sabWoTa qarTuli literaturisaTvisac ar aRmoCnda ucxo. “rusis Ceqma”, “jayo” (osebis saerTo saxelwodebad, Tumca jayo mixeil javaxiSvilis “jayos xiznebSi” agresoris simbolo ufroa, vidre romelime eTnikuri jgufis saerTo saxeli), afsua nacvlad afxazisa da sxva.

Tumca, negatiuri stereotipebis gverdiT gvxvdeba po-zitiuri stereotipebis gamoyenebac, rac, bunebrivia, calke aRniSvnis Rirsia.

amasTan, eTnikur stereotipebTan erTad qarTul post-sabWoTa literaturaSi kuTxuri stereotipebic xSiria.

n i no m i n d i a S v ili

qarTul-osuri literaturuli urTierTobebis erTi

magaliTi

qarTveloba im uZveles xalxTagania, romlebic odiTganve megobrobdnen mezobel da SedarebiT daSorebul xalxebTan. es naTlad Cans Cveni istoriis pirveli saxelmZRvanelos - `qarTlis cxovrebis~ - avtorebis da ucxoeli mwerlebis im aRwera-daxasiaTebebidan, romlebic iberiis mefis farnavazis (Zv. w. III s.) vaxtang gorgaslis (ax.w. V s.), egris-lazikis mefeebis – waTesa da gubazis (VI s. pirveli naxevari) da Semdeg arsebul mmarTvelTa epoqebs Seexeba.

vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa faqti, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma (1089-1125 w.) kanoniT ganamtkica `xalxTa Zmoba ganurCevlad sarwmunoebisa da erovnebisa~. mis dros momxdari amierkavkasiis xalxTa politikuri gaerTianeba kidev ufro ganviTarda momdevno xanebSi. SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi am gaerTianebaSi iyo ara mxolod kavkasia, aramed mis gareTac sakmaod didi teritoria, - Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da trapizonidan yazvin-ramturamde (CrdiloeT sparseTi), teritoria, dasaxlebuli sxvadasxva modgmisa da rwmenis xalxebiTa da tomebiT (iv. javaxiSvili). aseTi didi qveyana xalxTa megobrobis mtkiced dacvis gareSe ver iarsebebda. urTierTisadmi mtroba rom TiToeuli maTganisTvis saziano iyo, yovel maTgans esmoda, magram vnebaTa RelviTa da sxvadasxva cdunebis gamo zogjer asec vlindeboda.

cnobili osi mecnieri vasil abaevi askvnis: `osurSi Cven

147

saqme gvaqvs kavkasiuris ara marto gavlenasTan, aramed substratTan... osebis eTno-lingvisturi kulturis CamoyalibebaSi kavkasiuri elementi monawileobda ara rogorc mxolod garegani, ucxoeli faqtori, aramed rogorc Sinagani, organuli faqtoric~.

vaxtang gorgaslisa da os-baRaTars Soris Sejaxebis dros vaxtangma gaimarjva, qarTvelebma da osebma zavi dades `mieriTgan iqnes moyvareni somexsni da qarTuelni da ovsni da samnive erTobiT brZodes mterTa~ - (javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris ist. Sesavali). e.i. maSindeli saerTo mtris – sparselebis winaaRmdego – es Zalian mniSvnelovani cnobaa.

Tumca, samwuxaroa, rom osma da qarTvelma xalxma jerjerobiT ver moaxerxa bolomde gaerTianeba da saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg Cveuli SemarTebiT brZola.

am avadsaxsenebeli konfliqtis Sedegia mravalsaukuno-vani qarTul-osuri literaturuli tradiciebis deg-radirebac. samwexaroa, rom amJamad samxreT oseTSi moR-vaweobs araerTi saintereso mwerali, literatori, kritikosi, maT Semoqmedebas ki qarTveli xalxi ar cnobs. mag.: aza xudJaeva, nikolai romaniuki, eduard gatikoevi, gesran kodalaevi da sxvebi.

rTulia auRelveblad waikiTxo aleqsandre sanakoevis cnobili leqsi `gruzinke~ - sadac poeti naRvlianad aRniSnavs:

`Быть можеть дружба двух сердец

Подобно дружба двух народов,

во имя собственной свободы

расторглось волею небес?” Tumca am wamier daeWvebas poeti maSinve ukuagdebs da

optimistur daskvnas gvTavazobs... Cemi yuradReba miiqcia erTma, vfiqrob, arcTu sasiamono

faqtma. 2006 w. q. vladikavkazSi gamomaval literaturul

Jurnal `darialis~ # 3 furclebze daibeWda amerikeli poetis mixeil iupis leqsebis cikli `Осетинские страницы~,

`Абхазские страницы~ da a.S. calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad unda iTqvas, rom amerikeli poeti cdilobs eTnokonfliqtis gaRvivebas da anti qarTul propagandas eweva zemoT xsenebuli leqsebis ciklis saSualebiT.

yvelasaTvis cnobili movlenebis gamo ki, araerTi

148

literaturuli movlena rCeba Seufasebeli. imeds vitovebT, rom mdidari literaturuli Tu

kulturuli urTierTobebis matarebeli ori eri marTebul daskvnas gaakeTebs da saerTo enas mesame Zalis Caurevlad gamonaxavs.

r u s u d a n W a nt u r i S v il i

qeTevan burjanaZis poeturi Targmanebi

1. Targmanis istoriisa da Teoriis Rvawlmosili mkvlevris, q-n qeTevan burjanaZis poeturi Targmanebi mTargmenlisa da mecnieris maRali kulturis, profesionalizmisa da poeturi niWis maCvenebelia.

2. qeTevan burjanaZis samecniero naSromebi, ZiriTadad, poetur Targmansa da me-19 saukunis qarTuli mxatvruli Targmanis istoriis sakiTxebs exeba. mis mier saTargmnelad SerCeuli rusi poetebi, agreTve, XIX saukunes ganekuTvnebian.

3. qeTevan burjanaZem Tsu-s erovnul literaturaTa, literaturul urTierTobaTa da Targmanis kaTedris TaosnobiT gamocemul orenovan krebulSi gamoaqveyna puSkinisa da lermontovis miseuli Targanebi: al. puSkinis _ `me ganvicade yvela survili~, `demoni~ (maSin, rodesac iyo axali...), `zamTris saRamo~, `jildov amao da SemTxveviTo...~, `me Tqven miyvardiT~. m. lermontovis _ `Tergis saCuqari~, `Rrublebi~, `tusaRi~. yvela dasaxelebuli Targmani pasuxobs adekvaturi Targmanisadmi wamoyenebul dRevandel moTxovnebs.

4. Targmanis problemasTan erTad, qeTevan burjanaZis naSromebi literaturuli tipologiis kvlevis sakiTxebs moicavs. mecnieris am xasiaTis naSromebis fonze SegviZlia paraleli gavavloT mis poetur Targmanebsa da missave sakuTar leqsebs Soris, romlebic Tsu-s slavistikis saswavlo-sameciero centris almanax `eqo saxierSi~ ibeWdeboda 1999-2005 ww.-Si, 2007 wels ki q. rusTavSi l. nemsaZis, m. maTiaSvilisa da n. WumburiZis mier gamocemul samecniero-literaturuli werilebis krebul `adamianSi~ daibeWda.

m a i a s ul a b e r i Z e

leo qiaCelis ,,Tavadis qali maia”

leo qiaCeli erT-erTi upirvelesia im qarTvel mweralTa Soris, vinc Cveni prozis Sinagani, Tvisebrivi

149

gardaqmnisTvis, epoqis sulier atmosferosTan misi misadagebisTvis iRwvoda. novelistis yuradRebas, upirvelesad, fsiqikuri momentebi iqceven. amasTan, mwerali nakleb endoba sinamdvilis empiriul mocemulobas.

aratipuri, socialur gansazRvrulobaze amaRlebuli personaJia Tavadis qali maia amave saxelwodebis novelidan. es saxe TiTqos ganviTarebaa imisa, rac Canasaxobrivad iyo mocemuli sxva novelaTa personaJ qalTa saxeebSi.

nawarmoebSi mwerali erTmaneTs or realobas _ Zvelsa da axals upirispirebs. novelaSi simZafres qmnis ara garegani ambavi, aramed sulieri kolizia, romelic bondos ERalatma maias pirovnebaSi warmoqmna. masSi, TiTqosda, personificirebuli Sinagani xmebi cxare polemikas mimarTaven da erT-erTi maTgani, agresiul instiqtTa ganmasaxierebeli danarCens anadgurebs kidec. amis Semdgom warmoiSoba usazRvro SurisZiebis grZnoba. leo qiaCelma maias xasiaTis CvenebiT dasaRupad ganwiruli socialuri fenis cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodi dagvanaxa.

erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba banaluradac miviCnioT Seyvarebulis RalatiT Seuracxyofili qalis gancdebi, magram gonebis TvaliT Tu davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT Rrma socialur Sinaarssa da sakuTar didebasTan erTad damsxvreul adamianur vnebebs.

maias bedniereba sayvarel mamakacSi, bondoSia, Tavmo-yrili da mis sikvdils Tavadis qalis bednierebac Tan miaqvs. uniadago ocnebaTa msxvreva, garduvalobis umkacresi ganaCenis aRsruleba, maias urTules mxatvrul saxeSi iZens srulyofilebas.

subieqturi wamodgenebisa da obieqturi realobis Se-uTavsebloba, konfliqti am nawarmoebis Tema-problemaa. aq kidev erTi ramaa saintereso _ epoqalur movlenebs leo qi-aCeli xsnis erTi adamianis bedis, mis sulSi gaTamaSebuli dramis fonze. maias cxovrebis aRweriT mwerali dasa-Rupavad ganwirul klass warmoaCens, razec moTxrobis dasa-wyisSive maias gacveTili samkaulebisa da ymawvili qalis varskvlavebiviT anTebuli Tvalebis SedarebiT mianiSnebs kidec.

bediswera da garduvaloba mTeli simZafriT warmoCndeba nawarmoebis bolos. aRsarebasaviT JRers maias monaTxrobi sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb. aq mogoneba gancdis obi-eqtivizacias gulisxmobs, warsulSi momxdari movlena

150

arsebobas, rogorc momxdari faqti, ise ganagrZobs. mas Semdeg, rac samyarosTan SemaerTebeli ukanaskneli xidi bondos RalatiT ingreva, maiasTvis aSkara xdeba garemos sruli Seucnobadobis, samyarosTan gaucxoebis momentis dadgoma. am SemTxvevaSi, sulieri tanjva da tragikuli sikvdili ubrunebs mas warTmeul Rirsebas. mTlianad gaTavisuflda maia realuri sivrcis, droebisa da sxeulebrivi sazRvrebisgan.

,,aRarsad iyo Tavadis qali maia...”

T a m a r p a i W a Z e

valerian gafrindaSvilis `miwasTan dabruneba~_

kompromisi Tu metamorfoza

valerian gafrindaSvili arasdros mdgara poetur

SexedulebaTa gzajvaredinze. igi imTaviTve ukanmouxedavad

daadga simbolisturi poeziis gzasavals, am mSvenieri da gabeduli arCevanisTvis man eklis gvirgvinis simwarec igema da mxrebze dadgmuli uRlis simZimec. simbolisturi fiqrebis xanaE ociani da ocdaaTiani wlebis mijnamde gagrZelda. am droidan `cisferyanwelebma~ mowyale poeturi TvaliT

gaxedes sabWouri yofis gzas da „miwasTan dabruneba“

gadawyvites – es maTive iniciativa iyo, TviT lozungi ki

valerian gafrindaSvils ekuTvnoda. `cisferyanwelTa~ poeturi ordenis daSlis procesi am sityvebiT

demonstraciulad gacxadda, aSkaravdeboda, rom isini uars

ambobdnen TavianTi ideur-esTetikur mrwamsze. risi ZiriTadi

mizezic, udavoa, iyo axali dro, formacia da azrobrivi

atmosfero, romelic karga xania, poets `Sesabamisad

azrovnebis~ moTxovnas uyenebda. es iyo friad mtkivneuli,

urTulesi fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic Semoqmedisagan

sulier ZalTa saocar daZabvas moiTxovda. nel-nela qrebodnen

iluziebi, imsxvreodnen `ocnebaTa cisferi koSkebi~ da

yanwelebmac socialistur realizms mousinjes niadagi.

valerian gafrindaSvilic maT Soris iyo; „poetebi...

brundebian poeziis eliziumebidan... es ar niSnavs Cveni

warsulis miRwevebis uaryofas, es aris dabruneba miwasTan...“

„...simbolizmi ukve ganvlili etapia CemTvis da axlandel Cems

151

leqsebSi minda sruliad Tavisufali viyo Cemi warsulis

meTodebisagan“ – werda igi. axali SemoqmedebiTi impulsebi axal TemebSi gamoCnda, maT Soris konuqturuli reveransebic

iyo.

samarTlianoba moiTxovs isic aRiniSnos, rom axalma poeturma saRebavebma rig leqsebSi mSvenieri lirikuli

palitra Sehqmna, gafarTovda ra mxatvruli aRqmis, Tematuri

reglamentaciisa da formalur rekvizitTa masStabebi.

1937 wlidan valerian gafrindaSvilis yofa erTi SexedviT cxovrebaze riTmawyobili poetis SemoqmedebiT biografias

hgavda, Tumca sinamdvileSi, frTamotexili da marto-

daSTenili iyo. sawuTros erTmaneTis miyolebiT gaecalnen

misi simbolisti Tanamoazreni. valerian gafrindaSvilis

striqonebs sevda da daeWveba daeufla, martosuli axla ki namdvilad gaemijna yofierebas da yvelaze gviandel leqsebSi ymawvilkacuri ideebis da poeturi formebis nostalgiamac gaiJRera. poetma sakuTari Tavi damSral wyaros Seadara da

poeziasTan gamoTxovebis iluziuri scenebic ki warmoadgina. Tumca am didi tkivilisa da sevdis miuxedavad poetis WeSmariti misiisTvis arasodes uRalatia da arc SemoqmedebiTi

saqmianobis im principebze uTqvams uari, jer kidev aTian

wlebSi rom aRiara: esTetikuri azrovnebisa da mxatvruli

Rirebulebis apologeti igi bolomde iyo.

m a i a Z i g u a

`Zveli dava axal qerqSi” (egnate ninoSvilis

Semoqmedebis axleburi gaazrebisaTvis)

1. iyo dro (saqarTveloSi komunisturi diqtatis xana), rodesac saliteraturo kritika egnate ninoSvilis belet-ristikas did qarTvel mweralTa naazrevze maRla ayenebda. am faqtis axsna drois faqtoris gaTvaliwinebiTaa SesaZle-beli. Ddrosi, rodesac obieqtur Tvalsazriss yovelTvis sWarbobda partiis ideologiis formulebs morgebuli “samecniero naSromebi”, sadac ama Tu im mwerlis Se-moqmedeba ise Suqdeboda, rogorc amas mocemuli Sabloni moiTxovda. Sabloni ki, pirvel rigSi, moiTxovda mavani da mavani mwerali warmoCeniliyo bolSevikuri ideologiis momxred da revolucionerad, miT umetes, Tuki amisaTvis mcire sababs TviT mwerlis biografiuli monacemebi da misi

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nawarmoebebis socialuri JReradoba iZleoda. Aamgvar Sab-lons idealurad moergo dabali socialuri wridan gamo-suli mwerali egnate ninoSvili, romlis moTxrobebis mTa-vari gmiri cxovrebis usamarTlobasTan SeWidebuli guruli glexia. Ees sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, raTa egnate ninoS-vili revolucionerad, social-demokratad da marqsistad warmoeCinaT. vfiqrobT, amgvari Sefaseba metad subieqturia da, Cveni mxriv, SevecdebiT warmovadginoT mwerlis Semoqme-debis miukerZoebeli analizi.

2. egnate ninoSvilis biografiis detaluri analizi araviTar sababs ar iZleva imisaTvis, rom mwerali “aqtiur revolucioner” moRvawed SevracxoT. igi arc erTi partiis wevri yofila odesme da arc mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli socialur-politikuri programa hqonia. ubralod, rogorc yvela WeSmariti mwerali isic opozicioneri iyo da gabe-dulad amxelda imdroindeli socialuri institutebis maxinj mxareebs. amasTanave misi SemoqmedebisaTvis arc erovnuli problematikaa ucxo da arc liberaluri Rire-bulebebi, raSic eg. ninoSvilis publicistikisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis analizi gvarwmunebs.

3. aRsaniSnia isic, rom, Tuki egnate ninoSvili mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiTa da TematikiT XIX saukunis RviZli Svilia, erovnuli da socialuri prob-lematikis miseuli gaazreba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia qarTvel samocianelTa xedvisagan. Eegnate ninoSvilis giorgisaTvis (“janyi guriaSi”), ilias mgzavrisagan gan-sxvavebiT, umTavresia ara erovnuli damoukideblobis idea, aramed sicialuri uTanasworobis mospoba. marTalia, gi-orgi imedovnebs, rom batonymobis gauqmeba reformis gziT moxdeba, Tumca, ilias arCilisagan gansxvavebiT, “Catexili xidis” gasamTeleblad arc SeiaraRebul brZolas gamoricxavs.

socialuri Tu erovnuli problematikis amgvari xedva sruliad gansvavdeboda qarTvel “TergdaleulTa” progra-misagan, ramac Seqmna kidec safuZveli imisaTvis, rom CvenSi uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis kari swored egnate ni-noSvilis SemoqmedebiT gaxsniliyo.

k a x a b e r lor i a

ana kalandaZis literaturuli portretisaTvis

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ana kalandaZe erT-erTi uTvalsaCinoesi figuraa qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ana pirveli mwerali qalia, romelmac Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra qarTvel klasikosTa ukvdav TanavarskvlavedSi. ana kalandaZe marTlac rom meteoriviT SemoiWra qarTuli poeziis caze da msoflio omis danatovari tkivilebiT Camowolili Ytotaluri Rame erTbaSad gaaciskrovna uaRresad naTeli, sada motivebiTa da intonaciebiT.

anas poezia imTaviTve aitaca mSobelma xalxma da qveyanam, magram poets oponentebic male gamouCdnen. fenomenuri SesaZleblobebis xelovans isini uideobisa da aramoqalaqeobrivi poziciisaTvis socialisturi realizmis ”simaRleebidan” akritikebdnen. ana kalandaZis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa periodis qarTul literaturaSi is erT-erTi gamonaklisTagani aRmoCnda, romlis ~aRzrda~ an ~moTviniereba~ sabWoTa politikurma reJimma ver SeZlo. F

fsevdoidealebisadmi morCilebis nacvlad, ana kalandaZis poezia WeSmaritad umaRlesi sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis samsaxurSi dgas. adamianuri urTierTobebis margalitebi, deda-samSoblo, qristianuli rwmena, yovlismomcveli siyvaruli (misi sxvadasxva ufaqizesi gamovlinebiT) ana kalandaZes arasodes gaucvlia crupaTetikasa Tu cruheroikaze. anas poeziisaTvis aseve uaRresad ucxoa TviTmiznuri artistizmi da fsevdointeleqtualizmi. da es maSin, roca anas Semoqmedeba WeSmaritad gvaocebs rafinirebuli esTetikuri gemovnebiT, mxatvruli azrovnebis masStabiTa Tu siRrmiT.

ana kalandaZis poeziisTvis arc TviTmiznuri versifikatoruli Ziebebia damaxasiaTebeli. mwerali gansacvifrebel zomierebas icavs TiTqmis yvelgan da yvelaferSi. es exeba poeturi enis stilizaciasac, arqaizmebisa da dialeqtizmebis mizandasaxul da, amave dros, uaRresi SerCeviTi sizustiT gamoyenebas.

ana kalandaZis poezias, sruliad samarTlianad, sityviT gamoxatul freskul xelovnebas adareben. anas xelovneba TiTqos marTlac rom gadadis poeziis ”Cveulebriv” sazRvars. amave dros, garegnulad zedmiwevniT ubraloa es xelovneba; magram es xom WeSmaritad ”RvTaebrivi ubraloebaa”, romelic mkiTxvelSi sulieri ganwmedis ueWvel da siRrmiseul SegrZnebas aRZravs.

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T a m a r bl i a Z e

problemur-Janruli metamorfozis genezisi Wabua

amirejibis SemoqmedebaSi

Wabua amirejibis Semoqmedeba Tanamedrove literaturis uaRresad TviTmyobadi niSansvetia da igi yuradRebas iqcevs, upirveles yovlisa, erTi mxriv, qarTuli da msoflio literaturis tradiciuli Janrul-problemuri sistemis ostaturi momarjvebiT, literaturuli gamocdilebis gagrZelebiT da, meore mxriv, Tanmimdevruli, originaluri ZiebebiT rogorc problematur, ise Janrul sferoSi.

Wabua amirejibis Semoqmedeba Janruli mravalferovne-biT ar gamoirCeva. mweralma ZiriTadad sam tradiciul Janrs uerTgula: moTxrobas, romans da eses. moTxrobis Janruli saxe man qarTuli prozis mravalsaukunovan gamocdilebaze daamyno. arc franguli warmoSobis eses Janrul kanonikaSi Seutania mniSvnelovani siaxle. romanis Janrul sistemaSi ki Wabua amirejibma iseTi eqsperimentebi ganaxorciela, rom literaturismcodnes saSualeba misca, esaubra qarTuli epikuri Janris sruliad axal formaze, romelsac `Wabua amirejibis romani~ hqvia.

Wabua amirejibis romanebi: `daTa TuTaSxia~, `gora mbor-gali~ da `giorgi brwyinvale~ mwerals sruliad gan-sxvavebul problemur-Janrul principze aqvs agebuli da erTxel kidev amtkicebs im garemoebas, rom mwerali arc problema-TematikiT da arc romanis agebis Janruli princi-piT mis mier gakvleul biliks ar mihyveba da rogorc maRalprofesionals Sehferis, mudmiv Janrul ZiebaSia.

155

q e T e v a n S e n g el i a

Tanamedrove dramaturgiis problemebi (Tamaz WilaZis

`arabeTis surnelovani balaxebis~ mixedviT)

Tanamedrove dramaturgiis problemaTagan jerac aqtualuria garemo pirobebis gamo, tragikul sinamdvileSi aRmoCenili adamianis yofa, misi brZola sulieri faseulobebis SesanarCuneblad da pirovnebis mier simartovisgan gaqcevis mcdeloba. Tamaz WilaZe Tavis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso piesaSi `arabeTis surnelovani balaxebi~ swored am movlenebze gvesaubreba da gvaxsenebs, rom cxovrebawarTmeuli adamianisTvis sikvdili naklebad sazianoa, vidre uazro arseboba.

Cven mier warmodgenil naSromSi daxasiaTebulia piesis personaJebi. vxedavT or martosul adamians: Aanastasias da mariams. maTi yofa cixis sakanSi iZulebiT Seyrili adamianebis urTierTobas ufro hgavs, vidre ojaxis suraTs. qalebs ar uyvarT erTmaneTi, Tumca, mokvdavTa dauwereli kanonis Tanaxmad, mainc erTad yofna urCevniaT; D miuxedavad urTierTdaundobeli saubrebisa, mainc Tavad gadauwyvetiaT erTad cxovreba, radgan simartove iseTi urCxulia, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi, yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe, sakuTari nebiT mogaTavsebs iq, saidanac TiTqos Zalian advilia Tavis daRweva. swored am daundobel simarTleze mogviTxrobs avtori da Cvenc am Temas vexebiT.

Cven Tvalwin ori ubeduri, asakovani qalia. maT jer kidev undaT brZola gamucxadon cxovrebas, magram araadamianuri yofa da sacxovrebeli garemo (quCaSi tyviebis zuzuni, uwyloba da usinaTloba), maT ar aZlevs amis saSualebas. qalebis urTierTpaeqroba miuTiTebs imaze, rom jer kidev SerCeniaT energia, romelic uazrod ixarjeba da es aseTi yofis mier Tavsmoxveuli tragedia ufroa, vidre asakobrivi ubedureba.

mariami anastasias antipodia. anastasiam moaxerxa ecxovra sakuTari interesebis Sesaferisad, ise, rogorc surda; amis gamo is Tavisufali da laRi pirovnebaa da verc egueba daRupvas da gadagvarebas. mariami ki mudam sxvisi Semyure iyo, amitomac Trgunavs mas anastasia.

piesa sakmaod rTulia. nairgvari emocia erTmaneTSi isea gadawnuli, rom erTsa da imave abzacSi SeiZleba erTdroulad Segvxvdes tragedia, ironia, braldeba, komizmis niSnebic ki. am yovelives fonze avtori iqve

156

saocari ostatobiT xsnis cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis zogierT detals da es xdeba yovelgvari didaqtikisa da Wkuis darigebis, me vityodi, antididaqtikuri saSualebebiTac ki. is gvesaubreba erT mniSvnelovan movlenazec, romelic xSirad bolomde Tu ara, sanaxevrod mainc gvanadgurebs. es aris adamianebs Soris gaCenili gaugebrobis ufskruli. naSromSi vrceli msjeloba eTmoba am faqtsac.

piesaSi sagrZnobia mwerlis mier dawerili ki ara, ise Cafiqrebuli, nagulisxmevi da dasmuli kiTxva _ vin mogcaT ufleba waarTvaT adamianebs sicocxlis survili?! yvela zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxi am kiTxvis garSemo iyris Tavs da Cvenc, piesis mixedviT, SeZlebisdagvarad SevCerdiT TiToeul maTganze.

d a v iT wow kolau r i

mwerlis biografia da mxatvruli warmosaxva

mwerlis saarsebo da SemoqmedebiTi garemo ganuyrelni arian. Semoqmedis TviTmyofadi saqmianobis safuZveli misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi da mxatvruli niWia. niWisa Tu mxatvruli azrovnebis buneba mxolod saTanado samwerlo sarbielze gamoikveTeba. samoRvaweo sarbieli rTuli struqturis fenomenia. iq mwerali, surs Tu ara mas es, erTgvarad gaorebuli saxiT warmodgeba. igi gvevelineba rogorc Cveulebrivi adamiani, romelic yoveldRiuri praqtikuli, anu nacrisferi cxovrebis Tanaziaria. Aaseve, man unda gamoxatos Tavisi meore `me~, anu idealuri pirovneba.

didi mwerali zogjer cnobierad, xolo zogjer aracnobierad bunebis movlenebis, yofiTi garemosa da sakuTari sulieri SesaZlebelobebis bazaze axdens mxatvrul qmnilebebSi yovelive xilulis, gancdilisa Tu gaazrebulis proecirebas. Mmwerlis buneba, misi arsebis idialur-pirovnuli niSnebi ar aris Cveulebrivi adamianis Tvisebebis identuri, Tumca isini ar yru kedliT arian gancalkevebulni. cxadia, Cveulebrivi, yofiTi niSnebi adamianis xasiaTisa da misi poeturi swrafvebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben. amgvari sayovelTao wesis moqmedebis gareSe mxatvruli nawarmoebis zemoqmedebis Zala Semcirdeboda. xelovani imiT gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi adamianisagan, rom sulieri unarebi mas umaRlesi

157

siwmindeebisaken eweva, aTavisuflebs mdabalis, wvrilmanisa da SemTxveviTisagan. igi cdilobs gaeqces an maRla dadges wvrilmanebze, Tumca yovelTvis es arc ZaluZs.

qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi vaJa-fSavlas bedma ar-guna is, rom erTdroulad ecxovra orgvar sazogadoebriv formaciaSi.Mman saqarTvelos mTis, kerZod, fSavis gva-rovnul-Temuri da baris feodaluri wyobilebis garemoSi icxovra da Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi biografiac iq Camoayaliba. vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebisa da literaturuli moRvaweobis garemo rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania. misi mxatvruli qmnilebebi cxadyofen mwerlis uSualo kavSirs rogorc gvarovnul-Temur yofasTan, aseve saqarTvelos baris cxovrebasTan. Oorive sazogadoebis struqturuli Tavisebu-rebebi gamoikveTa mis mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.Ppoetis gan-sacvifrebeli niWi, grZnobaTa mravalferovaneba, mxatvruli warmosaxvis sidiade, msoflxedvis masStaburoba naTelyofs, Tu ra Rirebulebas iZenda is arqauli Temuri yofa, romel-Siac realurad da poeturadac icxovra. SemoqmedisaTvis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisa iyo uklaso sazogadoebis so-cialur-fsiqologiuri, miTologiuri, religiur-zneobrivi realiebi da feodalur-klasobrivi urTierTobis faqtebi. vaJa-fSavelas mxatvrul nawarmoebTa siuJetebSi Tavisuf-lad mimoiqceoda saqarTvelos mTisa da baris cxovrebis erTimeorisagan gansxvavebuli movlenebi, Tumca orivenairi masala ubadlo mxatvruli ZaliT emsaxureboda qveynisa da adamianis Tavisuflebis umaRles miznebs.

r u s u d a n n i S n i a n i Z e

poeturi obieqtivi

TariRebi. sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani dReebi da wlebi _ farTo datvirTviT: dadebiTi an uaryofiTi muxtiT (samaxsovro weli an savaldebulod gasaxsenebeli da aRsaniSnavi). ori maTgani mainc gamorCeuli: saflavis qvazec amotvifruli: dabadebis da gardacvalebis. S. nucubiZis mier erTxel Tqmulidan: ,,dabadeba araa cxovrebis dasawyisi, magram me mainc davibade 1888 wels.” raa es _ ironiuli fraza Tu inteleqtualuri interesi... mecniers ganzogadebuli xedva aqvs, filosofiuri gansjis masStabebi. bunebrivia, qveynis damoukideblobis dasasruli misTvis sagangaSo rom gaxdeboda. erTi istoriuli faqti: dro _12 Tebervali, dRis sami saaTi, 1921 weli. moqmedebis

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adgili _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti. gamom-svlelebi: mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris moadgile, ganaTlebis ministri _ grigol lorTqifaniZe, grigol rcxilaZe, ivane javaxiSvili, studenti giorgi nakaSiZe... procesia mTav-robis sasaxlesTan gadainacvlebs. iq maT miesalmeba dam-fuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomare al. lomTaTiZe da Salva nu-cubiZe. iqve yofil oficer studentTa meTaurobiT razmebi Sedgeba... es dRe kidev sxva yuradRebas iTxovs. amjerad, poetur krebulebze visaubreb; leqsi garkveuli gancdis Tu faqtis transformacias warmoadgens. poetebi ixseneben warsuls, raTa ukeT ga-iazron (Seicnon) awmyo da Sesabamisad, gaarkvion momavali. ,,msxvili plani” araerT detals wamoswevs win. umTavresi ki, mainc mxatvruli Sesrulebis xarisxia. 1924 wels saqarTveloSi araerTi poeturi krebuli gamo-ica. wignis ydebze gamotanili saTaurebi TviT yvelaze uyu-radRebo mkiTxvelsac daafiqrebda. am emocias sxva Se-maSfoTebeli winaTgrZnoba edo safuZvlad. es wignebia: lado maWavarianis ,,sarkofagebi”, terenti granelis ,,Memento Mori,” erTawmindelis ,,eSafoti”, erisTav-xoStarias ,,miwa”, da sxvebic: k. nadiraZis ,,baldaxini”, TariSvilis ,,mzeSi”(1926). ,,saaTis isars xsnis baldaxini”,_dawers l. maWavariani (,,ayalmayali mwvervalis”) da mTavar saTqmelsac igu-lisxmebs: baldaxins dro aRar sWirdeba, iseve, rogorc ax-la saaTs – isari. dro Cerdeba! ,,rameTu sikvdili gar-dauvalia, amitom mas yovel wams unda elode. es Se-xeduleba zneobis safuZvelia yvela religiaSi... amitom Sens sicocxleSi, Sens mokle stumrobaSi am qveynad yovelTvis sikvdili unda gaxsovdes da keTil zneobad aRasrulebde. qristianulma mwerlobam es Sexeduleba XI saukuneSi laTinuri mokle sityviT gamosaxa _ Memento mori! - gaxsovdes sikvdili! aseTi iyo is leqsi, romelic germaniis erT-erT monasterSi daiwera 1055w. da igi Semdeg yvela qristianul qveyanaSi gavrcelda,”_am sityvebs viktor nozaZe dawers da im saintereso da uCveulo ritualsac aRwers, romelic bizantiis sakariskaco ceremonias ekuTvnoda. aseve daasaTaurebs terenti graneli Tavis wigns da laTinuri asoebiT ydaze waawers (1924w. Tbilisi, saq.wiT. jvris sazog. stamba)

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es krebulebi sxvadasxva tiraJiT gamovida saqarTvelo-Si. maT gansxvavebuli mkiTxvelic hyavdaT. literaturis istoriisaTvis TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ideuri mni-Svnelobac aqvs da esTetikuri funqciac gaaCnia. Temebi, romlebic am wignebSia warmodgeneli mravalferovani gansjis da masStaburi reminiscenciebis daSvebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnologiisa da

xelovnebaTmcodneobis seqcia

g u r a m g r i goli a

adamianis uZvelesi nakvalevi Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis ezoSi

me-20 saukunis meore naxevari arqeologiuri mecnierebis manamde arnaxuli masStabiT ganviTarebis xanaa. am periodis yoveli weli aRiniSneba axali didmniSvnelovani informaciis Semcveli Zeglebis aRmoCeniT, romlebic aCqarebs adamianisa da adamianTa sazogadoebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlas drosa da sivrceSi. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxeloT dmanisis 80-90-iani wlebis sensaciuri aRmoCenebi, romlebmac arsebiTad Secvala da bevri ram axali SesZina antropogenezisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sakacobrio problemebis kvlevis saqmianobas.

milion Svidasi-milion rvaasi aTasi wlis win afrikidan aziis gavliT dmanisSi Semosuli da dasaxlebuli Homo

ergaster-Homo georgicus-is Seswavlis mecnieruli sistemisaTvis fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da gansaxlebis maniSnebeli axali masalebis aRmoCenas.

dReisaTvis erT-erT aseT punqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis ezo-karmidamo, romelic geologiuri TvalsazrisiT md. mtkvris 70-80 metr simaRlis mesame terasis nawils warmoadgens da md. veresa da varazis xevs Soris moqceuli xerTvisis aRmosavleTi daboloebaa.

2005-2007 ww. pirveli qarTuli universitetis ezoSi zedapirulad Segrovda mcire, magram metyveli qvis masala, romelic rogorc saerTo ieriT, ise keTebis primitiuli xerxebiT axlo msgavsebas naxulobs dmanisis masalebTan.

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esenia: qvargvalebze gaformebuli e. w. Coperebi, Copingebi da uxeSi saCex-saxoki iaraRebi. am nakeTobaTa zedapiruli waxnagebi gorebis Sedegad gadalesilia da sqeli patiniT aris dafaruli, rac maT solidur xandazmulobaze me-tyvelebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens erTi bifasuri ieris mqone iaraRi, romlis zedapiri sustadaa patinirebuli da arc waxnagebi aqvs gadalesili. es ki, SesaZloa, imis maniSnebeli iyos, rom aq sadRac universitetis terito-riaze am uZvelesi periodis Sesatyvisi uZravi kulturuli fenac unda arsebobdes. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cveni uni-versitetis I korpusis da misi ezos safuZvliani rekon-struqciis dros yuradReba am mniSvnelovan movlenazec unda gamaxvildes.

pirveli qarTuli universitetis xsenebuli aRmoCenebis safuZvelze udaoa, rom Cveni qveynis dedaqalaqis, Tbilisis, teritoriaze pirvelyofili adamianis gamoCenis TariRi 1,5 milioni wliT mainc unda ganisazRvros da ara 5-6 aTasi wliT, rogorc es aqamde iyo miRebuli, didubeTeleTis aRmoCenis safuZvelze.

j e m al S a r a S e n i Z e

Sumerul-qarTveluri leqsikuri Sexvedrebi

da winare qarTveluri eTnosis gansaxlebis

sakiTxisaTvis

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi mecnierebma yuradReba miaqcies qarTvelur enebSi (qarTul, kolxursa da svanurSi) arsebul ucxo sityvebis erT jgufs, romelic ganekuTvneba erT-erTi uZvelesi damwerlobiani enis _ Sumerulis leqsikur fonds. dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom Sumeruli enis samasze meti erTeuli struqturulad da semantikurad damajerebel msgavsebas avlens qarTveluri enebis amdenive erTeulTan.

mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom qarTvelur enebSi TavSemonaxulia Sumeruli enis kuTvnili ara marto kulturuli terminebi, romlebic SedarebiT advilad gadadian erTi enidan meoreSi, aramed saziaro leqsemaTa garkveuli raodenoba asaxavs yoveldRiuri urTierTobisa Tu sameurneo da saojaxo yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saqmianobis Sinaarss; magaliTad, Sum. g/kana2 "saTesi

161

mindori, daTesili mindori", qarT. yana; Sum. apin-du8-a "guTnis gaSlis (Tve)", Zv. qarT. ap(a)n-is-i "ianvris (Tve)"; Sum. mar "bari, niCabi", qarT. bar-i, megr. bar-i; Sum. mar-gid2-da "sa-

zidari, oTxTvala, forani", qarT. marxil-i; Sum. ḫar2 "xari",

megr- xoj-i, svan. xan; Sum. sisi "cxeni", qarT. (qvemo imeruli) sis, sisi _ cxenis mosaxmobi, gasaCerebeli SeZaxili; Sum. kaš

"ludi", qarT. qaSq-i "naduRari qeris wueni" (saba); Sum. ḫa

"Tevzi", qarT. fxa "Tevzis Zvali", megr. xa "gvelis Zvali", laz. mxa "Tevzis Zva-li", svan. fxa "Tevzis Zvali; gvelis wiwili"; Sum. duruna2, ti-nu-ur "(puris) sacxobi (Rumeli)", qarT.

To(r)ne, megr. TornÀ; Sum. ḫa-ra "(Tixisagan damzadebuli)

didi WurWeli, sacavi", qarT. xaro _ puris sacavi ormo da sxva misT.

saerTod enebSi, kerZod ki qarTvelur da Sumerul enebSi, saziaro leqsikis arseboba SeiZleba aixsnas ori garemoebiT: pirveli, Sumerul da qarTvelur enebs Soris, mosalodnelia, arsebobdes Soreuli genetikuri kavSirebi da, meore, Sumerulsa da qarTvelur (winareqarTvelur) enebs Soris adgili hqonda garkveuli donis kontaqtebs; es kontaqtebi SeiZleba warmoebda romelime saSualedo enis an enebis meoxebiT, anda winareqarTvelurenovan samyaros pirdapiri urTierToba da Sexebis saSualeba hqonda Sumerul samyarosTan. Catarebulma kvlevam ar daadastura Sumeruli da winare qarTveluri enebis genetkuri kavSiri; verc is saSualedo ena iqna gamovlenili, romlis gavliTac SeiZleboda Sumeruli leqsikuri erTeulebis winare qarTvelur enaSi moxvedra. dagvrCenia vifiqroT, rom aRniSnuli leqsemebi winare qarTvelur enaSi moxvda Sumerul samyarosTan xangrZlivi drois manZilze qarTveluri eTnosis uSualo, mezobluri kontaqtebis Sedegad.

es kontaqtebi unda ganxorcielebuliyo Zv. w. aR. IV-III aTaswleulebis mijnaze CrdiloeT naxevarsferos 33-e paralelis ganedze, romelic dRevandeli baRdadis odnav samxreTiT gadis. Sumeruli da qarTveluri eTnosebis uSualo kontaqtebi, savaraudebelia, gawyda Zv-w. 26-25-e saukuneebis axlo xanebSi samxreT SuamdinareTSi Zlieri xurituli eTnosis SeWris Sedegad.

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qarTvelur enebSi dadasturebuli ZvelaRmosavluri enebis _ xuritulis, xaTuris, xeTuris anda sxva indoevropulis leqsikuri erTeulebi winare qarTvelur enaSi unda moxvedriliyo Zv.w. 25-15 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken qarTvelurenovani eTnosis TandaTanobiTi moZraobisa da CrdiloeT mesopotamiasa Tu aRmosavleT mcire aziis teritoriebze misi gansaxlebis periodSi. @

v a xt a n g l i C el i

kolxuri kulturis dinamika _ dasavluri mimarTuleba

kolxuri kultura, romelic Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebs ganekuTvneba, samosaxloebis saxiT ZiriTadad koncentrirebulia Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi. es tendencia momdevno xanaSi ramdenadme SenarCunebuli Cans, Tumca Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisis kolxuri kultura ukve imdenad ganviTarebulia, rom misi infiltraciis areali scdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos teritorias da mocavs mis momijnave teritoriebs. miuxedavad amisa, sanapiro zolSi dadasturebuli samosaxloebi da samarovnebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs.

rogorc cnobilia, praqtikulad kolxeTis TiTqmis mTeli zRvispira zoli xomaldebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo, rogorc navTsayudeli. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, gagridan md. Woroxamde mxolod met-naklebad daculi sami yurea: biWvinTis (romelic SedarebiT ukeTaa daculi qarebisagan), agreTve soxumisa da baTumis. samive yure odiTganve gamoiyeneboda navsadgurebad, magram ara mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.

TavSesafris funqcias xomaldTaTvis mdinareTa SesarTavebi “iTavsebda”. SesaZloa, am faqtTan iyos dakavSirebuli is, rom kolxeTis dasavleT nawilSi koncentrirebulia uaRresad specifikuri Zeglebi, pirvel rigSi, kolxuri koleqtiuri samarxebi. am samarxebSi aRmoCenil brinjaos nivTebs Soris sayuradReboa mxedari qalebis qandakebebi, romelTa analogi aRmoCnda k. samosze da saberZneTSi.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT k. samosze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalis konteqsts, unda davaskvnaT, rom

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kolxuri kulturis wris qandakebis aRmoCena kolxur-berZnuli urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT SemTxveviTia, xolo heraionis funqciis TvalsazrisiT ki - sruliad logikuri. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, gamosakvlevia amgvari qandakebebis identurobis (erTiani koncefciis) sakiTxi geografiulad iseT daSorebul or samyaros Soris rogorebic kolxuri da egeosuria.

T e do d u n d u a

miTridate umcrosi – iyo Tu ara is romis mokavSire?

miTridatuli omebi qarTvel istorikosTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs – marTlac, pirvelad istoriaSi, kolxeTma da iberiam monawileoba miiRo farTomasStabian saerTo-evropul omSi.

miTridate evpatorma aRniSnul qveynebs gansxvavebuli politikuri statusi mianiWa – kolxeTi satrapiaa, iberia ki – simaxiis wevri.

Zv. w. 85 w. miTridates aRarc floti hyavs da aRarc armia. isini romaelebma gaanadgures. kolxebi ki mas maTi samefos restavracias da aq evpatoris Svilis, miTridate filopator filadelfosis, gamefebas Txovdnen. sxva gza ar iyo, evpatori daTanxmda (App. Mithr. 64).

maSasadame, kolxeTis mefe Zv. w. 85 w. miTridate filopator filadelfosia. Zalzed cota ram viciT mis Sesaxeb. roca evpatori dasavleT anatoliaSia da romaelebs upirispirdeba, filopatori mamiseul samefos, pontos, bosfors da kolxeTs, ganagebs. Semdgom isic dasavleT anatoliaSia, da mamacurad, magram saocrad warumateblad ebrZvis fimbrias legionebs. kolxeTSi miTridate umcrosi Wris vercxlis da spilenZis monetebs pontoeli miTridatidebis dinastiuri rvaqimiani varskvlavis gamosaxulebiT zurgis mxareze, Sublis mxaris tipi – lotosi – ki qveynisTvis TiTqos cota ucxo unda yofiliyo. monetebi anepigrafikulia – mefis saxeli arsad Cans, e. i. regaliis formaluri manifestacia ignorirebulia. ratom? nuTu filopators mamis eSinoda?! maSin, kidev erTxel, ratom?! imitom xom ara, rom kolxebTan iyo dakavSirebuli?! zusti pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. ise ki, miTridate kvlavac saSiSi iyo, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

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romSi samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebda, berZnebs ki, sabolood, jerac ver gadaewyvitaT, vin unda yofiliyo elinuri samyaros hegemoni – romi Tu ponto. kolxeTi srul izolaciaSi moeqca, miTridate umcrosi ki mamam Seipyro da sikvdiliT dasaja (Zv. w. 84 w.). cota adre ki filopatorma scada usafrTxoebis garantiebi mieRo romis respublikis-gan, magram amaod.

erTi epigrafikuli Zegli, kerZod, kapitoliumis stela, TiTqos swored amaze metyvelebs: `mefe miTridate filopator filadelfosi, mefe miTridates Ze, Tavis megobar da mokavSire romael xalxs, im keTilganwyobisa da qvelmoqmedebis sanacvlod, rasac is misdami (e.i. mefisadmi – T. d.) iCens, Tavisi elCebis, naimanis, naimanis Zis, da maosis, maosis Zis, xeliT [uZRvnis].

konkretuli zedwodebis – filopator-filadelfosi – matarebeli ori pontoeli miTridatea cnobili. miTridate III-is Ze da farnake I-is Zma, miTridate, am ukanasknelis Semdgom marTavda qveyanas. mamamiss zedwodeba ar hqonia, iseve rogorc warweraSi moxseniebul miTridates. miTridate IV mefobis xangrZlivoba misi atikuri sistemis tetradraqmebzea asaxuli legendiT – BASILEWS

MIjRADATOU FILOPATOROS KAI FILADELFOU – naturalisturi Tavi TandaTan asakSi Sedis. is xom ar aris moxseniebuli moyvanil epigrafikul ZeglSi; Semdegi filopator-filadelfosis mama xom evpatoria?! magram teqstis nawilis – `mefe miTridates Ze~ – aRdgena hipoTeturia. tituli `basilevsi~, SesaZloa, arc ki yofiliyo. axla ki, am kuTxiT, ufro Tamamad SegviZlia visaubroT miTridate umcrosze, evpatoris Zeze. miTridate umcrosma kolxeTi miiRo; kolxeTis samefo ki evpatoramde miTridatidebis dinastiis arasdros yofila, anu miTridate filopator filadelfoss Tavisi Zalauflebis memkvidreobiTi xasiaTis politikuri manifestacia araferSi sWirdeboda, da mas arc raime seriozuli safuZveli hqonda yovelives samtkiceblad. miTridate umcrosi sruliad axal samefos daepatrona. Sesabamisad, is miTridates Zea da ara mefe miTridatesi. rac Seexeba elCebs, zogierTma mkvlevarma isini gaaigiva evpatorisdroindel politikur moRvaweebTan (App. Mithr. 19).

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m a r i k a m S v il d a Z e

safrangeTis nacionalur biblioTekaSi daculi somxeTis

teritoriaze aRmoCenili erTi gemis SeswavlisaTvis

1998-1999ww. safrangeTis nacionalur biblioTekis mone-tebis, medlebisa da siZveleTa ganyofilebaSi muSaobisas Cveni yuradReba miiqcia mecxramete saukunis davTarma, romelSic gatarebuli iyo amierkavkasiis teritoriaze aRmoCenili ramdenime gema, SeZenili baton baron de beisagan (grand armes quCa 58). gliptikuri Zeglebi davTarSi gatarebulia 1900wlis 25 maisiT. CamonaTvali moicavs 9147 – 9154 nomrebs. saqarTvelosa da somxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili masala, gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo moxvda Cven mier dasaxelebuli pirovnebis xelSi, xolo Semdeg, safrangeTis nacionaluri biblioTekis monetebis, medlebisa dasiZveleTa ganyofilebis sacavSi.

winamdebare naSromSi Cven ganvixilavT swored erevanSi aRmoCenil gemas, romelic zemoaRniSnul JurnalSi 9153 nomriT aris gatarebuli.

(inv. #9153) safrangeTis nacionaluri biblioTeka. monetebis medlebisa da siZveleTa departamenti. ovaluri formis Wrila qva sardionisa. Kkargad gaprialebuli. aRmoCenis adgili erevani (somxeTi). Semosulia 1900 wlis 25 maiss.

pirze gamosaxulia iremi, romelic wevs profilSi marjvniv. gamosaxuleba sakmaod kargi namuSevaria. kveTa

sakmaod Rrmaა. gamosaxuleba mTlianad avsebs intalios pirs. msgavsi gamosaxulebebi ixileT: Кибаьчичь Т.В., Южно-

Русскiя Геммы, 1910, №12,13. Geschnittene steine der Antike, Sonderlistek Münzen und Medaillen A.G.Basel Derenber, 1968, №110. Sasanian Stamp Seals in The Metropolitan Museum of art. Christopher J.Brunner, Philipp Gignaux , Cataloge des sceaux, gemmées et bulles Sasanides, Paris, 1978, №17, 9a ; №3,11.

daculoba: intalio kargad aris Semonaxuli. zomebi: 10x8 mm. gema erevnidan cota sqematuri namuSevaria, rac

saerTod damaxasiaTebelia aRniSnuli periodis sasanuri gemebis masobrivi produqciisTvis. iseTi gemebi, rogoric irmisgamosaxulebiani intalioa, erevnidan gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod rogorc piradi sabeWdavebi, aramed, umetesad, rogorc morTulobis sagnebi.

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qvis formis (ovaluri, zedapiri odnav amoburculi), gamoxatulebis stilisa (konkretulad cxovelis tani da Tavi) da kveTis maneris mixedviT, intalio SeiZleba ax.w. IV-Vss. daTariRdes.

masalis Seswavlis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom irmisgamosaxulebiani gema erevnidan savsebiT jdeba im qronologiur CarCoSi, romelic samecniero literaturaSia miRebuli sasanur gemebTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod, rom sasa-nianTa iranis gemebi amierkavkasiaSi vrceldeba ax.w. IIIs. bo-lodan. irmisdamosaxulebiani intalios aRmoCenas erevanSi Cven garevaWrobas vukavSirebT da aRniSnuli periodis po-litikuri situaciis Sedegad miviCnevT.

n a n i g elo v a n i

arabuli wyaroebis cnobebi xalifa al-mukTadiris

mrCeveli qalebis Sesaxeb

1. islamis istoriaSi yovelTvis iyvnen qalebi, romlebic xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofi qmrebis an vaJebis saSualebiT aqtiurad ereodnen saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. Tumca, abasiani xalifa al-mukTadiris mmarTveloba (908-932) gamoirCeva qalTa Zalauflebis aRzevebiT sasaxlis karze. al-mukTadiri metad axalgazrda avida taxtze da susti mmarTveli aRmoCnda. vazirebi, maRali rangis moxeleebi, provinciuli elita, samxedro liderebi da sasaxlis momsaxure personali aqtiurad monawileobdnen ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi.

2. arabi istorikosebi _ aT-Tanuhi (gard.384/994w.), ibn misqavaihi (gard. 421/1030w.) da hilal as-sabi‟ (gard.448/1056w.) gvawvdian cnobebs xalifa al-mukTadiris da misi mrCeveli qalebis Sesaxeb.

3. xalifa al-mukTadiris karze yvelaze gavleniani qalebi iyvnen: SaRabi _ xalifas deda da mrCeveli. cnobili vaziri _ „ali ibn „isa angariSs abarebda mas saxalifos finansebsa da marTvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. wyaroebSi is moxseniebulia rogorc as-saÁÁida (qalbatoni); xatifi _ xalifas deida, romelsac mdivnebis biuro hqonda da dasTanbuvaihi – xalifa al-mu„Tadidis (892-902) mxevali (umm al-valad). arabuli wyaroebi arafers amboben xalifas

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kanonier colebze, mis qaliSvilebze da debze. xalifas karze didi gavlena hqondaT agreTve mne qalebs (arab. kahramana). isini iyvnen xalifas menejerebi. mxolod oTxi maTgani aris moxseniebuli saxeliT: fatima, umm musa al-haSimiia, sumali _ saCivrebis saxelmwifo divanis (divan al-mazalim) ufrosi (qalis daniSvna am Tanamdebobaze Zalian iSviaTi iyo) da zaÁdani, romelsac evaleboda politikuri patimrebis (mag., ajanyebulTa meTaurebis, ganTavisuflebuli vazirebis) meTvalyureoba. zaidani mediatoris rols asrulebda xalifasTan. kahramanebi aqti-urad monawileobdnen maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxe-leebis daniSvnaSi da saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gana-wilebaSi. Tumca aris cnobebi maTi ganTavisuflebisa da dapatimrebis Sesaxebac. mag., umm musa daapatimres sa-xelmwifo saidumloebis gamJRavnebis da saxelmwifo gada-trialebis mowyobis mcdelobis braldebiT da qoneba Camo-arTves. ufro dabali socialuri fenis Sesaxeb wyaroebSi cnobebi ara gvaqvs.

4. xalifa al-mukTadiris 25 wliani mmarTveloba dasrul-da misi mkvlelobiT. xalifas deda – aS-SaRabi daapatimres da qoneba CamoarTves. xalifas kahramanebis bedi ucnobia.

5. xalifas sasaxlis karis qalebi wyaroebSi moxseniebuli arian rogorc mrCevlebi da, ZiriTadad, daxasiaTebulia dadebiTad. mag., maT miewerebaT qvelmoqmedeba da armiis dafinanseba, patimrebis dacva, kanonierebis aRsruleba, brZola Zalauflebis monopolizaciis winaaRmdeg da sxva.

b e J a n j a v a x i a

V jvarosnuli laSqroba da saqarTvelo piligrimul

literaturaSi

saqarTvelo Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda permanentuli omebis asparezs, ramac Seiwira werilobiTi da nivTieri Zeglebis didi nawili. amdenad, yvela wyaros,

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romelic moipoveba saqarTvelos gareT, ucxoeTis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni qveynis istoriisaTvis. am masalTa Soris gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania rogorc ucxouri qronikebi, aseve qveynebs Soris oficialuri mimoweris dokumentebi, misionerTa, diplomatTa, piligrimTa da sxva TviTmxilvelTa Canawerebi, maTi mogzaurobebis aRwerebi da centraluri warmomadgenlobisaTvis gagzavnili angariSebi.

dRemde sakmarisad ar aris gamovlenili da Seswavlili didi nawili im wyaroebisa da dokumentebisa, romlebic Seexeba saqarTvelos istorias da inaxeba ucxoeTis qveynebis arqivebsa da wignTsacavebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelma istorikosebma garkveuli muSaoba Caatares am mimarTulebiT, dResac rCeba mniSvnelovani xarvezi.

friad saintereso cnobebi aris mimobneuli saqarTvelos istoriisa da qarTvelTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb wmida miwaze XIII saukunis piligrimuli literaturaSi. XIII saukunis piligrimTa naSromebSi mocemuli cnobebi gansakuTebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis, radgan maTi avtorebi arian TviTmxilvelebi da, amdenad, maT mier gadmocemuli aRwerebi qarTvel ber- monazonTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ierusalimSi da maTi urTierTobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva konfesiebis warmomadgenlebTan da jvarosnebTan aris pirvelwyaro msgavsi kvlevebisaTvis.

erT-erTi aseTi literatura, romelic warmoadgens metad sayuradRebo wyaros ierusalimSi qarTvelTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, aris kiolneli sqolastikosis paderbornis episkoposis oliveris naSromebSi, romelic Seexeba V jvarosnul laSqrobas da damietis aRebas jvarosanTa mier. es naSromebi dawerili unda iyos 1217-1222 wlebSi. (Descripcio Terre Sancte; Historia de Ortu Jerusalem et Eius Variis

Eventibus, Historia Regnum Terre Sancte, Historia Damiatine). oliver padeborneli, romelic TviTon iyo monawile

damietas alyisa, iZleva CvenTvis metad Rirebul cnobebs qarTvelTa monawileobis Sesaxeb am brZolebSi. friad mniSvnelovania misi cnobebi qarTvel berTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb wminda miwaze, romelTac igi TviTon Sexvda da esaubra simon mestiles mTaze arsebul qarTul eklesiaSi.

oliver paderbornelis naSromi aris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaro am periodis sxva piligrimul lite-

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raturasTan erTad, rogorc qarTvelTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb wmida miwaze, asve qarTvelTa urTierTobebis Sesaxeb jvarosnebTan da qarTul-dasavluri urTierTobebis kvle-visaTvis. oliver padebornelis naSromis mniSvnelobas zrdis is, rom is warmoadgenda im epoqis kaTolikuri eklesiaSi gavlenian pirs, romelic Tavis droze aqtiur monawileobas iRebda V jvarosnuli laSqrobis momzadebaSi da mogvianebiT gaxda kardinalic. oliveris naSromSi moce-muli cnobebis Sedareba am periodis sxva saistorio wyaroebis gvaZlevs saSualebas, axleburad ganvixiloT ramdenime istoriuli movlena. davazustoT istoriuli faqtebi, romelTa Sesaxeb jer kidev bundovani warmodgena arsebobs.

m i x e il b a xt a Z e

jayelebis urTierToba saqarTvelos samefo karTan

1266-1346 wlebSi

Cveni azriT, urTierToba bagrationebsa da jayelebs Soris, 1266-1346 wlebSi, ramdenime periodad unda daiyos.

pirveli _ 1266 wlidan sargis I-is mmarTvelobis bolomde, mesxeTi saqarTvelos samefo karisagan mTlianad damoukidebeli politikuri gaerTianeba unda yofiliyo.

meore _ XIII saukunis 80-iani wlebi, beqasa da demetre II-is urTierToba. beqa albaT garkveuli saxiT cnobda TbilisSi mjdomi mefis uzenaesobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mesxeTis mTavari mandaturTuxucesis `Ãels~ flobda. Cveni azriT, mas realurad unda Seesrulebina manda-turTuxucesis movaleobebi, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobda demetre II-is uzenaesobis aRiarebas. Tumca beqa, albaT, srul damoukideblobas inarCunebda mesxeTis marTvis sakiTxebSi da damoukidebel sagareo politikur nabijebsac dgamda.

mesame _ 1308-1314 wlebSi sargis II albaT imave politikas atarebda samefo karTan urTierTobaSi rasac beqa I.

meoTxe _ 1314-1334 wlebSi sargis II-s garkveuli saxis damoukidebloba unda SeenarCunebina mesxeTis mmarTvelobis sakiTxebSi. Tumca albaT gaizarda misi morCileba mefisadmi.

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mexuTe _ 1334-1346 wlebi. 1334 wels gardaicvala sargis II jayeli. giorgi V mesxeTSi gadavida da mesxeTis gamgeblad Tavisi biZaSvili, yvaryvare II, daniSna. masve miuboZa aTabagis `Ãeli~. amave dros mefem mesxeTSi axali erisTavebi daniSna da maTi umetesoba jayelTa sagvareulos wevri iyo. cxadia, am nabijma kidev ufro ganamtkica mesxeTSi jayelTa mflobeloba. ra Tqma unda, Tavis mxriv, yvaryvare II-m Tavi saqarTvelos mefis xelqveiTad aRiara. marTalia, saqarTvelos samefo karma, iuridiuladac da faqtobrivadac, mesxeTze Tavisi mflobeloba aRadgina, magram jayelebma mTeli mesxeTis marTvelobis ufleba SeinarCunes.

g ior g i oT x m e z ur i

tipikonis erTi muxli epigrafikuli Zeglis mixedviT

1. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis istoriis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia samonastro wesdebebs – tipikonebs. tipikoni awesrigebda monastris „Zmobis“ religiur cxovrebas da sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebs, gansazRvravda disciplinarul wesebs monazonTaTvis. tipikonebSi, romlebic dafuZnebuli iyo msoflio marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi miRebul zogad wesebze, muxlobrivad iyo CamoTvlili yvela is valdebuleba, rac monastris saZmos wevrs evaleboda da agreTve is sasjelic, rac kanonmdeblobis darRvevas mohyveboda.

2. saistorio wyaroebma ori qarTuli qtitoruli tipikoni Semogvinaxa – grigol bakurianis–Zis Sedgenili petriwonis monastrisaTvis da mxargrZel Tmogvelis „vahanis qvabTa gangeba“. orive maTganSi daculia muxlebi, romlebic aregulireben monasterSi stumris miRebisa da maspinZlobis wesebs. gansazRvrulia, sqesisa da asakis mixedviT, vis ramdeni xani aqvs monasterSi yofnis ufleba da vis sarTod ekrZaleba monasterSi Sesvla. erT-erTi muxli mkacrad krZalavs monasterSi „uwveruli“, axal-gazrda yrmis SeSvebas. mcirewlovani (uasako) naTesavis, Zmis da Svilis Seyvanasac ki. am kanonis damrRvevis mimarT sa-monastro wesdeba yvelaze mkacr sasjels – „mokveTas“, anu monastridan gandevnas iTvaliswinebs.

3. axalgoris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculia aso-mTavrulwarweriani qva, Camotanili sof. monastridan (axal-

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goris r-ni). Sinaarsis mixedviT warwera epigrafikuli sabu-Tia. masSi asaxulia samonastro tipikonis swored is muxli, romelic monasterSi „uwveruli ymis“ SeSvebas krZalavs. paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT warwera XV s-iT TariR-deba.

al e q s a n d r e boS i S v il i

solaRaSvilebis sagvareulos warmomavloba

qvemo qarTlSi gvian Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi wamyvani Zala baraTaSvilebi iyvnen. baraTaSvilebTan da maT Sto-gvarebTan erTad qvemo qarTlSi arsebobda soloRaSvilebis sagvareulo. romelic, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans erT-erTia, romelic baraTaSvilebTan erTad Cndeba qvemo qarTlSi da baraTaanT ganStoeba ar iyo. isini rangiT mcire Tavadebi iyvnen.

sasoloRaSvilo, ZiriTadad, algeTSi, veres xevSi, qalaqis piris soflebSi da nawilobriv somxiTSi vrceldeboda. saTavados mTavari cixeebi kojris da Wapalas cixeebi iyo, mogvianebiT cixes aaSenes borbaloSic; saZvale ki kabenis monasteria.

soloRaSvilebs qarTlis samefo karze ekavaT mefis saxlTuxucesis, dedoflis saxlTuxucesis, boqaulis, yeenis muRaribisa da musaibis da sxv. Tanamdebobebi. solaRaanT samkvidro saxelo dedoflis saxlTuxucesis Tanamdeboba yofila.

sainteresoa, Tu saidan wamovida gvari da rodis, an ra pirobebSi dawinaurda qarTlSi? soloRaSvilebis warmomavlobas pirvelad vaxuSti Seexo. rogorc igi aRniSnavs _ `soloRaSvils ityÂan ara baraTaanobasa, aramed mamulni da sasaflaoni maTni aCenen masve yofasa~. amasve imeorebs n. dadiani, mxolod im gansxvavebiT (SecdomiT), rom `ityÂan baraTaanobasao~.

soloRaSvilebis warmomavlobaze saubrobs ioane bagrationi Tavis naSromSi `SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelos Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa~. ioane bagrationi naSromSi aRwers ise, rogorc ama-Tu im sagvareuloSi rogoraa miRebuli warmomavlobis sakiTxi. bevri sagvareulos warmomavloba legendebiTa da daujerebeli istoriebiTaa savse. solaRaSvilebze ki ambobs, rom isini `arian Zveladve axalcixelni kalmaxis adgilis erisTavis gvarisani~, iqve ambobs, rom `amaTi

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winapari vinme gaTaTrda da uwodes sulaRad, xolo amis STamomavlobisani, romelTac miiRes mamadianoba, movidnen saqarTvelosa Sina mefobasa bagratisasa (gulisxmobs bagrat V_s, 1360_1393 ww. a.b.) wels 1375-sa da mefeman miiRo Tavadobisa xarisxiTa da uboZa gvaradca soloRaSviloba da arian munidgan mcxovrebni somxiTsa~.

prof. k. Tumanovi soloRaSvilebs _ jambakuria-orbelianebTan, baraTaSvilebTan, kaxaberiZe_CijavaZeebTan, (SesaZleblad miaCnia abaSiZeebic) erTad liparitid orbelianebis ganStoebebad miiCnevs. xolo liparitid orbelianebi _ mecnieris azriT _ mamikonianTa ganStoebas warmoadgens da iberiaSi 876 wels mosulan.

gviandeli qarTuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom soloRaSvilebi warmoSobiT samxreT saqarTvelodan arian, (ioane batoniSvili da aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani) _ Ta di solaRaSvilica swored Cveni gvareulobisa aris. Tumca solaRaSvilebi amboben. `osmaleTidgan movsulvarTo~. diax, osmaleTidan mosulan, magram garemoebis gamo aqedgan gadasuli isev aqeTken gadmosula imisi momavali da Tavis mama-papis mamulzeve damdgara _ aRniSnavs aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani.

qarTuli warCinebuli gvarebi nawarmoebia an saxelodan (amilaxvari, amirejibi, meliqi-meliqiSvili...), an im pirovnebis saxelidan, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara sagvareulos (baraTaSvilebi _ baraTasagan, yaflaniSvilebi _ yaflanisagan, zurabiSvilebi _ zurabisagan, ciciSvilebi _ cicisagan...), unda vivaraudoT, rom aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme solaRaSvilebTan mimarTebaSi. solaRa unda yofiliyo sagvareulos fuZemdebeli, solaRaSvilTa winaprad solaRas asaxelebs ioane batoniSvilic.

ibadeba kiTxva _ vin unda yofiliyo es soloRa/solaRa? Cveni frTxili varaudiT, es unda iyos kalmaxis

erisTavebis sagvareulodan. sagvareulo sakuTari saxelidan unda momdinareobdes.

SesaZlebelia es saxeli yofiliyo `sula~, `o~ da `u~ niSanTa monacvleoba qarTulSi xSiria (ruisi_mroveli). savaraudod sakuTar saxel sulas islamizirebuli variantia `sula~ `aRa~ anu sulaRa/solaRa. ioane bagrationic aRniSnavs, rom `amaTi (soloRaSvilebis) winapari vinme gaTaTrda da uwodes sulaRad~.

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rogorc cnobilia, arsebobda sagvareulo saxelebi, (Svils arqmevdnen papis, biZis an saxlikacis a.S. saxelebs, amis mixedviTac Tu namdvilad samxreT saqarTvelodan aris sagvareulo, maSin aq msgavsi saxeli mxolod kalmaxelebSi fiqsirdeba.

XVI saukunis dasawyisSi samcxis TavadTa nusxaSi `kal-maxeli sasaflaoTa, monastriTa da karis eklesiiTa uznasZeTa aqus~. meore nusxis mixedviT, `kalmaxeli sasaflaoTa [da] monastriTa uzunisSvilsa aqus~.

sulaRas Svilebi kalmaxidan qarTlSi albaT XV saukuneSi gadmodian. radgan qarTlis mefe daviT X-is (1505-1525 ww.) 1523 wlis ganCinebaSi, baraTaanT gayris saqmeze, baraTaSvilebis erT-erT momrigeblad, sxva TavadebTan erTad, Salva solaRaSvilic monawileobs. Salvas Ze ivane daviT X-is saxlTuxucesi da mwignobarTuxucesia. 1837 wlis erT-erT sabuTSi, 1480 wlis ambebTan dakavSirebiT, Tavad solaRaSvilis moxsenieba.

l e r i T a v a Z e

jehan Sahis Semoseva saqarTveloSi (1440 weli)

saqarTvelos 1412 wlis Semdeg axali monarqi, aleq-sandre didi, marTavs. qveynis gaerTianebis saqmeSi aleqsandrem mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia: daimorCila samcxe, ganamtkica centris kontroli dasavleT saqar-TveloSi, SemoierTa lore da somxiTi (somxuri teri-toriebi, maT Soris, sivnieTis, airaratis da maTi mimdebare miwebi). saqarTvelo kvlavindeburad akontrolebda Crdi-loeT kavkasiis mniSvnelovan nawils. mxolod daRestanis aRmosavleTi da Sirvani drodadro gamodioda saqarTvelos kontrolidan. rac Seexeba arans, masze ,,pankavkasiur imperias‟‟ didi xania, rac aRar miuwvdeboda xeli.

qveynis erTianobisa stabilurobis ganmtkicebaSi, didi adgili ekava dedaqalaqs – Tbiliss. Tbilsis bedi, saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis erTianobis yofna–aryofnasTan iyo pirdapir kavSirSi. amdenad, mis ekonomikur stabilurobasa da usafrTxoebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

aleqsandre I didis moRvaweobas mkvlevrebi gansxva-vebul Sefasebas aZleven. erTni miuTiTeben imas, TiTqos aleqsandrem Tavis vaJebs gauyo erTiani saqarTvelo, xolo

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meoreni ki uaryofen am movlenas. rogorc istoriografiaSi aris garkveuli, am mxriv mefes qveynis winaSe danaSauli ar miuZRvis.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romelic aleqsandre I didis dros moxda, iyo Tbilisis dacema, romelic yara-yoinlus (Savbatknianebi) fadiSahis yara iusufis Zis, jehan Sahis, Semosevas ukavSirdeba. Tovma mewofecis mixedviT jehan Sahi saqarTveloSi SemoiWra, jer samSvilde aiRo da xalxi gawyvita, xolo Semdeg daikava qalaqi Tbilisi da moTxara yvela – Zveli da axali eklesia.

ZiriTadad, swored am informaciis analizidan gamom-dinare, iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, rom aleqsandres ,,didis~ wodeba, ara imdenad misi politikuri aqtivobidan, aramed misi mSeneblobiTi moRvaweobidan gamomdinare unda darqmeodao.

miuxedavad Tovma mewofecis informaciisa, vinc aRwerili ambebis Tanamedrovea, sxva avTenturi somxuri wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze (ZiriTadad somxuri anderZ-minawerebi da XV s. mcire qronikebi) qalaq Tbilisis dacema ar dasturdeba. analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas aRmosavluri da qarTuli wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romlebic aseve ar adastureben jehan Sahis mier Tbilisis dakavebas.

Tovma mewofeci, misi nawarmoebSi, xSirad uaryofiT konteqstSi ixseniebs qarTvelebs, rac im religiuri winaaRmdegobis Sedegia, rasac adgili aqvs somex-monofizitebsa da qarTvel-marTlmadideblebs Soris. Sua saukuneebSi religiuri kuTvnileba gansazRvravda kavkasiaSi mosaxle xalxis erovnul raobas, amdenad, Tovmasa da misi momxreebis antiqarTuli pozicia, somxebSi qarTuli mrwamsis gavrcelebis fonze, maTi erovnuli interesebis dacvad aRiqmeboda.

Tovma mkveTrad uaryofiT damokidebulebas iCens aleqsandre didis mimarT, romelic somxebSi qarTul-marTlmadidebluri mrwamsis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobia.

amgvarad, Tovmas sakmao sababi hqonda imisTvis, rom qarTvelebisa da maTi mefis diskreditacia moexdina somxebis TvalSi, gansakuTrebiT im dros, rodesac rogorc is Tavad wers, somxebi yovelTvis qarTvelebze vamyarebT imeds da amas Secdomad uTvlis Tanamemamuleebs. Tovmas surs, qarTvelebis diskreditacia moaxdinos somxebis TvalSi, ris gamoc is yalbad aRniSnavs im faqts, TiTqos

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rodesac jehan Sahma Tbilisi aiRo, qarTvelebma erTi kacis mokvlac ver moaxerxes da qalaqi maTive SvilebTan erTad mters Seatoves xelSio. realurad, jehan Sahs 1440 wels arc Tbilisi auRia da arc iq mdebare eklesiebi mouTxria Zirfesvianad.

jehan Sahis Semosevis Sedegad, Savbatknianebma, mxolod samSvilde aiRes da isic daaxloebiT oTxTviani mZime alyis Semdeg, romelic daax. 1440 wlis martidan ivnisamde grZeldeboda. Sedegad, aleqsandre mefem tyveebisa da SesaZloa Tavad qalaqis gamosaxsnelad, gadaixada 400 000 dinari (cnoba Tanxis Sesaxeb daculia al. mazandaranTan), Tumca es ar yofila yovelwliuri xaraja, rasac Sahi iTxovda Semosevamde. jehan Sahis morigi laSqroba 1444 welze modis, rac vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT uSedegod dasrulda.

m i r i a n m a x a r a Z e

zogierTi mosazreba trapizonis bolo

ufliswulis Sesaxeb

1473 wels TerjanSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda uzun hasanis TeTrbatknianTa da osmaleTis mZlavri imperiebi. Terjanis brZolaSi qarTvelebi da sxva qristianebic monawileobdnen. erT-erTi aseTi pirovnebaa urjulo isaki, romelic uzun hasanis Svil zeinal mirzasTan erTad Terjanis brZolaSi daiRupa. am pirovnebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa mkvlevarTa Soris. minorskis azriT, radganac am pirovnebas `urjulo isaki~ ewodeba, igi berZenad miaCnia. Turqi mkvlevari ismail haqqi uzunCarSili ki mas qarTvel sardals uwodebs.

qarTveli mkvlevrebidan am sakiTxs Seexnen v.CoCievi da v.kiknaZe. orive avtori v.minorskis moyvanil munejim baShis cnobas eyrdnoba. v. CoCievi gamoTqvams varauds, rom `urjulo isaki~ SesaZlebelia samcxe-saaTabagos warmomadgenelia, rac miuTiTebs aRniSnuli teritoriis warmomadgenlis brZolaze osmalTa winaaRmdeg. Tumca, mkvlevari aqve aRniSnavs, rom gadaWriT amis mtkiceba SeuZlebeliao. urjulo isakis brZolaSi daRupvis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs meore osmalo istorikosic mehmed neSri.

vin SeiZleba yofiliyo urjulo isaki?

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xom ar aris SesaZlebeli igi marTlac berZeni, an sulac trapizonis samefo karis warmomadgeneli yofiliyo?

mivyveT trapizonis dacemis Semdeg ganviTarebul movlenebs.

1461 wels sinopis damorCilebisa da uzun hasanis damarcxebis Semdeg osmaleTis sulTanma alya trapizonis imperias Semoartya. mehmed II-s mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili am teritoriis Tavis samflobeloSi Seyvana. miuxedavad uzun hasanis dedis, sara xaTunis, didi mcdelobisa gadaefiqrebina mehmedisaTvis trapizonis aReba, uSedegod damTavrda. sara xaTunis winaSe dadga sakiTxi ramenairad gadaerCina komnenosTa sagvareulo, romelic SemdgomSi osmalebis winaaRmdeg dasayrdeni Zala gaxdeboda. TeTrbatknianTa wargzavnilma weriliT mouwoda, trapizonis mefe daviTs, rom sultans danebeboda. Tavis mxriv, sultani pirobas debda, rom anatoliaSi uboZebda garkveul teritorias samarTavad. mefes sultanTan danebebas urCevda amiriciusi, florenciis uniismomxre, romelsac daviTi endoboda. ransimenis gadmocemiT, daviTs mouTxovia iseTive teritoriuli sifarTovis gamgebloba, rogoric trapizonis samefos farTi iyo. mehmed II ganarisxa, imperatoris meuRlis, elenes saqarTveloSi gaqcevam, amitom sulTanma dauyovnebliv moiTxova qalaqis Cabareba. 1461 wlis 15 agvistos osmaleTis sultani ubrZolvelad Sevida trapizonSi.

1463 wels uzun hasanis meuRle da daviTis ZmiSvili despine werils ugzavnis trapizonis mefes, rom misi Zma aleqsi an romelime misi Svili gamogzavnos masTan. amis umTavresi mizezi ki trapizonis samefos memkvidris gazrda iyo. daviTis erTgulma giorgi amiriucusma Tavisi patroni mehmed II-sTan daabezRa. ganrisxebulma sultanma brZaneba gasca, komnenosTa gvari sikvdiliT daesajaT. 1463 wlis 1 noembers daviTis eqvsi vaJi da ZmiSvili aleqsi sikvdiliT dasajes.

daviT komnens darCa ori Svili, ana da giorgi. ana sultnis haremSi imyofeboda. Semdeg igi miaTxoves makedoniis mmarTvels, zarangos-faSas. mas ZaldatanebiT miaRebines islami. magram anam SeZlo, rom dabrunebuliyo trapizonSi, sadac daaarsa dasaxleba, romelsac ewoda misi saxeli _ kir-ana da aaSena eklesia.

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daviT komnenis meore Svili giorgi sami wlisa iyo, rodesac mehmed II-m daimorCila trapizoni. giorgi Tavidanve muslimur rjulze moaqcies da ianiCarTa korpusSi Caricxes. rogorc laonik xakokondili gadmogcems, `religiis Secvlam is sikvdils gadaarCina~.

ransimenis gadmocemiT, bolos giorgis darTes neba uzun hasanTan wasuliyo, saidanac is gaiqca Tavis dasTan saqarTveloSi, kvlav qristianobaze moeqca da colad moiyvana erT-erTi TavadiSvili. amis Semdeg wyaroebi giorgis Sesaxeb ikargeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ikargeba giorgi komnenosis istoria, iorgas moepoveba cnoba, romlis mixedviTac is ibrZvis osmalebis winaaRmdeg. iorga gadmogvcems, rom daviT komnenis Svili, romelic osmaleTidan wamosvlis Semdeg uzun hasans Seefara, Terjanis brZolaSi qarTvelebis jars meTaurobs. swored aq SeiZleba davuSvaT varaudi, Tu vin SeiZleba yofiliyo `urjulo isaki~. SesaZlebelia igi daviT komnenis gadarCenili vaJi giorgia, romelic uzun hasanisagan saqarTveloSi dabrunda Tavis dasTan. aq man coli SerirTo, xolo Terjanis brZolaSi, romlis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi trapizonis samefo taxtis aRdgena iyo, igi qarTuli jaris meTaurad gvevlineba.

n a n a g el a S v il i

sparsuli saistorio Txzulebebi Sah-Tamaz I-is

anderZis Sesaxeb

sefianTa iranis Sahis Tamaz I-is (1524-1576) anderZis Sesaxeb werilobiT wyaroebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. Sesabamisad, arc samecniero literaturaSia dafiqsirebuli gamokveTili Tvalsazrisi amis Taobaze. sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT im TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso, rom is dediT qarTveli ufliswulis _ heidar mirzas saxels ukavSirdeba.

Sah Tamaz I-is naxevarsaukunovani zeobis bolo periodSi samefo taxtis pretendentTa ori dajgufeba

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gamoikveTa: 1. ufliswul ismailis momxreebi, romlebic warmodgenili iyvnen yizilbaSuri tomebiT da iranSi aRzevebuli CerqezebiT, 2. heidaris momxreTa dajgufeba, romelsac saTaveSi edgnen iranSi damkvidrebuli gamuslimebuli qarTveli didebulebi, upirveles yovlisa, heidaris naTesavebi dedis mxridan. ismaili im periodSi, Sahis brZanebiT, sapyrobileSi iyo gamoketili, Sah Tamazis ufrosi vaJi muhamadi ki samefo taxtis pretendentad ar aRiqmeboda, vinaidan is usinaTlo iyo. ase rom, arsebul viTarebaSi iranis samefo taxtis erTaderT realur kandidatad heidari Canda.

sparsuli, qarTuli, evropuli wyaroebi calsaxad aRniSnaven, rom Sah Tamazs, Tavis Svilebs Soris, heidari gamorCeulad uyvarda. amis sailustraciod maT araerTi magaliTi mohyavT. Tumca, zogierTi evropuli wyaros (Tomazo minadois, d`alesandris) cnobiT, Sah Tamazi taxtis memkvidred ismails Tvlida. gansxvavebuli azrisaa adam oleariusi, romlis informaciiT, Sah Tamazis anderZis Tanaxmad, iranis momaval Sahad heidari iyo gamocxadebuli. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT sayurad-Reboa XVI saukunis sparsul saistorio wyaroTa monacemebi, romelTa avtorebi maT mier aRweril movlenaTa Tana-damxvdurni da zog SemTxvevaSi TviTmxilvelnic iyvnen; hasan rumlus da buda` yazvinis cnobiT, anderZi, romelic Sahis sikvdilis Semdeg aRmoaCines, heidaris da misi qarTveli dedis mier iyo Sedgenili. Seref-xan biTlisi ki aRniSnavs, rom Sah Tamazis taxtis memkvidre heidari iyo. isqander munSis gadmocemiT, romelic gansakuTrebiT vrclad exeba CvenTvis saintereso movlenebs, Sah Tamazma namdvilad Seadgina anderZi, romelSic mis memkvidred he-idari iyo dafiqsirebuli. magram Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis Rames (1576 wlis 14 maisi) sasaxleSi datrialebuli sa-Sineli tragediis Sedegad heidari veragulad iqna mokluli ismailis momxreTa mier. amis Semdeg maT cixeSi myofi ismaili gaaTavisufles da am ukanasknelma iranis samefo taxti daikava.

sxvadasxva werilobiTi wyaros monacemebis urTierTSejerebisa da analizis, aseve iranSi imxanad Seqmnili politikuri situaciidan gamomdinare, sarwmunod Cans, rom Sah Tamazma Tavis anderZSi swored heidari daasaxela Tavis memkvidred. garda imisa, rom mas

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gamorCeulad uyvarda heidari da misi deda _ qarTveli sulTan zade xanumi, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom Sah Tamazis zeobis bolo periodisaTvis iranSi sakmaod mtkice poziciebi da gavlena hqonda mopovebuli kavkasiur eTnikur elements, gansakuTrebiT qarTvelebsa da Cerqezebs. Sah Tamazi amas uTuod grZnobda da iTvaliswinebda kidec Tavisi memkvidris SerCevis dros. zemoxsenebuli wyaroebi xazs usvams, rom swored kavkasielebi (Cerqezebi da qarTvelebi) edgnen saTaveSi sefianTa samefo karze gamarTul brZolas erTmaneTis pirispir. aRsaniSnavia, rom dapirispirebuloba Sahis haremSic arsebobda qarTvel da Cerqez qalebs Soris, romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen dinastiur brZolaSi. marTalia, qarTvelebi damarcxdnen, magram zemoxsenebuli politikuri bataliebiT Riad gacxadda, rom maT ukve hqondaT saimiso gavlena da Zala, rom TavianTi SesaZleblobebi iseT maRal doneze moesinjaT, rogoric sefianTa iranis uzenaesi xelisufleba iyo.

T e a q a r C a v a , T e a w iTla n a Z e

evropa _ otomanebis urTierTobis

zogierTi aspeqti

mravalwaxnagovani sulieri revolucia, gajerebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikur-eTikuri faqtorebiT _ reformacia qristianul samyaroSi atexil davad miiCneva. evropulma qristianulma saxelmwifoebma iomes da dades religiuri zavebi misi saxeliT, ris Sedegadac evropis religiuri da politikuri ruka sakmaod Seicvala. TumcaRa, rigma faqtorebma ganapirobes otomanTa imperiis siaxlove protestantul samyarosTan.

luTeri, cnobili Tavisi gamoxatulad mwvave damokidebulebiT papisadmi, glexebisadmi, ebraelebisadmi, SedarebiT zomierad moixseniebs otomanebs Tavis TxzulebaSi - ‟‟TurqebTan omis Sesaxeb‟‟. teqstSi yvelgan Cans uxaliso pativiscema mmarTvelisadmi, romelic iyo dauZinebeli mteri misi dauZinebeli mtrebisa – papis da imperator karl V-is, maTi, vinc piroba dades, rom aRmofxvridnen sqizmas kaTolikur eklesiaSi. Semdgomma reformatorebmac gaimeores es orazrovani pozicia otomanebTan dakavSirebiT, vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom

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Turqebi warmoadgendnen saSinel safrTxes qristianuli samyarosaTvis, es mainc iyo kaTolikuri samyaro papiT saTaveSi. mTavari paradoqsi reformaciuli xanis da otomanebTan urTierTobis gansxvavebuli damokidebulebisa, amaSi mdgomareobda.

bevr protestanti miiCnevda, rom otomanebze yuradRebis gadatanam gadaarCina isini aRgvisgan pirisagan miwisa. eWvgareSea, rom otomanTa safrTxem, iseve rogorc dinastiurma pretenziebma da politikurma ambiciebma, rac gamoCnda italiuri omebis xanaSi, CamoaSora karl V misi gacxadebuli survilisagan - protestantuli amboxis samudamod alagmvisgan.

Tu italiuri qalaq-saxelmwifoebis aRzeveba evropuli qristianuli samyaros politikur daqucmacebas winaswar-metyvelebda, martin luTeris 99 Tezisis gamoqveynebam 1517 wels gamoavlina da simbolizireba gaukeTa mis ide-ologiur fragmentacias, riTac SeuZRva dasavleT evropas religiuri omebis epoqaSi.

kargad informirebuli sulTnis kari iyenebda qris-tianul samyaroSi dawyebul sqizmas. misi eqspediciebi ungreTsa da transilvaniaSi aSkarad dadasturebaa oto-manebis CarTvisa religiur winaaRmdegobaSi. amaze me-tyvelebs, suleiman II werilic germaneli protestanti mTavrebisadmi, romelSic mouwodebda maT, eTanamSromlaT safrangeTis samefosTan karl V-is winaaRmdeg.

marTalia, XVI saukuneSi evropisTvis islamuri safrTxe imdenad STambeWdavi iyo, rom otomanTa imperia aRiqmeboda qristianTa mdevnelad, Tumca, meore mxriv, is iqca TavSesafrad devnilTaTvis religiuri omebiT gaxleCili da, Sesabamisad, aratolerantuli evropidan. arsebobda uf-skruli ideologiur da socialurze safuZvelze. ar arsebobda mdgradi kavSirebi qristianulsa da muslimur msoflmxedvelobas Soris. TumcaRa, adreuli axali droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri da politikuri koniuqturiT nakarnaxevi rigi saerTo interesebisa yovelTvis awonasworebda am ufskruls.

v a J a k i k n a Z e

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mRvdeli Tevdore da ivan susanini:

miTi Tu realoba?

,,axali qarTlis cxovreba‟‟ mogviTxrobs mRvdel Tevdores gmirobis ambavs, romelmac qarTlis mefe luarsab II (1605-1615) yirimeli TaTrebis

moulodneli Tavdasxmisagan gadaarCina. moxsenebaSi gaanalizebulia rogorc am cnobis

detalebi, aseve misi msgavsi ambavi, romelic, TiTqosda imave periodis ruseTis istoriaSic moxda. rusuli versiis Tanaxmad, kostromelma glexma ivane susaninma polonelTa da litvelTa moTareSe razmis Tavdasxmisgan ixsna romanovTa dinastiis pirveli warmomadgeneli mixeil Tevdores Ze (1613-1645). rogorc kvlevam gvaCvena, ivane susaninis Sesaxeb saubaria erTaderT werilobiT wyaroSi, kerZod ki, mixeil Tevdores Zis 1619 wlis sigelSi, sadac es ukanaskneli, wina wlebis ambebs zogadad yveba da gakvriT axsenebs ivane susaninis Tavdadebas misi personisaTvis.

rogorc aRmoCnda, mefis es sigeli mxolod zogad da dauzustebel informacias Seicavs. kerZod, mixeil Tevdores Ze arsad ar axsenebs gmirobis zust adgils, an imas, sad imyofeboda TviTon is am dros, ratom gaxda saWiro misi gadarCena, mtris ra ZalasTan hqonda Sexeba susanins da a.S. (miT ufro, rom am periodSi e.i. 1613 wlidan, litvelTa da polonelTa seriozul SemoWras ruseTis teritoriaze adgili aRar hqonia).

marTlac, gamoCenili rusi istorikosebi nikoloz kostomarovi da vasili kluCevski eWviT ekidebodnen ruseTis mefis am zogad cnobas. rac Seexeba episkopos kirions, (SemdgomSi saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi), mas miaCnia, rom ivane susaninis ambavi ruseTSi gavrcelda ,,axali qarTlis cxovrebis‟‟ gavleniT da mibaZviT.

Cveni kvlevis Tanaxmad, gamoricxuli ar aris mixeil Tevdores Zes marTlac gaego qarTlSi moaruli ambavi Tevdore mRvdlis gmirobis Sesaxeb (gaxSirebuli elCobebis meSveobiT) da siamovnebiT gamoeyenebina es istoria sakuTari miznebisaTvis. miT umetes, rom axlad gamefebul romanovebs mosaxleobis mxardaWeris mopoveba sWirdebodaT. gamokvlevaSi vaCvenebT, rom ivane susaninis gmirobis istoria mravali Seusabamobis Semcvelia, romelTa gasworeba da Sevseba me-19 s. rusma ,,patriotma‟‟ istoriko-

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sebma scades da mixeil Tevdores Zes ,,miexmarnen‟‟ teqstis dazustebaSi.

d al i k a n d el a k i , e k at e r i n e r a i s n e r i

princ erekles cxovreba da dRevandeli saqarTvelos

mokle istoria

1793 wels flensburgsa da laipcigSi gamoqveynda naSromi “princ erekles cxovreba da dRevandeli saqarTvelos mokle istoria”. naSromis avtori ucnobia. wignis Sesaval nawilSi gamomcemeli aRniSnavs, rom “mimoxilva graf iekas (Tu jekas? – d.k.; e.r.) mier Segrovili wyaroebidanaa warmodgenili, romelic elias habeskis saxeliT frangul enaze dawerili sxvadasxva naSromiT gaxda cnobili. Cven ufleba ar gvaqvs, eWvi SevitanoT am cnobebis avTenturobaSi, radganac grafi garkveuli drois manZilze ruseTis, TurqeTis, sparseTisa da Tavad saqarTvelos samefoFkarze imyofeboda, mravali ambis TviTmxilveli gaxldaT da, savaraudod, saSualeba hqonda, iseT movlenebSi garkveuliyo, romlebic albaT naklebad mniSvnelovani pirisaTvis ucnobi darCeboda. radgan Cven saqarTvelos dRevandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ase mcire informacias vflobT, vfiqrobT, rom yovelgvari damatebebisa da zedmeti Selamazebis gareSe dawerili es mcire nawarmoebi germanuli sazogadoebisaTvis arc Tu ise uintereso unda iyos.”

1930 wels JurnalSi “Caucasica” gamoqveynda fridrix baumhaueris statia ”anonimuri Txzuleba qarTvel princ erekleze”. Ggermaneli mecnieri naSromis analizisas akeTebs daskvnas, rom avtori iakob rainegsia. amis safuZvels wignSi moyvanili faqtebisa da iakob rainegsis biografiuli masalebis Sedareba aZlevs.

naSromSi metad saintereso cnobebia erekle II-is mefobis periodis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

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el e n e go g i a S v il i

mogzaurTa qronikebi rogorc mediumi evropasa da “ucxo

qveyanas” Soris (`princ herakliusisa da saqarTvelos

Tanamedrove mdgomareobis mokle istoria”. 1793)

1793 wels laipcigSi gamocemuli 54-gverdiani wigni “princ herakliusisa da saqarTvelos Tanamedrove mdgomareobis mokle istoria” istoriuli qronikaa, romelic graf iekas, imave elias habeskis (lias Habesci) dokumenturi masalebis safuZvelzea dawerili. wignis avtorad miCneulia herman henrixsi, romelic, savaraudod, infanteriis oficeri iyo da, garda am naSromisa, gamoqveynebuli aqvs “taqtikuri saxelmZRvanelo msubuqi infanteriisaTvis” (1795).

avtoris ganmartebiT, grafi ieka anu elias habeski garkveuli droiT imyofeboda ruseTis, osmaleTis, iranisa da saqarTvelos samefo karze da mravali faqtis TviTmxilveli iyo.

imdroindeli evropeli mkiTxvelisTvis interesmokle-buli ar unda yofiliyo cnobebi qarTveli mefisa da saqa-rTvelos Sesaxeb, radgan avtori Seecada, mravalmxrivi in-formacia miewodebina sazogadoebisTvis.

wigni iwyeba me-18 saukunis saqarTvelos mdgomareobis aRweriT, romelSic Sedis: qveynis administraciuli dayofa, iransa da osmaleTs Soris saqarTveloze gavlenis sferoebis ganawileba, ufliswulebs Soris uTanxmoeba, mosaxleobis raodenobrivi kleba omebisa da avadmyofobebis gamo, tyveTa syidvis problema da sxva. amis Semdeg modis sakuTriv erekle meoris mefobis aRwera: misi taxtze asvlis Semdeg ufliswul aleqsandres winaaRmdegoba da misi Tavgadasavali, erekle meoris samxedro interesebi, qveynis gaZliereba da evropuli orientacia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom wigni ZiriTadad politikur ambebs exeba, avtori gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs qveynis eTnografiul aRwerasa da mosaxleobis xasiaTisa da wes-Cveulebebis gadmocemas.

dRevandel evropul mecnierebaSi sadao ar aris, rom evrocentruli TvalsazrisiT sxva samyaro egzotikurad aris aRqmuli.

axali epoqis samogzauro literatura kvlevis farTo speqtrs Slis humanitaruli mecnierebebisTvis. is warmoadgens, erTi mxriv, wyaros mogzaurobis istoriis

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Sesaswavlad, meore mxriv, samyaros suraTis aRqmis qronikas sxvadasxva epoqaSi. es wignebi rogorc masobrivi komunikaciis saSualeba mediumis rols asrulebda, radgan gansazRvrul perspeqtivebs sTavazobda mkiTxvels da garkveulwilad moZRvravda kidec mas _ ras unda dakvirveboda mogzaurobisas.

“princ herakliusisa da saqarTvelos Tanamedrove mdgomareobis mokle istoria” aris erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTi imisa, Tu rogoria evropelTa damokidebuleba „ucxos“ mimarT. masSi Camoyalibebulia avtoris tipuri evrocentristuli pozicia _ pozitiuri damokidebuleba erekle meoris mimarT misi evropuli orientaciis gamo.

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m i x e il q u r d i a n i

lingvo-qveyanaTmcodneobiTi etiudebi I. kavkasia:

CeCneT-daRestnis imamati, rogorc naySbandiaTa sufiuri

ordeni

CeCneT-daRestnis imamati specialur da sacnobaro literaturaSi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc Teokratiuli tipis islamuri saxelmwifo. es daxasiaTeba principul dazustebas saWiroebs.

daRestnisa da CeCneTis pirveli imami (1828-1832) iyo Razi-mahomedi (1795-1832), meore (1832-1834) _ hamzaT-begi (1789-1834), mesame da ukanaskneli (1834-1859) _ Samili (1797-1871). mecnierTa erTi nawili swored mas miawers imamatis Seqmnas (1841). es debulebac saWiroebs dazustebas.

lingvo-qveyanaTmcodneobiTi midgoma iZleva orive am problemis calsaxa gadawyvetis saSualebas

CeCneT-daRestnis imamatis (xunZ. imam i) rogorc Tavad

socialuri struqtura, aseve misi aRmniSvneli mTeli terminologiac sufiuri, kerZod sunitTa naySbandiuri ordenis reproduqcias warmoadgenda:

1. imamatis saTaveSi idga imam-i _ am terminis naySbandiuri mniSvnelobiT (sunitebTan imam-i saerTo locvis xelmZRvanelia, SiitebTan ordenis ucTomeli sulieri meTauri, marlTmorwmuneTa mbrZanebeli, romlis titulic memkvidreobiT gadaecema) _ naySbandiebTan is ordenis meTauria, marlTmorwmuneTa mbrZanebeli (Siituri gageba), magram misi tituli (resp. Tanamdeboba) arCeviTia da memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema (sunituri midgoma). am mniSnelobiT damkvidrda es termini naxur-daRestnur

enebSic: daRestnuri (resp. xunZuri) imam “id.”; CeCnuri im m

“id.”. imami Samili epistoleebSi Tavs swored “marTlmorwmuneTa mbrZaneblad” moixsenebda.

2. naib-i sufiuri ordenis meTauris (imamis) moadgilea, misi warmomadgenelia regionSi. manamde saxanoebad arsebuli CeCneT- daRestani Samilma sanaiboebad dahyo: andalalis sanaibo, araderxis sanaibo da a. S. maTSi man, rogorc ordenis meTaurma, Tavisi moadgileebi _ naibebi dasva da adgilobriv, ZirZvel aristokratias daupirispira.

daRestnuri (resp. xunZuri) naჲb “id.”; CeCnuri naჲb “id.”. 3. murid-i sufiuri ordenis meTauris mowafea,

“morCilia”, romelic Tavisi moZRvris _ imamis (Seixis,

186

murSidis) mimdevaria. ZiriTadad am mniSvnelobiTve damkvidrda es termini naxur-daRestnur enebSic, magram damatebiT SeiZina rjulisTvis meomris datvirTvac : daRestnuri (resp. xunZuri) murid “imamis, Seixis mimdevari, meomari”; CeCnuri murd “id.”.

4. Taifa am arabuli sityvis mniSvnelobaa “nawili”, “wili”, magram sufiur terminologiaSi is niSnavs “sufiur ordens” (resp.“sufiur saZmos”, “sufiur Tems”). am sufiuri terminis mniSvneloba naxur-daRestnur enebSi ase aisaxa

daRestnuri (resp. xunZuri) Taჲfa “jiSi, tomi, gvari,”; CeCnuri Taჲfa “id.”. Sesabamisad xunZ. Taჲfadul da CeCn. Taჲfanan niSnavs: “gvarisa”, “tomisa”, “jiSisa”. imamatis droidan moyolebuli, CeCnuri dasaxlebebi Taifur ubnebs (saZmoebs, Sdr. svan. samxub. sityvidan muxbe “Zmis Zma”) warmoadgendnen, XIX saukunis CeCneTSi 135 Taifi anu saZmo iyo. Taifa rom swored sufiuri da ara raime sxva mniSvnelobiT iyo gagebuli CeCneT-daRestnis imamatSi, amaze calsaxad metyvelebs CeCnuri gamoTqma: “Taifa_adaTis cixe-simagrea”.

5. silsila am arabuli sityvis mniSvnelobaa “jaWvi”, magram sufiur terminologiaSi is niSnavs “sulieri memkvidreobiTobis jaWvs”, “sulier genealogias”. am sufiuri terminis mniSvneloba naxur-daRestnur enebSi ase aisaxa daRestnuri (resp. xunZuri) silsila “genealogiuri xe”, “warmomavloba”; CeCnuri silsila “id.”. qisturad es termini, iseve, qarTulis msgavsad, gamoiTqmis rogorc sinsila. mag.: Su ჲoჲl sinsil “Tqven gagiwydeT sinsila”. naySbandiaTa sufiur ordenSi ori silsilaa, erTi _ silsilaT az-zahab (“oqros jaWvi”) es ar ordenis damaarseblidan muhamadamde (naySbandiaTa Siitur mazhabSi alimde) aRmavali xazi da silsilaT aT-Tarbia (“aRzrdis jaWvi”) ordenis danaarseblidan moqmed Seixamde (imamamde) daRmavali xazi. Taifas wevrebma zepirad ician es genealogiebi, maTi yoveldRiuri gameoreba warmoadgens sufiuri ordenis wevrTa (resp. saZmos) religiur ritualTa nawils. da sxv.

Samilis epistoleTa Semonaxuli nimuSebi (1846-1851) mowmoben, rom imami Samili Tavis werilebs naibebisadmi, rogorc wesi iwyebs umniSvnelod varirebadi formuliT, romelSic is maT, masaviT naySbandiaTa sufiuri ordenis

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wevrebs, urRvevi sufiuri tradiciis Tanaxmadve yovelTvis da ugamonaklisod moixsenebs Zmebad: “marTlmorwmuneTa mbrZanebel Samilisgan mis Zmas naib N-s _ mSvidoba Tqvenda.” (Samilis asi werili, 1997).

amilis, rogorc sufiuri ordenis wevris, sulieri moZRvari iyo jamaluddin yaziyumuxeli (gard. stambolSi 1886 w.) naySbandielTa ordenis Seixi, man arabulad dawera wigni “al-adab al-mardiina” (1847), murSidisa (sufiuri ordenis meTauris an xanagis winamZRvris) da muridis (mowafis an morCilis) urTierTobis zneobriv-eTikuri safuZvlebisa da reglamentirebis Sesaxeb, romelic samjer iqna gamocemuli originalis enaze (petrovski 1905; Temir-xan-Sura 1908; oqsfordi 1986), orjer gamoica misi araadekvaturi rusuli Targmani (Tbilisi 1869; oqsfordi 1986).

lingvo-qveyanaTmcodneobiTi analizi iZleva Semdegi dsakvnebis gakeTebis safuZvels:

1. CeCneT-daRestnis imamati warmoadgenda Tavisi ierarqiuli struqturiTa da arsebobis formiT sunituri konfesiis naySbandiaTa sufiur ordens (Taifa).

2. CeCneT-daRestnis imamati Seiqmna Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis calkeul naySbandiur TemTa erT sufiur ordenad konsolidaciis gziT da mis Tanadroulad anu 1828 wels.

naySbandiaTa sufiuri ordeni, Tavisi saxelwodebiT muhamad bin muhamad bahaaddin an-naySbandis (1318-1389) ukavSirdeba, Tumca jon spenser Trimingemi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom naySbandiuri tradicia (arc sunituri da arc Siituri) ar miiCnevs bahaaddin an-naySbandis am Tariqas (“gzis”) Semqmnelad, magram naySbandiebis ordenis, romelsac ekuTvnodnen genialuri poetebi _ sparsi nuradin abdurahman jami (1414-1492) da uzbeki mir aliSer navoi (1441-1501) da araerTi sxva gamoCenili pirovneba. istoria calke eqskursis Temaa, aq mxolod imas gavusvam xazs, rom am sufiuri ordenis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sua saukuneTa Tu axal istoriaze adekvaturi warmodgenis Seqna SeuZlebelia (TbilisSi jer kidev daviT aRmaSenebelma aaSena xanaga _ sastumro saxls sufiebisTvis, xolo XIX-XX saukuneebis TbilisSi funqcionirebdnen naySbandiaTa rogorc sunituri aseve Siituri Taifebi).

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g ior g i p a p u a S v il i

religiisa da eklesiis sekularizacia. drois suli da

XIX saukunis dasavluri civilizacia

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebi cxadyofen, rom kacobrioba sul ufro da ufro Sordeba RmerTs.

dRevandeli “civilizebuli“ adamianis msoflmxedveloba gamoirCeva RvTisSemecnebisadmi zerele midgomiT da fsevdomecnieruli zRaprebisadmi gadaWarbebuli interesiT.aseT adamianebs, warmaval, miwier Rirebulebebs mijaWvulT, yvelaferi aRelvebT, garda WeSmaritebisa da cxonebis gzis Semecnebisa. amgvari situacia Seqmna WeSmaritebis cnebis fardobiTobis Teoriis farglebSi moqcevam.humanistur-liberalurma cnobierebam yvela adamians sakuTari WeSmaritebis qonis ufleba misca, ramac praqtikulad moSala zRvari sicruesa da WeSmaritebas Soris.ase aebna Tavgza “civilizebul” adamians,romelsac yvelafris dajereba SeuZlia, garda WeSmariti RmerTis erTaderTobisa. am procesSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs XIX saukunes, saukunes, rodesac racionalizmisa da hipertrofirebuli anTropocentrizmis batonobam uzrunvelyo sulierebisagan daclili mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi.es yovelive ki aZlierebda da aRrmavebda dawyebuli sekularizaciis process _ religiis gavlenis dacemas sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis yvela sferoSi.is kargavda poziciebs aRzrdisa da, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebis sferoSi,sadac TandaTanobiT wamyvan adgils aTeisturi swavleba ikavebda. dasavluri civilizacia XIX saukuneSi Sevida RvTisagan sayovelTao gandgomilebis fazaSi,drois warmavali suliskveTebis tyveobaSi.samyaros centrad RmerTis ganWvretis marTebul cnobierebas Caenacvla samyaros centrad adamianis miCnevis fsevdoanTropo-centruli, absurduli fsevdohumanisturi cnobiereba, romlisTvisac “RmerTi mokvda,” “ar arsebobs WeSmariti sarwmunoeba”, ”ar arsebobs ukvdaveba da yvelaferi nebadarTulia”. am cnobierebam ugulebelyo adamianis codviT dacemis Sedegad memkvidreobiT miRebuli kacobrivi arsis garyvnileba da codvisaken midrekileba, rac misTvis winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobis SemTxvevaSi aClungebs da klavs adamianis suls. zneobrivi principebisaTvis, moraluri normebisaTvis, sindisis xmisaTvis

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zurgSeqceulma adamianma ganmxrwneli vnebebisa da survilebis amsrulebeli mxecis saxe miiRo da sul ufro da ufro saSiSi gaxda. Cvens planetaze mravali RvTaeba gauRmerTebiaT, magram kacobriobis istoriaSi jerac ar arsebula iseTi ulmobeli da WeSmaritebas dacilebuli, uzneo da dacemuli RvTaeba, rogoricaa drois suli.XIX saukunidan moyolebuli dasavlurma civilizaciam masSi ganaTavsa Tavisi yvela sneuleba, yvela vneba da codva da gaxda am kerpis yvelaze warmarTi kerpTmsaxuri. drois suli adamians aRmerTebs da ara ufals.drois sulis mierSemoTavazebul iqna yalbi progresi, ganaTleba da kultura. man daamkvidra sazogadoebaSi e.w.” kulturuli kaciWamiobis” principi, romlis aqsiomaturi moTxovnaa “brZola TviTSenarCunebisaTvis”, romlis mixedviT adamiani meore adamianisaTvis aris mxolod saSualeba sakuTari miznis miRwevis gzaze. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdina-reobs Semdegi daskvna: XIX saukuneSi dasavluri civi-lizacia calmxrivad gaemijna ufals, ramac Sedegad mogvca RmerTkacobrivi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ugu-lebelyofa, romelSic adamiani maradiuli qristesmieri Zma unda iyos meore adamianisaTvis.

q e T e v a n n a d i r a Z e

wyaroTmcodneobiTi kvleva XIX saukunis II naxevris

saqarTveloSi sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom mecnieruli kvleva

mxolod gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli. kvlevis warmatebuloba ki mecnierebis winsvlis garantiaa. swored amitom aucilebelia yoveli samecniero disciplinis istoriografiis Seswavla. am mxriv, gamonakliss arc wyaroTmcodneoba warmoadgens. 1. XIX s. II naxevari da XX s. dasawyisi aris qarTuli istoriografiis is xana, rodesac TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili

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istorikosi amave dros wyarosmcodne iyo. sakmarisia davasaxelos m. brose, d. CubinaSvili, d. baqraZe, s. Jordania, al. cagareli, al. xaxanaSvili, m. janaSvili da sxva. maT TavianT upirveles movaleobad qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis Seqmna miaCndaT, radgan kargad icodnen, rom saistorio mecnierebis ZiriTad dasayrdens wyarodan amokrefili faqtebi warmoadgens. mas am kusxis didi Sroma gaswies da dRevandeli sinamdvilisTvisac mniSvnelovani naSromebi datoves. 2. aRniSnuli epoqis istorikosTa wyarosmcodneobiTi kvleva – Zeglis sandoobis, cnobebis siuxvisa da mniSvnelobis, gamoyenebuli wyaroebisa da TariRis dadgena – mWidro kavSirSia maT arqeografiul moRvaweobasTan – xelnaweris dasaxeleba, formatis, moculobis, striqonis, raodenobis aRwera da sxva. es ukanaskneli mkvlevarebis mier Zeglebis mopoveba-gamomzeurebasTan. vfiqrob, swored am mimarTulebis unda moxdes maTi wyarosmcodneobiTi memkvidreobis warmoCena. 3. marTalia XIX s. mkvlevarebi ar axdenen werilobiTi wyaroebis sagangebo difirenciacias, magram zogierTi mkvlevaris – mag. s. Jordanias – naSromebSi mainc SeiZleba SevamCnioT wyaroebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebis mcdeloba. isini werilobiT wyaroebs aqveyneben adgil-mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT da maT Semdegi saxelwodebis ixsenieben: sigeli, gujari, sabuTi. xolo formis mixedvis gamoyofen: `sakiTxavs~, `matianes~, `sagvareulo istorias~ da maT ganmartebebs iZlevian. agreTve yuradRebas amaxvileben Zeglis Janrobriv xasiaTzec da sxva. 4. XIX s. II naxevris mkvlevarebi did yuradRebas uTmoben yvela saxis da Sinaarsis masalebs: mosaxsenebel Canawerebs, werilebs, reestrebs, sakanonmdeblo Zeglebs, aqveyneben `natyuar~ sabuTebs, garigebis wignebs, sisxlis sigelebs. zogjer publikaciebi arasrulia, zogjer SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovan istoriul faseulobas ar warmoadgenen. magram amgvar midgomas erTi mizani hqonda: didi raodenobis masalebis Segroveba mdidari wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis Sesaqmnelad, romelic im droisaTvis ar arsebobda. 5. gansaxilveli epoqis istorikosTa wyaroTmcodneobiT moRvaweobaSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Seswavlas. am Zeglisadmi miZRvnili maTi Sromebis ganxilva saukeTeso saiualebaa warmovaCinos maTi

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wyarosadmi midgoma, wyaroze muSaobis meTodika, wyaros Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi da sxva. 6. daskvnis saxis SeiZleba iTqvas: XIX s. II naxevris istorikosTa wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamocdilebis Seswavla da ganzogadeba aucilebelia Tanamedrove wyaroTmcodneobiTi meTodikis srulyofisaTvis.

q e T e v a n p a vl i a S v il i

bodbes wminda ninos monastris Tbilisis metoqebis

kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli ekoesia avtokefaliis gauqmebamde didZali uZrav-moZravi qonebis mflobeli da sa-xelmwifosagan ekonomikurad damoukidebel erTeuls war-moadgenda. ruseTis imperiis mier gatarebulma saeklesio ekonomikurma reformam qarTul eklesias materialuri safuZveli gamoacala da ganadgurebis winaSe daayena.

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisTanave (1917 w. 12.III) qarTvelma samRvdeloebam erovnuli saeklesio qonebis dabrunebis sakiTxi daayena, rameTu winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli eklesia isev ruseTis eklesiis ekonomikaze iqneboda damokidebuli da mis avtokefaliasac formaluri xasiaTi eqneboda. ruseTis xelisuflebas aRar Seswevda Zala, winaaRmdegoba gaewia qarTveli sasuliero ierarqebis moTxovnisaTvis, magram kavkasiis droebiTi xelisuflebis meSveobiT cdilobda saeklesio qonebis maqsimalurad SenarCunebas, romelze dayrdnobiTac unda earseba kavkasiis axal saeklesio ujreds _ kavkasiis sa-egzarqosos saxelwodebiT. aRniSnulis gamo, or eklesias Soris qonebrivi gayofis davam ukiduresad mwvave xasiaTi SeiZina da 1917-1919 wlebi gastana, manam, sanam saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio organizacia qarTulma demokratiulma mTavrobam ar gaauqma.

1917 wlis martidan qarTvelma ierarqebma aqtiurad daiwyes eklesia-monastrebisa da maTi metoqebis nacionali-zaciis procesi. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT im monastrebze vrceldeboda, romlebic istoriulad qarTuli eklesiis ekonomikuri siZlieris safuZvels warmoadgenda. maT Soris iyo wm. ninos bodbes dedaTa monasteri, romelic saqarTvelos rusifikaciis kerad aqcia TviTmpyrobelobam.

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aq davanebuli rusi monazvnebi erTdroulad axorcielebdnen qarTvelTa gadagvarebisa da ruseTis saxelmwifo xazinis Sevsebis mimarTulebiT saqmianobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivi iyo qarTveli samRvdeloebisa da mTavrobis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba bodbes monas-trisadmi. misi qonebisa da metoqebis nacionalizacia im periodis erT-erT saSur saqmed iqca. monastris iRumenias _ anastasias (visocki) mxridan Seupovar winaaRmdegobasac gasagebi axsna moeZebneba.

wm. ninos monastrisaTvis davam gansakuTrebulad mwvave xasiaTi SeiZina mas Semdgom, rac ruseTis samRvdeloebis winaSe dadga sakiTxi Tbilisis metoqebis nacionalizaciaze.

bodbes monastris Tbilisis metoqebs orive mxarisaTvis sarwmunoebriv-politikuri datvirTva gaaCnda. kavkasiis saegzarqosos xelisuflebisaTvis metoqebi rusi samRvde-loebis sabinadro da rusifikaciul-saganmanaTleblo ujre-debi unda yofiliyo kavkasiis masStabiT, xolo qarTveli samRvdeloebisaTvis ki sakaTalikoso metoqebi qarTuli marTlmadideblobis saqadageblad.

bodbes Tbilisis metoqebis istorias XIX saukunis ukiduresi miwurulidan iwyeba. metoqebis ageba da maTi bodbes monasterze daqvemdebareba qarTveli mrevlis saxels ukavSirdeba. 1898 wels TbilisSi, anastasias quCaze (ca-rizmis epoqaSi novo-yorRanovis, dRes l. qiaCelis quCa) mde-bare miwa general-maioris grigol gabrielis Ze yorRanovis (yorRanaSvili) mier nasyidobis wigniT gadaeca bodbes monasters sakuTrebaSi, rasac daemata generlis mier mo-nastrisaTvis Sewiruli 3000 maneTi vercxliT. 1912 wels ge-neralma metoqi keTilmoawyo romanovebis dinastiis 300 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT.

1895 wels bodbes monastrisTvis Tbilisis metoqTa Soris sididiT gamoirCeoda aznaur vasil gabaevis (ga-baSvili) wyneTis quCaze kuTvnili 1800 kv.m. miwis nakveTi da avWalis quCaze trifon jamaspovis (jamaspiSvili) 178 kv.m. miwis farTi. 1896 wels bodbes monastris gankargulebaSi gadavida sanapiros quCaze yulijanovis 732 kv.m. miwa, malaknebis quCaze zurabovis (zurabiSvili) 1008 kv.m. miwa da farsadanovis (farsadaniSvili) miwis nakveTi elisabedis quCaze. yvela zemoxsenebul nakveTze agebul iqna metoqebi da samrekvloebi.

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1917 wlidan metoqebis nacionalizaciis sakiTxi samo-qalaqo sasamarTlos samsjelo sagani gaxda. procesze wardgenili dokumentacia saqarTvelos eklesiis kuT-vnilebis faqts adasturebda, magram ozakomis xelisuflebam metoqebi sakaTalikosos ar gadasca. aRniSnuli mxolod demokratiuli mTavrobis mmarTvelobis dros ganxorci-elda. sabWoTa wyobilebis antisaeklesio politikis Sede-gad ki ufunqciod darCa Tavad bodbes monasteri. misi me-toqi eklesiebidan dangrevas gadaurCa mxolod l. qiaCelis quCaze mdebare samrekvlo, romlis fasadis Secvlis Sem-dgom, is sacxovrebel saxlad gadakeTda.

v a xt a n g g u r uli

rogor movipoveT damoukidebloba (1918 wlis 26 maisi)

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-dgena 1918 wlis 26 maiss ganapiroba samma faqtorma: a) qar-Tuli erovnuli moZraobis monapovarma; b) ruseTis 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciam; g) pirvelma msoflio omma (1914-1918 ww.).

qarTul erovnul moZraobas Tavisi xasiaTiT antirusuls, 1917 wlis Teberval-martamde saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi ar dauyenebia. mxolod qarTulma politikurma emigraciam wamoayena saxelmwi-foebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis moTxovna. 1917 wlis martidan 1918 wlis maisamde saxelmwifoebrivi damo-ukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxma Semdegi etapebi gaiara: saqarTvelos avtonomia ruseTis saxelmwifos Sema-dgenlobaSi _ konfederaciuli kavSiri saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena.

pirvelma msoflio omma daaCqara didi (ruseTis, germaniis, avstro-ungreTis) aRsasruli, xolo didi imperi-ebis krizisma da ngrevam xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmna cal-keuli erebis brZolas saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bisaTvis. pirveli msoflio omis gareSe msoflios politikuri ruka ar gadaisinjeboda da dapyrobili erebis brZolas saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis pers-peqtiva ar eqneboda.

ruseTis 1918 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis gareSe qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-

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deblobis aRdgenis sakiTxs ver daayenebda, pirvel msoflio omSi marcxis miuxedavad ruseTis imperia teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas SeZlebda.

zemoT xsenebulma samma faqtorma gansazRvra 1918 wlis 26 maisis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aq-tis Sinaarsi da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao da sagareo politika.

f at i S e yl a S v il i

germanuli bankebis da koncernebis roli nacional-

socialistebis ekonomikur politikaSi

nacional-socialisturi germaniis xelmZRvaneloba Tavisi eqspansionisturi miznebis warmatebiT ganxor-cielebisTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebda msxvil finansur da samxedro-samrewvelo wreebTan mWidro kavSirs. ekono-mikuri faqtorebis sagareo politikur meqanizmad gamoyeneba ucxo ar iyo germanuli sagareo politikisaTvis da rig qveynebTan mimarTebiT Zalze warmatebulic.

Tavis mxriv, finansuri da samrewvelo magnatebi naci-onal-socialistebis daxmarebiT imedovnebdnen, ga-eZlierebinaT materialur-teqnikuri baza axali agre-siisaTvis. cxadia, aseTi viTareba noyier niadags qmnida maTi daaxloebisaTvis. monopolistTa finansuri mxardaWera faSistebisadmi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda nacional-soci-alisturi partiis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg. Sesabamisad germaniis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi wamyvan rols asrulebdnen finansuri da samrewvelo oligarqiis mag-natebi krupi, tiseni, klekneri, fiSeri, mannesmani da sxva. umsxvilesi bankebi _ `doiCe banki,~ `drezener banki,~ `in-dustri banki,~ Zlieri koncernebi _ `ig farbeni,~ `fe-reingTe STalverqe,~ `krupis iaraRis qarxnebi~, `simensi,~ `bmv~, `daimler benci,~ `messerSmidti,~ da sxva. aseve specializirebuli saaqcio sazogadoebebi _ `Sua evropuli ekonomikuri komiteti,~ `samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoeba,~ `didieris qarxnebis saaqcio sazogadoeba~ da mravali sxva.

maTi gavlena iyo uZlieresi germaniis mrewvelobaze, nacistur partiasa da xelisuflebaze. es ukanaskneli xSirad konsultaciebs iRebda maTgan nebismier sameurneo da finansur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wamoWril problemaze.

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msxvili bankebi da koncernebi, faqtobrivad, warmoadgendnen meore xelisuflebas da gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas Zalze xSirad maT ekuTvnodaT bolo sityva. isini ara marto exmarebodnen hitlers materialur-teqnikuri bazis ganmtkicebaSi qveynis SigniT, aramed iqcnen mTavar sayrdenad nacional-socialisturi xelisuflebis mier dapyrobili qveynebis Zarcvisa da saerTod nacisturi eqspluatatoruli sagareo ekonomikuri politikisaTvis.

T e i m u r a z p a p a s q i r i

molotovis viziti berlinSi da bulgareTis sakiTxi

germania-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebSi 1940 wlis

Semodgomaze

1940w. 12 noembers daiwyo sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris, viaCeslav molotovis oficialuri viziti berlinSi. molaparakebebis mTavari sakiTxi, erTi SexedviT, iyo sabWoTa kavSiris SeerTeba sammxriv paqtTan, magram, stalinis mier molotovisaTvis micemuli direqtivebis Sesabamisad, ZiriTadi adgili saubrebisas daikava bulgareTma.

bulgareTis sakiTxi pirvelad wamoiWra sruteebis problemasTan konteqstSi. sabWoTa mxarem ganacxada, rom apirebda bulgareTisaTvis iseTive garantiebis micemas, rogori garantiebic misces germaniam da italiam rumineTs. hitlerma da ribentropma scades yuradRebis gadatana bulgareTis sakiTxidan, magram molotovma gaimeora Tavisi naTqvami da iqve gamoTqva ukmayofileba germaniis da ita-liis mier rumineTisaTvis micemuli garantiebiT. pasuxad hitlerma ganacxada, rom germaniisa da italiis mier rumineTisaTvis micemuli garantia iyo erTaderTi SesaZleb-loba, rom am ukanasknels daeTmo besarabia sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis da daadastura, rom omis damTavrebisTanave yvela samxedro SenaerTi gamoyvanili iqneboda rumineTidan. rodesac molotovi kvlav miubrunda bulgareTis Temas, hit-leri metad gaRizianda amiT da molotovs ganucxada, rom bulgareTs msgavsi garantia ar mouTxovia. garda amisa, man aRniSna, rom musolinis gareSe is am sakiTxs ver gadawyvetda. amiT sakiTxis ganxilva Sewyda da is ganaxlda mogvianebiT, ukve molotovisa da ribentropis bolo saubrisas, Tumca sakiTxis gadawyveta verc maSin moxerxda.

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germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma pirdapir uTxra sabWoTa vizavis, rom bulgareTis garantiebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas italiis pozicia aucileblad unda yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli da iqve sTxova ganemarta, Tu rogor uz-runvelyofda bulgareTisaTvis micemuli garantiebi ssrk-s usafrTxoebas. rogorc Cans, ribentropis es replika moulodneli aRmoCnda molotovisTvis, romelmac Tavi aarida pasuxs da aRniSna, rom sabWoTa mxares surda ubralod germaniis mTavrobis Tvalsazrisis gageba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

amiT bulgareTis sakiTxis ganxilva TiTqos dasrulda, magram, rogorc Semdeg gairkva, mxolod droebiT. ukanaskne-li Sexvedrisas ribentropma molotovs gadasca oTxmxrivi SeTanxmebis proeqti, sadac gacxadebuli iyo, rom mxareebi pativs scemdnen erTmaneTis teritoriul SenaZenebs da pirobas debdnen, rom 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar Sevidodnen erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg raime blokSi da daexmarebodnen erTmaneTs ekonomikur sakiTxebSi. am TiTqosda uvnebel proeqts Tan unda xleboda ori saidumlo oqmi. pirveliT, romelic oTxi muxlisagan Sedgeboda gansazRvruli iyo ge-rmaniis, italiis, iaponiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris interesebis sferoebi, meore saidumlo oqmi exeboda montres konvencie-bis revizias. is Sedgeboda sami muxlisagan, gamoxatavda germaniisa da italiis srul mxardaWeras sabWoTa moTxovnebisadmi da masSi erTi sityviTac ar iyo naxsenebi bulgareTi. 26 noembers moskovidan movida pasuxi, romli-Tac sabWoTa mxarem wamoayena Tavisi moTxovnebi oTxmxrivi SeTanxmebis xelmosawerad. meore punqtad am moTxovnebSi Sedioda sabWoTa kavSiris usafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba sruteebSi ssrk-bulgareTis paqtiT da sabWoTa qveiTi da sazRvao Zalebis bazis SeqmniT bosforisa da dardanelis misadgomebTan (rogorc Cans, bulgareTSi). aRniSnuli sakiTxi aSkarad amovardnili iyo ssrk-germaniis urTier-Tobebis konteqstidan. ssrk-s danarCeni sami moTxovna hitlerisaTvis problemas ar warmoadgenda, magram misTvis Zneli misaxvedri ar iyo, rom samxedro baza bulgareTSi stalins am SemTxvevaSi imdenad ara TurqeTis, ramdenadac rumineTis winaaRmdeg sWirdeboda. rumineTs ki, saidanac germania iRebda Tavisi navTobis udides nawils, misTvis namdvilad sasicocxlo mniSvneloba gaaCnda. savaraudod, hitleri mixvda stalinis TamaSs da SemTxveviTi ar aris,

197

rom erTi Tvis Tavze xeli moawera ssrk-ze Tavdasxmis gegmas. Cveni azriT, mis am gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena iqonia swored 1940w. Semodgomaze wamoWrilma sakiTxma bulgareTis Sesaxeb.

el e n e m e Z m a r i a S v il i

beti fridanis wigni `qalis saidumlo~ da misi roli

aSS-Si qalTa moZraobis meore talRis dawyebaSi

moxsenebaSi gaanalizebulia beti fridanis wignis `qalis saidumlos~ mniSvneloba amerikel qalTa moZraobis e.w. `meore talRis~ agorebaSi da gacemulia pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iTvleba TviT fridani Tanamedrove feminizmis fuZemdeblad. avtoris mtkicebiT, `qalis saidumloSi~ fridanma gansazRvra amerikeli qalebisaTvis im epoqaSi aqtualuri problemebi da daiwyo `jvarosnuli laSqroba~ maT mosagvareblad. man, aseve, gansazRvra qalis Cagvris ideologiuri fenomeni, miawera igi kacobriobis istoriis garkveul periods da ganmarta, ratom da rogor ganmtkicda sazogadoebaSi qalisadmi amgvari damoki-debuleba. misma analizma daarwmuna mkiTxvelebi imaSi, rom maTi daukmayofilebeli survilebis da imedgacruebis ga-momwvevi mizezebi sazogadoebis mankierebaSi unda eZebon da ara pirad arakompetenturobasa, Tu naklovanebebSi, ramac mkiTxvelebs arsebuli situaciis gamosworebis imedi gauRviZa. mosxenebaSi dasabuTebulia, Tu ratom iqca `qalis saidumlo~ imTaviTve bestselerad da ratom daudo dasabami moZraobas, romelmac, faqtobrivad, Secvala qalis roli amerikul sazogadoebaSi.

g ior g i J u J u n a S v il i

rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

geopolitikuri stratgiis sakiTxebi

1. 1811 wels ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi CarTul qarTul te-ritoritoriebze daiwyo e.w. `saeklesio reformebis~ ga-tareba, romlis mizansac warmoadgenda saqarTvelos eklesiis saqmeTa gamosworeba da saerTo administraciul sistemaSi unificireba. amis Sesaxeb araerTxel dawerila da

198

Tqmula, araerTi dokumenti gamoqveynebula, magram, samwuxarod, dRemde ruseTSi qveyndeba `samecniero naSromebi~, sadac saqarTvelos eklesiis roli da mniSvneloba araTu miCqmalulia, aramed utrirebuli da, ufro metic, nivelirebulia. amas garda, rusuli administraciis (saero Tu saeklesio) moqmedebebi dadebiTad aris Sefasebuli. arsad araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom 1801 wlis 18 ianvrisa da 12 seqtembris, 1810 wlis aqtebiT ramdenjerme ukve darRveuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi kidev erTxel dairRva, magram amjerad sasuliero sferoSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT SevniSnavT, rom Tu saero sferoSi im momentisaTvis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis maregulirebe-li mkacrad gawerili kanonebi ar arsebobda da ufro tra-diciebiT an miRebuli praqtikiT sargeblobdnen, saeklesio urTierTobebSi es saqme didi xnis winaT iyo mogvarebuli.

2. ruseTis eklesiis qmedebebis Sesafaseblad Sors ar wavalT da 2008 wlis dasawyisSi CineTSi konstantinepolis sapatriarqos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis pasuxad Tavad am eklesiis mesveurTa gancxadebas davimowmebT da mis safuZvelze mimovixilavT ori - ukrainisa da saqarTvelos eklesiebis winaaRmdeg moqmedebebis samarTlianobas.

el i s a b e d m a C i t i Z e B

1997 wlis politikuri krizisi TurqeTSi da armia

TurqeTi saero saxelmwifoa, rac iSviaTi gamonaklisia muslimur samyaroSi. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan SeiniSneba proislamuri Zalebis gaaqtiureba, rac ukavSirdeba islamisturi, keTildReobis partiis da misi lideris n. erbaqanis saxels.

1995 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze keTildReobis partiam xmebis yvelaze meti raodenoba (21,8%) moipova, xolo 1996 w. ivnisSi ki WeSmariti gzis partiasTan erTad Seqmna koaliciuri mTavroba da n. erbaqani gaxda qveynis premier ministri. es pirveli SemTxvevaa rodesac islamisturi partiis lideri iyo xelisuflebis saTaveSi. igi gamodioda “islamisturi faseulobebis dacvis” mowodebebiT. gansakuTrebul ukmayofilebas iwvevda erbaqanis sagareo politikuri kursi, romelic ZiriTadad

199

islamur qveynebTan urTierTobaze iyo orientirebuli. arc saSinao politikaSi SeimCneoda sasikeTo Zvrebi. islamistebis RonisZiebebi miuRebeli iyo TurqeTis sekularuli ZalebisaTvisac.

qveyanaSi politikuri viTarebis stabilizaciisaTvis kvlav armiis Careva gaxda saWiro. 1997w. 27 Tebervals erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWom SeimuSava memorandumi, romelsac ultimatumis xasiaTi hqonda. mTavroba iZulebuli iyo erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos meTvalyureobis qveS aResrulebina es moTxovnebi.

TurqeTis respublikis konstituciiT akrZalulia religiis gamoyeneba politikuri miznebisaTvis, amitom 1997 wlis maisSi TurqeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos generalurma prokurorma sarCeli Seitana sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi keTildReobis partiis winaaRmdeg, sdebda ra mas brals laicizmis winaaRmdeg saqmianobaSi.

1997w. ivnisSi genStabis warmomadgenlebi gamovidnen gancxadebiT, rom “reaqciuli Zalebi cdiloben moSalon saxelmwifos saero safuZvlebi”, generlebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen agreTve, proislamuri Zalebis gaaqtiurebis gamo.

1997w. ivnisSi n. erbaqanma veRar gauZlo fsiqologiur zewolas da gadadga premier ministris postidan, misi mTavroba ki daiSala. es movlena SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc samxedroTa morigi, amjerad uxmo gadatrialeba.

1998 w. ianvarSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daxura keTildReobis partia, mis liderebs ki aekrZalaT politikuri saqmianoba.

rogorc vxedavT TurqeTis armia kvlav Caeria qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi, Tumca amjerad misi saqmianoba ar gamosula konstituciis CarCoebidan, igi “reaqciis winaaRmdeg” samoqalaqo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad moqmedebda.

Turqi avtorebis azriT, es gadatrialeba, rogorc formiT aseve SinaarsiTac gansxvavdeboda wina gadatrialebebisagan (1960, 1971, 1980), am originalurobisa da gansxvavebulobis gamo, mas “postmodernuli gadatrialeba” uwodes.

amrigad, TurqeTis armiam kidev erTxel aCvena, rom is aris laicizmisa da qemalizmis principebis garanti da

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saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli misia.

go g i c xo v r e b a Z e

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis

diplomatiuri misiebi da warmomadgenlobani evropaSi

evropaSi qarTuli sakiTxis gaaqtiurebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda diplomatiuri misiebisa da warmomadgen-lobebis daarsebas. am mxriv, nabijebi jer kidev damo-ukideblobis pirvelsave TveebSi gadaidga, roca damo-ukidebeli saqarTvelos elCebi iyvnen: italiaSi _ giorgi maCabeli, belgiaSi _ anton JorJoliani, SveicariaSi _ xariton SaviSvili, germaniaSi _ vladimer axmeteli, mos-kovSi _ gabriel xundaZe, gerasime maxaraZe,inglisSi daviT RambaSiZe, osmaleTSi _ svimon mdivani, xolo damo-ukideblobis bolo Tves safrangeTSi elCad dainiSna akaki Cxenkeli. swored es saelCo aRmoCnda yvelaze xangrZlivi. man 1933 wlamde iarseba. sxva evropul qveynebSi, kerZod, var-Savasa da praRaSi arsebobda qarTuli gamgeobebi. rac Seexeba amerikas, argentinaSi elCad iyo andro dekanoziSvi-li, xolo AaSS-Si 1925 wels iq daarsebul sakonsuloSi da-iniSna baron kolie. saqarTvelos saelCoebisa da war-momadgenlobebis, aseve gamgeobebis muSaobas evropaSi 1921 wlidan hqonda “gansakuTrebuli mxare”. Tu raSi gamoixata yovelive es, uSualod Cven mier warmodgenil masalaSi gavcemT pasuxs.

rola n d Tof C i S v il i

`seqsualuri TamaSebis” genezisis sakiTxisaTvis

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi

saqarTvelos mTianeTi yofisa da tradiciebis mravalferovnebiTa da originalurobiT gamoirCeoda. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia fSavi da xevsureTi, anu istoriuli fxovi. erT-erTi sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli yofis

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elementi xevsuruli sworfroba da fSauri wawloba iyo, romlebmac XX saukunis TiTqmis 20-ian wlebamde moaRwies. xevsurul sworfrobasa da fSaur wawlobas Cven `seqsualur TamaSebs~ vuwodebT. Sua saukuneebis erotiuli urTierTobebi dasavleT evropul mecnierebaSi swored am saxeliTaa cnobili. vaJa-fSavelas Semdeg qarTvel mTielTa `seqsualur TamaSebs~ ara erTi mkvlevari Seexo, romelTaganac SeiZleba davasaxeloT: s. makalaTia, g. TevdoraZe, z. kiknaZe, g. cocaniZe, m. kandelaki. eTnologma marina kandelakma, faqtobrivad, kvlevis axali aspeqti, wmindad eTnologiuri aspeqti SemogvTavaza da ori sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenelTa _ qalisa da kacis erotikuli urTierTobebi sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis WrilSi ganixila da mniSvnelovani daskvnebic SemogvTavaza, rom mTis tradiciul sazogadoebaSi `individis Rrmad piraduli Sre sociumis (sazogadoebis) farvaterSi iyo gafiltruli~. mTis sazogadoebam odesRac dauSva gogonebsa da vaJebs Soris erotikuli urTierTobebi, magram sociumi mkacradve aregulirebda, akontrolebda axalgazrdebis qmedebebs da odnav gadacdomasac ki sazogadoeba aravis ar apatiebda _ damrRvevi CveulebiTi samarTliT mkacrad daisjeboda. amitomac iyo, rom tradiciul sazogadoebaSi didxans Semoinaxa Tavi. mTielTa `seqsualuri TamaSebis~ Sesaxeb yvela mkvle-vars, faqtobrivad, arasrulyofili masala hqonda xelT, radgan problemis intimurobis gamo, isini masalis erTgvar deficits ganicdidnen. sakiTxi ufro xelSesaxebi gaxda mas Semdeg, rac 1991 wels naTela baliauris srulyofili aRweriloba gamoqveynda. mis wignSi sworfrobis yvela niuansis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi monacemebia Tavmoyrili. fSauri wawloba da xevsuruli sworfroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTmaneTisagan mTeli rigi niSnebiT gansxvavde-boda, erTi rigis movlena iyo _ axalgazrdebs daoja-xebamde erTgvari Tavisufleba eZleodaT, Tumca es Tavisuf-leba garkveul CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli da is erotikul urTierTobebs ar cdeboda; seqsualuri urTierToba ga-moricxuli iyo. fSauri wawloba Tavisuflebis elementebiT ufro iyo `damSvenebuli~. ase rom, is am istoriul-eTnografiul mxa-reSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, erTgvar tranformacias gani-

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cdida, Tumca sazogadoebis (Temis) kontrolidan gamosuli ar iyo. xevsuruli sworfroba ki, iseve rogorc ara erTi eTnografiuli realia, eTnografiulad xelmisawvdomi dro-isaTvis Tavisi Tavdapirveli formiT iyo moRweuli. es erTi rigis movlena erTgvarad gansxvavebuli saxiT iyo Se-morCenili. ver vityviT, rom mTielTa `seqsualuri TamaSebi~ gadmonaSTi iyo, rogorc mas zogierTi mkvlevari uwodebda. wes-Ceuleba, romelic sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi iyo da romelic funqcionirebda, tradiciad unda ganvixiloT. rodis da ra viTarebaSi unda warmoqmniliyo aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi `seqsualuri TamaSebi~? mkvl-evarTa erTi nawili mas Zalian Zvel movlenad ganixilavda _ ukavSirebdnen matriarqatis da Tavisufal sqesobriv ur-TierTobaTa epoqas. eTnologiis ganviTarebis garkveul sa-fexurze TiTqmis yvela auxsnel movlenas pirvelyofilobas ukavSirebdnen. ase daukavSires es institutic pir-velyofilobas. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi pirvelyofili gvarovnuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arc erTi movlena ar arsebobda da verc wawlobasa da sworfrobas davukavSirebT mas. Cveni varaudiT, mTielTa `seqsualuri TamaSebi~ SedarebiT gviandeli warmonaqmnia da is dakavSirebuli unda iyos mTis demografiul problemebTan. cnobilia, rom mTas, geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, SeeZlo mosaxleobis mxolod garkveuli raodenobis gamokveba. amiT iyo gamowveuli is faqti, rom mTielebi SedarebiT nakleb bavSvebs aCendnen, vidre barelebi. es iyo mizezi imisac, rom mTaSi (kerZod xevsureTSi) ar arsebobda didi ojaxebi. ase rom, mTieli aregulirebda demografiul viTarebas. demografiul viTarebis daregulireba ki gviandeli qorwinebebiT xdeboda. XIX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis xevsureTsa da fSavSi mamakacebis saqorwino asaki ZiriTadad 25-35 wliT ganisazRvreboda, qalisa ki _ 20-30 wliT. amrigad, fertiluri asakis TiTqmis naxevars axalgazrdebi saqorwino partnioris gareSe atarebdnen. bunebrivi moTxovnilebis _ ori sxvadasxva sqesis adamianis erTmaneTisaken swrafvis damamuxruWebeli faqtorebi ki ar arsebobda. am dros mTurma sazogadoebam ki erTgvari novacia danerga da es novacia maleve tradiciad iqca _ sqesobrivad momwifebul adamianebs erotiuli urTierTobis neba daerToT, romelsac tradiciuli sazogadoeba mkacrad aregulirebda, rom urTirTobebi daSvebul farglebs ar

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gascdeniyo. dasavleT evropel mecnierebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom XVI saukuneSi gviandelma qorwinebebma soflebSi qorwinebamdel formalizebul seqsualur urTierTobebs Cauyara safuZveli, qalaquri cxovrebis pirobebSi ki _ prostituciasa da Zaladobas (Jan-lui flandreni, frensis da Jozef gisebi). Cveni mizani araa zusti qronologiis dadgena. fxovis sazogadoebaSi is maSin unda warmoqmniliyo, rodesac is baris sazogadoebisagan ganze dgeboda, rodesac mTas ar surda barTan integracia. erTgvari dapirispireba maSin unda warmoqmniliyo, rodesac barSi feodaluri urTi-erTobebi ganviTarda da, bolos, rodesac barSi qristianoba gavrcelda, mTa ki mas ar iRebda. interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos sakiTxi _ rodis SeiZina axali, gansxvavebuli niSnebi fSaurma wesma? ram ganapiroba fSavis tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ganxvavebuli wesebis warmoqmna? pasuxi aseTia: fxovis Semdegdroindeli fSavis nawilze barTan siaxlovem iTamaSa garkveuli gav-lena. Tavis mxriv, zogierTi tradiciis da maT Soris `seq-sualuri TamaSebis~ tradiciaSi cvlilebebmac ganapiroba erTiani istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris _ fxovis or na-wilad, xevsureTad da fSavad, gayofa.

T e a q a m u S a Z e

stumarmaspinZloba da ekonomikuri gacvla

stumar-maspinZloba – urTierTobis universaluri

stumarmaspinZloba urTierTobis is formaa, romelSic yvelaze mkafiod vlindeba sazogadoebis arCevani, SeinarCunos sakuTari Tavi da ganviTardes. nebismier sazogadoebaSi stumarmaspinZlobis wesi tradiciiTaa gansazRvruli da gawerili, rac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovil gamocdilebas emyareba. stumarmaspinZloba universaluri Rirebulebaa da msoflios yvela sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca zogierTi xalxisaTvis urTierTobis am formam sakraluri niSnebic SeiZina da adamianis Rirsebas daukavSirda. “stumari RvTisaa” _ es Teza yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli da aqtualuria kavkasiis xalxebisaTvis. mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT stumris miReba da

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misi gamaspinZleba pirdapir ukavSirdeboda maspinZlis statuss sazogadoebaSi. sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri, pirvel rigSi, Rirseuli maspinZeli unda yofiliyo. maspinZloba bunebrivia ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. vinc maspinZlobas gaurboda mas arcxvendnen da “purZvirs” eZaxdnen, akritikebdnen, rogorc asocialurs, “xalxSi ar gaesvlebao”, ityodnen. aqve vxvdebiT dalocvis aseT saintereso formas: “RmerTma nu mogiSalos stumari da stumris gasastumrebeli baraqao”. amdenad qarTvelebisaTvis stumris miReba, rogorc qarTvelis, aseve ucxo tomelis cxovrebis stils qmnida da mis nawilad iqceoda. stumris saTanadod daxvedra da misi dacva yvela maspinZlis pirdapir movaleobas warmoadgenda. garda moraluri mxarisa stumris Rirseulad daxvedraSi pragmatuli mosazrebebic ido usafrTxoebis, da sxva saqmiani kavSirebis aucileblobidan gamomdinare ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis. “stumarmaspinZlobis saxiT arsebuli zneobrivi normebi, daculi STamomavlobiT, gadacemuli tradiciebiT, xels uwyobda xalxTa daaxloebas, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebas, erTmaneTTan teritoriulad dacilebuli xalxebis usafrTxo urTierTobas da saqmiani kavSirebis ganmtkicebas” (m. mowerelia, 1987).

stumar-maspinZlobis procesSi yalibdeboda urTierTobis axali formebi rogorc naTesavebs, ise aranaTesavebs Soris, rac Taviseburi ekonomikuri gacvlis formad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. am SemTxvevaSi ganvixilav zemo raWaSi gavrcelebul stumarmaspinZlobis or formas: mcnaurs da kerZmokeTeobas.

“raWaSi arsebobda stumris miReba-gastumrebis wesi _ sami aRmniSvneli terminiT: stumari, mcnauri, kerZi” (s. rexviaSvili, gv. 58).

zemo raWis soflebSi farTod gavrcelebuli mcanauri, stumris erT-erTi kategoria, romelic gansakuTrebul istoriul da geografiul pirobebSi Camoyalibda. zamTrobiT mTis raWas CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT ezRudeboda moZraoba da dakavSireba mxolod raWa-imereTis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli. mTielebi swored am gziT axerxebdnen saqarTvelos barTan urTierTobas, sadac gasayidad mihqondaT sxvadasxva produqti: xorci, rZis produqti, Sin damzadebuli Salis qsovilebi da sxva.

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sanacvlod ki qalaqidan mihqodaT marcvleuli, marili, asanTi, Rvino, arayi, fexsacmeli, tanisamosi da sxva.

gzaze, romelzedac unda gaevlo yvelas, hyavda nacnobi ojaxi, sadac mosvenebasa da gaCerebas SeZlebdnen. swored aseT adamaianebs eZaxdnen mcnaurebs. xolo mcnaurebad adamianebi xdebian, piradi gamocdilebis safuZvelze. “mgzavrobisas SemTxveviT gacnobil adamianebs Tu erTmaneTi moewonebaT, Zmobas da megobrobas Sehficavdnen da am dRidan maT Soris megobruli kavSiri myardeboda”. mcnauris ojaxebi erTmaneTSi stumarmaspinZlobis paralelurad cvlidnen urTierTisaTvis saWiro produqtebs.

kerZTmokeTeobis tradiciac saintereso magaliTia, sadac stumarmaspinZlobis wesi aseve gadajaWvulia ekonomikur sakiTxebTan, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi masStabebi gansxvavebuli iyo da qveynis farglebs scildeba. raWveli mamakacebi kerZmokeTeebi xdebodnen Crdilo kavkasieli ojaxebisaTvis da piriqiT. intensiuri stumarmaspinZloba dakavSirebuli iyo maT saqmianobasTan, rasac mezobel qyveyanaSi eweodnen.

amdenad, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciuli formebis, CamoyalibaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, socialur da moralur faqtorebTan erTad, seriozuli ekonomikur mniSvneloba hqonda.

q e T e v a n x u c i S v il i

sinkretizmis problema religiis

anTropologiaSi

religia, rogorc kulturis umniSvnelovanesi elementi, pirveli eTnografiuli skolebis gaCenisTanave moeqca mkvlevarTa interesebis sferoSi. terminis gansazRvrebas, religiis arsis, misi safuZvlebisa da elementebis garkvevas, sazogadoebaze misi gavlenis analizs did yuradRebas uTmobdnen. TiToeuli konkretuli mkvlevarisa da skolis gansxvavebuli midgoma am sakiTxebisadmi ganapirobebda Sesabamisi kvlevis meTodis SemuSavebas. religiis anTropologiurma kvlevam mTeli rigi safexurebi gaiara XVIII saukunidan dRemde. sxvadasxva dros sakiTxi ukavSirdeboda iseTi cnebebisa da kategoriebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa animizmi, magia, tabu, mana da sxv. arsebiTi gaxda religiuri rwmenis an aseTad miCneulis gamovlinebaTa da

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faqtebis aqtualuri konteqstis analizi. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, dResac yoveli axali naSromi ZiriTadad diurqheimis, veberis, froidisa da malinovskis ideebs eyrdnoba. umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad kvlav terminTa (iseTebis rogoricaa simbolo, warmodgena, mniSvneloba da sxv.) gansazRvra rCeba.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi diskusiis sagnad iqca cneba – sinkretizmi. kamaTi gamoiwvia am terminis definiciis mravalgvarobam. ris gamoc mkvlevarTa nawili saerTod gamoricxavs obieqturi pasuxis SesaZleblobas imaze Tu ra aris sinkretuli religiasa da tradiciasTan mimarTebaSi (mag. d. gelneri). sxvebi mizanSewonilad miiCneven sinTezis procesebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas (mag. r. Sou).

sinkretizmi (berZnuli sityvidan _ synkretismus - SeerTeba) Serevas, daunawevreblobas, yvelaze xSirad ki sxvadasxvagvarovani lementebis erT movlenaSi organul SenivTebas niSnavs. sulier kulturasTan mimarTebiT termin sinkretizmiT aRiniSneba erTiani tradiciis SigniT gancalkevebiT mdgari elementebis arasistematizirebuli kombinacia. melvil herskovicis mixedviT, sinkretizmi gan-sxvavebuli kulturebis integraciis xarisxis maxasi-aTebelia. rig SemTxvevebSi sinkretizmis cnebas akultura-ciasa da integracias ukavSireben asimilaciis mniSvne-lobiT. amasTan, sxvadasxva regionaluri skola termin sin-kretizmSi dadebiT an uaryofiT konotacias debs. sin-kretizmis problema mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos mimarTebis, institucionaluri cvlilebebis, stabilurobis sakiTxebTan, rac aseve uaRresad aqtualuri samecniero sakiTxebia. a. droxersi sinkretizms, rogorc kulturul fenomens religiis konteqstSi moiazrebs da xazs usvams misi Seswavlis aucileblobas Sida, gareSe da bunebrivi ganzomilebebis kuTxiT. sakiTxis gadaWras termi-nologiur da meTodologiur SeuTanxmeblobasTan erTad arTulebs konkretul religiebSi sxvagvarovani elementebis gamovlena-kvlevis problemac, rac saerTo konteqstis gaanazalizebis gareSe warmoudgenelia. religia rogorc erTiani sistema ver gaiazreba saerTo konteqstidan mo-wyvetiT. amdenad, misi dakavSireba sakiTxTa erTob mraval-ferovan speqtrTan simboloTa semantikidan dawyebuli religiis ekologiiT damTavrebuli, savsebiT bunebrivi da aucilebeli xdeba.

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Ti n aT i n R u d u S a u r i

interpretaciuli skola

anTropologiaSi _ kliford girci

Kkliford girci – amerikeli anTropologia, romelmac didi zegavlena moaxdina amerikuli kulturanTropologiis ganviTarebaze. Mman safuZveli daudo axal mimarTulebas-interpretaciul anTropologias, romelmac SeiTvisa tra-diciuli amerikuli kulturanTropologiis, hermenevtikis, sociologiuri koncefciis da analitikuri filosofiis ideebi. Mmisi Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens e. w. ~siRrmiseuli an gajerebuli aRweriloba~. Ggircma wamo-ayena kulturis semiotikuri koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac kultura esaa simboloTa bade, romelic adamianma moqsova, magram Aam mniSvnelobebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod mecnieruli eqsperimentebis meSveobiT da obieqturi kanonebis Ziebis gziT. Aam procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba eniWeba subieqtur interpretacias, romlisTvisac yvelaze mTavaria ama Tu im faqtisa da movlenis azri, mniSvneloba. seriozuli adgili mis mecnierul Semoq-medebaSi eTmoba Suamavlis rolis meTodologiur analizs. Ees Suamavlebia (ganwyoba, motivacia, mecnieris interesi), romlebic aucileblad aRmoCndebian faqtebsa da am faqtebis mecnierul interpretacias Soris. Mman ierar-qiulad daalaga kulturis yvela artefaqti _ naTesauri sistemebi, religia, politikuri sistemebi, ekonomika da moaxdina mniSvnelobis gaanalizeba da dekodireba, amasTan asabuTebda, rom maTi realizeba xdeba or sibrtyeSi: cnobier da qvecnobier doneze. Qqvecnobieris kvlevam igi, bunebrivia, daaxlova fsiqoanalizTan da struqtura-lizmTan, magram Tavis naSromebSi, romlebic Seyvanilia me-ore msoflio omis Semdgom gamoqveynebul saukeTeso naS-romebis siaSi, girci mkveTr zRvars avlebda kulturasa da socialur struqturas Soris da amiT gaemijneboda levi-strosis mosazrebebs, romlis azriTac ritualebi, insti-tuciebi da kulturis sxva aspeqtebi SeiZleba kargad ga-analizdes im miznebidan gamomdinare, romelTac isini em-saxurebian. Mmisi mecnieruli Sexedulebebi ganzogadebulad ase gamoiyureba:

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kultura warmoadgens~simboloebiT gamoxatul mniSvnelobaTa erTobliobas~, romelic uzrunvelyofs adamianebs ~koordinatTa sistemiT~ realobis aRsaqmelad. sxvagvarad es aris aris adamianis mier samyaros interpretaciis mcdeloba, xolo kulturanTropologiuri kvlevebi samyaros meoradi (anu mecnieruli) interpretaciaa

evolucia niSnavs ara imdenad adaptacias garemo pirobebTan da arsebobis SenarCunebas, aramed adaptacias sazogadoebasTan. Aswored adaptaciis am tipma anu danarCen adamianebTan Seguebis aucileblobam moiTxova adamianisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli, specifikuri unarebis gamomuSaveba.

kulturuli fenomenebis Sesacnobad mTavaria ara is ras ~akeTeben~ isini, aramed ras ~niSnaven~ isini.

Sesabamisad, saboloo jamSi, anTropologiis mizania kulturaTa Rrma da safuZvliani Seswavlis gziT adamianu-ri dialogis diskursis gafarToeba.

d a v iT s a rT a n i a

eTnoetiketi da mentaloba

1. eTnoetiketi aris eTnosis arsebobis xangrZliv periodSi Camoyalibebuli urTierTobis formebis (qcevis normebis) sistema, romliTac regulirdeba mocemuli eTnosis wevrTaSorisi urTierTobebi.

2. eTnoetiketis TiToeul normas safuZvlad udevs mocemuli eTnosis faseulobaTa sistema da eTnoetiketi misi gamoxatvis, realizaciisa da arsebobis saSualebaa.

3. ama Tu im eTnosis faseulobis dacva an gadafaseba fiqsirdeba (gamovlindeba) etiketis normebis gamoyenebiT an ugulebelyofiT.

4. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis ama Tu im mxaris mentaluri gadafaseba iwvevs etiketis normebis ugul-ebelyofas da sanacvlod sxva axali normebis damkvidrebas. mentaluri mdgradoba ki etiketis normebis dacvas ganapirobebs.

5. mentaluri mdgradoba an cvalebadoba sazogadoebis cxovrebis ganviTarebis tendenciebzea damokidebuli da TaobaTa urTierTobaSi aisaxeba, roca ufrosi Taoba yovelTvis konservatizms amJRavnebs, axali Taoba ki piriqiT – arsebuli normebis gadasinjvis momxrea. es procesi bunebrivi ganviTarebis pirobebSi logikuri

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TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs, xolo garedan iZulebiTi (`wamlekavi~ - iv. javaxiSvili) gavlenis SemTxvevaSi eTnosis ganviTarebaze negatiurad aisaxeba.

m a r i a m C x a rt i S v il i

qarTuli identobis wrTobis procesi da somxuri

gamowveva

1. mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin varT “Cven”, ukve warmoadgens mtkicebas imisa, Tu vin ara varT “Cven” Aanu “Cven” Tavis TavSi Seicavs “sxvas”. swored “sxva” garkveul-wilad ganapirobebs “Cvens” anu “Cven” aris pasuxi im gamowvevaze, romelsac qmnis “sxva”. aRniSnuli marTebulia yvela tipis erTobisaTvis, maT Soris, eTnieebisa da naciebisaTvis, romlebic koleqtiuri kulturuli iden-tobebis safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli da romlebic kacobriobis Semadgeneli umTavresi asociaciebia.

2. eTnieebisa da naciebisaTvis “sxva” aris mSobliuri Cven-jgufis miRma arsebuli mTeli msoflio, romelic konkretdeba mezobeli xalxis saxeSi. swored mezobeli, “kontaqturi” identoba aZlevs realur Sinaarss “sxvis” ab-straqtul koncepts. Aamitom ama Tu im nacionaluri iden-tobis Camoyalibebis Taviseburebebis gasagebad Zalian mni-Svnelovania im gamowvevebis gacnobiereba, romelsac mas uye-nebs mezobeli xalxi.

3. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze nacionalur erTobas, ro-melsac ewodeba qarTuli da romlis eTnikuri fesvebi So-reul warsulSi ikargeba, istoriulad hyolia da hyavs araerTi mezobeli. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda an war-moadgens qarTuli identobisaTvis gamowvevas, magram upir-velesi “sxva” qarTvelebisaTvis aris somxoba, jer erTi, imitom, rom esaa udidesi Sinagani resursis mqone identoba meorec, imitom, rom somxoba qarTvelobisaTvis aris permanentuli gamowveva uZvelesi droidan dRemde.

4. qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebi yovelTvis iwvevda da iwvevs specialistTa did interess da, Sesabamisad, am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili araerTi gamokvleva arsebobs. mopo-vebulia mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi masala da gamoTqmulia araerTi komentari da Sefaseba. magram samecniero praqtika am sferoSi konkretuli rekonstruqciebiT Semoifargle-boda da sociologiurad orientirebuli istoriografi-isaTvis damaxasiaTebel sakiTxebs ar ayenebda. magaliTad,

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qarTuli identobis wrTobis procesze somxuri gamowvevis impulsis mniSvneloba DdRemde ganxilvis sagani ar yo-fila. moxsenebis mizani swored am xarvezis Sevsebaa. Se-savali daeTmoba qarTuli identobis istoriis mokle gadmocemas naciis eTno-simbolisturi paradigmis CarCoebSi, ZiriTadi nawilSi ki warmodgenili iqneba qarTul da somxur identobaTa urTierTWidilis (Sejibris, dapirispi-rebis, mtrobis) Tu mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis Semaja-mebeli suraTi.

m a r i n e f uTur i Z e

TrialeTuri kulturis Zvirfasi liTonis WurWlis

SeswavlisaTvis

mxatvruli xelosnobis im mravalferovnebidan, romelic Sua brinjaos xanis samxreT kavkasiis kulturebidan mxolod TrialeTuri kulturisTvisaa specifikuri, erT-erT mniSvnelovan kategorias warmoadgens Zvirfasi liTonis WurWeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi imTaviTve ipyrobda mkvlevarTa yuradRebas, mTeli rigi arsebiTi xasiaTis sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa: am kategoriis artefaqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli stilis zogadi principebi, liTonis WurWlis mravalferovani produqciis analizis safuZvelze Seqmnili saerTo tipologiuri sqema, ornamentu-li dekoris SedarebiTi ikonografiuli kvleva da sxva mni-Svnelovani sakiTxi saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris da mkvlevarTa sagangebo yuradRebas elis. dReisaTvis am problematikasTan dakavSirebuli viTa-rebidan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom calkeuli konkretuli artefaqtebis Seswavlidan aucilebelia gadavideT mxat-vruli liTonis WurWlis stilistur-mxatvrul da ti-pologiur analizze. am TvalTaxedviT danaxuli Zvirfasi liTonis WurWeli, rogorc erTi mimarTuleba mxatvrul xelosnobaSi, uaRresad mniSvnelovania TrialeTuri kultu-ris maxlobeli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebTan kavSir-ur-TierTobis suraTis rekonstruqciisaTvis, da ufro farTo problemis, sakuTriv am kulturis genezisis dadgenis TvalsazrisiTac. naSromSi Zvirfasi liTonis WurWeli Seswavlili gvaqvs ramdenime mimarTulebiT: 1. formaTa diferencirebis da amis safuZvelze am kategoriis masalebisaTvis zogadi tipo-logiuri sqemis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT; 2. meore mima-

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rTuleba, saiTac unda warimarTos sagangebo kvleva _ esaa ornamentuli dekoris ikonografiuli kvleva. amjerad sagangebo yuradReba mivaqcieT am ukanasknel problemas, romlis Seswavlamac saSualeba mogvca gamogveyo sul mcire oTxi mxatvruli stili: a) sruliad sada; b) limitirebulad ornamentirebuli, isic mxolod martivi geometriuli saxeebiT; g) mxolod safasado mxares ornamentirebulia da d) uaRresad mdidrulad ornamenti-rebuli rTulsaxovani siuJetiT. aRmoCnda, rom oTxive es stili erTnairad axasiaTebs rogorc vercxlis, aseve oqrosagan damzadebul nimuSebs da mxolod romelime maTganis specifika ar aris. garda amisa, gairkva, rom ornamentuli saxeebis mxrivac, WurWlis ikonografiaSi sakmao mravalferovnebaa. kerZod, diferencirdeba geometriuli, kombinirebuli (geometriuli, sakulto sagnebi,zoomorfuli da adamianis gamosaxulebani) da “wminda” zoomorfuli stili. naSromSi yuradReba aqcen-tirebuli TiTouli maTganis ZiriTad maxasiaTebel niSnebsa da maT komparatiul kvlevaze.

z a z a s x i rtla Z e

gelaTis mTavari taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT ekvderis

freska mefeTa mefis gamosaxulebiT

im oTx aTeulamde saqtitoro portrets Soris, romle-bic gelaTis monastris mTavari, RmrTismSoblis Sobis ta-Zris kedlebs SemorCa, uTuod yvelaze saintereso, amasTan uamrav pasuxgaucemel kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli, samxreT-aRmosavleTi ekvderis moxatulobaSi warmodgenili ga-mosaxulebaa. swored am gamosaxulebas miemarTeba sakiTxTa rigi, romlebic mkvlevarTa araerTi Taobis polemikisa da gansjis sagani gamxdara. maT Soris umTavresia mefeT mefe Tamaris gardacvalebis TariRi da dakrZalvis adgili.

mozrdili ekvderi, romelic taZris samxreTi karibWis aRmosavleTiTaa ganTavsebuli, XII saukunis meore naxevarSi aigo. igi wm. andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobisaa. ivaraudeba, rom ekvders es saxeldeba XVIII saukunidan unda

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damkvidreboda. ZvelTaganve arsebobs sxva saxeldebac – igi wm. mefe Tamars ukavSirdeba. samecniero literaturaSi samlocvelo mefe daviT narinis saZvaledaa miCneuli da Sesabamisad, misi ekvderis saxeliTaa cnobili. marTlac, am ekvderSia dakrZaluli Tamaris SviliSvili da rusudanis Ze – mefe daviT VI (1246-1293). misi saflavi samlocvelos darbazis samxreT kedelTan mdebareobs. ekvderSi aris meore samarxic _ darbazis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi; masSi dakrZalulTa vinaoba dRemde sadaod rCeba.

ekvderi orjer mouxatavT. ferweris pirveli fena misi agebis axlo xanebSi (e.i. XII saukunis meore naxevris Semdgom) unda iyos Sesrulebuli. meore fena, romelic axal baTqaSzea Sesrulebuli, 1292-1293 wlebiT TariRdeba.

freskul saxeTa Soris moxatulobaSi warmodgenilia sami saqtitoro gamosaxuleba. maTgan ori daviT VI-isaa, xolo mesame, aseve gvirgvinosnisa, Tanmdevi warweriT: mefeT mefe – saero pirTaTvis sruliad uCveulo adgilze, zeciur zonaSi, kamaris CrdiloeT ferdze ganTavsebuli.

kamaris ferdze warmodgenili gamosaxulebis Taobaze sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. miCneulia, rom es unda iyos daviT VI-is vaJi, 1279 wlidan misi Tanamosaydre, vaxtang II, romelic 1292 wels, sruliad axalgazrda, moulodnelad gardaicvala (T. virsalaZe, q. miqelaZe), an Tavad daviT VI (T. virsalaZe). amasTanave, ivaraudeba, rom freskaze Tamar mefe unda iyos gamosaxuli (g. gogsaZe, b. lominaZe, i. lolaSvili).

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saeklesio xelovnebis kvlevis centris mier gelaTis monasterSi 2005-2006 wlebSi mowyobili ori eqspediciis procesSi, gamosaxulebis grafikuli aslis gadmoRebisas da misi kvlevisas, mxat-varTa da xelovnebaTmcodneTa erToblivi muSaobis Sedegad gairkva, rom:

1. ekvderis CrdiloeTi qanobis freskuli kompozicia mxatvrobis pirvel fenas ekuTvnis. baTqaSisa da ferweris fenaTa monacemebTan erTad, amaze metyvelebs ekvderSi Semo-rCenil freskul saxeTa, maT Soris _ daviT VI-isa da me-feTa mefis gamosaxulebebis Tanmxlebi warwerebis gan-sxvavebuli paleografia.

Sesabamisad, mefeTa mefis gamosaxulebis Seqmnis sa-varaudo periodi ganisazRvreba monakveTiT XII saukunis me-

213

ore naxevridan moyolebuli, vidre XIII saukunis miwu-rulamde.

2. freskaze samefo SesamoseliT warmodgenili gvir-gvinosani qalia. amas mowmobs misi Tavsaburavisa da samka-ulisagan _ kubastisa da masiuri sayurisagan SemorCenili fragmentebi.

XII saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli XIII saukunis miwurulamde saqarTvelos istoriaSi aseTi oria _ mefeT-mefe Tamari (1184-1210) da rusudani (1222-1245).

3. gvirgvinosnis gamosaxva zeciuri sferoSi savaraudos xdis, rom portretis Seqmnisas igi an ukve gardacvlili unda yofiliyo, anda amgvari gadawyvetiT sagangebod iqna warmoCenil-gacxadebuli freskaze warmodgenili mefeTa mefis gamorCeuloba.

yovelive aRniSnuli gasaTvaliswinebeli Cans freskuli gamosaxulebis gaigivebisas.

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m a i a c i c i S v il i

kubo-futuristuli mxatvrobis Taviseburi

interpretacia irakli gamrekelis Semoqmedebis

magaliTze

qarTuli dazguri ferweris warmoSobidan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom faqtobrivad XX saukunis bolomde, qarTuli mxatvroba yvelaze Tavisuflad da Tamamad 1910-1920-ian wlebSi viTardeboda. sagulisxmoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT es procesi 1930-ian wlebSi mxolod TeatrSi gagrZelda. amitom, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom bolo dros sul ufro metad izrdeba interesi swored XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis qarTuli kulturisa da gansakuTrebiT ki mxatvrobisadmi. 1910-20-ian wlebSi Tbilisis qarTuli avangarduli xelovnebis mniSvnelovan centrad Camoyalibebaze ramdenime faqtorma imoqmeda: XIX saukunidan moyolebuli Tbilisis wamyvanma rolma kavkasiis kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, TbilisSi mcxovreb Tu sagangebod Camosulma avangardist xelovanTa internacionalurma garemom da, rac mTavaria, qarTuli mxatvrobis ganviTarebis TviTmyofadma gzam. qarTuli avangardis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, irakli gamrekelis, SemoqmedebaSi mkveTrad da naTlad gamovlinda droismieri TvalTaxedva, ganwyoba da saerTod am periodis qarTuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli Taviseburebebi. is im qarTvel mxatvarTa rigs ganekuTvneba, romlebmac moaswres TavianTi Semoqmedebis Camoyalibeba sakuTari Sexedulebebis, survilebisa da war-modgenebis Sesabamisad, SeuzRudavad, Tanadrouli ev-ropuli mxatvrobis avangardul mimdinareobaTa gaT-valiswinebiTa da gaziarebiT da aseve, adgilobriv, erov-nul mxatvrul tradiciebTan SeTanxmebiT. irakli gamrekelis aTi furclisagan Semdgari gra-fikuli seria „cirki“ gankuTvnili iyo Jurnal „H2SO4“-is meore nomrisaTvis, romlis gamocema garkveuli mizezebis gamo ver moxerxda. sul cota xnis winaT aRmoCenili es nawarmoebebi axali kuTxiT warmogvidgens am uaRresad niWier da mudmiv ZiebaSi myof xelovans, romelic Semoqme-debiTad araCveulebrivad zustad grZnobda XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis avangarduli xelovnebis xasiaTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom i. gamrekelma xatva sakmaod gvian daiwyo da misi Tanamedrove sxva qarTveli mxatvrebisgan gansxva-vebiT ganaTleba evropaSi ar miuRia. irakli gamrekelis

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uaRresad mravalferovani mxatvruli memkvidreoba, iqneba es ferweruli tiloebi, wignis ilustracia, Teatrisa Tu kinos mxatvroba, am erT-erTi yvelaze Tamami avangardistis Tavisebur azrovnebasa da xelweraze metyvelebs. 1924 wels Sesrulebuli `cirkis~ seria ZiriTadad kubo-futuristuli mxatvrobis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis gaziarebiT Seqmnili Taviseburi nimuSia. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvel msoflio omamde warmoqmnili futuristuli mimdinareoba 1924 wlisaTvis evropaSi naklebad aqtualuri iyo, ruseTSi is arsebobas jer kidev ganagrZobda. irakli gamrekelis seriaSi `cirki~ arsebiTi da warmmarTveli udaod kubo-fu-turistuli niSnebia, Tumca is agreTve Tanadrouli, avan-garduli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sxva Tvisebebsac moicavs.

i r i n e m i r i j a n a S v il i

afxazeTSi arsebuli ganTiadis bazilikis Sesaxeb

afxazeTSi uamravi naSTi Tu Zveli nagebobaa SemorCenili. yvelaferi, rac afxazeTma Semogvinaxa, erT rames gvicxadebs, mezobeli xalxebis miRwevaTa gaziarebiT, sakuTari TaosnobiTa da mxatvruli gancdiT, aqauri mkvidrni, ganurCevlad gvar-tomisa, Sinaganad mravalfero-vani, magram mTliani qarTuli kulturis TanaSemoqmedni iyvnen maSinac ki, rodesac mraval mizezTa gamo Cveni saerTo, patara samSoblo danawilebul-dayofili yofila.

dRevandeli politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, saWirod miviCnieT yuradReba gavamaxviloT kulturuli memkvidreobis iseT Zeglze, rogoricaa ganTiadis taZari. igi mdebareobs q. gagridan ramdenime kilometris daSorebiT. es arCevani ganapiroba am taZris sakmaod rTulma arqiteqturulma saxem. funqciur-arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT ganTiadis bazilikis paralelebi moipoveba qristianuli samyaros TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi. Zeglis es Tavisebureba sakmaod arTulebs kvlevas. kerZod, paralelebis miuxedavad miukerZoeblad da obieqturad unda Sefasdes am Zeglis adgili da kavSiri dasavleT saqarTvelosa da saerTo qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis xazSi.

es sakiTxi miT ufro sainteresoa, vinaidan garkveuli mecnierebi (xruSkova, leqvinaZe), romlebmac sxvadasxva

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dros miaqcies yuradReba ganTiadis bazilikas, Zegls warmo-aCenen, rogorc mkveTri individualobiT gamorCeul arqi-teqturul nagebobas da SemoaqvT cneba `afxazuri ar-qiteqturisa~, romelic absoluturad amovardnilia dasav-leT saqarTvelos sakulto arqiteqturis ganviTarebis saer-To xazidan.

mxatvrul-stilisturi analizis safuZvelze Sevecade ganmesazRvra ganTiadis bazilikis realuri adgili da kavSiri dasavleT saqarTvelosa da saerTod adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis saerTo xazSi.

T e a u r u S a Z e

ganaxlebuli ferweruli dekoraciuli sistema qarTul

scenaze (i. sumbaTaSvilis namuSevrebis magaliTze)

qarTuli Teatrlur-dekoraciuli xelovneba ganviTarebis procesSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdida. am procesSi mTeli rigi mxatvrebi iyvnen CarTulni da nayofierad avlendnen TavianT SemoqmedebiT potencials. 1930-iani wlebis Suaxanidan qarTul dekoraciul xelovnebaSi mkveTri gardatexa SeimCneva, romelic sabWoTa xelovnebaSi da, kerZod, TeatrSi ganviTarebuli saerTo tendenciebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 1940-ian wlebSi qarTul dekoraciul xelovnebaSi axali tendenciebi Cndeba. scenas ganaxlebuli ferweruli dekoraciuli sistemis gaformeba ubrundeba. (i. Sarlemani, ir. gamrekeli, d. TavaZe da sxv.) mxatvarTa Soris vinc scenaze gansxvavebuli mxatvruli midgomebiT ferweruli dekoracia daamkvidra iyo ioseb sumbaTaSvili. gansxvavebuli dramaturgiuli masala da reJisoruli koncefciebi mxatvars saSualebas uqmnida sce-naze mravalsaxovani ferweruli dekoraciebi warmoedgina. gaformebis TiTeul SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti ukana dekoiraciis optimalurad gamoyenebis principze iyo agebuli, rogorc misi ganlagebis, aseve ferwerulobis TvalsazrisiT. i. sumbaTaSvili aqtiurad gverdiT deko-raciebs iyenebs, xolo sasceno sivrceSi TiTqmis yovelTvis aucilebeli sagnebis ganlagebiT ifargleba, romlebic mizandasaxulad gaformebis saerTo kompoziciaSi erTve-bodnen. sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs fardebis aq-

217

tiurad CarTva, fardebze metyveli elementebis gamoyeneba, maTi varireba, drapireba, ganaTebis ostaturad CarTva dadgmaSi monumentalurobamde iyo ayvanili. kostiumebi yovelTvis lakonuria da epoqis stilis gamomxatveli, personaJTa tipaJebSi, maT pozebSi da Jestiku liaciaSi, CacmulobaSi dadgmis xasiaTia aRbeWdili.i.sumbaTaSvili ro gorc dekoraciebSi,aseve kostiumebSi ostaturad mTel sasceno sivrceSi anawilebs feradovani gamis saerTo JReradibas. mxatvari Tavisuflad flobs da iyenebs dekoraciul xelovnebaSi arsebul yvela xerxs. mxatvruli gadawyvetis farTo diapazoni mas yovelTvis saSualebas aZlevda yofiliyo TviTmyofadi. farTo erudicia, dax-vewili gemovneba koloritis SerCevaSi, epoqis codna vlin-deba ara marto mudmiv ZiebaTa procesSi, aramed mis indivi-dualobaSi, Seqmnas efeqturi da emociuri Teatraluri sanaxaoba. i. sumbaTaSvilis Semoqmedeba organuladaa dakav-Sirebuli qarTuli Teatralur-dekoraciuli xelovnebis ganviTarebasTan da mis miRwevebTan.

filosofiis, kulturis mecnierebebisa

da pedagogikis seqcia

g ior g i b a r a m i Z e

kontraqtis arakontraqtuli safuZvlis Sesaxeb

(kontraqtis legitimaciis problema)

naSromis mizania imis Cveneba, rom adamianebs Soris ur-TierToba ar amoiwureba maT Soris kontraqtuli urTier-TobebiT. naSromi moZraobs hegelis samarTlis filosofiiT gansazRvrul saazrovno sibrtyeze; _ qmedebis komu-nikaciuri Teoriis (habermasi) principebiT, e. w. postmoder-nuli nakadis saazrovno paradigmebiTa da postsekularuli azrovnebis maxaiaTeblebiT moniSnul saazrovno sivrceSi.

hegelis mixedviT kontraqtSi mTavaria Cemi neba, romelic sxvisi nebis identuria. mas safuZvlad udevs saerTo neba (Gemeinsame Wille) da ara sayovelTao neba (Allgemeine Wille).

amrigad, kontraqti wanamZRvrad gulisxmobs TviTnebo-basa da SemTxveviTobas, rac ganapirobebsmis mis umdgra-

218

dobas. magram kontraqtis TviTnebobasa da SemTxveviTobaSi mdgradobis elementi Seaqvs ndobas (Zutrauen) mokontraqte mxareebs Soris. ndoba aris kontraqtis winarekontraqtuli safuZveli.

magram ndoba mokontraqte mxareebs Soris ar aris myari, raki igi grZnobad – emociuri da rwmeniTi warmomavlobisaa da araa uzrunvelyofili misi universaluri xasiaTi.

amrigad, adamianebis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli aris kontraqti, romelsac aqvs winarekontraqtuli safuZveli – ndoba.

magram ndoba, Tavis mxriv, emyareba wmidas, xolo wmida emyareba wmidaTawmidas, rasac hegeli uwodebs: Substantielles

Band. amrigad, ndobas (Zutrauen), TviTnebobas (Willkur), Sem-

TxveviTobas (Zufalligkeit), ranic akonstituireben socialur kontraqts dasafuZvlebuli aqvs Heilige (wmida) da Heiligste

(wmidaTa wmida). amrigad, adamianTa samoqalaqo da politikuri Tanacxov-

rebas awesrigebs kontraqti, rac, saboloo jamSi, emyareba RmerTis mier adamianebTan dadebul xelSekrulebas, kavSirs, aRTqmas. adamianTa Soris WeSmariti xelSekruleba RvTivkurTxeuli kavSiria, rac misi urRveobis sawindrad gvevlineba.

Tanamedrove azrovnebis erTma nakadma moniSna is, rom warixoca da destruqcia Tu dekonstruqcia ganicada samo-qalaqo Tanacxovrebis siwmindis elementma.

magram amgvari ram ukve hegelma SeniSna. samarTlis filosofiis $75 – is SeniSvnaSi hegeli laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, rom axal droSi Seicvala xelSekrulebis arsi. hegeli gvafrTxilebs im safrTxis Taobaze, rom ikargeba kontraqtis arakontraqtuli safuZveli. amis gamo ki kontraqtSi dadginebuli saerTo neba calmxrivdeba da Zaladobad iqceva e. i. erTerTi mokontraqte mxare Tavis nebas Tavs axvevs meore mxares. adamianTa Soris kerZo urTierTobaTa doneze safuZveli ecvleba amgvari urTierTobis gulwrfelobis wanamZRvars, ris gamoc maT Soris komunikaciuri mimarTebebis nacvlad strategiuli (gacurebis, motyuebis, Tvalis axvevis, saboloo jamSi ki, batonobis) urTierTobani isadgureben. xolo saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobaTa doneze xdeba saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebSi dadginebuli saerTo nebis qceva erTi romelime

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saxelmwifos anda saxelmwifoTa erTi jgufis nebad. amas Sedegad mosdevs is, rom iSleba maT Soris (ise rogorc adamianTa Soris kerZo urTierTobaTa doneze) konsensusis foni.

hegeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs or Zireul fenomenze: Zvelebi anda winaprebi (Alter) da STamomavloba anda momavali Taoba (Nachkomme). axal droSi moSlilia maT Soris kavSiri, raki mas gamosclia sakraluri safuZveli, raki gakideganebula e.w. Substantielles Band.

siwmindis elementi Semonaxuli aris e. w. wes-CveulebiTs azrovnebaSi. hegelis mixedviT swored is aris im Tavisuflebis gasaqani, romelic adamians Tavisi gan-sakuTrebulobis safuZvelze axasiaTebs. Zveli berZnuli yofis hegeliseuli analizidan irkveva, rom Zvel berZnul komunebSi absoluturad emTxveva erTmaneTs kanoni da Cveuleba, movaleoba da zne. hegelis zogi mimdevari (mag. bosenqviTi) Tvlis, rom SemdgomSi man modifikacia uyo Tavis Sexedulebebs Tavisuflebis Tanamedrove cnebis Sesabamisad. ris Sedegadac hegelis sitemaSi adgili daimkvidra Tavisufali arCevnis, iniciativisa da sakuTrebis cnebebma as necessary to the complete communion of intelligent beings. imave avtors miaCnia, rom kanonis, Cveulebis, zneobis, Tavisufali arCevnis, iniciativisa da sakuTrebis erTob-lioba mTlianad amowuravs the ful nature of mind.

sayovelTao ki Semonaxulia e. w. racionalur az-rovnebaSi. Cveni epoqis niSnad ki, rogorc konservatiuli yaidis moazrovneebi miuTiTeben, kvlavac rCeba ZalaSi hegeliseul formulirebaSi gamoxatuli epoqaluri moTxovna:” dass Allgemeine verbunden sei mit der Freiheit der

Besonderheit” ($ 260 damateba); “rom sayovelTao Seerwyas gansakuTrebulis srul Tavisuflebas“.

i r a kl i b r a W uli

aleTeologia da xelovnebis filosofia

S. nucubiZis filosofiuri gamokvlevebis problematika sam ZiriTad prioritetad SeiZleba davajgufoT: WeSmariteba da filosofiis arsis problema, xelovnebisa da mxatvruli nawarmoebis arsis problema, adamianebis yofierebisa sazrisisa da kulturis isotoriis problema. TiToeuli maTgani fokusirebulia Salva nucubiZis mier SemuSavebuli

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terminologiuri aparatiT gamoxatul viTarebebze. aRniS-nuli terminologiuri aparatis ZiriTadi kategoriebia “arsebulze warmatebuli” da “winare logikuri”. WeSma-riteba rogorc a-leTea – dafarulis gancxadeba (dafarvisa da Riaobis, naTelisa da bnelis, saidumlosa da gan-cxadebulis arsobrivi dialeqtika) aris mTeli am filosofiuri diskursis konceptualuri karkasis birTvi. Semecnebis ordimensionaluri struqtura, areopagetuli negatiuri Teologiis meTodologia, kuzeliseuli “ganswav-luli arcodna”, romelic nucubiZis mier renesansuri filosofiisa da kulturqmnadobis arsebiT faqtorad aris miCneuli, agreTve estetikuri problematikis dafuZnebis aleTologiuri varianti qmnis gagebis saerTo horizonts, am horizontis SigniT filosofia aris gza sibrZnisaken, swored am gzaze SeiZleba gaSuqdes rogorc kulturis, aseve Semecnebis, yofierebis sazrisis, mxatvruli qmnadobis da sxva arsebiTi filosofiuri problemebi. swored aRniSnuli horizontis SigniT iqmneba SesaZlebloba Sinagan kavSirSi iqnes ganxiluli Salva nucubiZis fi-losofiuri moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoebi da priori-tetebi. amave niadagze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Salva nu-cubiZis filosofiuri gamokvlevebis interpretacia da Tanamedrove konteqstSi gaazreba.

l e r i m W e dli S v il i

dialeqtikuri logika: warsuli Tu momavali?

gasul saukuneSi sabWoTa kavSirSi mravali wlis manZilze mimdina-reobda mwvave diskusia formalur logikisa (fl) da dialeqtikuri logikis (dl) urTierT-mimarTebaze; dl-s idea saTaves iRebda hegelis filo-sofiidan. saqarTveloSi diskusiis mxareebs warmoadgendnen didi moazrovneebi k. baqraZe da s. wereTeli. dl-s erT-erTi saprogramo debu-lebis Tanaxmad yoveli sagani winaaRmdegobrivia Tavis TavSi (hegeli) da amitom sinam-dvilis adekvaturi aRwera unda Seicavdes winaaRmdegobas (amasve amtkicebda s. wereTeli). es debuleba, termino-logiurad mainc, SeuTavsebelia fl-is kanonebTan da amitom diskusiis umTavres sakiTxad iqca winaaRmdegobisa da uar-yofis gageba dialeqtikaSi. orive mxridan bevri argumenti iqna wamoyenebuli da, miuxedavad amisa, diskusia mainc daumTavrebeli darCa. dl-s erT-erTi safuZveli iyo

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tradiciuli fl-s ukmaroba, magram rogorc ki (sabWoTa kavSirSi) gacnobierebuli iqna, rom misi memkvidre dRes aris maTematikuri logika, romelSic daZleulia tra-diciuli fl-is bevri xarvezi, da amave dros (cxadia, sxva mizezebiT) Seirya marqsizmis dominanturi mdgomareobac, moxda dl-s mimarT inte-resis reduqcia; Tumca, Tu ufro did masStabs aviRebT, dl-s idea sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda – man arseboba sxva saxiT gaagrZela. marT-lac, 60-iani wlebidan logikis “msoflio rukaze” Cndeba axali mimarTu-leba paraTavsebadi logika, romelic winadadebaTa winaaRmdegobriv sistemebze maTi trivializaciis gareSe bWobis logikad iyo Cafiqrebuli da romelSic irRveva principi winaaRmdegobidan yvelaferi gamomdinare-obs. paraTavsebadi logikis ganviTarebas Sedegad mohyva dl-is sxva saxiT aRorZineba; es aris g. pristisa da sxvebis dialeTeizmi, romlis umTavresi debulebaa WeSmariti winaaRmdegobebis arsebobis mtkiceba. bunebrivia, rom CvenSi mimdinare diskusia gagrZelda, oRond sxva sibrt-yeSi – dialeTeizmi ukve formalizaciis winaaRmdegi ar aris. k. poperic, k. baqraZec da sxva kritikosebic varaudoben, rom dialeqtikuri winaaRm-degobis arc erTi, dialeqtikosebis Sromebidan cnobili magaliTi ar aris winaaRmdegoba fl-is TvalsazrisiT. es mniSvnelovania, radgan maT Soris iqneba iseTebic, romlebic dialeqtikosi moazrovnisaTvis iyo intuiciuri ganaTeba Tavisi koncefciisken svlis procesSi. sxvagan Cven vuCveneT, rogor unda gavigoT fl-uri winaaRmdegobis gareSe ori aseTi magaliTi hegelidan, axla ki ukve SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom winadadebaTa Semdegi wyvilebis 1) erTeuli aris zogadi, erTeuli ar aris zogadi da 2) warmoeba aris moxmareba, warmoeba ar aris moxmareba, WeSmaritebis mtkicebas s. wereTlis mier Tavis “dialeqtikur logikaSi” safuZvlad udevs sityvebis polisemiuri gamoyeneba.

z a z a f i r ali S v il i

sekularizmi da postsekularizmi

Cvens epoqas religiuri da sekularuli kulturebis konfliqtis epoqas uwodeben xolme. erTismxriv, arsebobs mTeli inteleqtualuri garemo, romelic uzenaesi sazrisisa da sulis xsnis kategoriebiT azrovnebs da WeSmaritebis totalobis flobaze aqvs pretenzia, xolo,

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meores mxriv, arsebobs postkulturuli da postistori-uli kategoriebiT moazrovne inteleqtualuri tradicia, e.w. postliberaluri samyaro, romlisTvisac religiuri inteleqtualuri totalitarizmi, upiratesad, riskis faq-toris Semcveli da, rogorc iurgen habermasi ambobs amas moniTeisturi religiebis Sesaxeb, destruqciuli potencialis matarebelia.

am poziciebTan SesabamisobaSi, metafizikur kompe-tenciasTan mimarTebaSi saqme gvaqvs orgvar reduqci-onizmTan. erT SemTxvevaSi, frCxilebs gareT gadis yve-laferi, rac bediswerisa da sulis xsnis problemebs ukav-Sirdeba da am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sekularul msoflmxedvelobasTan. am dros sulis xsnis ideas societalur planSi funqcionalurad enacvleba adamianis uflebebis idea, religiur esqatologias _ sayovelTao miwieri Tanxmobisa da mSvidobis ideebi. sazrisebiTa da mniSvnelobaTa intensivobebiT aRsavse samyaro Caanacvla ontologiurma egalitarizmma, rodesac religiuri gamo-cdilebis adgils eqsperimenti ikavebs. amgvari metafizika religiisaTvis sxva, ufro universaluri narativis, kerZod sekularuli narativis nawilad qcevas da sakuTari universalobis daTmobas niSnavs. religiuri kulturis SemTxvevaSi ki Tavad egalitarizmi gadis frCxilebs gareT.

reduqcionizmis es ori saxe gansazRvravs ori parale-luri da urTierTgamomricxavi sakomunikacio sivrcisa da lingvistikis arsebobas. xolo rodesac erT samyaroSi ori eqskluzivisturi lingvistika iwyebs arsebobas, konfliqti, erTi SexedviT, garduvalia.

m a m u k a b i W a S v ili

winaaRmdegoba `traqtatSi” – gamoTqmuli, gamouTqmeli,

gamosaxuli

1. ludvig vitgenSteinis “logikur-filosofiuri traq-tati” gasuli saukunis saetapo mniSvnelobis nawarmoebia, romelmac erTi mxriv Seajama garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmoebuli kvlevebi da meore mxriv ki mniSvnelovani perspeqtivebi dasaxa enis pragmatistuli analizis kuTxiT. pragmatikis primati, romelic ase aS- karaa gviandeli

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vitgetSteinisaTvis, ukve moniSnulia “traqtatis” erT cnobil TezisSi, romlis mixedviTac filosofia refleqsias ki ara, ufro saqmianobas warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT SesaZlebelia ufro meti vilaparakoT vitgenSteinis erTian filosofiur xazze, vidre es miRebulia.

2. ”traqtatis” standartuli interpretacia mas afasebs rogorc asaxvis Teorias. TavisTavad sakmaod koreqtuli amgvari Sefasebis safuZvels TviT nawarmoebi iZleva, romelSiac vitgenSteini laparakobs enis mier arsebulis “suraTebriv” asaxvaze. ramdenadac avtorma sakuTari logika da epistemologia am mimarTulebiT waiyvana, mas mouwia imis aRwerac rac aisaxeba enaSi, anu mas mouwia gadmoeca sam-yaros ontologiuri struqtura Sesabamisi konfigura-ciebiT.

3.”traqtatSi” rigi, misi filosofiisaTvis specifiuri terminebis garda, gadmocemuli ontologia srulad inarCunebs klasikur terminologias. “forma” da “Sinaarsi”, “SesaZlebloba” da “sinamdvile”, “substancia” da “faqtebis” an “sagnebis struqtura” im bazisur enobriv saSualebebs qmnian, romelSiac vitgenSteini fiqrobs warmoadginos sam-yaros sakuTari xedva. samyaris struqtura martivi ar aris da dazustebisaTvis ramdenime mniSvnelovan kiTxvas tovebs. es kiTxvebi ZiriTadad Seexeba SesaZlebelis da namdvilis urTierTobas asaxvis konteqstSi.

4. ontologiis gadmocemas mosdevs Sesabamisi enobrivi struqturebis aRwera, romlebic imeoreben ontologiur erTeulebs da amzadeben niadags asaxvis TeoriisaTvis. martivi winadadebebidan logikuri operatorebis gamoyene-biT vitgenSteini gadadis ufro rTul gaerTianebebze, aya-libebs WeSmaritebis fasebis ganawilebis pirobebs. gaweuli samuSao mas imeds aZlevs, rom iqmneba idealuri enis modeli, romelic trixotomiaSi – winadadebebi, wina-aRmdegobebi, tavtologiebi – winadadebebisagan Sedgeba da Canafiqris mixedviT, ZiriTadad bunebismetyvelebaSi unda gamoiyenebodes.

5. ”traqtatSi” problemebi pirvelad maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac avtori akrZalvebze gadadis da miuTiTebs, rom srulyofilad gaanalizebul enaSi ar SeiZleba yvelaferi gamoiTqvas da rom gamoTqmuli, “legitimuri” enobrivi gamosaxulebebis garda, arsebobs raRac gamouTqmeli,

224

romelic, rogorc aseTi, mistikuria. es gamouTqmeli mainc avlens Tavs magram is gamoisaxeba enobrivi struqturebis gavliT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, uneblied. vitgenSteinis am mtkicebas kidev ufro amZimebs misi meore gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom misTvis enis sazRvrebi samyaros sazRvrebs emTxveva.

6. Tu davinteresdebiT imiT, Tu mainc ra saxis feno-menebi igulisxmeba gamouTqmelSi, aRmovaCenT, rom aq Tavs iyris sicocxlis da cxovrebis sazrisis, adamianis mora-luri wesrigis ganmsazRvreli da sxva saxis SefasebiTi msjelobebi da rac mTavaria samyaros is struqturuli erTeulebi, romlis aRweriTad daiwyo “traqtati”. aqedan aSkara winaaRmdegobac: idealuri enis konstruirebas Wirdeba ontologiuri aRwerebi, magram mas Semdeg, rac gairkveva enis ZiriTadi modeli, irkveva, rom samyaro misi sazRvrebis gareTaa.

7. es sirTule SeumCneveli ar darCenia vitgenSteins, romelic naSromis bolos Tavadve laparakobs “traqtatis” winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTze da rom man Zalze bevri ram Tqva imis Sesaxeb, risi Tqmis uflebac ar hqonda. amitom avtori “traqtats” kibes adarebs, romlis saSualebiTac Cven si-maRleebi davZlieT da axla is SegviZlia Tavidan movi-ciloT rogorc sruliad usargeblo nivTi. es pozicia, ro-melic hiumis Tvalsazriss mogvagonebs, TavisTavad ver xsnis winaaRmdegobas da mis dasaZlevad sxva orientirebis Ziebaa saWiro.

8. arsebobs kidev erTi msgavseba “traqtatis” aRniSnul problemas da kantis TavisTavadi nivTis problemas Soris. SeiZleboda vitgenSteinis ontologiis TavisTavad nivTad interpretacia da Teoriul da praqtikul filosofiebze gansxvavebis SenarCunebiT, da kantis kvalad gvezruna de jure da de facto ontologiebze. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi iolad aRmovaCendiT, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs mxolod msgavsebasTan da ara igiveobriv viTarebasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom kanTis TavisTavad nivTs sakmaod mZime datvirTva aqvs mis filosofiaSi, funqcionalurad misi vitgenSteinis ontologiasTan Sedareba ar SeiZleba; kants Teoriul filosofiaSi ar aRuweria TavisTavadi nivTis struqtura da “traqtatisagan” gansxvavebiT misi filosofia arc saWiroebs amgvar arwerebs.

225

9. erT erTi nayofieri gza, romelic SeiZleba moiniSnos vitgenSteinis TeoriaSi aRwerili winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad, Cveni azriT, “filosofiur gamokvlevebSi” da-muSavebul enobriv aparatze da enobrivi TamaSebis Te-oriaze gadis. aq vitgenSteinis mtkicebiT, arsebobs enobrivi TamaSebis usasrulo raodenoba da Tu es marTlac asea, ratom ar SegviZlia ontologiac TamaSis erT suverenul formad CavTvaloT, romelis sakuTari, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT moqmedebs?

10. uTuod mxedvelobaSia misaRebi gviandeli vitgen-Steinis mtkiceba, romlis mixedviTac samyaros struqturas gamoavlens ara enobrivi TamaSebis semantika, aramed maTi gramatika. es Tezisi Sesabamisi interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi qmnis perspeqtivas ara mxolod winaaRmdegobis daZlevisa, aramed inarCunebs “traqtatis” mtkicebas imis Taobaze, rom yvelaferi ar gamoiTqmeba enaSi, aramed mxolod gamoisaxeba. Tavis mxriv aseTi erTianobis SenarCuneba msjelobebSi, met safuZvels mogvcemda gvesaubra vitgenSteinis erTian filosofiaze, vidre mis mier poziciis radikalur cvlilebebze SexedulebaTa ganviTarebis meore periodSi.

T a m a r c x a d a Z e

relativizmis sakiTxi poziciis epistemologiaSi

feministuri Teoriebis mravalferovnebaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nakadia poziciis (standpoint) epistemologia. mis Teoriul saTaveebs hegelisa da mrqsis naazrevSi xedaven, xolo misi pirveli feministuri artikulacia, Tumca ara am saxeliT, mogvca doroTi smitma (1974).2 poziciis epistemologia am saxeliT pirvelad nensi harTsokma Camoayaliba 1983 wels.3 marqsis ideebze dayrdnobiT is amtkicebs, rom qalebis socialuri pozicia, saxeldobr, specifikuri Sroma, romelsac isini asruleben

2 Smith, Dorothy, “Women's Perspective as a Radical Critique of Sociology”,

Sociological Inquiry 44, 1974: 7-13.

3 Hartsock, Nancy, “The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically

Feminist Historical Materialism”, in Harding, Sandra, and Hintikka, Merrill B., (eds.),

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sazogadoebaSi, aris xedvis wertili, romlidanac unikalurad dainaxeba socialuri wesrigis garkveuli arsebiTi aspeqtebi; am aspeqtebis danaxva SeuZlebelia kacebis poziciebidan.

poziciis epistemologiis arss xSirad warmoadgenen rogorc mtkicebas, rom qalebs (aseve sxva araprivile-girebul jgufebs socialuri ierarqiaSi) epistemologiuri upiratesoba aqvT. aseT gagebas marTla uqmnis safuZvls poziciis Teoretikosebis adreuli teqstebi (harTsokis, hardingis, sxvebis). am interpretacias emyareba am Teoriis yvelaze seriozuli kritika: sazogadoebebi mravali niSnis mixedviT aris stratificirebuli (rasa, klasi, genderi...); amdenad ar arsebobs araprivilegirebulTa erTi pozicia; metic, problemuria laparaki qalebze, rogorc erT jgufze. amitom relativizmis asacileblad poziciis Teorias sWirdeba epistemologiuri upiratesobis mqone poziciis kriteriumebi, rac ar gaaCnia.4 msgavs kritikas safuZvels umagrebs relativizmis braldebis gasabaTileblad poziciis TeoretikosTa mier imis xazgasma, rom maTi Teoriis Tanaxmad yvela socialuri situacia erTnairad xelsayreli ar aris codnis SeqmnisTvis, am TvalsazrisiT zogierTi pozicia sxvebze ukeTesia.5

poziciis Teorias ufro adekvaturad SeuZlia upasuxos relativizmis braldebas. amis resursebs hardingis mi-TiTebuli teqstic Seicavs. Tu davazustebT, ra igulisxmeba marginaluri socialuri situaciebis epistemologiur upiratesobaSi, vnaxavT, rom es ar aris codnis misaRebobis ukeTesi standartebi. es aris upiratesoba sinamdvilis garkveuli aspeqtebis danaxvaSi. hardingi Tavad usvams xazs, rom poziciis Teoria “aRmoCenis logikis” sferos ekuTvnis. es Teoria ar amtkicebs, rom is, rac dainaxeba Cagrulis poziciidan, SeuZlebelia gaigos da gaiTvaliswinos do-minanturi jgufis warmomadgenelma. misi mTavari mtkicebaa, rom maqsimaluri obieqturoba miiRweva codnis Seqmnis

Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1983. 4 Longino, Helen, “Subjects, Power, and Knowledge: Description and Prescription in

Feminist Philosophy of Science”, in Alcoff, Linda, and Elizabeth Potter, (eds.), Feminist Epistemologies, New York: Routledge, 1993. 5 Harding, Sandra, “Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: ‘What is Strong Objectivity?’”,

in Alcoff and Potter.

227

procesSi sxvadasxva, gansakuTrebiT, marginalizebuli jgufebis gamocdilebidan amosvliT. Teoriis aseTi interpretaciisTvis mdidar resursebs Seicavs dona haraueis adgilis mqone codnebis (situated knowledges) koncefcia6, romelic man swored poziciaze araswori max-vilis relativisturi Sedegebidan distancirebisTvis gana-viTara. misi centraluri ideaa yvela perspeqtivis garda-uvali arasruloba da kargi codnis standartebis Sesabami-sad gadasinjvis moTxovna.

a k a k i y ul ij a n a S v il i

esTetikur niSanTa sistema

xelovnebis enis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia komunikaciuroba da dialoguroba. xelovnebis ena mxolod im SemTxvevaSi asrulebs Tavis funqcias, roca arsebobs am enis gamgebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi simboloebi, formebi, niSnebi, teqstebi SeiZleba fizikurad arsebobdnen, rogorc realur drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli sagnebi, magram isini moklebulni iqnebian im Tavdapirvel sazriss, rac maT gaaCndaT da amdenad veRar Seasruleben enisaTvis damaxasi-aTebel informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemis funqcias. aseT SemTxvevaSi xelovnebis ena dums, misi ar esmiT da amdenad is aRar arsebobs rogorc ena. xelovnebis yovel saxes Tavisi ena gaaCnia, is qmnis samyarosa da adamianis mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel suraTs, imisaTvis, rom xelovnebis enam Seasrulos Tavis funqcia, aucilebeli arsebobdes am enis gamgebi. Aamdenad xelovnebis enis arsebiTi momenti gagebaa, xelovnebis qmnileba erTi mxriv Sedgeba realur _ fizikuri masalisagan, meores mxriv aris sazrisis, irealuri ganzomilebis matarebeli. imisaTvis, rom adamian-ma SeZlos xelovnebis qmnilebasTan, rogorc aseTTan urTi-erToba, mas unda esmodes misi sazrisi. sazrisis gageba ki gulisxmobs am enis, niSnebis, simboloebis, formebis codnas, raSic daSifrulia sazrisi.

xelovneba niSnebsa da simboloebSi arsebobs amdenad is Taviseburi enaa, am azriT xelovneba enaa, romlis codna

6 Haraway, Donna, “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the

Priviledge of Partial Perspective”, Feminist Studies, 14, 1988: 575-599.

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aucilebeli pirobaa raTa gavigoT am enaze gan-xorcielebuli Sinaarsi.

xelovnebis komunikaciuri funqcia moiTxovs formas konstruqciul _ esTetikurTan erTad niSnuri xasiaTic hqondes. romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs mxatvrul informacias, romelic informaciis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvavebiT imiT gamoirCeva, rom SeuZlebelia sxva niSnuri sistemiT misi “Targmna” sxva kodze misi gadatana, mxat-vruli informacia ganuyofelia misi ganmaxorcielebeli niSanTa sistemidan es imitom, rom am niSnis struqtura yovelTvis mniSvnelobis struqturiT aris gansazrvruli, romlis gadasacemadaa igi mowodebuli., sityvieri ena da yvela xelovnuri kodi Seqmnilia abstraqtuli mniS-vnelobis gadasacemad. sityva swored aamitom iqca azris ganivTebis mTavar saSualebad, rom mas SeuZlia adekvaturad mogvces azrovnebis rezultati, xelovnebaSi ki mxatvrulad damuSavebuli sityva mxatvruli Sinaarsis ganxorcielebis mravalTagan erT erTi saSualebaa, vinaidan samyaros mxatvruli aTviseba ufro mdidari, mravaferovani da rTulia vidre Teoriuli Semecneba, mTeli am mraval-ferovnebis gamosaxatavad dasWirda xelovnebas sxvadasxva da gansxvavebuli “enebi‟ plastikuri, ferweruli, qore-ografiuli, musikaluri da a.S.

esTetikur niSanTa sistema ormag subieqtur _obieqtur sazriss flobs, aseve racionalur da emociur mniS-vnelobebis Semcvelia.

EesTetikuri niSani ganuyofel kavSirSia gamoxatul mniSvnelobasTan, romlis gamo niSnis Secvla mniSvnelobis Secvlas iwvevs da piruku mniSvnelobis Secvla niSnis Secvlas.

SeuZlebelia arsebobdes esTetikur niSanTa raime sayovelTaod aRiarebuli wesi, romelsac daeqvemdebareba niSanTa calkeuli sistemebi, radganac mxatvruli niSani yo-velTvis subieqtur mxaris, xelovanis individualuri beW-diT aris daRdasmuli

Mmxatvrul enas SeuzRudavi variantuloba axsiaTebs, radganac saxovan niSanTa sistema xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxeSi mravalgvarad modificirdeba da transformirdeba, mxatvrul SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Sesatvisad da sagrZnoblad icvlis saxes yoveli xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi.

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B aqedan gamomdinare xelovnebis forma erTdroulad aris saxovani modeli da niSanTa sistemac, materialuri konstruqcia da specialuri ena, esTetikuri da komunika-ciuri Rirebulebebis erTdroulad matarebeli.

d e m u r j al aRo n i a

Ffilosofia da epoqaluri dro

Nnabiji `filosofiisaken~ufro da ufro mimzidveli xdeba. `filosofosobas,~ rogorc samyaros aTvisebis gzas adamiani SeimuSavebs. Adamianma sakuTari goniTo Zalebis aqtivobiT unda daZlios yvela siZnele, mudmivad unda Zerwos Tavisi Tavi da Seqmnas msoflmxedveloba. `msoflmxedveloba iqneba is saTvaleebi, romliTac adamiani xedavs samyaros, afasebs mas da moqmedebs masSi.~ msoflmxedvelobrivi saTvale yovelTvis epoqluri drois matarebelia, adamiani am `saTvales~ ki ar ixsnis, ubralod icvlis. cvalebadoba, bunebrivia, adamianur problemebs ver agvarebs. Dgeba umTavresi problema: adamiani Tavisufalia Tu ara Tavis qmedebaSi. RmerTma Tavis qmnilebas mianiWa moqmedebis Tavisufleba, romlis wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia moiqces RvTisaken an Seiqces misgan, imoqmedos misTvis an mis winaaRmdeg. Nnamdvili filosofiuri azri yovelTvis eswrafvoda msoflmxedvelobaSi yvelafer `adamianiseulis~ gadalaxvas, ara marto fsiqologizmis, aramed farTo anTropologizmis daZlevas. sokratedan moyolebuli dRemde xdeba imis garkveva, Tu rogor unda ganTavisufldes filosofia adamianurisagan, anu rogoraa SesaZlebeli yvela sagans Tavisi saxeli ewodos. Salva nucubiZe aRniSnavs, rom filosofiis centrSi dgas adamiani, ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc tvirTi da codva, Secdomis mudmivi SesaZleblobis azriT. WeSmaritebasTan miaxloveba niSnavs am SesaZleblobebis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas da adamianurisagan daSorebas. mizani naTelia _ WeSmaritebasTan miaxloveba dab adamianurisagan daSoreba. filosofia icvleba,rogorc icvleba adamiani. Adamiani aris ~eqtaturi~ arseba, romelic sagnebSia da Tan Tavis TavSi,romelic imave dros transcendenturia, Sinaganisa da gareganis mimarT .filosofia aRar kmayofildeba cnebebSi CaRrmavebiT,is aRar amodis mxolod ideebidan,exla igi movlenebzec Sinagansa da gareganze fiqrobs. aseve

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garkveul warmatebebs miaRwia mcdelobam, Tanxmoba moexdina cxovrebasa da gonebas Soris. SeiZleba istoriaSi araferi icvlebodes an ar Candes rom icvleba, magram yvelaferi icvleba movlenebSi da Cvenc vicvlebiT movlenebSi. dResac rodesac ismeba kiTxva ra aris filosofia? Jiul deliuzis da feliqs gataris Tanaxmad SekiTxva ismis SuaRamisas, martoobisas, roca SesakiTxavi sxva araferi am es kiTxvebi yovelTvis ismoda, filosofosoba yovelTvis undodaT, magram Cveulebriv ar kiTxuloben ra aris is? Brodelis mixedviT filosofia aris geofilosofia, rogorc istoria aris Geoistoria, ratom Seiqmna filosofia saberZneTSi-mocemul konteqstSi? kapitalizmi mocemul adgilebSi da mocemul momentSi da ratom araa CineTSi? Cvens droSi filosofia bevr konkurents gadaawyda.filosofim arsebulze konkretulze ~dakvirvebiT~ scada zogadis gamovlena da cnebis SemuSavebaze moxda sociologiisa da filosofiis dakavSireba. miSel fuko kantiTaa aRtacebuli, imitom, rom man dasva filosofiis problema `exlasTan` mimarTebiT.filosofiis sagani maradiulis Wvreta an istoriis moazreba ki ar aris,aramed Cveni aqtualuri damdegis diagnozireba. diagnozireba yovel awmyo movlenaSi es is aris,rasac nicSe miawerda filosofias rogorc `civilizaciis eqims~. momavalSi filosofiis amocana ki ar Sesustdeba, aramed Semecnebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad kidev ufro gaizrdeba. filosofiis arseba WeSmaritebis ZiebaSia da ara mis qonaSi, filosofia aris gzad yofna. masSi mTavaria kiTxvis dasma, ase rom Tavis mxriv yoveli pasuxi unda iqces kiTxvad. es iqneba filosofiis procesualoba da dausrulebloba.

n a p o k v a r a c x el i a

leTologiuri realizmis ZiriTadi wanamZRvrebi

1. Salva nucubiZis mier aleTologiuri realizmi Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc “pirveli filosofia”, romelsac Semecnebisa da WeSmaritebis sruliad axleburi dafuZneba unda moeca. am mxriv igi imdroindeli dasavluri azrovnebis generalur xazze dgas da uaRresad TviTmyof da originalur moazrovned gvevlineba.

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2. Semecneba ar aris subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierToba: igi unda gaiSalos mimarTebaSi “WeSmaritebisa TavisTavad” “WeSmaritebasTan CvenTvis”. “Semecneba arsis TavisTavad gamomJRavnebaa da ara Cvens

“me”-sa da arsis Sua urTierTobis gamorkveva”. 3. Semecneba unda daemyaros antikurobidanve momdinare

princips: dagvari Seicnobs dagvars. aleTologia, rogorc TavisTavad WeSmaritebaze moZRvreba, win uswrebs Semecnebis Teorias. Semecnebis sagani metia, vidre faqti anu movlena. yoveli fenomeni Seicavs arsebobaze mets da es meti aris misi garkveuloba, misi amgvarad yofna rogorc sxvagvarad yofnis SesaZlebloba. swored es garkveuloba aris WeSmariteba TavisTavad, romelic gars akravs sinamdviles da xdeba Semecnebis sagani rogorc Cveni gonebis dagvari momenti. arsis aq garkveulobis anu TavisTavadi WeSma-ritebis gadaqceva WeSmaritebad CvenTvis Seadgens adamianuri Semecnebis mTel Sinaarss.

m a m i a s u r m a v a

haidegeri da istorizmis krizisi

martin haidegeris mier 1939 wels fraiburgis universitetSi, zafxulis semestrSi wakiTxuli saleqcio kursi, romelic moderniTis `ukanasknel metafizikoss~ _ nicSes mieZRvna da `axali dasawyisis~ aucileblobaze apelirebda, sxva mniSvnelovan SedegebTan erTad, epoqaluri mniSvnelobis Zvras gulisxmobda, agreTve, istoriis postmetafizikuri gaazrebisaTvis. kerZod, igi (iseTi `motivebis~ fonze, rogoricaa istoriis metafizikuri bunebis xazgasma, istorizmis XIX saukunis evropuli cnobierebis `mkvdar msoflxedvad~, Weltanschauungsphilosophie-is gadmonaSTad Sefaseba, didi narativis tradiciis kritika, misi dekonstruqciis mcdeloba da sxv.) istoriis, da kidev ufro zustad, `istoriis dasasrulis~ postmodernuli gaazrebis inauguraciad mogvevlina.

haidegeris kritikaSi istorizmis kolafsi umWidroesad daukavSirda `metafizikis finalur epoqas~. saleqcio kursi istorizmis `ukanasknel sityvas~ gvacnobs, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `istorizmi metafizikis bolo sityvaa~. germaneli moazrovne istorizms linearuli narativis, diaqronuli uwyvetobis logikas ukavSirebs, rac Tavis

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safuZvlad transcendentaluri (e. i. kartezianuli metafizikis avtonomiuri) subieqtis poziciebidan istoriis `kiTxvas~ gulisxmobs. germaneli moazrovnis azriT, istorizmis krizisSi vlindeba ara, ubralod, skepsisi istoriografiuli tradiciis mimarT, aramed siRatake mTeli metafizikuri epoqisa, romelic istoricistuli anTropologiis universalur-racionalur principebze aris dafuZnebuli.

haidegeriseuli kritika, romelic Tavis TavSi e. w. `krizisis cmobierebis~ matarebelia, ar aris mxolod individualuri inteleqtualuri temperamentis avtoqtoniuri gamoxatuleba. igi evropuli cnobierebis ganviTarebis epoqaluri logikiT aris nasazrdoebi. amas mowmobs germaneli moazrovnis ZalisxmevisaTvis organuli filosofiuri (da inteleqtualuri) konteqsti, romelic XIX saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, vidre haidegeris Tamedrove epoqamde, Tavadac totalurad iyo gamsWvaluli `krizisis cnobierebiT~. sakmarisia gavixsenoT Tundac is faqti, rom igive neokantianuri istorizmi, Tavad misi adeptebis mixedviT, sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara `mecnierebis krizisze~ filosofiuri reaqcia.

haidegeris novacia Sors dacilda sakiTxis mimarT filosofiuri rakursis, amosavali paradigmis imgvar cvlas, rac 1880-1930-ian wlebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli evropuli azrovnebis (sakmaod Wrel) inteleqtualur ZiebebSi. igi mogvevlina ara, ubralod, epistemologiur subieqtze uaris Tqmad da ontologiuri ganzomilebis Semotanad, aramed, saerTod, moderniTis proeqtis filosofiur ganaCenad. metafizikuri istorizmis kritikaSi naTlad gamovlinda krizisis cnobierebis da, kidev ufro konkretulad, postmetafizikuri (postmodernistuli) azrovnebis produqtiuli SesaZleblobebi (rac anaTesavebs haidegers dilTaisTan).

haidegeris azrebi sagulisxmoa dResac, da ara, `ubralod~, imitom, rom literaturul kritikasa Tu filosofiaSi kvlav aqtualuri rCeba moderniTis, agreTve, istoriisa da filosofiis dasasrulis Sesaxeb sakiTxebi, aramed imitom, _ da es gamosWvivis dasaxelebuli Temebidanac, _ adamianis winaSe kvlavac mTeli simZafriT daismis auTenturi yofnis sakiTxi. rogorc Tavad haidegeri gvaswavlis, `didi filosofia~ (konkretul SemTxvevaSi,

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haidegeris naazrevi) ise, rogorc `didi xelovneba~, religiuri moZRvreba, droisa da garemoebebis cvlis miuxedavad, sakuTari arsebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis sagulisyuros mTqmeli rCeba maradiulad `dafarulobasa~ da `RiaobasTan~ wilnayari Dasein-Tvis.

valeri ramiSvili

adamiani, dro da saxezemyofobis problema

1. saxezemyofisa da arasaxezemyofis mimarTebis problema evropuli metafizikis erT erTi ZiriTadi problemaa. TanamedroveobaSi xdeba saxezemyofobis Zveli paradigmis destruqcia da dekonstruqcia,rac am problemis axleburad dayenebis aucileblobas ganapirobebs

2. gamokveTilia daswrebulobiosa da saxezemyofobis fe-nomenebis gansxvaveba da mimarTeba.Seicvala adamianis daswrebulobis ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelis-droisa da sivrcis mimarTeba.adamianis yofierebis daxasiaTeba damoki-debuli gaxda drois bunebasa da arsebobis wesis cvli-lebaze. Seicvala daswrebulobis struqtura.

3. gaanlizebulia daswrebulobis saxeebis:vizualuroba. reprezentacia, masmediuri daswrebuloba.

4. adamianis daswrebulobis bunebis, rogorc adamianis yofierebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelis, Secvla gamowveulia adamianis yofierebis droiTi horizontisa da globaluri yoveldRiurobis realuri droiTobis dapirispirebiT.

5. panoptikumi,gamWvirvaleoba rogorc politikuri da me-tafizikuri arasaxezemyofobis daZlevis surogati. me ar var, aramed me var warmodgenili.

6. adamianis yofierebis droiTi modelebis mimarTeba. realuri dro rogorc adamianuri yofierebis droiTi ho-rizontis dekonstruqcia. ontocentrizmi logocentrizmis nacvlad

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anastasia zaqariaZe

universaluri ganaTlebis amerikuli modeli – jon diuis

varianti

jin diui, filosofiis tradiciuli sqemis rekon-struqcia-demontaJis avtori, ideis strategiul xazs ga-naTlebis sistemis reorganizaciisaken mimarTavs. igi ga-naTlebis filosofiis novatorad gvevlineba da praqtikulad mTeli cxovrebis manZilze amuSavebsa da xvews ganaTlebis sistemis axal paradigmas. ganaTlebis procesi adeqvaturad unda reagirebdes im siaxleebze, romelsac uyenebs adamians mudmiv cvladi garemo. diuis koncepciis samiznea demokratuli sazogadoebis skolis modelis ageba, gansakuTrebiTi interesis sagani - am tipis sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis socialuri rolis gansazRvra. igi eZebsa da poulobs ganaTlebis axal sazrissa da daniSnulebas. kerZod, ganaTleba ganmartebul unda iqnes, rogorc adaptaciuri unarebis daxvewis procesi. esaa avtonomiuri veli, sadac ganaTlebis process mizani sakuTar TavSi aqvs, mas ar sWirdeba gareT gasvla sakuTari Rirebulebebis mosapoveblad. es procesi gulisxmobs mudmiv reor-ganizaciaSi, rekonstruqciaSi, transformaciaSi myofobas.

diuis Semoaqvs cneba “universaluri ganaTleba”. cneba farTo sazrisis matarebelia da mxolod SesaZleblobaTa demokratiis terminebSi ver eteva. igi Sinaganad dakav-Sirebulia amerikis konstituciis mTavar amosaval proncipTan “yvela adamianis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb”, koncepti “universaluri ganaTleba” moicavs sayovelTaobas, da globalurad mTeli xalxis, eris, sabolao jamSi epoqis ganaTlebas gulisxmobs, misi sazrisi orientaciis Secvliskenaa mimarTuli, elementaruli donidan dawyebuli, mTeli kulturiT damTavrebuli. mosaxleobis sayovelTao CarTva ganaTlebis procesSi socialuri transformaciis warmatebas ufro met Sanss aZlevs bazisuri socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri pirobebis Secvlisaken mimarTul gzaze.

pragmatistuklad orientirebuli diuseuli ganaTlebis sistemis paradigma upirveles miznad isaxavs moqalaqeTa axali Taobis momzadebas imgvarad, rom isini maqsimalurad warmatebulad iyvnen integrirebulni Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebze, ganaTlebis veqtori mimarTuli unda iyos Signidan gareT, orientaciiT awmyosa da momavalze,

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aqcentebi unda gadanawilebul iqnes azrobrivi potencialis gaxsnaze, kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze im mimarTulebi, rom moswavlem momavalSi SesZlos warmatebiT gaarTvas Tavi urTules amocanebs, romlis winaSec igi uciloblad aRmoCndeba. diui realurad afasebs awmyosaca da momavals, da mTavar safrTxes xedavs imaSi, rom swrafadcvladi samyaros gamowvevebis winaSe mdgomi axalgazrda, Tuki is tradiciuli klasikuri ganaTlebis diskursis velze darCeba, sadac mTavari samizne wina TaobebiT dagrovili codnisa da principebiT mozardis gonebis savaraudo vakuumis amovsebaa, daiTrguneba garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebis mdinarebiT, veras gaugebs mis kavSirebsa da mniSvnelobebs, Caikargeba dilemaTa labirinTebSi.

misaRebia dius Tvalsazrisi, rom ganaTlebis paradigmaSi inteleqtualuri da moraluri aspeqtebis mowyveta dauSvebelia. kvlevis unarebis gamomuSaveba saWiroa orive mimarTulebiT. magaliTad, zneobrivad swori qcevis gansazRvrisaTvis “ absoluturi sikeTisaken” da “ sayovelTao Rirebulebebisaken” apelireba Sedegs ver gamoiRebs, radganac yoveli situacia konkretuli da unikaluria da Sesabamis pasuxs moelis da ara mzamzareul recepts. aqcenti gadatanil unda iqnes msjelobis unaris mqone inteleqtis ganviTarebaze, romelic kvlevas mimarTavs situaciis makonstruirebeli faqtorebis konteqstualur analizze.

faqtobrivad esaa modeli, romelic safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove liberaluri ganaTlebis paradigmas. rigi mosa-zrebebisa masSi gasaTvaliswinebeli da misaRebia, ma-galiTad gasaziarebelia mosazreba skolis rolis Se-saxeb sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. diui amuSavebs skolis, rogorc komunaluri Tanacxovrebis modelis sqemas. ik-veTeba skolis mTavari funqciac: mozardis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamoTavisufleba, damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarebis ganviTareba, koleqtiur cdaSi mozardis CarTvis mosamzadebeli safexuri. amaSia skolis ZiriTadi misia diuis mixedviT. aseve misaRebia mosazreba, rom ganaTleba mTavari iaraRia sazogadoebis srulyofis gzaze, demokratizaciisaTvis procesis, moqalaqeTa Tanaswori uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT. aq isaxeba socialuri iniciativebis yvelaze farTo asparezi. aseve

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dadebiTia diuis idea universaluri, uwyveti ganaTlebis Taobaze. ganaTlebis procesi unda moicavdes yvela asakobriv kategorias. mTeli sazogadoeba unda imyofebodes mudmivi swavlebisa da gadamzadebis uwyvet reJimSi.

magram winaarmdegobrivad gveCveneba tradiciuli ga-naTlebis sistemis mTlianad ugulvebelyofa, pozitiuri elementebi am variantidan vfiqrobT SenarCunebul unda iqnen.

nino Ciqovani

kulturis politika: mimarTeba kulturis kvlevebTan

dRes kulturis fenomeni Teoriuli da praqtikuli interesis obieqtia; mas ikvleven, swavloben, agreTve “iyeneben” sxvadasxva mizniT, magaliTad, politikur miswrafebaTa legitimaciisaTvis.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnilma realobam (koloniuri sistemis daSla, modernizacia/vesternizacia, sakuTari kulturuli fesvebisagan gaucxoebis tendencia, eleqtronuli mediis farTo gavrceleba) warmoSva kulturis politikis, rogorc sociokulturuli pasuxis-mgeblobis erT-erTi saxeobis, idea. evrokavSiris maas-trixtis SeTanxmebam, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wels, le-gitimuri safuZveli Seuqmna kulturis politikas.

Cveulebriv, kulturis politika ganisazRvreba rogorc kulturis rolze sazogadoebaSi arsebul gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa Soris balansis Zieba. unda iqces Tu ara kulturis politikis kvleva kulturis mecnierebaTa erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad? kulturis mecnierebebi tra-diciuli Teoriuli SinaarsiT unda Semoifarglos, Tu mas TandaTan Seaviwroebs kulturul procesTa praqtikaze orientirebuli analizi? miuxedavad am kiTxvebze gacemuli urTierTsapirispiro pasuxebisa, dRes, rogorc k. kotaki aRniSnavs, kulturis kvlevebi aRar wamoadgens spilos Zvlis koSkSi gamoketili mecnierebis egzotikur gatacebas, aramed es aris codnis holisturi, komparativistuli sfero, romelsac bevri ram aqvs saTqmeli sazoga-doebisaTvis.

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XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Suaxanebamde politikis kvlevebs iSviaTad Tu vinme ukavSirebda kulturis mecnierebebs. am ukanasknel sferoSi Camoyalibebuli tradicia mkafiod mijnavda maT erTmaneTisagan. aseTi damokidebuleba emyareboda, erTi mxriv, warmodgenas, rom yovelgvari politika dakavSirebulia da asaxavs mmarTveli fenisa da xelisuflebis interess; meore mxriv, Tavis rols asrulebda marqsistuli memkvidreoba, ekonomikur da socialur urTierTobaTa primatisa da ganmsazRvreli rolis aRiarebiT. ver vityviT, rom amgvari kvlevebi kulturis mecnierebaTa sferoSi saerTod ar arsebobda, am mxriv mxolod raimond uiliamsis saxelis gaxsenebac ikmarebda, magram es mainc ufro gamonaklisi iyo, vidre tendencia. ZiriTadad ki, maTi Sroma, vinc kulturis politikis sakiTxebs ikvlevda, miCneuli iyo Teoriul interessa da konteqsts moklebul viwro pragmatul saqmianobad, ufro metic – usiamovno kompromisad xelisuflebasTan. 80-iani wlebidan ki kulturis politikam TandaTanobiT daimkvidra adgili kulturuli rasizmis, korporaciuli kulturis, genderis problemebis, multikulturalizmis da sxva sakiTxebis Seswavlis sferoSi. kulturis fenomenisadmi interesi gaCnda politikis mecnierebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bolo aTwleulebis manZilze msoflios xedva sul ufro “kulturacentruli” xdeba. Sesabamisad, kulturis politikis problemebic sul ufro met aqtualurobas iZens.

qeTevan kakitelaSvili

stereotipizebuli sxva kulturuli identobis

konteqstSi

ruT melinkovis mier SemoTavazebuli ideis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis arsis, misi mentalobis gagebisa da Seswavlis erT-erTi saSualeba imis gamovlenaa, Tu sad da rogor daawesa am sazogadoebam sazRvari Cvensa da sxvas Soris, Tu vin moeqca am sazRvris faglebSi da vin _ mis gareT.

kulturis istorikosebi sul axlaxan dainteresdnen sxvas ideiT. bunebrivia, ufro logikuri iqneboda, sakuTari Tavisagan gansxvavebuli xalxebi da sazogadoebebi mravlobiTi ricxviT _ sxvebi _ yofiliyo aRniSnuli, vidre

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aradiferencirebuli cnebiT sxva. magram homogenizaciis procesis yovlismomcvelobis gamo isini, vinc ver moeqca sazRvris SigniT, iqca erTgvarovan, gansxvavebul da ucxo sxvad. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani iyo gansxvavebis xazgasma sazRvris SigniTa da mis miRma myofTa Soris, da ara is mravalferovneba, romliTac am sazRvris gareT arsebobda.

ama Tu im sazogadoebis mier sxvas stereotipis kvleva kulturuli identobis problemebiT dainteresebis paralelurad ganviTarda.

rodesac jgufebi sxva kulturas pirispir xvdebian, ori gansxvavebuli reaqcia vlindeba.

1) pirvel SemTxvevaSi xdeba kulturuli gansxvavebis uaryofa da ignorireba. analogiis gamoyenebiT sxvisi asimilireba da mimsgavseba sakuTari Tavisadmi an mezoblebisadmi. es xerxi SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes cnobierad an aracnobierad. sxva ganixileba rogorc sakuTaris anarekli (magaliTad, zogierTi jvarosnis mier saladini aRiqmeboda rogorc raindi, vasko da gamam brahmas, viSnusa da Sivas qandakebebi aRiqva rogorc wminda samebis gansaxiereba da a.S.) aseTi analogiis saSualebiT ucxo gardaiqmneba nacnobad da gasagebad, xdeba misi “moSinaureba”.

2) meore SemTxveva pirvelis sapirispiroa. am SemTxvevaSi, cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, ucxo kultura sakuTaris sapirispirod warmoidgineba. xdeba inversia.

mosalodnelia, rom kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi TiToeuli kulturis saxe stereotipizebuli iqneba. ar aris aucilebeli, rom stereotipi sruliad yalbi iyos, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi is azviadebs zogierT maxasiaTebels, xolo zogierTs _ ugulebelyofs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi stereotipi moklebulia niuansebs, radgan erTi da igive modeli misadagebulia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli kulturuli situaciebis mimarT.

Tu sxvisi xedva gaSualebulia stereotipebiT, sakuTari Tavis xedva aseve arapirdapiria. stereotipebis kvleva mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs maTi Semqmneli sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad. ama Tu im sazogadoebis saxe, TviT stereotipebi da TviTaRqma xSirad swored imaSi vlindeba, Tu rogor xedavs is gansxvavebas sakuTar Tavsa

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da sxvas Soris, Tu ra Tvisebebs aniWebs mas da rogor xedavs mis rols sakuTari sazogadoebis istoriaSi.

malxaz Toria

warsulis narativebi da maTi gamoyeneba konfliqtebis

mogvarebis procesSi

warsuli adamianebis mexsierebaSi garkveuli moT-xrobebis, anu narativebis saxiT yalibdeba. am narativebis, rogorc tipiuri modelebis, meSveobiT adamianebi aRiqvamen warsulis movlenebs da axdenen maT interpretacias. xSirad es narativebi eTnosTa Soris dapirispirebis mizezi xdeba. ase moxda magaliTad postsabWoTa periodis saqarTveloSi. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi didwilad konfliqtSi monawile mxareTa mier erTmaneTze Seqmnili konfliqturi narativebis da saerTod warsulis negatiuri interpretaciiT iyo ganpirobebuli. dapirispirebuli mxareebi sakuTari pretenziebisa da moTxovnebis legitimaciis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvlad warsulsa da istorias iyenebdnen. magram, unda aRiniSnos rom warsulis Sesaxeb Seqmnili narativebi ara marto aRviveben konfliqtebs, aramed SeiZleba am konfliqtebis mogvarebis procesSi iqnas gamoyenebuli.

konfliqtebis mogvarebis procesSi narativebis gamoyenebis praqtika bolo aTwleulebSi damkvidrda msoflios sxvadasxva konfliqtur regionebSi. magaliTad, samxreT afrikaSi moqmedebs simarTlisa da Serigebis komisia (TRC-Truth and Reconciliation Commission), romelic miznad isaxavs aparteidizmis Sedegebis aRmofrxvras. magaliTad, ewyoboda “sajaro Txroba” aparteidis reJimis dros adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtebze, maTi warmoSobis mizezebze da sxv.

ebraul-palestinuri arasamTavrobo organizaciaa mSvidobis kvlevis instituti axlo aRmosavleTSi (PRIME --

the Peace Research Institute in the Middle East) axorcielebs socialaur kvlevas, romelic miznad isaxavs palestina-israelis konfliqtis fsiqo-socialuri da saganmanaTleb-lo aspeqtebis Seswavlas. organizaciis garkveuli proeqtebi swored narativebis da zepiri Txrobas gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebs.

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igive organizacia muSaobs proeqtze, romelic orive mxarisTvis saerTo istoriis saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs. proeqtSi umaRlesi saswavleblebis palestineli da ebraeli maswavleblebi monawileoben. isini arabul da ebraul enebze amzadeben saxelmZRvanelos, romelic warmoaCens orive mxaris narativs ZiriTadi socialur-politikuri da istoriuli movlenebis Sesaxeb (mag., 1948 wlis omi, pirveli intifada da a. S.). wignSi TiToeuli mxaris versia Targmnilia mowinaaRmdege mxaris enaze, datovebulia carieli furceli, sadac studentebs SeuZliaT sakuTari mosazrebebi Caweron (Chaitin 2003); amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warsulis Sesaxeb Seqmnili narativebi did rols TamaSoben rogorc konfliqtebis eskalacaSi aseve maT de-eskalaciaSi.

guram lorTqifaniZe

terafimebi bibliaSi da qarTuli paralelebi

bibliaSi, Zveli aRTqmis pirvel nawilSi (ebr. Tnaxi; vaice, 21:19) aRwerilia iakobisa da raxelis gamoparvis scena xaranidan SxemSi. aqedan vgebulobT _ `raxelma moрpara Tvis mamis Terafimi~ es gaxda siZe-diswul, biZa-simamris seriozuli komfliktis mizezi (dab. 31:19) eptuagintas qartul TargmanSi vkiTxulobT: `labani cxvris gasaparsad iyo wasuli da raxelma moipara kerpebi mamamiss ram hqonda~. amiT `iakobma guli mopara laban arameels~ (dab. 31:20) raxels kerpis moparvisas aRelvebda problema _ hqonda Tu ara mas `kidev sxva wili da samkvidro mamis saxlidan~. komentatorebis Tanaxmad Terafimebi antropomorfuli kerpebia nayofierebis Sinauri saojaxo RvTaebebi. vinc memkvidreobiT miiRebda maT qonebac mas ergeboda. situaciis dramatizmi imaSia, rom `ar icoda iakobma, rom raxels moparuli hqonda kerpebi~ (dab. 31:32). iakobisTvis mZimea libanis braldeba `wasvliT ki midixar. . . magram RmerTebi rad moipareo~? (dab. 31:50). gamodis ra Cadenili danaSaulis simZimidan is myisierad Rebulobs aseT gadawyvetilebas: `visac Sen RnerTebs upovi cacxali ar gadarCeba~ (dab. 31:32) aseTi iyo hamorabi kanonis moTxovna. raxels ki imdenad surda am kerpebis danarCuneba, rom kidev erTi danaSauli Caidina. man aqlemis unagiris qveS gadamala Terfimi da zemodan daajda. is fexze ar wamoudga sakuTar mamas saidumlos gamJRavnebis SiSiT `eZeba da ver ipova labanma

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kerpebi~ da bibliuri incidenti amiT amoiwura. sainteresoa raxelis mier moparuli kerpis Semdgomi bedi. SxemSi CsvlisTanave iakobma Tvis saxleuls ubrZana: `gaeyaraT ucxo RmerTebi~, mietanaT Tavisi Terafimebi `iakobma dafla isini SeqebTa mdgari muxis qveS~. (dab. 35:2). maT Soris unda yofiliyo raxelis mier moparuli Terafimebic. am aqtiT `aRiniSna moSe rabinus meore micva (mcneba): `ar gaakeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa rac aris maRla caSi. . . ar sce Tyvani maT da ar emsaxuro (gamos. 20:4.5)

arsebuli arqeologiuri masala adasturebs mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi (siria, palestina, finikia, qanaani da sxv.) terafimebis farTo gavrcelebis faqts Zv. w. II – I aTaswleulebSi arsebobda kerpebis Camosasxmeli qvis yalibebi, napovnisa brinjaos kerpebi (naxaria, gezeri). palestinis Suabrimjaos xanis e. w. II fazidan masobrivad vrceldeba brinjaos, versclis da oqros terafimebi. am tipis nayofierebis RvTaebebi, kerpebi ucxo ar yofila brinjaos xanis saqarTvelosTvis. melaanisa sa Sildis warmarTul samlocveloebze am tipis terafimebia aRmoCenili.

q e T e v a n W k u a s el i

swavlebisa da kvlevis gaerTianeba saqarTvelos

universitetebSi – reformis evropuli ganzomileba

2005 wlis maisSi saqarTvelo SeuerTda boloniis process, romelic miznad isaxavs Seqmnas umaRlesi ganaTlebis erTiani evropuli sivrce 2010 wlisaTvis. erT-erTi moTxovna am sivrcis wevri qveynebisaTvis aris umaRlesi ganaTlebis saerTo struqturis - sam safexuriani akademiuri programebis SemuSaveba (samsafexurovani sistema: bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura) akreditirebul universitetebSi. reforma mraval Sres moicavs da misi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia im formatis Secvla, romelSic samecniero kvleva mimdinareobda wina periodis saqarTveloSi. sadoqtoro, anu mesame safexuris programebis Camoyalibeba saqarTvelos universitetebSi gulisxmobs dasavluri modelebis Sesabamisad, swavlebas da kvlevas Soris imaze ufro mWidro kavSiris dafuZnebas universitetebis bazaze, vidre es sabWoTa periodSi iyo.

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kvlevis dafinanseba erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani da rTuli problemaa, romlis gadaWrac saqarTvelos mTavrobas mouwevs momaval sadoqtoro programebTan dakavSirebiT. dasavleTSi dRes evropuli da amerikuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis sitemebi or sxvadasxva mimarTulebad iTvleba pirvel rigSi saxelmwifos da universitetebis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT. amerikam saxelmwifo kontroli minimalurad Seamcira universite-tebze da Sesabamisad, dafinansebis sakiTxis mogvareba Zli-er bazars miando. evropaSi, universitetebisaTvis saWiro av-tonomiis farglebSi, saxelmwifo wamyvan rols inarCunebs universitetebis dafinansebasa da maT xelmZRvanelobaSi.

saqarTvelom unda SeZlos sistemis Seqmna, romlis uni-versitetebis qselSic sadoqtoro programebiT Tundac mini-maluri raodenobis, magram xarisxiani kvleva ganxorci-eldeba saxelmwifo dafinansebiT. saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos ramdenime kvleviTi funqciis mqone universitetis Seqmnas da am kvlevebis dafinansebas. winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi, aris safrTxe, CamovyalibdeT periferiul sis-temad, romlis universitetebic bakalavriatis da magistra-turis safexurebis Semdeg Sesabamisi sadoqtoro prog-ramebis SeTavazebas ver moaxerxebs. es ki isev gonebrivi re-sursebis kargvas da qveynis inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis Seferxebas gamoiwvevs.

mocemul etapze umaRles ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo pasuxsmgebelia da erTaderTi subieqticaa Tavis Tavze aiRos universitetebis reformireba da dafinanseba yvela saWiro doneze manamde mainc, vidre sabazro mimarTuleba, gare dafinansebis wyaroebis Ziebis, Sida institucionaluri mZlavri menejmentis da universitetebs Soris saRi konkurenciis pirobebi ar iqneba uzrunvelyo-fili. amasTan, gasaTvalsiwinebelia, rom Tu qveynisaTvis prioritetuli kvleviTi programebis gansazRvra mxolod arsebul etapze ekonomikuri da politikuri saWiroebebiT moxdeba, isini SesaZloa raodenobrivad mcire da Tvisebrivad erTxazovnad gamoyenebiTi aRmoCndes, ramac SeiZleba dakargos saqarTveloSi mdidari kvleviTi tradicia iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa maTematika, fizika, istoria, filosofia an literatura; anu im fundamentur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi, romlebsac efuZneba axali mimarTulebebi yvela epoqaSi, sazogadoebrivi da teqnikuri

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ganviTarebis yvela etapze; am sferoebSi kvlevis Tundac ramdenime qarTul universitetSi dafinanseba da gadarCena ki SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes saqarTveloSi axali sferoebis ganviTarebisaTvis momavalSi.

e f e m i a x a r a Z e

bunebismcodneobis swavlebis zogierTi sakiTxi

dawyebiTi skolis pedagogebis momzadebisas

Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo standarti gulisxmobs axlebur midgomas codnis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT rogorc moswavleebTan mimarTebaSi (ra vaswavloT), aseve Zvelze dafuZnebuli swavlebis inovaciuri xerxebisa da meTodebis danergvas (rogor vaswavloT).Bbunebismcodneobis swavlebaSi cvlilebebi dakavSirebulia or sagulisxmo garemoebasTan: 1. swavlebaSi struqturul cvlilebebTan. boloniis procesSi Sesvlis erT-erTi aucilebeli winapirobaa swored am momentis gaTvaliswineba. kerZod, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi dawyebiT safexurad moiazreba ukve swavlebis ara pirveli oTxi weli, aramed _ eqvsi, aseve umaRles skolaSic swavlebis xuTwliani tipis magivrad dafuZnebulia bakalavriati (oTxi weli) da magistratura (ori weli). es ki Zireul gadanacvlebebs moiTxovs saswavlo programebisa da silabusebis Sedgenisas; 2. umniSvnelovanesi da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT rTuli sakiTxia swavlebis meTodikaSi Casatarebeli cvlilebebi. rTulSi igulisxmeba is, rom cvlilebebi unda gatardes Zalze faqizad da mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes mravalwliani gamocdilebis mqone qarTuli pedagogiuri skolis miRwevebi, da amdenad, udaod saWiro cvlilebebi gatarebuli unda iqnas erovnuli niSniT. dResdReobiT bunebismcodneobaSi sakmaod momravlebul alternatiul saxelmZRvaneloebs Soris upiratesoba unda mieniWos avtorTa im naSromebs, romlebSic yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iqneba swavlebisas TvalsaCinoebis sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebaze, moswavleebSi wignze muSaobis Cvevis gamomuSavebaze, saqarTvelos aracocxali da cocxali resursebis codnasa da maT mofrTxilebaze, Cveni qveynis bunebis siyvarulze. dawyebiTi safexuris momavali pedagogebis momzadeba unda warimarTos ise, rom man aziaros moswavle

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sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis safuZvlebs da ganuviTaros mas unar_Cvevebi, romelic saSualebas miscems garemos pasiuri aRqmidan mis Semecnebaze gadavides, daakvirdes cocxal da aracocxal garemos, SeZlos maTi ganmasxvavebeli da erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli niSnebis amocnoba, martivi eqsperimentis dayeneba, monacemebis Segroveba, informaciis moZieba da gaazreba, monacemebisa da dakvirvebebis Sedegebis Tavmoyra da maTi prezentacia. umaRlesi skolis studentebs, romelTac ukve arCeuli aqvT TavianT momaval profesiad dawyebiTi klasebis bunebismetyvelebis pedagogoba, mocemuli sagnis kursis gavlis Sedegad unda SeeZloT gadawyviton maT winaSe dasmuli konkretuli pedagogiuri amocanebi profesionalurad, damoukideblad da SemoqmedebiTad; gamoumuSavdeT da CamouyalibdeT momavali maswavleb-lebisaTvis aucilebeli komunikaciuri unarebi; ganu-viTardeT unari miRebul Teoriul codnas mouZebnon efeqturi gamoyeneba praqtikul saqmianobaSi; SeZlon moswavleTa koleqtivis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis organizacia.

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T a m a z k a r a n a Z e

religia iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiur moZRvrebaSi

1. gamoCenil sazogado moRvawes swamda _ “etikis, kacTmoyvareobis saZirkveli iyo da aris gulwrfeli sarwmunoeba. Rrmad morwmune kaci arasodes yofila sulmdabali, egoisti da verc iqneba. winaaRmdeg amisa, TviT pirveli swavluli sarwmunoebas moklebuli, SeiZleba iyves aramzada, mona Tavisi siamovnebisa, mavne moyvasisa”.

2. iakobi, paralelurad, qadagebs imis Sesaxeb, rom “ morwmune xalxi, moklebuli jerovan codna-ganaTlebas, waagebs brZolas arsebisaTvis ... amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom igi erTsa da imave dros sarwmunoebiTac iyos Semkuli da codniTac mdidari‟.

3. mniSvnelovania iakobis mosazrebani religiisa da zneobis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. misTvis marTlmadideblo-ba zneobis damkvidrebis upirvelsi wyaroa.

4. samwuxarod, dRemde, ZiriTadad sabWouri azrovnebis poziciebidanaa gaanalizebuli didi pedagogis religiuri Sexedulebebi. igi ar yofila Tanamimdevruli materialisti. saWiroa iakobis naazrevze msjelobisas safuZvlianad da obieqturad gadavxedoT mis msoflmxedvelobriv mrwamss, religiur kredos.

r u s u d a n s a n a Z e

akrditaciis procesi da umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli

bloniis procesis farglebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi, dRis wesrigSi umaRlesi skolis akreditacias ayenebs. umaRlesi skolis akreditacia saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-lebis yvela rgolis, maT Soris umaRlesi skolis mas-wavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis xarisxis Sefasebasac gulisxmobs.

umaRlesi saswavleblis specifikidan gamomdinare, maswavleblis winaSe sxvadasxva amocana dgas. ivane ja-vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti saswavlo-samecniero dawesebulebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, universitetis maswavlebels Tanabrad evaleba rogorc sagnis Rrmad codna da mecnieruli kvlevebis Catareba, aseve pedagogiur-meToduri unar-Cvevebis floba.

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umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis qarTuli realobis am-saxveli profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesadgenad CavatareT kvleva. kvlevis procesSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna qarTuli universitetis specifika, studentTa da pedagogTa survilebi Tu moTxovnebi. mecnieruli safuZvelisa da sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT, kvlevis Sedegad umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiograma miviReT. aRsaniSnavia, rom maswavlebelTa profesiograma, Ria da cvladi sistemaa. igi mudmivad viTardeba da icvleba sazogadoebis dakveTis Sesabamisad.

akreditaciis farglebSi, umaRlesi skolis maswav-leblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis mravalmxriv sis-temaSi, Cveni azriT, wamyvani roli students aqvs. am mosazrebas boloniis procesis dokumentebSi naTlad gaJ-Rerebuli moTxovnebic amyarebs.

profesiogramaze dayrdnobiT, Cvens mier Catarebulia ori masStaburi kvleva (Tsu – 2003, kristian-albrextis universiteti kili, germania 2007-2008), romelic studentis mxridan maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebas gulisxmobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc erTi kvlevis far-glebSi, maswavleblis mimarT dafiqsirebuli studentTa moTxovnebi, ar gasula Seqmnili profesiogramis farglebs gareT, rac profesiogramis aqtualobas, realobasTan kav-Sirs amtkicebs.

q e T e v a n go C it a S v il i

kiTxvis swavlebiს miznebi