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TTBS Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety

PLEA PASSPORTTRAINING.

Introduction to HealthIntroduction to Healthand Safetyand Safety




Some Basic DefinitionsSome Basic DefinitionsHealth- The protection of the bodies and

minds of people from illness resulting fromthe processes procedures and materialsused in the workplace.

Safety- The protection of people fromphysical injury.




Welfare

• Washing and sanitation arrangements

• Provision of drinking water, heating,lighting

• Provision of accommodation for clothing,seating, eating and rest rooms.

• Provision of First aid arrangements




LEGAL REQUIREMENT part VIISection 39- 45B

• Provision and maintenance of sufficient

supply of drinking water, washingfacilities, sanitary conveniences,restroom, lunch rooms andaccommodation for clothing.




LEVELS OF STATUTORY LIABILITY

• Absolute

• Practicable

• As far as is reasonably practicable




Absolute• The highest level of duty

• Often applies to situations where the riskof injury is so high that injury is inevitable

unless safety precautions are taken.• The words used to describe these duties

in legislation are must and shall.




PRACTICABLE

If the duty is technically possible or

feasible then it must be done irrespectiveof any difficulty, inconvenience or cost.




Reasonably Practicable

C O S T R I S K

TIME

MONEY

EFFORT




REASONABLY PRACTICABLE

If risk of injury is small compared to cost, timeand effort required to reduce risk, then no actionis necessary

Money, time and trouble must ‘grossly outweigh’not balance risk

Risk assessment to be undertaken withconclusion noted

Continual monitoring required to ensure risk do

not increase




Health and Safety legislation

• Occupational Safety and Health Act No 1 of 2004

as amended

• Technical Regulations (Section 99 TTOSH Act)

• Approved Codes of Practice

• Guidance notes

• National and International Standards




Burden of proof

• The existing legislation reverses the

burden of proof.• The accused must proof his innocence.




Employers

• Under the OSH act an Employer is

defined as the person who employspersons for the purpose of carrying outany trade, business, profession, office,vocation or apprenticeship.




Main duty of employers

6. (1) It shall be the duty of every employer

to ensure, so far as is reasonablypracticable, the safety, health and welfare

at work of all his employees.




Duties of employers

• An Employer must ensure safety, health and

welfare at work of all his employees. In hisendeavors to accomplish this he must;

• Ensure safety of plant and systems of work.

• Provide arrangements for safe use,handling, storage and transport of

equipment, machinery, articles andsubstances.

• Provide appropriate personal protectiveclothing or devices.




Duties of employers

• Provide the necessary information, instruction,training and supervision as is necessary.

• Maintain the workplace in a safe condition andensure the provision of safe means of access

and egress.

• Provide safe working environment with

adequate welfare facilities.




• Safety and Health Policy

• Risk Assessment• Safety Committees

• Emergency Preparedness• Welfare Facilities




Policy Statement

If there are twenty-five or more

employees, prepare a safety and healthpolicy statement, that shows theorganization and arrangements for your

safety and health, and bring it to yourattention.




Policy Statement

* If there are twenty-five or more employees

at your establishment your employer mustconsult you in the preparation of thesafety and health policy statement and onthe appointment of the safety committee.




Competent person

Appoint someone competent to assist with

safety and health responsibilities if requested to do so by the Chief Inspector.




Industrial Establishment

Industrial Establishment means a

factory, shop, office, place of work orother premises but does not includePremises occupied for residentialpurposes only; or other categories of establishment exempted by the Minister in

accordance with this Act;




Safety, Health And Welfare

• Safe place, plant and systems of work

• Safe handling, storage, and transport of equipment, machinery ,articles andsubstances.

• The provision of information, instruction,training and supervision to ensure the

safety and health at work of hisemployees.




Chemicals

• Develop arrangements to ensure that allhazardous chemicals are properlylabelled.

• Ensure the availability of ChemicalSafety Data Sheets for all hazardous

chemicals.• Ensure arrangements for the handling

and disposal of hazardous chemicals




Pregnant Women

• Adapt working conditions for pregnant

women to ensure that she is not exposedto conditions dangerous to the health of the unborn child.

• Where appropriate alternative work must

be assigned where available

P t W




Pregnant Women

• For up to six months after the birth of her

child alternative work must be provided if the employee is normally required toperform work that poses danger to hersafety or that of her child.




Reasons for health safety

• Legal

• Economic• Moral

(corporate responsibility, The way in which acompany manages its core business toadd social, environmental and economic

value to the wider society)




Risk Assessment

Ri k A t 13A )




Risk Assessment 13A.)

An employer shall annually assess

• the risks to the safety and health of employees.

• the risks to the safety and health of persons not inhis employment arising out of or in connectionwith the environmental impact of his undertaking,

• Make arrangements for implementing the health andsafety measures identified as being necessary by theassessment.




Objective of risk assessment

• To determine the measures required by

an organisation to comply with relevanthealth and *safety legislation.

(*The TT OSH Act and its regulations.)




HAZARD

• A hazard is the potential of

a substance activity orprocess to cause harm

Examples include:

• Electricity• Chemicals

• Fire & explosion




Risk

• A risk is the likelihood of a substance,activity or process to cause harm.

• This is determined using various riskassessment strategies.




A DINING HALL IN IRAQ

Suitable and sufficient




• Identify the significant risks and ignore the

trivial ones

• Remain appropriate to the nature of thework

• Valid over a reasonable period of time




Suitable and sufficient

• A systematic exercise

• Identify and prioritize the measures

required to comply with any relevantstatutory provisions

• Take into account non routine activities




Types of risk assessment

• Qualitative : most common type used,

based on personal judgement the trainingand experience of the assessor will allowfor a determination of the level of risk, intocategories of high medium or low




Types of risk assessment

• Quantitative: this is done by giving a

numerical value to the probability of a riskoccurring relative to the possible severityof the outcome.

• Usually done in scenarios where amalfunction could result in major loss.




Semi QuantitativeA risk assessment exercise which

combines qualitative and quantitativemeasures.

A simple example is the risk assessmentmatrix.




Risk assessment process

• Look for and list the hazards

• Decide who may be harmed and how• Evaluate risks arising from hazards and

decide whether existing controls are

adequate• Record the findings

• Review the assessment when necessary




• Safe guarding work equipment.

Safeguarding of Machinery




Safeguarding of Machinerysection 25 a

• All transmission machinery must be

securely fenced.• Other dangerous parts of machines must

be securely fenced or provided with adevice that automatically protects theoperator from coming into contact with

that part.

S ifi d M hi H d




Specified Machine Hazards.

• Drills (radial andpedestal).

• Circular saws.

• Guillotines.

• Paper shredders.

• Abrasive wheels.

• Lathes.

• Simple Robots.• Presses.

• Portable power tools.

M hi d




Machine guards

• Guards are physical barriers which

prevent access to the danger zone

• A safeguard is a device which will protectthe user from danger and includes itemssuch as trip devices




• Protect users from the following hazards

• Crushing hazard

• Shearing hazard

• Cutting or severing hazard




• Entanglement hazard

• Drawing in or trapping hazard

• Impact hazard

• Stabbing or puncture hazard




Fixed Guards




Fixed Guards

• A fixed guard is a guard which has no movingparts which is difficult move and requires nomaintenance.

• A distance fixed guard as the name impliesdoes not completely enclose the hazard butreduces access to dangerous parts of

machinery, by virtue of its dimensions anddistance from the hazard

Adjustable Guards




Adjustable Guards

• User adjusted guards are fixed or movable

guards which are adjustable for a particularoperation during which they remain fixed.

Self adjusting guards adjusts itself toaccommodate the passage of material

Interlocking Guards




Interlocking Guards

• Are designed to prevent the operation of a

piece of machinery while the it is open• This is done by interrupting the power

medium

Safeguarding Devices




Safeguarding Devices.

• Fixed guards.

• Fixed distanceguards.

• Adjustable guards.

• Self- adjustingguards.

• Interlocked guards.• Captive key switches.

• Trapped key systems.

• Magnetic switches.

• Trip devices.• Pressure sensitive

mats.

• 2 handed controls.• ESPE.

• Automatic guards.



TTBS Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety49

Hazardous Substances

What is a Hazardous Substance?

Modes of Entry into the body

What is a Hazardous




Substance?• A hazardous chemical is any chemical or

mixture of chemicals that can hurt youphysically or cause health problems. Mostindustrial chemicals are hazardous.

• Never assume a chemical is safe. If youaren’t sure how to use a certain chemical, askyour employer for help.

What is a HazardousS b t ?




Substance?

• Hazardous substances include:• SUBSTANCES USED DIRECTLY IN WORK

ACTIVITIES (EG. ADHESIVES, PAINTS, CLEANINGAGENTS)

• SUBSTANCES GENRATED DURING WORK

ACTIVITES (E.G FUMES FROM SOLDERING ORWELDING)

• NATURALLY OCCURING SUBSTANCES (E.G.

GRAIN DUST, POLLEN)• BIOLOGICAL AGENTS SUCH AS BACTERIA ANDOTHER MICRO-ORGANISMS.

Where are hazardousb t f d?




substances found?

• Hazardous substances can be found in nearlyall work environments. Eg.

• Factories

• Shops

• Mines• Farms

• Laboratories

• Offices etc.

General Effects of hazardousb t




substances

• Some examples of the effects of hazardoussubstances include:

• Skin irritation or dermatitis as a result of skin contact;

• Asthma as a result of developing allergy to substancesused to work;

• Losing consciousness as a result of being overcome bytoxic fumes;

• Cancer, which may appear long after the exposure to

the chemical that caused it;• Infection from bacteria and other micro-organisms

(Biological Agents)

M d f E t




Modes of Entry

• The main routes of entry into the body bysubstances (including toxic, corrosive, dusts,fibers etc.) and agents are:-

– Inhalation (thru the respiratory system)

– Adsorption/ Skin Pervasion

– Punctures

– Ingestion via the gastro-intestinal tract.

Inhalation




Inhalation

Ingestion




Ingestion

Ingestion




Ingestion




Working With Chemicals

What to be aware of.

An Example of how to approach a taskinvolving chemicals.

Working with chemicals





• The chance you will be affected by a

hazardous chemical depends on:-

– (1) the chemical itself,

– (2) what precautions your employer hasinstituted,

– (3) the way your specific job is performed and

– (4) your understanding of the hazards and waysto protect yourself.






• The risk of working with a hazardous

chemical can be reduced in five ways:-• Being aware of the hazards

• Controlling the work area

• Using personal protective equipment

• Practicing safe work habits

• Using common sense

Working with chemicals-Example




Example• For example, suppose you work with a solvent. Inhaling

the solvent’s vapors and letting it contact your skin areboth hazardous.

• Here are some ways you could be protected from thesolvent:– 1. Awareness:

– • Know the hazards.– • Read the solvent label.– • Understand how to protect yourself.– 2. Controlling the work area:

– • Use ventilation.– • Isolate the work area so that people not working with the

solvent avoid exposure.

Working with chemicals-Example




Example• 3. Personal protective equipment:

• • Wear a proper respirator to keep vapors from your lungs.• • Use gloves that prevent the solvent from contacting your

skin.• 4. Work practices:

• • Avoid breathing the vapors.

• • Avoid skin contact.• • Use the solvent only in well ventilated areas.• 5. Common sense:

• • Be aware of your work environment.

• • Take a moment to think about what you’re doing.• • Make sure you’ve been trained before you begin using the

chemicals.

HazCom/ Labeling of Chemicals




HazCom/ Labeling of Chemicals• Hazardous substances must be properly denoted.

That is, they must be adequately labeled and they

must have a safety data sheet.

• Suppliers are required to identify the hazards ordangers of the material/ chemical they supply.

• Suppliers are required to label their chemicals withhazard symbols, warnings and safety advice. Labels

on chemicals will give an indication of the type of hazard and the severity of the hazardous substance.





HazCom/ Labeling of Chemicals• The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) is designed

to protect health and the environment and to facilitateglobal trade in chemicals.

• It includes internationally agreed upon cautionarystatements as well as symbols, called pictograms, forchemical properties such as environmental toxicity etc.

• The international goal is to have GHS in place in asmany parts of the world as possible by 2008 and assuch have one standard worldwide for labelingchemicals.


http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev00/00files_e.html

http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev00/00files_e.html





TOXIC BiohazardHarmful/Irritant

•These chemical pictograms are easy to decipher,

and can be rationalized.

•This makes it safe to use across language barriers.

ACTIVITY!!!!!!!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Biohazard_symbol.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hazard_X.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hazard_T.svg




ACTIVITY!!!!!!!

• Using General Knowledge and CommonSense identify the meaning of the followingpictograms.

1 2 3

ACTIVITY!!!!!!!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hazard_C.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hazard_F.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hazard_E.svg




ACTIVITY!!!!!!!

4

7

6

5

NFPA Diamond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Radiation_warning_symbol.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hazard_N.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hazard_O.svg




NFPA Diamond• Many people take one look at the NFPA diamond and

give up learning what those colors, numbers, and

symbols mean.• It's unfortunate, because the system is easy to learn andreally useful.

• One glance at a NFPA diamond label and you have awealth of information about the material.

• Sometimes, too, people think the diamond only givesuseful information if the material is on fire.

• This is not true. The diamond's hazard information isvalid for the material under normal circumstances.

NFPA- So what do thosecolors mean?




• The blue diamond, appearing on the left side of thelabel, conveys Health Hazard

colors mean?

information forpersons exposed to the material.

• A number from 0 to 4 is written in the blue diamond. The higher the number the higher the hazard, asfollows:

• 0- No hazard.

• 1- Can cause irritation if not treated.

• 2- Can cause injury. Requires prompttreatment.

• 3- Can cause serious injury despite medicaltreatment.

• 4- Can cause death or major injury despitemedical treatment.





colors mean?• The red diamond, appearing at the top of the label,

conveys Flammability Hazard information.

• Again, the numbers 0 to 4 are used to rate theflammability hazard, as follows:

• 0- Will not burn.

• 1- Ignites after considerable preheating.

• 2- Ignites if moderately heated.

• 3- Can be ignited at all normal temperatures.

• 4- Very flammable gases or very volatile flammableliquids.





colors mean?• The yellow diamond, appearing at the right side of the

label, conveys Reactivity (or Stability) information.

• The numbers 0 to 4 are also used to rank reactivityhazards, as follows:

• 0- Normally stable. Not reactive with water.

• 1- Normally stable. Unstable at high temperatureand pressure. Reacts with water.

• 2- Normally unstable but will not detonate.

• 3- Can detonate or explode but requires stronginitiating force or heating under confinement.

• 4- Readily detonates or explodes.





colors mean?• The white diamond, appearing at the bottom of the label,

conveys Special Hazard information.• This information is conveyed by use of symbols which

represent the special hazard.• Two of the common symbols are shown here:• W denotes the material is water reactive

• OX denotes an oxidizing agent• Some facilities use the white diamond to convey

personal protective equipment requirements when usingthe material.

• You may see a picture of gloves, safety glasses, or arespirator in the white diamond.




Fire

Fire




• One of the greatest threats to

organisations involved in activitieswhich generate significant riskfactors.

• These factors include:




Extremely flammable liquids• Liquids (such as petrol and other fuels)and solvents in industrial products (suchas paint, ink, adhesives and cleaningfluids) give off flammable vapour which,

when mixed with air, can ignite orexplode. Flammable liquids are classed

as:

Highly flammable liquids




• Liquids which have a flash point lowerthan 0°C and a boiling point (or, in thecase of a boiling range, the initial boilingpoint) lower than or equal to 35°C.

Flash Point




• Temperature at and above which a liquidgives off enough flammable vapour to forma mixture with air that can be ignited bycontact with a hot surface, spark, or flame.

Lower the flash point, greater the firehazard.

Flammable




• Liquids which have

a flash point below21°C but which arenot extremelyflammable.

Dusts




• Dusts can be produced from manyeveryday materials such as coal, wood,grain, sugar, certain metals and syntheticorganic chemicals. A cloud of combustible

dust in the air can explode violently if ignited.

Gases




• Gases such as liquefied petroleum gas ormethane. These are usually stored underpressure in cylinders and bulk containers.Uncontrolled releases can readily ignite or

cause the cylinder to become a missile.

Solids




• Solids include materials such as plasticfoam, packaging, and textiles which canburn fiercely and give off dense blacksmoke, sometimes poisonous.

Fire triangle




Oxygen Ignition source

Fuel

Hot surfacesElectrical equipmentStatic electricitySmoking/naked flames

Always present in the airAdditional sources fromoxidising substances

Flammable gases

Flammable liquidsFlammable solids

Ignition sources




Open flame

Mechanically

generated

sparks

Electrically generated sparks

Ignition sources




• smokers' materials, e.g. cigarettes andmatches;

• naked flames; electrical, gas or oil-fired heaters(fixed or portable);

• hot processes (such as welding or grindingwork); cooking; engines or boilers;

• machinery; faulty or misused electrical

equipment; lighting equipment, eg halogenlamps;

Ignition sources




• hot surfaces and obstruction of equipmentventilation, e.g. office equipment;

• friction, e.g. from loose bearings or drive belts;

• static electricity; metal impact (such as metaltools striking each other); and arson

Sources of fuel




• flammable liquid based products such as paints,varnish, thinners and adhesives;

• flammable liquids and solvents such as petrol,white spirit, methylated spirit and paraffin;

• flammable chemicals;• wood;

• paper and card;

Sources of fuel




• plastics, rubber and foam such aspolystyrene and polyurethane, eg the

foam used in upholstered furniture;• flammable gases such as liquefied

petroleum gas (LPG) and acetylene;• furniture, including fixtures and fittings;

• textiles;

• loose packaging material; and

Sources of fuel




• waste materials, in particular finely dividedmaterials such as wood shavings, off cuts, dust,paper and textiles.

• You should also consider the construction of your workplace and how this might contribute tothe spread of fire. Does the internal construction

include large areas of:• hardboard, chipboard, blockboard walls or

ceilings; or

• synthetic ceiling or wall coverings, such aspolystyrene tiles?

Oxygen sources




• Always present in the air

• Oxidising chemicals

• Oxygen stored for special use

M f i f fi




Means of escape in case of fire• Emergency exits

• Fire escapesteps/ladder

• Fire escape routes

Provision for adequate fire fightingequipment




• Sprinkler systems

• Fire extinguishers

• Fire hose reels systems

• Fire blankets

• Damping material

British Standards




BS EN:2 1992 Classification of fires(ISBN 0 580 21356 0)

Types of fire.




• Fires involving freely burningmaterials. For example wood,paper, textiles and other

carbonaceous materials.

Class B




• Fires involving flammable

liquids. For example petroland spirits. NOT ALCOHOLOR COOKING OIL

Class C




• Fires involvingflammable gasses.

For example propaneand butane.

Class D




• Fires involvingflammable metals.

For examplemagnesium andlithium

Class E




• Fires involvingelectrical equipment.

For examplephotocopiers, faxmachines and

computers.

Class F




• Fires involvingcooking oil and fat.

For example olive oil,maize oil, lard andbutter.

Fire extinguishers




WATER CARBON DIOXIDE

Fire extinguishers




DRY POWDER FOAM




Electrical Safety

Electrical Shock




• Received when current passes throughthe body

• Current (Amps) = Voltage (Volts)

/Resistance (Ohms)

• Typical Industrial Voltages- 115/230 Volts

- 230/400 Volts

Electrical Shock




• Different levels of electrical resistance

for each person• Ranges from 500 ohms to many thousands

of ohms

• The greater the body’s resistance, the lesschance of harm

• A similar voltage shock can be minor toone person and deadly to another

Electrical Shock




• Severity of the shock depends on:

– Pathof current through the body

– Amount of current flowing through the body

– Length of time the body is in the circuit

Electrical Shock

Electrical shock can cause:

Pain




• Pain

• Loss of musclecontrol/coordination

• Internal bleeding

• Burns

Nerve, muscle,

tissue damageCardiac arrestFallsDeath, Electrocution

As little as 50 milliamperes (one-third theelectricity needed to power a radio) can cause death!

Other Hazards




• Arc blast and explosion while working on live

equipment, struck by shrapnel, and hot material

• Fire due to overloaded electrical circuits, damaged

insulation, overheating electrical equipment

Protective Equipment




The equipment that can be used to increase the

body’s resistance to reduce the possibility of electricity flowing through your body.

• Insulated Gloves

• Insulated Shoes, Rubber soled

• Mats rubber or other insulated material

• Insulated tools

Other personal protective equipmentrequired

• Helmets rated for electrical work when working near




• Helmets rated for electrical work when working near

energised electrical equipment

• Safety glasses to protect eyes in cases of explosion

• Cotton clothing in event a fire occurs

Hazard Control




• Electrical systems are inherently safe

• Injuries typically occur when:

– Procedures are inappropriate

– Procedures are not followed or are ignored

– Safety systems are circumvented

Grounding Equipment

M t l t i l i t i d i d ith




• Most electrical equipment is designed with

a grounding system• Do not use equipment with damaged grounding

connectors

• Do not use adapters that interrupt the grounding

connection

Electrical Cord Inspection

• Deformedor missingpins




• Deformed or missing pins

• Damaged outer jacket

or insulation

• Evidence of internal

damage

• If damaged, take out

of service until repaired

Extension Cords




• Inspect and check for capacity

• Use for temporary work only

• Do not use as a rope to pull or lift objects

• Do not fasten with staples or hang over hooks

Hand-Held Electric Tools




• Hand-held electric tools pose a potential danger because

they make continuous good contact with the hand• To protect you from shock, burns, and electrocution,

tools must:

– Have a three-wire cord with ground and be plugged into a

grounded receptacle, or

– Be double insulated, or – Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer

– Cordless type tool

Portable Power Tools

• Inspect portable power tools




Inspect portable power tools

• Never use damaged equipment

– Tag it out of service

– Have it repaired or replaced

• Never use portable power equipment in wet or damp areas

• Stop using power tools if they become hot or startsparking

D 't l d i it h b i

Some Electrical Tips




Don't overload circuits, such as by running

multiple appliances from a single outlet

Never plug in an appliance with a damagedelectrical cord or use an extension cord that has

damaged insulation

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters

GFCI d th lik lih d f f t l h k




• GFCIs reduce the likelihood of fatal shocks

• Detect small amount of earth current and

automatically switch off the power

• Used with extension cords and portable tools

• Fuses and circuit breakers protect equipment, not

people

REMEMBER!




WATER AND ELECTRICITY DON'T MIX.

For this reason a ground fault circuitinterrupter (GFCI) must be used to help

prevent electrocutions and electrical shock

injuries.

Lockout Tagout

• Electrical maintenance must be done




• Repairs to electrical equipment should be done in a

deenergised state. Lockout/Tagout procedures

should employed to prevent accidental energisation

of the equipment while work is being done.

Working at Height




What is Work at Height?

Work at HeightWork in any place including a place in:




Work in any place, including a place in:

• the course of obtaining access to oregress from any place except by astaircase in a permanent workplace or;

• At or below ground level from which aperson could fall a distance liable tocause personal injury and any referenceto working at height will include accessto or egress from such places whilst at

work.




Working at height

• Working on a scaffold or

MEWP• Working on the back of a

l

Not working at height

• Activities carried out by

private individuals (even if the equipment used isfrom work) Trips and




lorry

• Using cradles or ropes to

gain access

• Climbing permanentstructures such as gantries

• Working close toexcavations, cellars orother openings.

• Staging or trestles

(concerts filming etc)

from work). Trips andslips on the level surface

• Falls on permanentstairways (unless understructural maintenance)

• Working in a building (e.g.

office) with multiple floors where there is no risk of falling (except if the staff use a stepladder to change

the bulbs within the office)

• “Access and egress” = • Includes ascent anddescent




• “Working Platform” = • Any platform used as aplace of work, or as ameans of access to oregress from a place of

work.

• Any scaffold, suspendedscaffold, cradle, mobileplatform, trestle,gangway, gantry orstairway which used as a

work base• But does not include a

building or otherpermanent structure

• “Work equipment” = • Any machinery, appliance,apparatus, tool or

installation for use at work and includes anything towhich Regulation 8 and




• “Ladder” =

• “Line” =

which Regulation 8 andschedules 2 to 6 of the WAHR apply.

• Includes a fixed ladder and astep ladder

• Includes rope, chain or webbing




• Every employer shall ensure thatno person engages in activity,including organisation, planningor supervision, in relation to work at height or work equipment foruse in such work unless he iscompetent to do so. Or, if beingtrained, is being supervised by acompetent person

• “Competence”




p p

• A fall prevention, work restraint, work positioning, fall arrest orrescue system other than a systemin which the only safeguards arecollective safeguards or:

• Rope access and positioningtechniques.

• A surface which would be liable tofail if any reasonably foreseeableloading were to be applied to it

• “Personal fall protection”

• “Fragile surface”




Use of Ladders

ladders should only be considered where




ladders should only be considered where

a risk assessment has shown that the useof other more suitable work equipment isnot appropriate because of the low risk,and short duration of the task orconsideration of where the work is located




A f C t f W ki




A few Correct ways of Workingat Height!




Why is this correct?




Again Why!




A piece of Equipment that can beused




Bosun s̀ Chair




I d ea l f o r r escu e b u t n o t a l w a y s p r a ct i ca l

Manual Handling




Introduction - Manual

• Accidents caused by manual handling of loadswere the largest single cause of over three-




were the largest single cause of over three

day accidents• Accidents due to poor manual handling

technique still accounts for over 25% of

reported accidents

Introduction - Mechanical

• Mechanical handling methods should be




used when possible• Much mechanical handling involves the

use of lifting equipment such as cranesand lifts

Manual Handling

Hazards & Injuries

Th ‘ l h dli ’ i d fi d




• The term ‘manual handling’ is defined asthe movement of a load by human effortalone

• Manual handling may involve transportationof load or direct support of load includingpushing, pulling, carrying, moving using

bodily force and straightforward lifting• Back injuries due to lifting of heavy loads are

very common and several million working

days are lost each year as a result

Manual Handling

Hazards & Injuries

• Typical hazards of manual handlinginclude:




include:

– Lifting a load which is too heavy or toocumbersome resulting in back injury

– Poor posture during lifting or poor liftingtechnique resulting in back injury

– Dropping a load, resulting in foot injury

– Lifting sharp-edged or hot loads resulting inhand injuries

Injuries Caused byManual Handling

• Manual handling operations can cause awide range of acute and chronic injuries to




wide range of acute and chronic injuries to

workers• Acute injuries: sickness leave; rest period;

• Chronic injuries: long build up period;irreversible; arthritic and spinal disorders

• Modern lifestyle: Lack of exercise; limitedphysical efforts; all contribute to long-termserious effects

Injuries Caused byManual Handling

• Most common injuries associated with poormanual handling techniques are musculoskeletal




g q

in nature and are:– Muscular sprains & strains- caused when muscular

tissue is stretched beyond normal capability leading to

weakening, bruising & painful inflammation of areaaffected

– Such injuries normally occur in back, arms and wrists

– Back injuries – include injuries to disc situated betweenspinal vertebrae

– Trapped nerve – usually occurring in back due toanother injury but aggravated by manual handling

Injuries Caused by

Manual Handling– Hernia – this is a rupture of the body cavity wall in the




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lower abdomen causing a protrusion of part of theintestine

– Cuts, bruising and abrasions – caused by handling

loads with unprotected sharp corners or edges– Fractures – normally of the feet due to dropping a load

– Work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) – cover

a wide range of musuloskeletal disorders (discussed indetail - Chapter 13)

– Rheumatism – this is a chronic disorder involving severe

pain in the joints

Hierarchy of Measures for

Manual Handling Operations

• Avoid manual handling operations so far as isreasonably practicable either redesigning task




reasonably practicable - either redesigning taskto avoid moving load, automating or mechanizingoperations

• If manual handling cannot be avoided, a suitableand sufficient risk assessmentshould be made

• Reduce risk of injury from those operations so faras is reasonably practicable, either bymechanical handling or making improvements totask, load and working environment

Main Elements of Good Lifting Technique

1. Check suitable clothing; assess load;heaviest side to body




ea es sde o body

2. Place feet apart;bend knees; straight back

3. Firm grip - close to body

4. Back straight - lift smoothly to knee level;then to waist level

5. With clear visibility, move forward - notwisting!

6. Set load down at waist level, or to knee level,and then floor

Personal Protective Equipment




Assessing suitable PPE

• To allow the right type of PPE to bechosen, carefully consider the different




y

hazards in the workplace. This will enableyou to assess which types of PPE are

suitable to protect against the hazard andfor the job to be done.

Assessment of PPE

Must be appropriate for the risks involvedand the conditions at the place where




p

exposure to the risk may occur.e.g. type of protection necessary when

using a hand brush to apply solvents

• prevent or adequately control the risksinvolved without increasing the overall




level of risk• Must be adjusted to fit the wearer

correctly

• the needs of the job and the demands itplaces on the wearer, the length of time




the PPE needs to be worn, the physicaleffort required to do the job and therequirements for visibility andcommunication.

• Compatibility with other types of PPE Forexample does a particular type of




respirator make it difficult to get eyeprotection to fit

Head

• Hazards: impact from falling or flyingobjects, risk of head bumping, hair




entanglement.• Options: a range of helmets and bump

caps.

Eyes

• Hazards: chemical or metal splash, dust,projectiles, gas and vapour, radiation.




• Options: safety spectacles, goggles, faceshields, visors.

Breathing

Hazards: dust, vapour, gas, oxygen-deficient atmospheres.




Options: disposable filtering face piece orrespirator, half- or full-face respirators, air-

fed helmets, breathing apparatus.

The body

Hazards: temperature extremes, adverse weather,chemical or metal splash spray from pressure




chemical or metal splash, spray from pressureleaks or spray guns, impact or penetration,contaminated dust, excessive wear orentanglement of own clothing.

Options: conventional or disposable overalls,boiler suits, specialist protective clothing, e.g.chain-mail aprons, high-visibility clothing.

Hands and arms

Hazards: abrasion, temperature extremes,cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals,




electric shock, skin infection, disease orcontamination.

Options: gloves, gauntlets, mitts, wristcuffs, armlets.

Feet and legs

• Hazards: wet, electrostatic build-up,slipping, cuts and punctures, falling




objects, metal and chemical splash,abrasion.

• Options: safety boots and shoes withprotective toe caps and penetration-resistant mid-sole, gaiters, leggings,

spats.

• Remember PPE is a last resort only to beused when other risk control strategies




are unsuitable.




THE END

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