National Revival Drama AuthorsNational Revival Drama Authors- Poland -- Poland -

NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND !!!NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND !!!The Erasmus + project in the The Erasmus + project in the

cooperation ofcooperation ofPoland, Estonia, England, Italy, Poland, Estonia, England, Italy,

Romania, Romania, Spain and Turkey.Spain and Turkey.

He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania andHe is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania andBelarus. A principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted one ofBelarus. A principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted one ofPoland's "Three Bards" ("Poland's "Three Bards" ("Trzej WieszczeTrzej Wieszcze")") and is widely regarded asand is widely regarded asPoland's greatest poet.Poland's greatest poet. He is also considered one of theHe is also considered one of thegreatest Slavic and Europeangreatest Slavic and European poets and has been dubbed apoets and has been dubbed a"Slavic bard". A leading Romantic dramatist, he has been"Slavic bard". A leading Romantic dramatist, he has beencompared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe.compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe.He is known chiefly for the poetic drama He is known chiefly for the poetic drama DziadyDziady ( (Forefathers' EveForefathers' Eve) and) andthe national epic poem the national epic poem Pan TadeuszPan Tadeusz. His other influential works include. His other influential works includeKonrad WallenrodKonrad Wallenrod and and GrażynaGrażyna. All these served as inspiration for. All these served as inspiration foruprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned theuprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned thePolishPolish Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence.Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence.

Adam Bernard MickiewiczAdam Bernard Mickiewicz ((24 December24 December 1798 – 26 November1798 – 26 November

1855) 1855) was a Polishwas a Polish poet, dramatist,poet, dramatist,

essayist, publicist, translator, professor of essayist, publicist, translator, professor of Slavic literature, and politicalSlavic literature, and political

activist.activist.

He is considered one of the "Three Bards" of PolishHe is considered one of the "Three Bards" of Polishliterature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period,literature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period,and the father of modern Polish drama. His works oftenand the father of modern Polish drama. His works oftenfeature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, Polish feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, Polish

history,history,mysticism and orientalism. His style includes themysticism and orientalism. His style includes theemployment of neologisms and irony. His primary genreemployment of neologisms and irony. His primary genrewas the drama, but he also wrote lyric poetry. His mostwas the drama, but he also wrote lyric poetry. His mostpopular works include the dramas popular works include the dramas KordianKordian and and BalladynaBalladynaand the poems and the poems BeniowskiBeniowski and and Testament mójTestament mój. .

Juliusz SłowackiJuliusz Słowacki (Polish (Polish pronunciation: pronunciation: 

44 SeptemberSeptember 1809 – 3 April 1849) was 1809 – 3 April 1849) was a Polish Romantica Polish Romantic poet. poet.

traditionally ranked with Mickiewicz andtraditionally ranked with Mickiewicz and Słowacki as Słowacki as one ofone of

Poland's Three National BardsPoland's Three National Bards — the trio of great — the trio of great RomanticRomantic

poets who influencedpoets who influenced national consciousness during national consciousness during thethe

period ofperiod of Poland's political bondage. He was the Poland's political bondage. He was the mostmost

famous member of the aristocratic Krasińskifamous member of the aristocratic Krasiński family. family.

Count Count NapoleonNapoleon Stanisław Adam Stanisław Adam FeliksFeliks

Zygmunt KrasińskiZygmunt Krasiński (Polish (Polish pronunciation: 19pronunciation: 19

February 1812 – 23 February 1859), February 1812 – 23 February 1859), a Polisha Polish

noblemannobleman

Stanisław WyspiańskiStanisław Wyspiański ((15 January 1869 – 28 November 15 January 1869 – 28 November

1907) was a Polish playwright, 1907) was a Polish playwright, painter and poet, as well as interior painter and poet, as well as interior

and furniture designer.and furniture designer.A patriotic writer, he created a series of symbolic, nationalA patriotic writer, he created a series of symbolic, national dramasdramaswithin thewithin the artistic philosophy of the Young Polandartistic philosophy of the Young Poland Movement.Movement.Wyspiański was one of the most outstandingWyspiański was one of the most outstanding and multifaceted artists and multifaceted artists

ofofhis time in Poland under thehis time in Poland under the foreign partitions.foreign partitions. He successfully joinedHe successfully joinedthe trends ofthe trends of modernism with themes of the Polish folk tradition andmodernism with themes of the Polish folk tradition andRomanticRomantic history. Unofficially, he came to be known as the Fourthhistory. Unofficially, he came to be known as the FourthPolish Bard (inPolish Bard (in addition to the earlier Three Bards: Adam Mickiewicz,addition to the earlier Three Bards: Adam Mickiewicz,JuliuszJuliusz Słowacki,Słowacki, and Zygmunt Krasiński). and Zygmunt Krasiński). His most famous plays areHis most famous plays arefollowing: following: Klątwa (The Curse)Klątwa (The Curse), (1899) , (1899) Protesilas i LeodamiaProtesilas i Leodamia (1899) (1899) MeleagerMeleager (1899) (1899) LegionLegion (1900) (1900) Wesele (The Wedding)Wesele (The Wedding), (1901) , (1901) Wyzwolenie (Liberation)Wyzwolenie (Liberation), (1903) , (1903) Weimar 1829Weimar 1829, (Fragment, 1904) , (Fragment, 1904) Noc listopadowa (November Night)Noc listopadowa (November Night), (1904) , (1904)

Aleksander FredroAleksander Fredro (20 June (20 June 1793 – 15 July 1876) was a 1793 – 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet, playwright and Polish poet, playwright and

authorauthor

active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires. His works including plays writtenby neighboring empires. His works including plays writtenin the octosyllabic verse (in the octosyllabic verse (ZemstaZemsta) and in prose () and in prose (Damy IDamy IHuzaryHuzary) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polishliterature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of hisliterature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of hiscontemporaries for light-hearted humor or even the allegedcontemporaries for light-hearted humor or even the allegedimmorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to yearsimmorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to yearsof his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of playsof his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of playswere published and popularized only after his death. Hiswere published and popularized only after his death. Hisbest-known works have been translated into English,best-known works have been translated into English,French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian andFrench, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian andSlovak. Slovak.

Cyprian Kamil NorwidCyprian Kamil Norwid, a.k.a. , a.k.a. Cyprian Konstanty NorwidCyprian Konstanty Norwid (24 September 1821 – 23 May (24 September 1821 – 23 May

1883) was a nationally 1883) was a nationally esteemed Polish poet, esteemed Polish poet, dramatist, painter, and dramatist, painter, and

sculptor.sculptor.

He was born in the He was born in the Masovian Masovian village of Laskowo-Głuchyvillage of Laskowo-Głuchynear Warsaw. One of his maternal ancestors was the Polishnear Warsaw. One of his maternal ancestors was the PolishKing John III Sobieski.King John III Sobieski. Norwid is regarded as one of theNorwid is regarded as one of thesecond generation of romantics. He wrote many wellsecond generation of romantics. He wrote many wellknown poems including known poems including Fortepian SzopenaFortepian Szopena ("Chopin's ("Chopin'sPiano"), Piano"), Moja piosnka [II]Moja piosnka [II] ("My Song [II]") and ("My Song [II]") and BemaBemapamięci żałobny-rapsodpamięci żałobny-rapsod ("A Funeral Rhapsody in Memory ("A Funeral Rhapsody in Memoryof General Bem"). of General Bem").

Lucjan RydelLucjan Rydel a.k.a. a.k.a. Lucjan Lucjan Antoni Feliks RydelAntoni Feliks Rydel (May 17, (May 17,

1870 in 1870 in KrakówKraków– April 8, 1918 in – April 8, 1918 in Bronowice), was a Polish Bronowice), was a Polish

playwright and poet from the playwright and poet from the Young PolandYoung Poland

movement.movement. Rydel was the son of Lucjan Rydel, surgeon and ophtalmologist, Rydel was the son of Lucjan Rydel, surgeon and ophtalmologist,

professor and Rector of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and professor and Rector of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and Helena Kremer.Helena Kremer.

In 1904 Lucjan Rydel wrote a nativity play called In 1904 Lucjan Rydel wrote a nativity play called Polish BethlehemPolish Bethlehem ((Betlejem polskieBetlejem polskie), and staged its production in two suburbs of ), and staged its production in two suburbs of Kraków, Tonie and Bronowice, with local villagers as actors.Kraków, Tonie and Bronowice, with local villagers as actors.

The marriage of Lucjan Rydel to a peasant daughter from The marriage of Lucjan Rydel to a peasant daughter from Bronowice took place at the Rydlówka Manor on Tetmajera Street. Bronowice took place at the Rydlówka Manor on Tetmajera Street. The event inspired Rydel's pen pal and friend Stanisław The event inspired Rydel's pen pal and friend Stanisław Wyspiański to write what became known as the defining Polish Wyspiański to write what became known as the defining Polish independence drama called independence drama called WeseleWesele (The Wedding, or The (The Wedding, or The Wedding Reception)Wedding Reception). .

Maria Gabriela Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Stefania Korwin-PiotrowskaPiotrowska (1857– (1857–

1921), 1921), a.k.a.a.k.a. Gabriela Gabriela ZapolskaZapolska, was a Polish , was a Polish

novelist, playwright, novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, naturalist writer,

feuilletonist, theatre feuilletonist, theatre

critic and stage actresscritic and stage actress Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252 Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252

works of journalism, one film script, and over 1,500 letters.works of journalism, one film script, and over 1,500 letters.

Zapolska received most recognition for her socio-satirical Zapolska received most recognition for her socio-satirical comedies. Among them, comedies. Among them, Moralność pani DulskiejMoralność pani Dulskiej ( (The The Morality of Mrs. DulskaMorality of Mrs. Dulska) – a tragic-farce about petty-) – a tragic-farce about petty-bourgeois – is considered the most famous internationally. bourgeois – is considered the most famous internationally. It is regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish It is regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama.drama. Her stage plays were translated into foreign Her stage plays were translated into foreign languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres, languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres, as well as adapted for radio and film.as well as adapted for radio and film.

Stanisław Ignacy WitkiewiczStanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz 24 February 1885 – 18 24 February 1885 – 18

September 1939), commonly September 1939), commonly known as known as "Witkacy""Witkacy", was a , was a

Polish Polish poet, playwright, novelist, poet, playwright, novelist, painter, photographer and painter, photographer and

philosopher.philosopher.

Born in Warsaw, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz Born in Warsaw, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz was a son of the painter, architect and an art was a son of the painter, architect and an art critic critic Stanisław WitkiewiczStanisław Witkiewicz. His mother was . His mother was Maria Pietrzkiewicz Witkiewiczowa. Both of Maria Pietrzkiewicz Witkiewiczowa. Both of his parents were born in Lithuania. His his parents were born in Lithuania. His godmother was the internationally famous godmother was the internationally famous actress Helena Modrzejewska. actress Helena Modrzejewska.

Witold Marian GombrowiczWitold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 – July 24, (August 4, 1904 – July 24,

1969) was a Polish writer1969) was a Polish writer and and playwrightplaywright..

His works are characterised by deep psychological His works are characterised by deep psychological analysis, a certain sense of paradox and absurd, anti-analysis, a certain sense of paradox and absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. In 1937 he published his first novel, nationalist flavor. In 1937 he published his first novel, FerdydurkeFerdydurke, which presented many of his usual , which presented many of his usual themes: the problems of immaturity and youth, the themes: the problems of immaturity and youth, the creation of identity in interactions with others, and an creation of identity in interactions with others, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish society and culture. He gained fame only during the society and culture. He gained fame only during the last years of his life, but is now considered one of the last years of his life, but is now considered one of the foremost figures of Polish literature. His diaries were foremost figures of Polish literature. His diaries were published in 1969 and are, according to the published in 1969 and are, according to the Paris Paris ReviewReview, "widely considered his masterpiece, "widely considered his masterpiece”.”.

Karol Wojtyla, the Polish Karol Wojtyla, the Polish playwright-turned-priest who went playwright-turned-priest who went

on to become Pope John Paul II.on to become Pope John Paul II. (18 May 1920 (18 May 1920 -- 2 April 2005) was a 2 April 2005) was a Roman Catholic priest, bishop, and Roman Catholic priest, bishop, and

Cardinal who eventually rose to become Cardinal who eventually rose to become Pope. Pope.

He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978.He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978. Karol Karol Jozef Wojtyla was an unknown Polish poet long before he Jozef Wojtyla was an unknown Polish poet long before he became known to the world as Pope John Paul II.  Some of the became known to the world as Pope John Paul II.  Some of the poems below were written when he was in his twenties. poems below were written when he was in his twenties. Others were written while he was a parish priest and auxiliary Others were written while he was a parish priest and auxiliary bishop of Kraków, during which time his work appeared in bishop of Kraków, during which time his work appeared in Polish journals under the pseudonym Andrzej Jawien. His Polish journals under the pseudonym Andrzej Jawien. His poetry was later collected and published in The Place Within poetry was later collected and published in The Place Within — The Poetry of Pope John Paul II, with translations and notes — The Poetry of Pope John Paul II, with translations and notes by Jerzy Peterkiewicz.by Jerzy Peterkiewicz.The man who would become pope wrote several plays. His The man who would become pope wrote several plays. His first, according to the story, was a “biblically inspired drama first, according to the story, was a “biblically inspired drama called ‘David,’ written in 1939 when he was just 19.” called ‘David,’ written in 1939 when he was just 19.” The The most famous plays are titled „most famous plays are titled „The Jeweler's ShopThe Jeweler's Shop” and „Our ” and „Our God’s Brother.God’s Brother.

Sławomir MrożekSławomir Mrożek (29 (29 June 1930 – 15 August June 1930 – 15 August

2013) was a Polish 2013) was a Polish dramatist, writer and dramatist, writer and

cartoonist.cartoonist.

In 1963 Mrożek emigrated to Italy and France and then In 1963 Mrożek emigrated to Italy and France and then further to Mexico. In 1996 he returned to Poland and settled further to Mexico. In 1996 he returned to Poland and settled in Kraków. In 2008 he moved back to Francein Kraków. In 2008 he moved back to France. . He died in Nice He died in Nice at the age of 83.at the age of 83. Mrożek joined the Polish United Workers' Mrożek joined the Polish United Workers' Party during the reign of Stalinism in the People's Republic of Party during the reign of Stalinism in the People's Republic of Poland, and made a living as political journalist. He began Poland, and made a living as political journalist. He began writing plays in the late 1950s. His theatrical works belong to writing plays in the late 1950s. His theatrical works belong to the genre of absurdist fiction, intended to shock the audience the genre of absurdist fiction, intended to shock the audience with non-realistic elements, political and historic references, with non-realistic elements, political and historic references, distortion, and parody.distortion, and parody. His plays include such titles as Tango, His plays include such titles as Tango, The Urupu Bird, Striptease, The Elephant and many more.The Urupu Bird, Striptease, The Elephant and many more.

Tadeusz Kamil Marcjan Tadeusz Kamil Marcjan ŻeleńskiŻeleński (better known by his (better known by his

pen name, pen name, Tadeusz Boy-Tadeusz Boy-ŻeleńskiŻeleński; 21 December 1874 – 4 ; 21 December 1874 – 4

July 1941) was a Polish stage July 1941) was a Polish stage writer, poet, critic above all, and writer, poet, critic above all, and

translator of over 100 French translator of over 100 French

literary classics into Polish.literary classics into Polish. He was a pediatrician and gynecologist by profession.He was a pediatrician and gynecologist by profession. A notable personality in the Young Poland movement, A notable personality in the Young Poland movement,

Boy was the Boy was the enfant terribleenfant terrible of the Polish literary scene of the Polish literary scene in the first half of the 20th century. He was murderedin the first half of the 20th century. He was murdered ((together with 45 other Polish professorstogether with 45 other Polish professors)) in July 1941 in July 1941 during the Nazi occupation of Poland in what became during the Nazi occupation of Poland in what became known as the massacre of Lviv professors. he co-known as the massacre of Lviv professors. he co-organised the famous organised the famous Zielony BalonikZielony Balonik ("Green ("Green Balloon") cabaret, which gathered notable Balloon") cabaret, which gathered notable personalities of Polish culturepersonalities of Polish culture..

by Julia Spisakby Julia Spisakgrade 4cgrade 4c