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Transcript of Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806...
![Page 1: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plate Tectonics
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EARTH; once upon a time
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
How did it form to the current day earth?
![Page 3: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Tectonics Plates
• Earth’s crust is now broken to several pieces
called crustal or tectonic plates
• Each plate has an average thickness of 100km
and is composed of both continental and
oceanic crust
• Plate movement results in various landform
appearance
![Page 4: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tectonics Plates
• 9 major plates have been identified:
Eurasian plate
Philippine plate
Indo-Australian plate
Pacific plate
North American plate
African plate
South American plate
Nazca plate
Antarctic plate
![Page 5: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Causes of Plate
Movements• Convection currents in
the athenosphere
• Currents circulate near the
base of the lithosphere,
cause drag on the bottom
of the plates, causing them
to move over the surface of
the Earth. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0805/es0805page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
![Page 6: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• As the plates move, they interact with each other
at their boundaries.
• 3 types of boundaries:
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Transform Fault Boundaries
Plate movements and boundaries
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
Plate movements and boundaries
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Convergent Plate Boundaries
Plate movements and boundaries
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Transform Fault Boundaries
Plate movements and boundaries
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
• Zones of Tension
• Occurs mostly beneath oceans, few occur within
continents
• Convection currents diverge (moving apart), the
plates are pulled apart
• Magma from mantle wells up to fill gap between
separating plates.
![Page 11: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Cooling and solidification of magma on earth’s
surface
• Constructive margins formed, where new sea floor
(ocean crust )is generated.
• New sea floor appears as series of ridges
• Sea floor spreading occurs
– As plate pulls apart again and new cracks appear,
more magma rises to fill gaps creating more sea
floor
Divergent Plate Boundaries
![Page 12: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Rocks found further away from ridge proves that new
sea floor is created continuously
• Example of divergent plate boundary : Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, East African Rift Valley
http://whs.moodledo.co.uk/file.php/1365/EarthSystems/Earth%20Systems/Rift%20Valleys%20to%20Oceans.swf
MAGMA
OLDER ROCKS YOUNGER ROCKS OLDER ROCKS
RIDGES
Divergent Plate Boundaries
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• Zones of Compression
• Convection currents converge (coming
together), the plates come together
• Three types of convergent boundaries
Oceanic and Continental plate collide
Oceanic and Oceanic plates converge
Continental and Continental plates collide
Convergent Plate Boundaries
![Page 14: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Known as destructive margins
• Continental plate which is less dense will ride over
oceanic plate
• Oceanic plate Subducts (forced downwards the
mantle), forming a deep elongated trough (ocean
trench)
• Volcanoes form in subduction zone
• As oceanic plates sink deeper, it gradually melts and
becomes magmahttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Oceanic-Continental
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http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Oceanic-Continental
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• Less dense oceanic plate ride over more dense
oceanic plate
• More dense oceanic plate subducts, formation of
ocean trench
• Magma is force through overriding oceanic plate,
forming a chain of volcanic islands
• Example: line of islands running from the Aleutians,
Japan and down through Philippines
Oceanic-OCEANIC
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Oceanic-OCEANIC
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• Collision results in massive land form
• No Subduction
• Fold Mountain Range tend to form
• Example: the Himalayan Fold Mountain Range
Continental-Continental
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Continental-Continental
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• Also known as conservative margins
• Two plates slide past each other
• Fault-line created
Fault-line
Continental PlateContinental
Plate or Oceanic Plate
Transform fault boundaries
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• Example of a transform fault boundary is the San
Andreas Fault
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Transform fault boundaries
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Results of Plate Movements
• Folding and Faulting
• Earthquakes
• Volcanoes
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• When 2 plates collide, the rock strata (layers) will
bend and warp as they are compressed
• Features of folding: Synclines (downfold) and
anticlines (upfold)
Folding
SYNCLINEANTICLINE
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• Place where rock strata band over is called hinge
line
• The rock strata on either sides of the hinge is
called limbsLIMBS
LIMBS
HINGE LINE
Folding
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• Types of fold :
• Symmetrical fold – both limbs of equal gradient
• Assymmetrical fold- one limb steeper than the other
• Recumbent fold- Limbs are nearly parallel
• Overthrust old- One limb pushed forward so forcefully
that the rocks may fracture, and it overrides the other
limb. When the overriding limb becomes detached
from the main fold, it is called a nappe
Folding
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SYMMETRICAL ASYMMETRICAL NAPPERECUMBENT
Folding
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• Large scale folding will lead to formation of Fold
Mountains
• Examples of fold mountains:
The Himalayas
The Andes
The Zagros of Iran
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1105/es1105page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Folding
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• Displaces rocks along a crack or fault line
• Occurs in 3 ways:
• Normal fault
• Reverse fault
• Tear fault
• Can give rise to block mountains and rift valleys
Faulting
![Page 29: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• When rock strata are under tension caused by
forces acting in opposite directions
• Tension causes the rock strata to stretch and
crack, developing a normal fault
• One block of land then moves down
(downthrown block) to form an escarpment
• Example: The Tenton Mountain in Wyoming
USA
Normal fault
![Page 30: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
NORMAL FAULTS
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• When rock strata are compressed
• Forces pushing towards each other causes the rock
strata to fold, giving rise to reverse fault
• One block of land moves up (upthrown block)
against the direction of the fault, creating an
overhanging scarp
• The overhanging scarp collapses due to gravity,
weathering and erosion, and produce a gentler slope
• Example: Sierra Nevada Mountains of California
Reverse fault
![Page 32: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
RESULT FAULTS
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• Also known as wrench fault or strike-slip
fault
• When plates slip past each other horizontally
• Tensional or compressional forces act on the
rock strata giving rise to tear faults
• Big tear faults are known as transcurrent
faults
• Example: San Andreas Fault in the United
States
Tear fault
![Page 34: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
TEAR FAULT
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• Block raised between 2 parallel fault lines is
called a block mountain
• If surface is horizontal, it is termed as a horst
• if block is tilted, it is termed tilt block
• Examples of faulted blocks:
• Hawkes bay in New Zealand
Block Mountains
![Page 36: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
HORST
![Page 37: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Also known as a graben
• Formation can be due to:
land between two parallel lines sink
land on either side of the two parallel lines are
unpthrown above the central block of land
two plates pull apart
• Example:
The East African Rift Valley
The Red Sea
Rift valleys
![Page 38: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
GRABEN
http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1103/es1103page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
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• Vibrations in earth’s crust caused by sudden release of
energy
• Energy released in the form of seismic waves and
that radiate out from the epicentre
• Point below the epicentre is called the point of origin
where the earthquake originated from
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/earthquakes/index.html
Earthquakes
![Page 40: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Two types of seismic waves:
• P- waves (Compression waves)
alternately compress and release rocks in the direction
the waves are moving
• S- waves (Shear waves)
move rocks perpendicularly to the direction the waves
are moving
Earthquakes
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http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1002/es1002page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Earthquakes
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• Major earthquake zones:
• Pacific Ring of Fire -Along the edge of the Pacific
Ocean
• Trans-Eurasian Belt –Where the Indo-Australian Plate
and African Plate meet the Eurasian Plate
Earthquakes
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Earthquakes
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1005/es1005page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classicalarchives.com/eq/
![Page 44: Plate Tectonics. EARTH; once upon a time ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c62c6f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Displacement of earth’s crust
• When earthquakes occur in the ocean floor:
Tsunamis (huge tidal waves)
• Devastation of cities and loss of lives
EFFECTS OF Earthquakes
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MOUNT DOOMLORD OF THE RINGS
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VOLCANOES
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volcanoes
• Found along plate boundaries or hotspots
• Can be found on land or under water
• Volcanoes on land : often form flat cones and
the expulsions build up over the years.
• Volcanoes under water: often form rather
steep pillars and in due time break the ocean
surface in new islands.
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volcanoes
• Vulcanicity: when magma is forced towards
earth’s surface from within the earth
• Hotspot volcanoes: where the location has
vulcanism for a long period of time
• Example of hotspot volcano: Java Island in
Indonesia
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0904/es0904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
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volcanoes
• Most volcanoes on the land are formed at
destructive plate margins:
• Oceanic crust melt, reduced density force the
newly formed magma to rise.
• As magma rises it rises up through weak areas in
the continental crust, eventually erupting as one
or more volcanoes.
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volcanoes
• For example, Mount St. Helens is found inland
from the margin between the oceanic Juan de
Fuca Plate and the continental North American
Plate.
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volcanoes
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0902/es0902page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
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References.• http://www.lostrivers.ca/points/pangaea.gif • http://www.cotf.edu/ete/images/modules/msese/earthsysflr/EFPlateP2.gif • http://www.oera.net/How2/PlanetTexs/EarthMap_2500x1250.jpg • http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/wedges/images/plat.gif• http://stloe.most.go.th/html/lo_index/LOcanada4/403/images/4_1.jpg• http://lacreekfreak.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/wsci_03_img0412-san-andreas-fault1.jpg• http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/geologic_story_of_yosemite/images/28.jpg• http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/pltec/ocnvsocn289x151.gif• http://www.adventure-india-tour.com/about-himalayas/gifs/himalayan-mountain-ranges.jpg• http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/pltec/converge.html• http://dl.coastline.edu/classes/telecourses/geology100/IntroLecture_files/image005.jpg• http://depts.washington.edu/explore/images/maps/250px-Pangaea_continents.png• http://www.sedl.org/scimath/pasopartners/dinosaurs/continent2.gif• http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_osP51C3atIY/Rf7Z34zK7PI/AAAAAAAAAr4/F2WdWu92P0g/s200/oceanic-subd-ridge.png• http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/students/grunz/antsyn.gif• http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/s-p_waves_73570.jpg• http://i243.photobucket.com/albums/ff24/terryhallinan/800px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire-1-1.png• http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/gifs/ringoffirecolor.GIF • http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/study/Images/ReverseFault.gif• http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/study/Images/HorstGraben_2.gif• http://www.geocities.com/yingzyingz/faulttear.gif• http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/study/Images/NormalFault.gif• http://www.tinynet.com/faultimages/graben.gif• http://www.3mfuture.com/images/tsunami_wave_coming_now_too_late.jpg• http://depts.washington.edu/qrc/mht1.jpg• http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/nature_gallery/volcanoes2.gif• http://www.tolkienforums.com/Mount_Doom.jpg • http://www.malapascua.de/Volcanoe-Map/Mayon__Philippines/Vulkan_MAYON-3/Mayon_Volcano_Eruption_by_Night.jpg
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The End.