Plastic Recycling again

Plastic recyclingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completelydifferent in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairsand tables.

Contents

1 Challenges they face2 Processes

2.1 Thermal depolymerization2.1.1 Waste Plastic Pyrolysis to fuel oil

2.2 Heat compression2.3 Other processes

3 Applications3.1 PET3.2 PVC3.3 HDPE3.4 PS3.5 Other plastics

4 Recycling rates5 Economic and energy potential6 Consumer education

6.1 United States6.2 United Kingdom

7 Plastic identification code8 See also9 References

Challenges they face

Compared with other materials, such as glass and metal, plastic polymers require greater processing (heat treating, thermal depolymerization

and monomer recycling) to be recycled.[citation needed] Due to the high molecular weight of their large polymer chains, plastics have a lowentropy of mixing. A macro molecule interacts with its environment along its entire length, so total energy involved in mixing it is large comparedto that of an organic molecule with a similar structure (see enthalpy). Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule, so plasticsmust often be of nearly identical composition to mix efficiently.

When different types of plastics are melted together, they tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phaseboundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material, meaning that polymer blends are useful in only limited applications.

Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes, fillers, and other additives in plastics. The polymer is generally too viscous toeconomically remove fillers, and would be damaged by many of the processes that could cheaply remove the added dyes. Additives are lesswidely used in beverage containers and plastic bags, allowing them to be recycled more often. Yet another barrier to removing large quantitiesof plastic from the waste stream and landfills is the fact that many common but small plastic items lack the universal triangle recycling symboland accompanying number. A perfect example is the billions of plastic utensils commonly distributed at fast food restaurants or sold for use at

picnics.[citation needed]

The use of biodegradable plastics is increasing.[1]

Processes

Before recycling, most plastics are sorted according to their resin type. In the past, plastic reclaimers used the resin identification code (RIC), amethod of categorization of polymer types, which was developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry in 1988. Polyethylene terephthalate,commonly referred to as PET, for instance, has a resin code of 1. Most plastic reclaimers do not rely on the RIC now; they use automatic sortsystems to identify the resin, such as near infrared (NIR) technology. Some plastic products are also separated by color before they arerecycled. The plastic recyclables are then shredded. These shredded fragments then undergo processes to eliminate impurities like paperlabels. This material is melted and often extruded into the form of pellets which are then used to manufacture other products.

Thermal depolymerization

Main article: Depolymerization

Main article: Thermal depolymerization

Another process involves the conversion of assorted polymers[2] into petroleum by a much less precise thermal depolymerization process. Sucha process would be able to accept almost any polymer or mix of polymers, including thermoset materials such as vulcanized rubber tires andthe biopolymers in feathers and other agricultural waste. Like natural petroleum, the chemicals produced can be made into fuels as well aspolymers. A pilot plant of this type exists in Carthage, Missouri, USA, using turkey waste as input material. Gasification is a similar process, butis not technically recycling since polymers are not likely to become the result.

Waste Plastic Pyrolysis to fuel oil

Plastic recycling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling#Plastic_identification_code

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Bales of PET bottles to be recycled.

PVC SPI code,

for recycling

(Society of the

Plastics

Industry). The

Unicode

character for

this symbol is

U+2675.

Plastic Pyrolysis can convert petroleum based waste streams such as plastics into quality fuels, carbons. [3] Given below is the list of suitableplastic raw materials for pyrolysis:

Mixed plastic (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, Nylon, Teflon, PS, ABS, FRP etc.)Mixed waste plastic from waste paper millMulti Layered Plastic

Heat compression

Yet another process that is gaining ground with startup companies (especially in Australia, United States and Japan) is heat compression.[citation needed] The heat compression process takes all unsorted, cleaned plastic in all forms, from soft plastic bags to hard industrial waste, andmixes the load in tumblers (large rotating drums resembling giant clothes dryers). The most obvious benefit to this method is the fact that allplastic is recyclable, not just matching forms. However, criticism rises from the energy costs of rotating the drums, and heating the post-meltpipes.

Other processes

A process has also been developed in which many kinds of plastic can be used as a carbon source in the recycling of scrap steel.[4]

Applications

PET

Main article: PET bottle recycling

Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) containers are sorted into different colourfractions, and baled for onward sale. PET recyclers further sort the baled bottles and they are washedand flaked (or flaked and then washed). Non-PET fractions such as caps and labels are removed duringthis process. The clean flake is dried. Further treatment can take place e.g. melt filtering and pelletisingor various treatments to produce food-contact-approved recycled PET (RPET).

RPET has been widely used to produce polyester fibres.[5] This sorted post-consumer PET waste is

crushed, chopped into flakes, pressed into bales, and offered for sale.[6]

One use for this recycled PET that has recently started to become popular is to create fabrics to be

used in the clothing industry.[7] The fabrics are created by spinning the PET flakes into thread and

yarn.[6] This is done just as easily as creating polyester from brand new PET.[8] The recycled PETthread or yarn can be used either alone or together with other fibers to create a very wide variety of fabrics. Traditionally these fabrics are usedto create strong, durable, rough, products, such as jackets, coat, shoes, bags, hats, and accessories since they are usually too rough for direct

skin contact and can cause irritation.[9] However, these types of fabrics have become more popular as a result of the public's growingawareness of environmental issues. Numerous fabric and clothing manufacturers have capitalized on this trend.

Other major outlets for RPET are new containers (food-contact or non-food-contact) produced either by (injection stretch blow) moulding intobottles and jars or by thermoforming APET sheet to produce clam shells, blister packs and collation trays. These applications used 46% of all

RPET produced in Europe in 2010[citation needed]. Other applications, such as strapping tape, injection-moulded engineering components and

even building materials account for 13% of the 2010 RPET production[citation needed].

PVC

Collection and recycling schemes for the PVC waste stream are managed through Recovinyl[10] in Europe which reportedthe recycled tonnage as follows: profile 107,000 tonnes; flexible cables 79,000 tonnes; pipe 25,000 tonnes; rigid film 6,000tonnes; and mixed flexible 38,000 tonnes. Recovinyl states that of the recycled material, 75% is for floors, 15% for foils, 5%for traffic cones, 3% for hoses end 2% for other applications.

One of the recycling processes is the Vinyloop Texyloop[11] used for solvent-based mechanical recycling. It involvesrecovering PVC plastic from composite materials through dissolution and precipitation, and is a closed-loop system, recyclingthe solvent and regenerating PVC. It offers a major ecological benefit, as Vinyloop-based recycled PVC's primary energydemand is 46 percent lower than conventional produced PVC. The global warming potential of recycled PVC is 39 percent

lower, a significant reduction in the ecological footprint..[12]

HDPE

The most recycled plastic[citation needed], HDPE (high-density polyethylene) or number 2, is downcycled into plastic lumber,tables, roadside curbs, benches, truck cargo liners, trash receptacles, stationery (e.g. rulers) and other durable plasticproducts and is usually in demand.

PS

Most polystyrene products are currently not recycled due to the lack of incentive to invest in the compactors and logistical systems required. Asa result, manufacturers cannot obtain sufficient scrap. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) scrap can easily be added to products such as EPSinsulation sheets and other EPS materials for construction applications. When it is not used to make more EPS, foam scrap can be turned intoclothes hangers, park benches, flower pots, toys, rulers, stapler bodies, seedling containers, picture frames, and architectural molding from

recycled PS.[13]


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The resin

identification

code symbol

for polystyrene

Recycled EPS is also used in many metal casting operations. Rastra is made from EPS that is combined with cement to beused as an insulating amendment in the making of concrete foundations and walls. Since 1993, American manufacturershave produced insulating concrete forms made with approximately 80% recycled EPS.

Other plastics

The white plastic polystyrene foam peanuts used as packing material are often accepted by shipping stores for reuse.[14]

Successful trials in Israel have shown that plastic films recovered from mixed municipal waste streams can be recycled into

useful household products such as buckets.[15]

Similarly, agricultural plastics such as mulch film, drip tape and silage bags are being diverted from the waste stream and

successfully recycled[16] into much larger products for industrial applications such as plastic composite railroad ties.[17] Historically, these

agricultural plastics have primarily been either landfilled or burned on-site in the fields of individual farms.[18]

CNN reports that Dr. S. Madhu of the Kerala Highway Research Institute, India, has formulated a road surface that includes recycled plastic:aggregate, bitumen (asphalt) with plastic that has been shredded and melted at a temperature below 220 degrees C (428 F) to avoid pollution.This road surface is claimed to be very durable and monsoon rain resistant. The plastic is sorted by hand, which is economical in India. The testroad used 60 kg of plastic for an approximately 500m-long, 8m-wide, two-lane road. The process chops thin-film road-waste into a light fluff oftiny flakes that hot-mix plants can uniformly introduce into viscous bitumen with a customized dosing machine. Tests at both Bangalore and theIndian Road Research Centre indicate that roads built using this 'KK process' will have longer useful lives and better resistance to cold, heat,

cracking, and rutting, by a factor of three.[19]

Recycling rates

The quantity of post-consumer plastics recycled has increased every year since at least 1990, but rates lag far behind those of other items,

such as newspaper (about 80%) and corrugated fiberboard (about 70%).[20] Overall, U.S. post-consumer plastic waste for 2008 was estimatedat 33.6 million tons; 2.2 million tons (6.5%) were recycled and 2.6 million tons (7.7%) were burned for energy; 28.9 million tons, or 85.5%, were

discarded in landfills.[21]

Economic and energy potential

In 2008, the price of PET dropped from $370/ton in the US to $20 in November.[22] PET prices had returned to their long term averages by May

2009.[23]

Consumer education

United States

Low national plastic recycling rates have been due to the complexity of sorting and processing, unfavorable economics, and consumer

confusion about which plastics can actually be recycled.[24] Part of the confusion has been due to the use of the resin identification code which

is not on all plastic parts but just a subset [25] that includes the recycling symbol as part of its design. The resin identification code is stampedor printed on the bottom of containers and surrounded by a triangle of arrows. (See the table in Plastic.) The intent of these symbols was tomake it easier to identify the type of plastics used to make a particular container and to indicate that the plastic is potentially recyclable. Thequestion that remains is which types of plastics can be recycled by your local recycling center. In many communities, not all types of plasticsare accepted for sidewalk recycling collection programs due to the high processing costs and complexity of the equipment required to recyclecertain materials. There is also sometimes a seemingly low demand for the recycled product depending on a recycling center's proximity toentities seeking recycled materials. Another major barrier is that the cost to recycle certain materials and the corresponding market price forthose materials sometimes does not present any opportunity for profit. The best example of this is regarding polystyrene (commonly calledstyrofoam), although some communities, like Brookline, MA, are moving toward banning the distribution of polystyrene containers by local food

and coffee businesses.[26] [27]

United Kingdom

In the UK, the amount of post-consumer plastic being recycled is relatively low,[28] due in part to a lack of recycling facilities.

The Plastics 2020 Challenge was founded in 2009 by the plastics industry with the aim of engaging the British public in a nationwide debateabout the use, reuse and disposal of plastics, and hosts a series of online debates on its website framed around the waste hierarchy.

There is a facility in Worksop capable of recycling 60 - 80 thousand metric tonnes a year.[29]

In N.Ireland, the rate of recycling is relatively low at only 37.4%. However, emerging technologies are helping to increase the recycling rates of

items previously landfilled e.g. mixed hard plastics. [30]

Plastic identification code

Main article: Resin identification code

Five groups of plastic polymers,[31] each with specific properties, are used worldwide for packaging applications (see table below). Each groupof plastic polymer can be identified by its Plastic Identification code (PIC) usually a number or a letter abbreviation. For instance, Low-DensityPolyethylene can be identified by the number "4" or the letters "LDPE". The PIC appears inside a three-chasing-arrow recycling symbol. The

symbol is used to indicate whether the plastic can be recycled into new products.[citation needed]


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The PIC was introduced by the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., to provide a uniform system for the identification of different polymer typesand to help recycling companies separate different plastics for reprocessing. Manufacturers of plastic products are required to use PIC labels in

some countries/regions and can voluntarily mark their products with the PIC where there are no requirements.[32] Consumers can identify theplastic types based on the codes usually found at the base or at the side of the plastic products, including food/chemical packaging andcontainers. The PIC is usually not present on packaging films, as it is not practical to collect and recycle most of this type of waste.[citation needed]

PlasticIdentification

Code

Type of plasticpolymer

Properties Common Packaging ApplicationsGlass Transition

and Melting

Temperatures (C)

Young'sModulus (GPa)

Polyethyleneterephthalate(PET, PETE)

Clarity, strength,toughness, barrier togas and moisture.

Soft drink, water and salad dressingbottles; peanut butter and jam jars

Tm = 250;[33] Tg =

76[33]2-2.7[34]

High-densitypolyethylene(HDPE)

Stiffness, strength,toughness,resistance tomoisture,permeability to gas.

Water pipes, hula hoop rings, five gallonbuckets, milk, juice and water bottles;grocery bags, some shampoo / toiletrybottles

Tm = 130;[35] Tg =

-125[36]0.8[34]

Polyvinylchloride (PVC)

Versatility, ease ofblending, strength,toughness.

Blister packaging for non-food items; clingfilms for non-food use. Not used for foodpackaging as the plasticisers needed tomake natively rigid PVC flexible are usuallytoxic. Non-packaging uses are electricalcable insulation; rigid piping; vinyl records.

Tm = 240;[37] Tg =

85[37]2.4-4.1[38]

Low-densitypolyethylene(LDPE)

Ease of processing,strength, toughness,flexibility, ease ofsealing, barrier tomoisture.

Frozen food bags; squeezable bottles, e.g.honey, mustard; cling films; flexiblecontainer lids.

Tm = 120;[39] Tg =

-125[40]0.17-0.28[38]

Polypropylene(PP)

Strength, toughness,resistance to heat,chemicals, greaseand oil, versatile,barrier to moisture.

Reusable microwaveable ware;kitchenware; yogurt containers; margarinetubs; microwaveable disposable take-awaycontainers; disposable cups; plates.

Tm = 173;[41] Tg =

-10[41]1.5-2[34]

Polystyrene (PS)Versatility, clarity,easily formed

Egg cartons; packing peanuts; disposablecups, plates, trays and cutlery; disposabletake-away containers;

Tm = 240 (only

isotactic);[36] Tg =100 (atactic and

isotactic)[36]

3-3.5[34]

Other (oftenpolycarbonate orABS)

Dependent onpolymers orcombination ofpolymers

Beverage bottles; baby milk bottles.Non-packaging uses for polycarbonate:compact discs; "unbreakable" glazing;electronic apparatus housings; lensesincluding sunglasses, prescription glasses,automotive headlamps, riot shields,

instrument panels;[42]

Polycarbonate: Tg =

145;[43] Tm =

225[44]

Polycarbonate:

2.6;[34] ABS

plastics: 2.3[34]

See also

BalerBisphenol_A#Identification_in_plastics, an article on "BPA", esp. relevant to types 3 & 7 plastics.Clean Value PlasticsMicroplasticsPhase-out of lightweight plastic bagsPlastics 2020 ChallengePost-consumer resin sterilizationReuse of water bottles

References

^ Hatti-Kaul, Rajni. "Industrial biotechnology for the production ofbio-based chemicals a cradle-to-grave perspective"(http://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology//retrieve/pii/S0167779907000170?cc=y). Trends in Biotechnology. LundUniversity. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

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^ RESEM Polymers (http://www.pyrolysisoil.net/)2.^ "Plastic Pyrolysis Plant" (http://www.pyrolysisoil.net/PRODUCTS_SOLUTIONS/Plastic_Pyrolysis_Plant/). RESEM GroupChina. Retrieved 2013-03-07.

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^ Steel (http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/08/10/plastic.steel.reut4.

/index.html) CNN. Retrieved 9.11.06.^ "EcoSpun (Eco-fi) Clothing - Eartheasy.com Solutions for SustainableLiving" (http://www.eartheasy.com/wear_ecospun.htm). Eartheasy.com.Retrieved 2010-08-21.

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^ a b Idea TV GmbH. "Recycled plastic - the fashion fabric of the future"(http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/environment_sciences/report-7183.html). Innovations-report.com. Retrieved 2010-08-21.

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^ 10:24 AM PT, November 13, 2009 (2009-11-13). "Trashy Chic:Recycled clothing from Playback - Brand X" (http://www.thisisbrandx.com/2009/11/trashy-chic-recycled-clothing-from-playback.html).Thisisbrandx.com. Retrieved 2010-08-21.

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^ "Reware's REWOVEN Technology Info: The Eco Narrative - RecycledPET" (http://www.rewarestore.com/tech_recycled_pet.html).Rewarestore.com. Retrieved 2010-08-21.

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^ "Billabong ECO Supreme Suede Boardshorts: Sustainable is GoodEco Products" (http://www.sustainableisgood.com/products/2008/04/billabong.html). Sustainableisgood.com. 2008-04-09. Retrieved2010-08-21.

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^ Incentives to collect and recycle (http://www.recovinyl.com). Recovinyl.Retrieved on 2011-10-06.

10.

^ Texyloop : recyclage de textiles PVC (http://www.texyloop.com/index.php?lang=gb). Texyloop.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-06.

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^ [1] (http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/SiteCollectionDocuments/VinyLoop/The%20VinyLoop%20Eco-Footprint%20Study.pdf)

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^ Polystyrene recycling. (http://pspc.intoweb.co.za/index.php?page=recycle1) Polystyrene packaging council. Retrieved on2009-03-06.

13.

^ "Let Peanuts Live! Mail Boxes Etc. Recycles as Part of National Effort;Recycle Loose-fill, Foam 'Peanuts' At Participating Mail Boxes Etc.Locations" (http://www.allbusiness.com/consumer-products/office-supplies-equipment/6916130-1.html). AllBusiness.com. Retrieved2010-08-21.

14.

^ Plastic trial procedure (http://www.oaktech-environmental.com/plastictrials.htm) Oaktech Environmental website. Retrieved 9.11.06.

15.

^ Agricultural plastics recycling process (http://www.rkoindustries.com/id26.html) Agricultural plastics recycling website. Retrieved 07.11.08.

16.

^ Plastic Composite Railroad Tie Facts (http://www.rti-railroad-tie.com/id5.html) Plastic Composite Railroad Ties website. Retrieved 01.21.08.

17.

^ Recycling Used Agricultural Plastics(http://environmentalrisk.cornell.edu/AgPlastics/References/Garthe&Kowal-a.pdf) James W. Garthe, Paula D. Kowal, PennStateUniversity, Agricultural and Biological Engineering

18.

^ Patel, Almitra H. (October 2003), Plastics Recycling and The Need For

Bio-Polymers (http://isebindia.com/01_04/03-10-2.html) 9 (4),EnviroNews Archives

19.

^ The Self-Sufficiency Handbook: A Complete Guide to Greener Livingby Alan Bridgewater pg. 62--Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2007 ISBN1-60239-163-7, ISBN 978-1-60239-163-5

20.

^ ""Energy and Economic Value of Non-recycled Plastics and MunicipalSolid Wastes" at Journalist's Resource.org"(http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/energy/energy-non-recycled-plastics-landfill/).

21.

^ Page, Candace, Waste district raises recycling fees, Burlington FreePress, November 12, 2008

22.

^ Financial Times, May 15, 2009 (article by Max Hogg)23.^ Watson, Tom (June 2, 2007). "Where can we put all those plastics?"(http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/homegarden/2003730398_ecoconsumer02.html). Seattle Times. Retrieved

24.

2007-06-02.^ SPI Resin Identification Code - Guide to Correct Use,http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutPlastics/content.cfm?ItemNumber=823

25.

^ Where can we put all those plastics? By Tom Watson June 2, 2007Seattle Times http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/homegarden/2003730398_ecoconsumer02.html

26.

^ Brookline Town Meeting bans Styrofoam coffee, takeout containers byBrock Parker Nov 13, 2012 Boston.com http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/brookline/2012/11/brookline_town_meeting_bans_st.html

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^ Plastics (http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/Plastics.htm#_Hows) wasteonline.org.uk. Retrieved 10.18.07.

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^ http://www.mbapolymers.com/home/mba-polymers-uk-ltd29.^ http://www.envirogreenrecycling.com/plastic-recycling30.^ "Safe Use Of Plastic Food Packaging And Containers"(http://www.ava.gov.sg/FoodSector/FoodSafetyEducation/Food+Facts/SafeUsePlasticContainers/index.htm).

31.

^ "19". Holt Chemistry (Florida edition). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.2006. p. 702. ISBN 0-03-039114-8. "More than hlf the states in the UnitedStates have enacted laws that require plastic products to be labeled withnumerical codes that identify the type of plastic used in them."

32.

^ a b [2] (http://www.polymerprocessing.com/polymers/PET.html)PolymerProcessing.com

33.

^ a b c d e f [3] (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_417.html) The Engineering Toolbox

34.

^ [4] (http://www.dynalabcorp.com/technical_info_hd_polyethylene.asp)Dyna Lab Corp

35.

^ a b c [5] (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Aldrich/General_Information/thermal_transitions_of_homopolymers.Par.0001.File.tmp/thermal_transitions_of_homopolymers.pdf) Sigma Aldrich

36.

^ a b [6] (http://www.polymerprocessing.com/polymers/PVC.html)PolymerProcessing.com

37.

^ a b Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 1999, p B158 to B216.(TensileModulus)

38.

^ [7] (http://www.dynalabcorp.com/technical_info_ld_polyethylene.asp)Dyna Lab Corp

39.

^ [8] (http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/GlassTrans.htm) Wofford University

40.

^ a b [9] (http://www.polymerprocessing.com/polymers/PP.html)PolymerProcessing.com

41.

^ "What is Polycarbonate (PC)?" (http://www.recycledplastic.com/resource/plastic/polycarbonate-pc/).

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^ "polycarbonate information and properties"(http://www.polymerprocessing.com/polymers/PC.html).Polymerprocessing.com. 2001-04-15. Retrieved 2012-10-27.

43.

^ [10] (http://www.polymerprocessing.com/polymers/PC.html)PolymerProcessing.com

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European Commission's funded FP7 project PRIME on mixed plastics recycling (http://www.3d-pim.eu)==External links==

West, Larry. "Recyclable Plastic: Why are So Few Food Containers Made of Recyclable Plastic?" (http://environment.about.com/od/reducingwaste/a/corn_plastic.htm). About.com. Retrieved 2009-05-04.Plastic Packaging Resin Codes (http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/bin.asp?CID=1102&DID=4645&DOC=FILE.PDF) data fromthe American Chemistry CouncilISF's Plastics Recovery ManualAmerican Chemistry Council Statement on Plastic Recycling (http://www.greenbuildingsolutions.org/s_greenbuilding/sec.asp?CID=2134&DID=8972)Technology for plastic recycling (http://www.erema.at/en/1/)Mike Biddle we can recycle plastic (http://www.ted.com/talks/mike_biddle.html)Visit Earth911 to find locations to drop off plastics that are not recycled by your municipality (http://earth911.com/)

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Plastic Recycling again

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