PLASMA PROTEINS (PP)PLASMA PROTEINS (PP)Total pp :- 6.4 -8.3 gms/100ml blood or gm%(7.4Total pp :- 6.4 -8.3 gms/100ml blood or gm%(7.4gm%)gm%)ClassificationClassification:-:-ALBUMIN:- 3.5-5gms%ALBUMIN:- 3.5-5gms%GLOBULIN:- 1.5-2.5 gms%GLOBULIN:- 1.5-2.5 gms%FIBRINOGEN:- .15 -0.3 gm%FIBRINOGEN:- .15 -0.3 gm%

methods of separation of PP • By paper electrophoretic methodAlbuminAlpha 1 globulinAlpha 2 globulinBeta globulin Gamma globulinFibrinogen if plasma is used • Other methods of separation of PP are precipitation

by Salting out, Immuno-electrophoresis, sedimentation with Ultra centrifugation,Alcohol precipitation etc

ORIGINORIGIN•• IN EMBRYO – MESENCHYMAL CELLSIN EMBRYO – MESENCHYMAL CELLS•• IN ADULTS –IN ADULTS – 1)ALBUMIN - FROM LIVER 1)ALBUMIN - FROM LIVER 2)FIBRINOGEN-FROM LIVER 2)FIBRINOGEN-FROM LIVER 3)PROTHROMBIN – FROM LIVER 3)PROTHROMBIN – FROM LIVER 4)GLOBULIN- 4)GLOBULIN- (a)TISSUE MACROPHAGES (a)TISSUE MACROPHAGES : LIVER,SPLEEN,BONE MARROW : LIVER,SPLEEN,BONE MARROW (b)PLASMACELLS (b)PLASMACELLS (c) LYMPHOCYTES (c) LYMPHOCYTESENTEROCYTES & ENDOTHELIAL CELLSENTEROCYTES & ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Forms of albuminForms of albumin•• ALBUMINALBUMIN :-- PRE-ALBUMIN-0.03gm% :-- PRE-ALBUMIN-0.03gm% :-- ALBUMIN- 3 to 5gm% :-- ALBUMIN- 3 to 5gm%•• GLOBULIN- GLOBULIN- :-- ALPHA :-- ALPHA GLOBULIN -ALPHA 1GLOBULIN -ALPHA 1 -ALPHA 2 -ALPHA 2 :-- BETA GLOBULIN - BETA 1 :-- BETA GLOBULIN - BETA 1 - BETA 2 - BETA 2 :-- GAMMA GLOBULIN – GAMMA 1 :-- GAMMA GLOBULIN – GAMMA 1 - GAMMA 2 - GAMMA 2

Other globulinsOther globulins•• GLYCOPROTEINSGLYCOPROTEINS•• LIPOPROTEINSLIPOPROTEINS•• TRANSFERRIN TRANSFERRIN

(siderophilin)(siderophilin)•• HAPTOGLOBULINHAPTOGLOBULIN•• CERULOPLASMINCERULOPLASMIN•• FETULINFETULIN

•• CLOTTING FACTORSCLOTTING FACTORS•• ANGIOTENSINOGENANGIOTENSINOGEN•• HAEMAGGLUTININSHAEMAGGLUTININS•• IMMUNOGLOBULINSIMMUNOGLOBULINS•• TBGTBG•• TRANSCORTINTRANSCORTIN•• prothrombinprothrombin

•• FIBRINOGEN FIBRINOGEN •• OTHERSOTHERS - RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN(RBP) - RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN(RBP) - ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS - ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS :-- CRP :-- CRP :-- ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN :-- ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN•• A/G (albumin/globulin)RATIO – 1.8:1 to 2:1(clinically A/G (albumin/globulin)RATIO – 1.8:1 to 2:1(clinically

imp)imp)A/G ratio changes in liver diseases as only albumin A/G ratio changes in liver diseases as only albumin synthesis is reducedsynthesis is reduced

Functions of plasma proteinsFunctions of plasma proteins

1)1) Role in coagulation of bloodRole in coagulation of blood - Fibrinogen, prothrombin - Fibrinogen, prothrombin2) Role in defence mechanism of body2) Role in defence mechanism of body - Gamma globulins forms antibodies. - Gamma globulins forms antibodies.3) Role in transport mechanism3) Role in transport mechanism - Transport of hormones, enzymes, metals etc. - Transport of hormones, enzymes, metals etc.4) Role in maintenance of osmotic pressure 4) Role in maintenance of osmotic pressure - Importance of osmotic pressure - Importance of osmotic pressure5)5) Role in regulation of acid – base balance -as serum Role in regulation of acid – base balance -as serum

proteins are amphotericproteins are amphoteric

6)6) Role in maintenance of viscosity of blood(F&G) & Role in maintenance of viscosity of blood(F&G) & so provides resistance to flowso provides resistance to flow

7)7) Role in erythrocyte sedimentation rateRole in erythrocyte sedimentation rate - Globulin & fibrinogen - Globulin & fibrinogen8)8) Role as reserve proteins:-Amino acids(of PP) can Role as reserve proteins:-Amino acids(of PP) can

be taken by tissues & used up for building up new be taken by tissues & used up for building up new tissue proteins & vice versatissue proteins & vice versa

9) Nutritive value:- Albumin being in high 9) Nutritive value:- Albumin being in high concentration involve in this function.esp in concentration involve in this function.esp in hypoproteinaemic states.hypoproteinaemic states. trephonetrephone substances substances formed by WBCformed by WBC using PP’s helps in the nutrition using PP’s helps in the nutrition of tissues(in culture)of tissues(in culture)

10)Fibrinolysis:-of intravascular clot(thrombus)10)Fibrinolysis:-of intravascular clot(thrombus)

WHIPPLE’S EXPERIMENTWHIPPLE’S EXPERIMENT

•• AIM AIM - RELATION OF DIET TO PLASMA - RELATION OF DIET TO PLASMA PROTEIN PROTEIN•• PROCEDUREPROCEDURE•• PLASMAPHERESISPLASMAPHERESIS•• FINDINGSFINDINGS•• RESULTSRESULTS

Plasmapheresis• Is a experimental procedure first performed by

whipple & is a method to separate antibodies from the plasma

• Done as temporary therapy of autoimmune diseases • Regeneration of PP occurs in 14 days .Fast in first

24 hrs• Animal protein favour albumin synthesis and plant

& grain protein favour globulin synthesis

APPLIED

• HypoproteinemiaMalnutritionSevere hepatic damageLoss in urine(proteinuria) due to renal diseaseStarvationmalabsorptionLeads to edema particularly hypoalbuminemiaAfibrinogenemia :- defective clotting

Tumor marker proteins• Not expected to be present in adult healthy persons• So presence of them in blood indicate some cancer

(eg alpha feto protein in liver cancer,CEA in colon cancer,PSA in prostrate cancer etc)

• Blood is used for investigations (diagnosis & prognosis) of diseases

Plasma lipids• Are in the form of lipoproteins & behave as colloids• Chylomicron,VLDL,LDL,HDL• They help in keeping the blood lipids in solution• Colloids can not pass through the capillary wall

easily so trapped in blood so play role in colloid osmotic pressure

• Crystalloids can pass through the capillary wall(they are smaller in size,dissolve in plasma & can pass through the semipermeable membrane)