Membrane Structure and Function The plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
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Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Image from: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/ge22/03.gif
Cell Size Limitations• The size of cells is limited by the surface area
to volume ratio of cells– As cells grow the volume inside of the cell grows
faster than the surface area available to diffuse nutrients into the cell and expel wastes out of the cell
• Surface area determines rate molecules enter and leave cell
• Volume determines the demand for resources needed by the cell (increase in volume requires more resources to keep the cell functioning properly)
• Smaller cells have more favorable surface area to volume ratios for exchange with the environment
Root hairs Cells of alveoli: Lungs
Villi: Small Intestines
• You should be able to solve basic surface area and volume equations given to you on the AP Biology exam.
• In order for cells to grow, reproduce and maintain dynamic homeostasis, cells must create and maintain an internal environment that is different from the external environment– Cell membranes are selectively permeable to
accomplish this goal– Cell membranes separate the internal
environment from the external environment
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
1972- S.J. Singer and G. Nicolson propose membrane is a “mosaic” of proteins and phospholipids that are constantly moving and changing
Click here to See Fluidity
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
Click here to SeeFLUIDITY
More than just a barrier…
• The membranes selective permeability is a direct consequence of the membranes structure consisting of phospholipids, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids
A membrane is a collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer
Molecules need to move across membranes in cells
Image modiified from: http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/importProt.html
INfoodcarbohydratessugars, proteinsamino acidslipidssalts, O2, H2O
OUTwasteammoniasaltsCO2
H2O products
Membranes provide a variety of cell functions
Cell Membranes are made ofPHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS
Amphipathic –Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
phosphate
lipid
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Membrane Proteins• Proteins determine most of membrane’s specific
functions– cell membrane & organelle membranes each have
unique collections of proteins
• Membrane proteins:– peripheral proteins = loosely
bound to surface of membrane– integral proteins = penetrate into
lipid bilayer, often completely spanning the membrane = transmembrane protein
HYDROPHILIC/HYDROPHOBIC areas determine positions of molecules in cell membranes
hydrophobic amino acids– Those with nonpolar side groups– stick in the lipid membrane– anchors the protein
in membrane
hydrophilic amino acids– Amino acids with charge
and polar side groups– stick out in the watery
fluid in or out of cell
Membrane Carbohydrates • Attached to proteins (glycoproteins)
or lipids (glycolipids)
• Play a key role in cell-cell recognition– ability of a cell to distinguish neighboring cells
from another– important in organ &
tissue development– basis for rejection of
foreign cells by immune system
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB1-osmosis.htm
Semi-permeable membrane• Need to allow passage through the
membrane
• But need to control what gets in or out– membrane needs to be semi-permeable
aa H2Osugar lipid salt NH3
So what makes a membrane semi permeable?
See a movie
PHOBIC TAILS in center determine what can pass through
What molecules can get through directly?
inside cell
outside cell
Small non-polar (uncharged) molecules (O2, N2, & CO2) and hydrophobic molecules (fats & other lipids)can slip directly through the phospholipid cell membrane, but…
lipid
salt
aa H2Osugar
NH3
O2
What about other stuff?
Types of Cell Transport
Diffusion• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
governs biological systems– Universe tends towards disorder
• Diffusion– movement from [higher] [lower] concentration
Animatioin from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif
Diffusion will also happen across a cell membrane as long as there is a difference in concentration and the membrane will let the molecule pass through.
http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case2/2_2.html
Example: DIFFUSION IN CELLS O2 automatically moves from
HIGHER concentration (in lungs) to LOWER concentration (in blood)
CO2 automatically moves from HIGHER concentration (in blood) to LOWER concentration (in lungs)
http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/gdavis/links%20100.htm
Diffusion of 2 solutes • Each substance diffuses down its own
concentration gradient, independent of concentration gradients of other substances
What if cell needs to move a molecule _________ the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT?_______________
Cell example:Want to put MORE glucoseinto mitochondria when there
isalready glucose in there
(LOWER HIGHER)
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg
AGAINST
What if a cell needs to move _____ or ______ moleculesthat can’t getthrough themembrane?
http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg
LARGE POLAR
What if cell needs to move molecules really
_______? (can’t wait for it to diffuse)
Cell example:Movement of Na + & K+ ions required to send nerve signals
http://www.steve.gb.com/images/science/neuron.png
FAST
Cells need a ____ to ____ molecules across cell membranes that
_______ across by ___________
WAYHELP
can’t go
themselves
Facilitated diffusion• Move from HIGH to LOW concentration with
aid of membrane transport proteins – passive transport– no energy needed– facilitated = with help– Examples:
• Way glucose enters cells• Also how charged and polar molecules enter the cell
Facilitated DiffusionAnimation from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif
Carrier ProteinsGrab molecule, undergo conformational change, flip to other side
Channel ProteinsCreate passageway forsubstances to pass through
May be gated or not:open in response to chemical or electrical signals
Animation from: http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif
Gated channels• open only in presence of stimulus (signal)
– stimulus usually different from transported molecule
• ex: ion-gated channelswhen neurotransmitters bind to a specific gated channels on a neuron, these channels open = allows Na+ ions to enter nerve cell
• ex: voltage-gated channelschange in electrical charge across nerve cell membrane opens Na+ & K+ channels
Carriers and Channels are specific
inside cell
outside cell
sugaraaH2O
saltNH3
. . . BUT STILL MOVES FROM [HIGHER] to [LOWER]
Active transportUses energy from ATP to move molecules
against concentration gradient
– Moves from [lower] → [higher]
– Uses protein pumps
OR
vesicles
Animations from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.htmlhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/eustruct/images/sppump.gif
PROTON PUMP
See a movie proton pump
Moves Protons (H+) across membrane
EXAMPLES: - Creates acidic condition inside lysosomes- Photosynthesis/respiration use H+ gradients togenerate ATP
Active transportSODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPSets up difference in charge across membranes
Pumps 3 Na+ outand 2 K+ in
Makes cells more + outside more - inside
Animation from: http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/eustruct/images/sppump.gif
See a movie about Na+ - K+ pump
All cells have voltages across their membranes
= membrane potential
• Cytoplasm inside cell is more negative
than extracellular fluid outside
• TWO FORCES drive diffusion• Concentration gradient• Electrical force
• Ions move DOWN the electrochemical gradientFavors the passage of cations (+) into cells
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL created by electrogenic pumps (proteins that generate
voltage by pumping ions)
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/electrogenic.jpg
PROTON PUMPMain electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, and bacteria
Na+- K+ PUMPMain electrogenic pump
in animal cells
Animation from: http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm
Electrogenic pumps can be coupled to actively transport other substances
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB1-os29.jpg
= COTRANSPORT
Ex: Cells pump H+
out of cell then use the diffusion of H+ back into cell downits gradient to drivethe uptake of sucrose into cells
Na+ - K+ pump sets up MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/nervecell.html#c2
• ACTIVE transport
• Requires energy (ATP)
• Uses vesicles
BULK TRANSPORT
Animation from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html
Watch two video clips aboutendo/exocytosis
endo/exocytosis
Endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
“Cell eating” large molecules;whole cells
“Cell drinking”Fluids;Small molecules
triggered byligand signal
Example in cells:WHITE BLOOD CELL ENGULFING BACTERIA
SEE PHAGOCYTOSIS MOVIE
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x28.jpg
EXOCYTOSIS• Active transport (requires ATP)• Uses vesicles• Releases substances to outside
INSULIN being released by pancreas cells using exocytosis
GOLGI BODIES USE EXOCYTOSIS
Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie
Video: http://www.southtexascollege.edu/tdehne/BC_ShockwaveAnimations/07SWF-TourOfTheCell/07-16-EndomembraneSystem.swf
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x26.jpg
Transport summary
Water Transport
The Special Case of Water
The Special Case of Water
Movement of water across the cell membrane =
OSMOSIS
Osmosis is diffusion of water• Water is very important, so we talk about
water separately
• Diffusion of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water– across a
semi-permeable membrane
– Passive– Uses no energy
Aquaporins• Transport proteins that move water rapidly
into & out of cells– evidence that there were water channels
1991 | 2003
Peter AgreJohn Hopkins
Roderick MacKinnonRockefeller
TONICITY- ability of a solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water
• Refers to the concentration of SOLUTES
• Is a RELATIVE term, comparing two different solutions
Solute-substance that is dissolvedSolvent- substance solute in dissolved inSolution = solute + solvent
What if there is a difference in concentration but solute
molecules can’t move across a membrane?
WATER will move until concentrationsreach equilibrium
See an animation Osmosis1
http://faculty.etsu.edu/currie/images/osmosis1.jpg
Animation: http://www.ouhscphysio.org/humanphys/animations/osmosis1.swf
Animation
Concentration of water• Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations– Hypertonic - more solute, less water– Hypotonic - less solute, more water– Isotonic - equal solute, equal water
hypotonic hypertonic
water
net movement of water
• Pressure potential:– pressure exerted by the rigid cell wall
that limits further water uptake.
• Solute potential – The effect of solute concentration. – Pure water at atmospheric pressure
has a solute potential of zero. – As solute is added, the value for solute
potential becomes more negative. This causes water potential to decrease also.
– As solute is added, the water potential of a solution drops, and water will tend to move into the solution.
In beaker B, what is the water potential of the distilled water in the beaker, and of the beet core?– Since water potential = solute potential (-0.4) + pressure
potential (0.2), – water potential = -0.2 (water left the beet core)
Solute concentration
Lower outsidethan inside
Equal outsideand inside
Greater outsidethan inside
HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC
What will happen to an animal cell placed in different solutions?
OSMOSIS
HYPOTONIC: Concentration outside cell is ________________ inside the cell
More water enters than leaves cell so cellwill ___________________
LESS THAN
swell and possibly burst
See an animationOsmosis3
Animation from: http://www.ouhscphysio.org/humanphys/animations/osmosis3.swf
VideoChoose Blood Hypotonic link
OSMOSIS
HYPERTONIC: Concentration outside cell is ____________________ inside cell
More water leaves cell than enters so cell ____________
GREATER THAN
shrinks
See an animationOSMOSIS 4
Animation from: http://www.ouhscphysio.org/humanphys/animations/osmosis4.swf
Video Choose Blood Hypertonic link
Remember:Cells try to “maintain
stable internal conditions =
____________________HOMEOSTASIS
So an animal cell inISOTONIC conditionsstays same size
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol121/Osmosis/Osmosis.asp
Water entering = water leavingVideoChoose Blood Isotonic link
Animal cells
http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/bloodcells.gif
= CYTOLYSIS = CRENATION
Plant cellshttp://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/aplantturgor.gif
Cell wall keeps plant cell from bursting made of cellulose rather than phospholipids and is external the cell membrane. Provides structural barrier for some substances to the internal environment.
Managing water balance• Isotonic
– animal cell immersed in isotonic solution• blood cells in blood• no net movement of water across
plasma membrane• water flows across membrane, at
same rate in both directions• volume of cell is stable
Cell (compared to beaker) hypertonic or hypotonic
Beaker (compared to cell) hypertonic or hypotonic
Which way does the water flow? in or out of cell
.05 M .03 M
Osmosis…
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html
Loss of water from central vacuole= plants “wilt”
Vacuole full of water gives plant support (turgor pressure)
Turgid = very firmFlaccid = limp
HYPOTONICSitting in the bathtub makes your fingers plump up and get “pruny”
Grocery stores spray water on their veggies to “plump them up”
If cells can’t maintain “stable internal conditions” . . .damage can result and cells can die.
http://www.the-aps.org/education/lot/cell/Quiz.htm
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
Cell survival depends on balancing water
uptake & loss = OSMOREGULATION
Paramecium vs. pond waterParamecium is hypertonicH2O continually enters cellto solve problem, specialized organelle, contractile vacuole
Gills ACTIVELY pump ions in;Urinate frequently
Drink salt water ACTIVELY pump ions OUT;Urinate less frequently
Kidspiration by: Riedell