Plasma for bio-decontamination, medicine and food security · medicine and food security. 3 Cold...
Transcript of Plasma for bio-decontamination, medicine and food security · medicine and food security. 3 Cold...
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NATO
Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme
Workshop on CBRN Defence – 22-24 October 2013 – Brussels
Emerging Security Challenges Division
NATO
City, Country, Date
Plasma for bio-decontamination, medicine and food security
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• Advanced Research Workshop CBP.EAP.ARW.984050
• Demänovská dolina, Slovakia, 15-18/03/2011
• Co-directors
NATO-country: Zdenko Machala, Assoc. Prof., Dr.
Division of Environmental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics,
Physics and Informatics, Comenius University,
Mlynska dolina, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
[email protected]; [email protected]
• presently at University of California, Berkeley, USA
Partner-country: Yuri Akishev, Prof., Dr.
SRC RF TRINITI,
Pushkovykh St., 12, Troitsk, Moscow region, 142190, Russia
Plasma for bio-decontamination, medicine and food security
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Cold plasmas and microorganisms
Cold (gas) plasmas at normal pressure can efficiently kill microorganisms – including potential bio-terrorism agents (e.g. Anthrax)
Disinfection and sterilization of surfaces, medical instruments, water, air, food, living tissues
Sterilizing effect of plasma treatment due to several synergistic agents:
UV radiation
electric field
charged particles
radicals and reactive species
The roles of the plasma agents depend on the plasma parameters;
in air plasmas dominantly neutral reactive species (ROS/RNS)
Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax wound
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Plasma medicine
Cold plasmas
(at careful doses)
can induce
biomedical and
therapeutic
effects
Dentistry: Painless drilling;
root canal disinfection; tooth whitening
Wound disinfection and healing
enhancement
Skin diseases, chronic ulcers,
lesions
Cancer and anti-tumor therapies
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ARW objectives
Plasma bio-decontamination and medicine requires multidisciplinary
approach
Bring world-wide experts of plasma physicists, microbiologists, medical
doctors and engineers together and let them exchange their knowledge
Learn each other’s languages
Open new horizons for science and technology
Push the novel ideas into everyday applications and clinical practices
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Project Outcome (direct)
ISBN 978-94-007-2852-3
36 chapters in 6 thematic areas (484 pp):
1. Plasma bio-decontamination,
water chemistry and effects on cells
2. Plasma biofilm inactivation and dentistry applications
3. Plasma-based UV sterilization
4. Plasma tissue treatment and wound healing
5. Plasma and electric fields in medicine
6. Plasma for food security
2141 downloads in 2012, top 25% most downloaded eBooks in Springer eBook Collection in 2012
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Publications in plasma decontamination / biomedicine field increase rapidly (Web of Science 2011-2013: plasma sterilization/decontamination 2460 papers)
New research networks – COST action MP1101 Bioplasma (Biomedical Applications of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology)
Conferences:
International Conference on Plasma Medicine (USA 2007: 80 participants; USA 2009: 120; DE 2010: 180; FR 2012: 290; JP 2014 expected 400)
Large sections on plasma biomedical applications at other top-notch plasma science conferences (International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, ICPIG, ICOPS, GEC, HAKONE, etc.)
General impact: great contribution to the increase of public
interest to cold plasma as an effective instrument for solving the
present challenges in CRBN defence
Project Outcome (indirect)
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Zdenko Machala - recent results (1)
DC corona and transient spark
discharges with water electro-spray
Electro-spray enhances the mass
transfer of plasma active species into
water
1 c
m
B. Pongrac and Z. Machala, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2011
Q = 0.5 mL/min
U = 6 kV
Imax
= 7-7.8 mA
f = 300-330 Hz
gate = 10 µs
Droplet flight time
~ 3 ms
Droplet volume
~ 0.008 mm3
Droplet surface
~ 0.2 mm2
ICCD camera imaging
Photography
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Zdenko Machala - recent results (2)
Plasma induced water chemistry
Poorly understood in general
Observed products in water:
Acidification: pH 5.5 → ~3
Nitrites NO2ˉ
Nitrates NO3ˉ
Peroxides H2O2
Peroxynitrites ONOO- – likely
responsible for bactericidal
effects in acidifying conditions
Ozone – extremely bactericidal
and pH-independent if well
mixed into water
Bacteria log reduction of water and
buffered solution (PB) after plasma
treatment correlated with relative ONOO-
concentrations measured by fluorescence
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water PB
Lo
g r
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uc
tio
n0
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ON
OO
- [a
.u.]
logONOO-
Z. Machala et al., Plasma Proc. Polym. (2013)
M. Pavlovich et al., J. Phys. D (2013)
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Zdenko Machala - recent results (3)
Decontamination of Plastic surfaces and human teeth
by positive or negative or pulsed corona
B. cereus spores and Streptococci biofilms
Focus on penetration into cavities
Water electrospray strongly enhances the
decontamination
+SC
-SC
+SC -SC +TS
Z. Šipoldová and Z. Machala, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. (2011)
Z. Kovaľová et al., Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. (2013)
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Yuri Akishev - recent results (1)
Image of streamer corona
with a naked eye (left).
In fact, corona consists of thin
current filaments (streamers)
each of them exhibits itself
like tiny lightning (right).
Impact of streamer (tiny lightning) at bacterial cell results in its full destroying.
a) cell before streamer strike; b) cell after streamer strike
Cell inactivation by positive streamers
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Yuri Akishev - recent results (2)
Treatment of cell by negatively charged species leads to the strong increase
of pH (up to 12) in the cell wall and destroying the cell membrane.
These effects results in the cell death.
Schematic cell wall structure
before corona treatment Schematic cell wall structure
after corona treatment
Cell inactivation by negative corona
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What research in CBRN Defence requires urgent and substantial attention?
Fundamental investigations of plasma-chemical and biochemical processes relevant to the destroying of toxic agents and life-threatening microorganisms by cold plasma
What should be the focus of the SPS Programme in CBRN Defence?
Development of mobile systems combining the modern X-ray and Laser methods of detection and identification of toxic agents in public places (e.g. airports) with plasma methods effectively destroying these agents.
Infection control in developing countries, refugee camps, and battlefields by portable plasma devices
Food preservation and security – microbial food spoilage prevention by plasma technology
Way Forward – SPS CBRN
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Frugal plasma disinfection
Apply our fundamental knowledge in
innovative and frugal concept
Developing countries (rural conditions),
refugee camps, battlefields
Limited supplies (chemical disinfectants,
antibiotics, single use instruments)
High infection rates (e.g. 300,000
maternal deaths/year)
Inexpensive, robust design, easy operation,
portable devices
No supplies needed – just air, water,
electricity (12 V batteries, solar recharging)
Ozone mode for water disinfection, hand
hygiene, antimicrobial laundry cleaning
NOx mode for dry instrument sterilization,
water disinfection
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Food preservation and security
About 1/3 of all food produced
world-wide is lost or wasted (1.3
billion tons/year)
1/3 of greenhouse gas emissions
associated with food production are
produced in vain!
Most losses during food production
Spoilage due to inappropriate
storage, transport, handling, etc.
Microorganisms responsible for
most of fresh product spoilage
Plasma disinfection has a great
potential here
Gustavsson et al, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Rome 2011
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Ideas for potential SPS activities in CBRN
Plasma decontamination of potential bio-terrorist agents (e.g.
Anthrax spores) and biological warfare
Frugal plasma for water disinfection, medical instrument sterilization,
wound healing – battlefields, refugee camps, rural settings in
developing countries (no sustainable supplies)
Infection control and inactivation of biological pathogens, associated
with life-threatening infections in hospitals
Indoor air plasma sterilization of space stations and submarines
Plasma technology for food preservation and security
Plasma treatment of seeds in agriculture – increase germination rate