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Name: ______________________________

Plants: Introduction and Classification

I. Introduction to Plants

A. In short, ____________________________________________________________________________

1. Plants are the ________________ in every food chain. 2. Plants carry out _____________________, producing ______________ compounds (___________)

from _______________ compounds (____________________). 3. The plant uses this glucose as a source of energy, but much of this glucose is passed up the

_______________. Herbivores eat the ___________ and carnivores eat the _________________. As a result, an amount of the glucose produced by the plant is passed to the next step in the food chain.

4. Not only do plants provide the base for food chains, they provide ___________ for animals as well as shelter and nesting sites.

B. The oldest fossil evidence of plants dates to ___________________ years ago. Since that time, plants

have colonized nearly every habitat on Earth. C. What is a plant?

1. Plants are members of the Kingdom Plantae. 2. All plants are ____________________ and are composed of __________________ cells. 3. All plants have cell walls composed of _________________. 4. All plants carry out ___________________ using the green pigments, _______________________.

D. The Plant Life Cycle

1. Plant life cycles have two alternating phases: 2. This is known as ____________________________________________. 3. The 2N diploid stage is known as the _________________ plant. The sporophyte plant produces

__________. 4. Spores are __________ reproductive cells formed as a result of __________. 5. Spores germinate and grow into new individuals called _________________. 6. The gametophyte generation is the ______________ phase of the plant life cycle. The gametophyte

plant produces _________________________________ by ___________. 7. Egg and sperm fuse during _________________ to produce a 2N diploid ____________. 8. The zygote grows and develops into the mature ________________ plant.

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9. Let’s summarize these details by filling in the flow chart below:

II. The Transition of Plants to Land

A. The first plants were the __________________________ floating on the surface of water in the open seas. This plant life was probably most abundant near the _________ where ____________ and essential ______________ were washed into the water from the land. These early algae added _____________ to the atmosphere through photosynthesis, and formed the foundation of aquatic food chains.

B. Many pieces of evidence provide proof that the algae are the ancestors of the land plants.

1. Land plants are: 2. Plants have: 3.

C. Some of the one-celled plants began to adapt to a life on land because it offered many advantages:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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D. Challenges to life on land include: 1. 2. 3.

E. These ancestral photosynthetic algae led to the evolution of 4 major groups of living land plants.

1. Label the four main groups of living land plants on the cladogram below. 2. What group of plants was the first to evolve from the green algae ancestor? 3. Do the mosses and liverworts have vascular tissue? 4. Do the ferns have vascular tissue? 5. What two evolutionary innovations allowed the gymnosperms and the angiosperms to thrive in

terrestrial environments? 6. How are the angiosperms different than the gymnosperms?

III. Traits of the Truly Terrestrial Plants

A. Alternation of Generations 1. Alternation of generations is the alternation between a __________ and __________ phase within

the same life cycle. 2. The two generations are called the _____________ generation and the ________________

generation. Each generation gives rise to the other, hence the name “alternation of generations”.

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B. Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia 1. The spores of land plants have walls that are __________________________ to harsh

environments. 2. A polymer called _____________________ in the wall of spores enables the spores to be

dispersed through dry air without harm.

C. Multicellular Gametangia 1. Land plants have multicellular ___________________ called gametangia. 2. The female gametangia are called ________________. An archegonium produces a single,

nonmotile _______. 3. The male gametangia are called _______________ that produce many __________ cells.

D. Apical Meristems

1. For the land plants, the essential resources required to live are found in two very different places: a) _________________________ are available above ground. b) _________________________ are located in the soil.

2. Apical meristems are regions of ____________________ at the tips of _____________________. Because the rate of cell division is rapid, the tips of stems and roots are continually elongating. Stems grow upward and roots grow downward continuously throughout the life of a plant.

E. Vascular tissue

1. Vascular tissue is ___________________________. 2. Vascular tissue is needed to carry water from the roots to the leaves and to carry food from the

leaves to the roots. 3. Xylem: 4. Phloem:

F. Nonmotile Gametes: There is no water for gametes to swim through. They must be carried by some

other means. G. Must have a Root System

1. 2.

H. Must have some protection from drying out. This is usually accomplished by a thick

_____________________________.

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IV. Classification of Land Plants

A. All land plants are either ____________ plants or ___________________ plants. 1. Vascular plants have vascular tissue and nonvascular plants do not have vascular tissue.

a) Vascular tissue is tissue that: b) Phloem: c) Xylem:

2. Vascular plants are referred to as “_______________________.” These are the true land plants. 3. Nonvascular plants are referred to as “___________________.” These are the “in-between” plants.

They are still tied to a watery existence. They do not have ____________________________ and they are not well suited to life on land. The bryophytes include ___________________________.

B. Tracheophytes (Vascular Plants) are further subdivided into "________________" and

"____________________". 1. The seedless plants do not produce seeds. Seedless plants include the __________. 2. The seed plants do produce seeds. C. The Seed Plants are divided into _____________________________________________________. D. The Angiosperms are divided into ___________________________________. E. Let’s summarize this information on the flow chart below.

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V. The Bryophytes: Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes.

A. Characteristics of the Bryophytes:

1. Bryophytes are called the "_________________" plants. They live on _______, but are not well suited to life as a __________________________.

2. Bryophytes include: 3. Bryophytes produce __________________________, and must have ________ to reproduce.

During part of their life cycle, they produce ____________ that must _________ through water to reach the egg. They must live in places where there is rainfall or dew for at least part of the year.

4. Bryophytes have no: 5. Although bryophytes do not have true roots, they do possess ______________. Rhizoids are

root-like structures that ___________ the plant to the ground. Rhizoids are capable of: Water moves from cell to cell through the rhizoids and into the rest of the plant. 6. Bryophytes are _____________________ plants. This means they have no: These plants can draw up water by _______________ only a few centimeters above the ground.

This prevents them from growing very big. 7. Bryophytes have multicellular reproductive structures.

8. Bryophytes have alternation of generations.

NOTE: Ø In bryophytes, the __________________ is the dominant, recognizable stage of the life cycle

and is the stage that carries out most of the plant’s photosynthesis. Ø In tracheophytes, the __________________ is the dominant, recognizable stage of the life

cycle and is the stage that carries out most of the plant’s photosynthesis.

9. As members of the plant kingdom, they do possess ____________________ and carry out _______________________.

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VI. Liverworts

A. Characteristics of Liverworts

1. The liverworts have thin, leathery leaves that lie flat against the surface of the ground. 2. They are anchored by rhizoids on the lower side. (Rhizoids are root-like structures that are used

for anchorage and absorption. Rhizoids are not true roots since they contain no vascular tissue.) 3. The plant body is called a __________________. 4. Reproduction:

a) Liverworts can reproduce both ________________________________________. b) Liverworts reproduce asexually by producing ______________.

Gemmae are small reproductive structures that are often produced inside a gemmae cup. When washed out of the cup, the gemmae can divide by _______________ to produce a _________________________.

c) Liverworts also have alternation of generations, with the _____________________ generation being the dominant generation.

B. Life cycle of the Liverwort

Label the numbered structures seen in the drawing to the right:

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C. Flow Chart for the Liverwort Life Cycle

Note: Concerning alternation of generations in the liverworts:

Ø The _____________________ generation is dominant.

Ø The _________________ is completely parasitic on the gametophyte.

Ø Flagellated ________ must swim through ________ to reach the _____ inside the

___________________. This is a ______________________ to plants living on land.

VII. Mosses

A. Characteristics 1. The moss plant grows upright. 2. It does not have: 3. Mosses are found in moist, shady places. The moss plant goes into a ____________ stage when

water supply is ________. It grows for only a few days after each rain. 4. The sporophyte generation is more _________________ than in the liverworts, but the

_________________ generation is still the dominant generation.

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B. Life cycle of the moss. C. Flow Chart of Life Cycle of Moss

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D. Mosses: A recap 1. Gametophyte: 2. Sporophyte: Grows out of the old _______________________. It cannot live independently. 3. Protonema:

The protonema is produced when a __________ germinates and grows into a tangled mass of _____________________. The protonema grows into the ___________________ plant.

4. The sporophyte consists of a foot, a seta (or stalk), and a sporangium. The foot is embedded in the archegonium and is used to absorb nutrients from the gametophyte plant. The capsule is the _____________________ and produces ___________.

VIII. The Seedless Vascular Plants

A. Evolution of Vascular Tissue 1. In the bryophytes, the only method of moving water through the plant body is for the water to

move from cell to cell by ______________. This limits the __________ of the plant. Bryophytes are small and grow close to the ground because they have no way to transport water ____________________________.

2. The fossil record indicates that about 420 million years ago, the small moss-like plants that

inhabited the landmasses were joined by: 3. These taller plants were the first to have a transport system called ________________ tissue. Vascular tissue is specialized to conduct __________________________ throughout the plant. The two types of vascular tissue are:

4. Xylem

a) These cells are specialized to carry water ____________________________ to the leaves of the plant.

b) The cells composing the xylem are lignified. Their cell walls are strengthened by a polymer

called ___________. c) In addition to transporting water great distances, the cells of the xylem provide

_____________________________to the plant. d). Lignified vascular tissue permitted the vascular plants to grow _____. The stems became

strong enough to provide ______________________________ and they could transport water high above the ground.

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5. Phloem a) Phloem transports solutions of _______________________________ produced by

photosynthesis throughout the plant body.

6. Vascular tissue enables plants to grow upward away from the surface of the ground. The ability to grow tall was a huge evolutionary advantage.

Tall plants had no: Tall plants shaded shorter plants:

B. Ferns are classified as ________________________. Ferns are __________________ plants.

1. Ferns have: 2. The _______________________ generation is dominant. 3. Ferns have ___________________ tissue (xylem and phloem). 4. Ferns have a ______________ to prevent water loss.

C. Just like the nonvascular plants, the ferns have a ________________________________________.

Water must be present for the fertilization of the egg. The ferns are better adapted to life on land than the ____________________, but they are not completely adapted to life on land as are the ________________________________________________.

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D. Life Cycle of the Fern: Add numbers and labels to the drawing as the PowerPoint is being viewed.

E. The sporangium produces ______________. If the spore falls on the moist soil, it germinates and forms the __________________ (first step of the gametophyte generation). The gametophyte produces the ___________________________________ which form sperm and egg. The sperm swims in rainwater to fertilize the egg. The zygote is the first step of the ___________________ generation.

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F. Structure of the Sporophyte 1. The ____________________ is the dominant generation. It is much larger and much more

complex than the gametophyte plant. 2. It has: 3. The roots and stems are ____________________. 4. Rhizome: 5. Only the leaf is above ground. 6. The leaves are called _____________.

G. Structure of the Gametophyte

1. The gametophyte is very small (one-eighth inch) and heart shaped. 2. It is called a ________________________. 3. It has ___________________, instead of true roots. No vascular tissue is present in the

gametophyte plant. 4. The sporophyte grows out of the archegonium and forms the new sporophyte generation

IX. The Seed Plants

A. Seeds 1.      Plants  with  the  ability  to  form  seeds  became  the  most  dominant  and  successful  group  of  

photosynthetic  organisms  on  land.  2.      The  seed  plants  are  divided  into  2  groups:  

a)        b)          

3.      Gymnosperms  a)    Bear  their  seeds  directly  on  the  surfaces  of  _________________.  b)    Includes  the:    

 4.      Angiosperms  

a)    Also  called  ________________________  plants.    b)    Bear  their  seeds  within:      c)    Angiosperms  include  grasses,  and  flowering  trees  and  shrubs.      

   

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B.    Reproduction  Free  From  Water  –  Huge  Advantage!  1.      Like  the  bryophytes  and  ferns,  all  seed  plants  have  ________________________________________________,  

alternating  between  the  gametophyte  and  sporophyte  stages.    2.      Unlike  the  bryophytes  and  ferns,  the  seed  plants  do  not  require  ________________  for  the  

fertilization  of  the  gametes.    This  allows  the  seed  plants  to  occupy  many  more  types  of  ___________________  than  the  bryophytes  and  the  ferns.  

 C.    What  adaptations  are  seen  in  the  seed  plants  that  allow  reproduction  without  water?  

1.        2.        3.      

   

D.    Cones  and  Flowers  1.      In  the  seed  plants,  the  ________________________________  generation  is  the dominant, recognizable

stage of the life cycle and is the stage that carries out most of the plant’s photosynthesis. 2. Cones and flowers are sporophyte structures. The gametophytes grow and mature within these

sporophyte structures. 3. Cones are the seed bearing structures of ________________________. 4. Flowers are the seed bearing structures of the _____________________. 5. The gametophyte generations of seed plants live inside cones and flowers.

E. Pollen

1. The entire ____________________________ is contained within the pollen grain. 2. Pollen grains contain ___________ cells. Rather than the sperm swimming through water, the

pollen (sperm) is carried to the female gametophyte by _________________________________. 3. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures to the female

reproductive structures.

F. Seeds 1. A seed consists of an _____________ and a ___________________ that is enclosed inside of a

protective outer covering. 2. The plant embryo is ____________ and is in the early developmental stage of the

_________________ plant. 3. The seed contains a food supply that nourishes the embryo. This food supply sustains the embryo

until the seed has sprouted and has grown enough to become fully photosynthetic. 4. The outer ___________________ surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the

seed from drying out. 5. The embryo remains in a dormant stage within the seed for weeks, months or even years.

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6. The seed can survive long periods of bitter cold, extreme heat or drought. When growing conditions become favorable, the seed germinates and begins to grow.

G. The Evolution of Seed Plants

1. Mosses and ferns underwent massive _____________________________ 300 to 400 million years ago. An adaptive radiation is the:

2. During this time, the landmasses were much ____________ than they are today. Mosses, ferns

and other seedless plants flourished and dominated the landmasses. 3. As the continents became ____________, it was harder for _______________ plants to survive.

Many of them became extinct. 4. Seed plants began to dominate the landmasses. They were better suited to a dryer environment

because of their ability to produce ____________. 5. DNA analysis of modern plants provides the evidence that land plants are descended from a

common ancestor.

H. The Gymnosperms 1. The gymnosperms are the most ancient surviving seed plants. 2. Gymnosperms include: 3. The term “gymnosperm” means “____________________.” The cone is the seed bearing

structure and all seeds are exposed. 4. Many of the gymnosperms have adaptations that make them better suited to a dry environment.

a) The leaves are ___________________________. This reduces the surface area of the leaf and lowers the amount of water lost from the leaf due to ________________________.

b) Needles have a ________________________________ that prevents water loss from the leaf. c) They have “_________________________.” The stomata (pores that allow for gas exchange)

are located in cavities below the surface of the leaf, which also reduces the amount of water loss.

X. Angiosperms - The Flowering Plants

A. Angiosperms appear in the fossil record only 135 million years ago, making them the most recent of all plants. The flowering plants now dominate the plant life on Earth. They have a method of reproduction and development that involves _______________________________.

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B. Flowers and Fruits 1. Unique to the angiosperms is the development of the ___________ as the

________________________ structure. 2. Flowers are an evolutionary advantage to plants because they attract insects and other small

animals to the flower. These insects and animals then transport ____________ from one flower to another flower.

This means of pollination is much more efficient than: 3. Flowers contain ______________, which surround and protect the __________. After pollination,

the ovary develops into a _________, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal. 4. The fruit is also a structure found only in angiosperms. The fruit is: The fruit _______________ the seed, but also aids in ________________________ by attracting

animals to the fruit.

C. Angiosperm Diversity 1. The phylum containing the angiosperms is divided into two classes:

a) b)

2. The monocots and dicots are named for the number of ___________________ they contain. Monocots have _____ cotyledon and dicots have ______ cotyledons.

3. A cotyledon is:

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4. Use the chart below to compare monocots to dicots.  

Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Copyright © March 2013 Amy Brown (aka Science Stuff)