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Kingdom PlantaeChapters 22-25

refer to overview of kingdoms chart on page 117 in lab manualfor general characteristics of plants

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PlantsAutotrophic (photosynthetic, green)

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Cell walls made of cellulose

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Plant Life CycleDemonstrate alternation of generations

-one generation produces spores

(asexual)

-next produces gametes (sexual)

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What Plants Need to Survive

Sunlight, Minerals, Gas Exchange, andMovement of Materials

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Plant Evolutionary HistoryPlants evolved from ancestors of modern

algae When they moved onto land, early plants

needed structures to:- acquire water- transport water- conserve water

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Plant Evolutionary HistoryThey needed structures and methods for

sexual reproduction-How did algae reproduce?

None of these were problems for algae

living in an aquatic environment

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Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Evolution of Plants

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Flowering

plants

235,000 species

Cone-bearing plants760 species

Ferns and

their relatives11,000 species

Mosses andtheir relatives

15,600 species

Diversity of Plants

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Nonvascular PlantsBryophytes

examples-mosses, hornworts, liverworts

Characteristics:-low-growing

-found in moist and shaded areas-can tolerate harsh environments

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BryophytesInstead of true roots, bryophytes have

rhizoids.

- rhizoids anchor plants to ground ANDabsorb water and minerals from soil byosmosis

no transport system for moving waterand minerals

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Mosses and liverworts: non-vascular plants

MossesLiverworts

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Vascular Plantsferns, conifers, and flowering plants

All have specialized organs:Leaves, roots, and stems

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Vascular TissueVascular plants have specialized vascular

tissues to transport water, minerals,and nutrients

Two Types

Phloem: transport sugars

throughout the plant Xylem: transport water and

minerals from roots to other parts of

plant

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Leaf Structure that carries out most

photosynthesis

Contains vascular tissue in the form of

veins

Contains several specialized structuresthat allow the plant to function

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Structure of a LeafCuticle-waxy protective covering onleaves and stems that prevents water

loss

cuticle veins

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Guard cells- border each stomate and controlits size by expanding and contracting at

proper times.

Guard Cells

Open Stomata Closed Stomata

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Root-absorb water and minerals from soil-transport them to stem

-anchor plant in ground

-store food reserves

Actively growing portion of root iscovered by a root cap

Root hairs-increase the surface area forwater and nutrient uptake

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Two main types of roots

Taproot-largecentral root

Fibrous roots-rootsall about the same size

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Stem-Structural support for upright growth and

transport of materials; supports leavesand reproductive structures

Types of stems

1. Herbaceous-flexible, soft, usuallygreen

2. Woody-stiff, nongreen, contain

layers of wood.

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Seedless Vascular Plants

Example-ferns, horsetails,CLUB mosses

All ferns, and relatives havehighly divided leaves calledfronds

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Reproduction

Reproduce asexually by forming sporeson underside of leaves

--spores formed in sporangia

Next generation must

have water to

reproduce sexually--sperm swim to eggs

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Ferns: non-seed vascular plants

Frond Fiddlehead

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Seed PlantsAdaptations that allow plants to reproduce

without water1. Flowers or cones

-gametes produced and grow withinthese

2. Transfer of sperm by pollination

3. Seeds that house embryo

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Seed-contains:-zygote/embryo

-food supply (endosperm) and-protective coat (seed coat)

to prevent drying out

Seed coat

embryo

Food supply

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Seeds ContinuedAllow offspring of plants to be dispersed to

new locations-by wind, water, animals

dormant stage of plant life cycle

germination-early growth stage of plant

embryo--occurs when conditions areright for growth:moisturetemperature

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Pollen GrainsPollen is the male gamete (sperm)

Pollination-transfer of pollen from the malereproductive structure to the female reproductivestructure.Pollen can be carried by:

1. Wind2. Water3. Animals

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Gymnosperms

gymnos=naked sperma=seed First group to have seeds

most gymnosperms are conifers-seeds are produced in cones-ex-cedar, cypress, pine, &

spruce

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Needle-like leaves--shape is an adaptation to reduce surface area

over which water is lost to evaporation

Female and male conesmost are wind pollinated-pollen is carried by wind from male cone to

female cone

http://www.forestry.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/271D7A5A-C40C-46FB-878B-954E2596B3BA/0/shortleafpinecone.gifhttp://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/biohires/p/hpico--cofemale-unopened42437.JPG

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Adaptations for Cold Climates

Thick cuticle

Retain leaves year-round=evergreen Flexible branches shed snow without

breaking

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AngiospermsAngio = vessel

Flowering plants

Seed found within fruit

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Angiosperms Flower-reproductive structure

- brightly colored or heavily scented to

attract pollinators that carry pollenfrom one flower to another

More direct than wind pollination

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Flower Parts

Sepals-modified leaves

-male flower part-Stamen

Filament

Pg. 612

Anther

Carpel-femaleflower part

Petal

ovule

ovary

stigmastyle

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Stamen - malestructure

1. Anther - pollen-containing sac2. Filament - stalk of stamen

Pistil/Carpel - femalestructure

1. Style - stalk of pistil

2. Stigma - sticky tip of style3. Ovary - swollen lower portion-ovules- inside ovary

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Fruit-Mature ovary with thickened wallsthat contains one or more seeds

adaptation for seed dispersal-when animals eat fruit and then

defecate, seeds are passed

THIS IS THE REASON FRUITS EXIST

The fruit DOES NOT feed the seed

many vegetables are actually fruits

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Cotyledon-seed leaves of embryo store food

Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Single

cotyledon

Parallelveins

Floral parts

often inmultiples of 3

Vascular

bundlesscattered

throughout stem

Fibrous roots

Two

cotyledons

Branchedveins

Floral parts often

in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascular

bundlesarranged in

a ring

Taproot

Section 22-5

Figure 22

25 Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots

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