Planting Colonies in North Planting Colonies in North AmericaAmericaOut of ManyChapter 3

Key TopicsKey TopicsA comparison of the European

colonies established in North America in the seventeenth century

The English & Algonquian colonial encounter in the Chesapeake

The role of religious dissent in the planting of the New England colonies

The restoration of the Stuart monarchy and the creation of new proprietary colonies

Indian warfare and internal conflict at the end of the seventeenth century

SPAIN AND ITS SPAIN AND ITS COMPETITORS IN COMPETITORS IN NORTH AMERICANORTH AMERICA

How did conditions in New Spain and New France differ from Virginia and New England?

Spain & Its Competitors in North Spain & Its Competitors in North AmericaAmericaAt the beginning of the 17th century,

Spain controlled the only colonial outposts on the mainland (Florida)

Spain & France:◦did not transport large numbers of people to

colonize but rather tried to convert Indians into subjects

◦“frontiers of inclusion”England

◦Settlers & Indians lived in separate communities

◦“frontiers of exclusion”Dutch

◦Began in the same fashion as the Spanish, but later adopted the English model

New MexicoNew MexicoRumors of gold found along the Rio

Grande◦ Juan de Onate went on exploration for gold◦Was never any gold◦Without mines to exploit, Spain was losing

interestMissionaries convinced Spain to make

New Mexico a missionarycolony◦1609, Santa Fe named

capitalEconomy based on

small-scaleagricultural & sheepraising

New FranceNew FranceControl of Fur Trade:

Samuel de Champlain◦ 1st post at Port Royal

1608, founded thesettlement of Quebec

Unlike Spanish who established towns, French were dispersed to exploit the fur trade

Attempted to form alliances with Indian nations rather than force them into labor

frequently married Indian womenThough it was a geographically & politically

strong settlement, in the winter, the river froze & they had a very short growing season

Found themselves in the midst of the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois

New NetherlandNew NetherlandHolland was ruled by the Spanish until

1581◦Amsterdam home of 1st stock market◦Largest commercial fishing fleets

Dutch East India Company & Dutch West India Company◦Built a series of trading posts around the

world◦Combined military power & economic strength◦became the greatest commercial power in the

worldFirst appeared in America in 1609, Henry

HudsonAllied with the Iroquois Confederacy

ENGLAND IN THE ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKECHESAPEAKE

How did tobacco change the nature of English colonization in Virginia?

England in the England in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Newfoundland & Roanoke Island were England’s first attempts at planting colonies, and both were failures

1607, Jamestown◦ King James I◦ Virginia Company (royal charter)◦ 1st permanent English settlement

Believed that Indians were savageswith no rights that Christians had torespect◦ “…have no particular propertie in any

parcell of that country, but only a generalresidence there, as wild beasts have in theforest.”

“King Powhatan”◦ Though he knew it could be trouble, wanted to form an

alliance with the Europeans◦ Wanted access to metals & weapons

John Smith, military leader

PocahontasPocahontasPowhatan had helped the

colonists with their food supply◦As more and more colonist came, he realized

that they weren’t there to trade, but to take his country

◦Stopped supplying foodMany colonists starved that winter & some

resorted to cannibalismSmall war broke out between the Indians

& colonists◦Captured Chief Powhatan’s daughter, Matoaka

(aka Pocahontas)◦Finally a peace treaty signed◦Pocahontas married John Rolfe, travelled to

England, but fell ill & died before she returned to America

Tobacco, Expansion, & Tobacco, Expansion, & WarfareWarfare

Tobacco◦ First introduced by Francis Drake◦ John Rolfe created a hybrid variety for first commercial

shipments back to England◦ Provided the first returns on the Virginia Company’s

investments “Frontier of Exclusion”

◦ Did not need Indians to marry or as workers◦ Sent over both male & females to live in the colonies

Chief Opechancanough◦ Prepared people for an assault on colonists◦ Nearly 1/3 of Virginia’s population killed◦ Attrition lasted nearly 10 years

Royal Colony◦ The Virginia Company went bankrupt due to the war with the

Indians◦ House of Burgesses – legislature of colonial Virginia – in

charge of taxes & finances◦ 1640, approx. 10,000 in population / 1670, approx 40,000 in

population

MarylandMaryland1632, King Charles I

granted 10 millionacres of land to theCalvert family◦ The Lords Baltimore◦ Important Catholic

supporters of monarchyBecame the only English colony with a

substantial Catholic populationProprietary colony

◦ single owners dividing up the land into feudal manors

◦ A colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual or group of individuals, who became “lords proprietor”

Adopted the tobacco plantation economy

Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants Individuals who contracted to

serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of the servant’s passage to America

Totaled ¾ of the English migrants to the Chesapeake

Most were young, unskilled males; some were skilled craftsmen, unmarried women, or parentless children, convicts, or vagabonds

African slaves were more expensive than servants

2 out of every 5 servants died before their contracted service was up

If survived, they received “freedom dues”

Most tried to raise enough money to travel back home to England

Chesapeake CommunityChesapeake CommunityThough the colonies had spread,

they had developed few community institutions

Few woman & high mortality rates led to smaller families

Maintained close ties with England

THE NEW ENGLAND THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIESCOLONIES

What were the social and political values of Puritanism and how did religious dissent shape the history of the New England colonies?

The New England ColoniesThe New England ColoniesNorthern colonies were not hospitable to

tobacco or other cash cropsBecame haves for Protestant dissenters

from EnglandPuritanism

◦ Followers of Calvin (predestination)◦ Wanted to purify & reform the English church◦ Constantly in conflict with royal authorities

Disruption in Trade◦ John Smith explored the northern coast line &

dubbed it “New England”◦ Although inhabited by French/Dutch, epidemics

spread & killed most of the Indian communities with which they traded

Pilgrims & SeparatistsPilgrims & SeparatistsFounded the first English colony in New

England at Massachusetts Bay, renamed Plymouth

They believed the English church to be so corrupt that they had to establish their own independent congregations

Mayflower Compact – firstdocument of self-governmentin North America

Plymouth colony never afinancial success

Had an initial winter ofstarvation, but with the help ofthe Indians, established acommunity of self-sufficientfarms

Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony Massachusetts

Bay Company – wealthy Puritans

Renamed their settlement Salem

Great Migration – some 20,000 people relocated to Boston, Massachusetts

Believed that social hierarchy was ordained by God & necessary for well-ordered communities

Established public schools & grammar schools

Indians & PuritansIndians & PuritansUnlike the French & Dutch, the

English were interested in acquiring land for agriculture

Thus, conflicts between them & the Indians grew

Took advantage of Indians who were already weakened by disease

Used various pressure tactics to acquire land, including war

Puritan CommunityPuritan CommunityValued closely knit families &

communitiesStressed male-dominated, well-

ordered communitiesGoverned locally by a governor &

elected representativesBoys were well-educatedExpected religious uniformity

DissentersDissentersRoger Williams Anne Hutchison

Came to New England in 1631 Tasked to take up duties for the

congregation in Salem Believed in religious tolerance Believed in separation of

church & state Stated colonists had no right to

Indian land, but must bargain for it in good faith

1636, banished from the colony Left with followers & founded

the town of Providence (RI)

Wife of a Puritan merchant

Brilliant & outspoken Held religious discussion

groups in her home Criticized Boston

ministers for a lack of piety

Said earning your way to heaven was “popish”

Was excommunicated and banished

Moved to Roger Williams settlement

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch TrialsMassachusetts Bay colony had a cultural

mistrust for women342 New England

women were accusedof witchcraft◦ Unmarried, childless,

widowed, assertive, orindependent

◦ Most were dismissed byauthorities

1692, small group of girls claimed to be bewitched by older women in the community◦ The accusers & the accused were from different

sides of town, and typically of differing religious viewpoints

◦ In the end, 20 people were tried, condemned & executed

PART 1 STOPPART 1 STOP

THE PROPRIETARY THE PROPRIETARY COLONIESCOLONIES

What role did the crown play in the founding of English colonies after 1660?

The Proprietary ColoniesThe Proprietary ColoniesEarly Carolina

◦ Most settlers were from Barbados◦ Home to small farmers & tobacco planters

Netherlands to New York◦ After 3 small naval wars between Britain

and the Dutch, the English gained controlof the Dutch colony & renamed itNew York

◦ Communities of the Delaware Valleysplit off into the proprietary colony ofNew Jersey

Pennsylvania◦ William Penn – wanted a haven for the Society of

Friends (Quakers) who supported religious toleration and pacifism

◦ King Charles settled a debt to Penn’s father by granting him this land

◦ “holy experiment” – granted religious freedom, civil liberties, & elected representation

CONFLICT AND WARCONFLICT AND WAR

What led to violent conflict between Indians and colonists?

Conflict & WarConflict & WarPequot War

◦ 1637, conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut

◦ 40 years of peace followed this warKing Philip’s War

◦ Spring 1675◦ Metacom was the leader of the Pokanokets (aka King

Philip)◦ Plymouth had gained sovereignty over Metacom’s

territory◦ Knew it was time to break their alliance and start a

confrontation◦ New England used territorial gain/expansion as an

excuse to invade and attacked/burned a number of villages

◦ 4,000 Algonquians & 2,000 colonists died◦ Had one of the highest casualty rates of any war in

American history

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion Sir William Berkeley was the royal governor of Virginia Adopted policies favoring large planters and used dictatorial

powers to govern on their behalf Antagonized backwoods farmers on VAs western frontier

because he failed to protect their settlements from Indian attacks

Nathaniel Bacon seized upon the grievances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley’s gov’t

Resented the economic & political control of a few large planters

Raised an army of volunteers & conducted a series of raids against Indian villages on the Virginia frontier

Berkeley’s gov’t in Jamestown accused Bacon of rebelling against royal authority

Bacon defeated governor’s forces & burned Jamestown Soon afterward, Bacon died of dysentery & the rebel army

collapsed Berkeley brutally suppressed the remnants of the insurrection

Lasting ProblemsLasting ProblemsThough short-lived,

Bacon’s Rebellion (aka the Chesapeake Revolution) highlighted 2 long-lasting disputes in colonial VA:◦Sharp class differences

between wealthy planters & landless or poor farmers

◦Colonial resistance to royal control

More ConflictMore ConflictJames II attempted to re-exert the

monarchy’s control over the coloniesTraditions of local autonomy were

suppressedResentment & fears of a Catholic

monarchy led tot eh Glorious Revolution

Led to the creation of a constitutional monarchy

After revolts in Boston, NY, and elsewhere self-gov’t was restored throughout most of America

King William’s WarKing William’s War1689, the war beganMarked the beginnings of 75

years of Anglo-French conflict1701, gov’ts of most colonies

reorganized to bring them under more direct royal control

ConclusionConclusionThe 17th century saw vast changes

as hundreds of thousands of Europeans moved to North America.

Different European nations carved out distinctive types of colonies.

Questions to Think Questions to Think About…About…

1. In what ways was he Spanish experience with the Pueblos like the experience of other European colonizers? In what ways was it different?

2. In what ways did the French and Spanish need the Indians? How were the French and Spanish experiences with Indians like or not like the English experience in this regard?

3. What were the goals of the founders of Virginia? How were these goals like or unlike the goals of the founders of Massachusetts Bay?

4. How did community and family life in the Chesapeake compare with that of Massachusetts?

5. What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of warfare with Indians?

6. What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of rebellion against established authority?