Plantas xeral-primaria-131215145439-phpapp02
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Transcript of Plantas xeral-primaria-131215145439-phpapp02
![Page 1: Plantas xeral-primaria-131215145439-phpapp02](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052508/559b6dc41a28abf76a8b4583/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AS PLANTAS
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As plantas son seres vivos: -formados por numerosas células-Fotosintéticas e autótrofas (nútrense a partir da materia inorgánica) -sen capacidade de desprazamento-reprodución sexual ou asexual (con embrión)
A ciencia que estuda as plantas é a BOTÁNICA.
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Planta con flores máis pequena: lentella de auga: 0,6 mm.
Planta máis grande: secuoia vermella Stratosphere Giant, con 112,34 m. California.
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SEXUAL ASEXUALA partir de elementos: estacas, raíces, follas...
REPRODUCIÓN
esporassementes
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FOLLAEstrutura laminar de formas e tamaños moi variados, encargada da respiración e da fotosíntese (nutrición) da planta.
TALOParte aérea da planta, endurecida, que serve de soporte a todas as demais.
RAÍZ: Suxeita a planta e absorbe auga e sales minerais.
FLOR:Órgano produtor e portador das células reprodutoras
FROITO:Elemento que protexe o embrión mentres non está formado.Contén as SEMENTES.
PLANTA CON FLORES
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TIPOS DE PLANTASSEGUNDO O TEMPO QUE VIVEN
ANUAIS completan o ciclo
no período dun ano ou menos.
BIANUAIScompletan o ciclo
en dous anos.
PLURIANUAIS tardan varios anos en completar o seu
ciclo vital.
PERENNESreproducen o seu ciclo
vital periodicamente (xeralmente cada ano)
sen morrer.
Vivaces:perden todas as partes
aéreas cada ano e conservan as subterráneas.
Permanentesconservan todas ou
parte das súas estruturas
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TIPOS DE PLANTASSEGUNDO O ASPECTO
herbamacizo
mata
árbores
arbustos
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A RAÍZParte da planta, case sempre subterránea.FUNCIÓN: suxeita a planta e absorbe substancias.
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CLASES DE RAÍCES SEGUNDO A ESTRUTURA
FASCICULADAVarias raíces iguais.
TÍPICAUnha raíz principal da que saen outras máis pequenas.
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raíz típica
Raíz napiforme: típica coa parte central moi grosa para almacenar substancias.
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raíz fasciculada
Raíz tuberosa: fasciculada coas raíces engrosadas para almacenar substancias.
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AÉREAS: fora da terra. Distintas funcións-Suxección-Absorción de aire-Absorción de humidade-Absorción de nutrintes (plantas parásitas)
CLASES DE RAÍCES SEGUNDO A SITUACIÓN
SUBTERRÁNEASDebaixo da terra, medran en sentido contrario ao talo.
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ALGUNHAS RAÍCES ÚTILES
xinseng nabo
rábano
remolachacenoira
batata (boniato)iuca (mandioca)
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O TALOParte da planta, case sempre aérea, que serve de soporte aos outros elementos.
Xeralmente ten forma cilíndrica e divídese en ponlas.
xema
Talo secundarioentrenó
nó
nó
FUNCIÓNS:-Suxeita ao resto dos elementos da planta.-Conduce substancias das raices cara ás follas e das follas ao resto dos elementos, a través dos vasos.
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Corte transversal dun talo de papiro
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TIPOS DE TALOS SEGUNDO A ESTRUTURA E CONSISTENCIA
HERBÁCEOSflexibles, brandos, xeralmente ocos.
CARNOSOScon gran cantidade
de auga.
LEÑOSOSmacizos e duros, de madeira, con
aneis de crecemento e remificados.
FEBROSOS (ESTÍPE)
de febras, sen aneis de crecemento,
non medran en grosor.
Herbáceo macizo
Cana: herbáceo, oco, dividido por nós.
Cálamo: oco, sen dividir,
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Talos herbáceos
canacálamo
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A herba máis grande: bambú, pode acadar 15 m de altura.
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Talos carnosos
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Talo carnoso máis grande: saguaro (México) ata 20 m de altura e 200 anos.
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TORO: talo leñoso
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carballo
eucalipto
Chopo brancobidueiro
cerdeiraSobreira
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O Baobad de África pode almacenar no seu toro 136.000 litros de auga.
Toro máis alto: secuoia vermella máis de 112 m. California.
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Toro máis groso: alcipreste de Oaxaca (México)
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ESTIPE:Talo febroso
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TIPOS DE TALOS SEGUNDO A SÚA SITUACIÓN
AÉREOSEstán fora da terra
SUBTERRÁNEOSEstán debaixo da terra.
Dereitos
ou erguidos
Deitados
ou rastreiros
Trepadores suxéitanse enroscándose,
por medio de espiñas, gabiáns...
Tubérculo con substancias
de reserva.
Bulbo moi reducido, discoidal, con follas engrosadas.
Rizoma leñoso e horizontal,
produce talos aéreos.
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Talos dereitosTalo deitado
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Talos trepadores
raíces
espiñas
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Talo trepador (voluble)
Talo trepador: gabiáns
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Talo subterráneo-tubérculo
Talo subterráneo-bulbo
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Talo subterráneo: rizoma
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POSICIÓN DAS PONLAS
HORIZONTAISFormando ángulo recto.
COLGANTES ou CAÍDASFormando ángulo obtuso.
ERGUIDASFormando ángulo agudo.
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Ponlas horizontaisPonlas erguidas
Ponlas colgantes
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DISTRIBUCIÓN DAS PONLAS
IRREGULARALTERNA
A distinta alturaVERTICILADA
Arredor dun punto.
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Ponlas irregulares
Ponlas verticiladas
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Alimento Espárrago, pataca, xenxibre, iame, augaturma, chufa...
Condimento Canela
Madeira A maioría das árbores: construción, decoración, obxectos utilitarios, esculturas, soporte...
Papel Eucalipto, bananeira, piñeiro, papiro...
Perfumes Incenso, cedro, sándalo...
Cestos, atado, cubertas
Bimbias, rafia, cánamo, cereais...
Febras Cánamo, lianas...
Combustible Toros, ponlas, herbas secas...
Medicina Xenxibre
Varios Chicle, caucho, resinas, cortiza...
ALGÚNS TALOS ÚTILESespárragos
patacas
canela
cortizamadeira
cortiza
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LIMBO
PECIOLOxema
cara
envés
nervos
FUNCIÓNS:
•Respiración
•Fotosíntese (nutrición)
•Transpiración
A FOLLA
É unha estrutura, xeralmente laminar de formas e tamaños moi variados, en xeral de cor verde.
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CARA ENVÉS
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CLASES DE FOLLASSEGUNDO A ESTRUTURA
SIMPLESLimbo nunha soa peza
COMPOSTAS limbo formado por varias pezas
(foliolos)
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agulla
FORMAS DO LIMBOFOLLAS SIMPLES
filiforme
linear
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lanceolada falciforme
redondaelíptica
oval
romboide
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fendidairregular
palmeadas
abano
escama
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A folla da Victoria Amazónica pode acadar 3 m de diámetro
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FOLLAS COMPOSTAS
PINNADAS
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pinnadas
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COMPOSTAS PALMEADAS
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A folla máis grande: Ra phia fa rinife ra (Madagascar): 20 m.
Composta-doble
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CLASES DE FOLLASSEGUNDO A SÚA DURACIÓN
PERSISTENTES CAEDIZAS
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BEIRAS
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Beira enteira
Beira serradaBeira dentada
Beira lobulada
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TIPOS DE NERVIACIÓN
pinnada
palmeada
paralela
radial
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ASENTAMENTO NO TALO
peltadacon peciolo sen peciolo
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abrazadora
envainadora
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DISTRIBUCIÓN NO TALO
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FOLLAS ESPECIAIS
gabiánsÓrganosde flotación
Gabiáns
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Follas con pelos urticantes
Follas transformadas en espiñas
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brácteas
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Follas carnosas: almacén de auga
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trampa
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Alimento leitugas, repolos, acelgas, berros, grelos, espinacas, pirixel, te, ...
Condimento loureiro, menta, romeu, ourego, tomelo, pirixel...
Perfumes menta, eucalipto, piñeiro...
Medicina menta, eucalipto, romeu...
Febras palmeiras
Combustible todas en xeral
Varios construción, cubertas, cestería, decoración...
ALGÚNS USOS DAS FOLLAS
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A FLOR é a parte da planta que contén as células reprodutoras.
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pistiloestames
pétalos
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TIPOS DE FLORES SEGUNDO A FORMA
REGULARES IRREGULARES
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TIPOS DE FLORES SEGUNDO O CÁLICE
Tépaloidea:
sépalos de cores
Dialisépala:
sépalos soltos
Gamosépala:
sépalos soldados
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TIPOS DE FLORES SEGUNDO A COROLA
Dialipétala: pétalos libres
Espida: sen corola nen cálice
Sen corolaGamopétala: pétalos soldados
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FORMAS DAS COROLAS
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TIPOS DE FLORES SEGUNDO O SEXO
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A flor máis grande: Rafflesia arnoldii: 105 cm de diámetro e 7 kg (Borneo)
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INFLORESCENCIAS AGRUPACIÓNS DE FLORES
espigas acio cabeza umbela cimas
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Espigas
Capítulo ou cabezaAcios
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Corimbo
Umbela
Umbela múltiple
Cima
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Inflorescencia máis grande: Aro xigante (Amorphophallus titanum) 2,5 m de alto. Sumatra-Indonesia
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XEITOS DE POLINIZACIÓN DAS FLORES
VENTO INSECTOS, AVES, MORCEGOS…
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ALIMENTO alcachofas, coliflor, brécol, alcaparras...
CONDIMENTO azafrán, clavo...
MEDICIÑA macela, tila, sabugueiro...
DECORACIÓN rosa, clavel, xeranio, margarida, crisantemo, dalia, ambroíño, azalea, gardenia...
PERFUMES, ESENCIAS
rosa, xazmín, azahar, lavanda...
AGASALLO rosas, orquídeas, caraveis...
ALGÚNS USOS DAS FLORES
azafrán
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FROITOSECO
FROITOCARNOSO
O FROITOParte da planta formada por varias capas que envolven ás sementes: epicarpo (pel, casca..), mesocarpo e semente.
Protexe as sementes e axuda á súa dispersión.
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Os froitos verdadeiros desenvólvense a partir do ovario da flor fecundada.
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TIPOS DE FROITOS
CARNOSOSunha envoltura carnosa
que almacena zugos
SECOS envoltura seca e dura
INDEHISCENTESnon se abren para
soltar as sementes
DEHISCENTESábrense para
soltar as sementes
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FROITOS CARNOSOS
Drupas
Baias ou bagas
uvaskiwi
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Hesperidio
Pepónides
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Aquenio
FROITOS SECOS INDEHISCENTES
Sámara
Cariópside
Lomento Glande
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FROITOS SECOS DEHISCENTES
Legume
SilicuaFolículo cápsula ou caixa
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FROITOS MÚLTIPLESdesenvólvense a partir de flores con varios carpelos nas que cada ovario forma o seu froito independentemente.
polifolículo polidrupa cinorrodon eterio poliaquenios
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AGRUPACIÓNS (INFRUTESCENCIAS)fórmanse a partir de flores agrupadas en
inflorescencias
sicono cúpula capítulo acios pseudoestróbilo espiga poliacantocarpo
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O froito máis grande é o da árbore Arto c a rpus he te ro phyllus que pode pesar ata 50 quilos.
Algunhas cabazas tamén poden acadar este peso e máis de1 m de diámetro.
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ALIMENTO trigo, arroz, millo, tomate, mazán, pera, melocotón, pemento, laranxa, limón, cabaza, plátano, pepino, berenxena, oliva, uva...
CONDIMENTO pemento, pimenta, limón, oliva, comino...
MEDICIÑA limón, anís, anís estrelado...
PERFUMES, ESENCIAS
limón, mazán, fresa, plátano...
FEBRAS algodón, miraguano, coco
ALGÚNS USOS DOS FROITOS
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A SEMENTEÉ a estrutura a partir da que se propagan as plantas fanerógamas ou espermafitas.
Prodúcese a partir da fecundación e maduración dun óvulo.
Contén ao embrión xunto con substancias de reserva, protexidos por unha cuberta.
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Sementes xerminando
piñeiro claudieira
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ALGÚNS USOS DAS SEMENTES
ALIMENTO noz, castaña, améndoa, piñón, mirasol, cabazas, garbanzoa, lentellas, xudías, fabas, coco, soia...
CONDIMENTO noz moscada, comino...
MEDICIÑA liñaza, ricino, soia...
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Semente máis grande: cocoteiro de mar: ata 27 kg
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XEITOS DE DISPERSIÓN DOS FROITOS E AS SEMENTES
AUGA VENTOOUTRAS:
Lume, gravedade,
autodispersión …
ANIMAISDixestión, enganche,
enterramento…
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Montaxe: Adela LeiroFotos: Adela Leiro, Mon Daporta, InternetDebuxos: Mon Daporta