Plant Structure and TransportPlant Structure and Transport

Basic StructureBasic Structure

Plants have different organs and tissues

a. Tissue- a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function

b. Organ- consists of several types of tissues and serves a specific purpose in the plants

Plants grow (at different speeds) throughout their lives

Plants have different organs and tissues

a. Tissue- a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function

b. Organ- consists of several types of tissues and serves a specific purpose in the plants

Plants grow (at different speeds) throughout their lives

Basic Plant OrgansBasic Plant Organs Roots, stems, and leaves are the basic plant organs Together they form a root system (below ground) and a shoot system

(above ground)

Roots, stems, and leaves are the basic plant organs Together they form a root system (below ground) and a shoot system

(above ground)

Root system

Shoot system

RootsRoots

The roots are part of the root system The roots are an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil and

absorbs minerals and water and often stores carbs Gymnosperm and angiosperm have a taproot system that consists of

one main vertical root – the taproot The taproot gives rise to the lateral roots Monocots, however, do not have taproots Most absorption occurs at the tip of the roots (the root cap)

This root cap also serves as a protective barrier between the soil and the innards of the roots

Root hairs increase the surface area/volume ratio of the roots

The roots are part of the root system The roots are an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil and

absorbs minerals and water and often stores carbs Gymnosperm and angiosperm have a taproot system that consists of

one main vertical root – the taproot The taproot gives rise to the lateral roots Monocots, however, do not have taproots Most absorption occurs at the tip of the roots (the root cap)

This root cap also serves as a protective barrier between the soil and the innards of the roots

Root hairs increase the surface area/volume ratio of the roots

StemsStems Part of the shoot system They are an organ that raises or separates leaves , exposing them to light

To do this they rely on their alternating systems of nodes- the points at which leaves are attached- and internodes- the stem segments between the nodes

Growth The growth of stems forms an angle between the leaf and stem which is called the axillary

bud- they form branches

Growth itself occurs at the tip, better known as the apical bud Removal of the apical bud allows the axillary bud to grow

Part of the shoot system They are an organ that raises or separates leaves , exposing them to light

To do this they rely on their alternating systems of nodes- the points at which leaves are attached- and internodes- the stem segments between the nodes

Growth The growth of stems forms an angle between the leaf and stem which is called the axillary

bud- they form branches

Growth itself occurs at the tip, better known as the apical bud Removal of the apical bud allows the axillary bud to grow

node

internode

LeavesLeaves

Part of the shoot system They are the main photosynthetic organ in the plant Consist of:

Blade (actual leaf) and a stalk (joins the leaf to the stem)

Differences between monocots and eudicots Monocots have a parallel major vein (the vascular tissue of leaves) that runs the length

of the leaf Eudicots have a branched network of veins

Different leaves Simple leaves – a single undivided blade that is deeply lobed on the side Compound leaves – the blade has multiple leaflets which have no axillary

bud Doubly compound leaves – each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets

Part of the shoot system They are the main photosynthetic organ in the plant Consist of:

Blade (actual leaf) and a stalk (joins the leaf to the stem)

Differences between monocots and eudicots Monocots have a parallel major vein (the vascular tissue of leaves) that runs the length

of the leaf Eudicots have a branched network of veins

Different leaves Simple leaves – a single undivided blade that is deeply lobed on the side Compound leaves – the blade has multiple leaflets which have no axillary

bud Doubly compound leaves – each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets

Kinds of LeavesKinds of Leaves

Simple leaf Compound leaf Doubly Compound leaf

TissuesTissues

Three types of tissue systems Dermal tissue system Vascular tissue system Ground tissue system

Three types of tissue systems Dermal tissue system Vascular tissue system Ground tissue system

Dermal Tissue SystemDermal Tissue System

It serves as the plants outer protection against physical damage and pathogens The root “derma-” means skin, so it is the outer

layer of the tissue system

Differences between woody and non-woody plants In woody plants it is called the epidermis In non-woody plants it is called the periderm

It serves as the plants outer protection against physical damage and pathogens The root “derma-” means skin, so it is the outer

layer of the tissue system

Differences between woody and non-woody plants In woody plants it is called the epidermis In non-woody plants it is called the periderm

Vascular Tissue SystemVascular Tissue System

It carries out the long distance transport for the plant between its root and shoot systems 2 types of vascular tissue:

Xylem – conducts water and dissolved minerals UP from roots to shoots

Phloem – transports sugars from where they were made (leaves) to where they are

needed (roots and sites of growth)

It carries out the long distance transport for the plant between its root and shoot systems 2 types of vascular tissue:

Xylem – conducts water and dissolved minerals UP from roots to shoots

Phloem – transports sugars from where they were made (leaves) to where they are

needed (roots and sites of growth)

Ground Tissue SystemGround Tissue System

The tissues in a plant that are neither dermal nor vascular

Two types of ground tissue: Pith – ground tissue that is internal to the

vascular tissue Cortex – ground tissue that is external to the

vascular tissue

The tissues in a plant that are neither dermal nor vascular

Two types of ground tissue: Pith – ground tissue that is internal to the

vascular tissue Cortex – ground tissue that is external to the

vascular tissue

Primary Growth of Roots Primary Growth of Roots Cause by the apical meristems The three zones: Zone of differentiation

The place where cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cells

Zone of elongation Growth of the root occurs here

Zone of cell division New cells are produced here

Cause by the apical meristems The three zones: Zone of differentiation

The place where cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cells

Zone of elongation Growth of the root occurs here

Zone of cell division New cells are produced here

Primary Growth of ShootsPrimary Growth of Shoots

Caused by the apical meristem Leaves develop from the leaf primordial Branching happens from the activation of axillary

buds

Tissue organization of leaves Stomata form in the epidermis – they allow the

exchange of CO2 and O2 Stomata are surrounded by guard cells that regulate the

opening and closing of the stomata

Each vein is enclosed by bundle-sheath cells which protect them

Caused by the apical meristem Leaves develop from the leaf primordial Branching happens from the activation of axillary

buds

Tissue organization of leaves Stomata form in the epidermis – they allow the

exchange of CO2 and O2 Stomata are surrounded by guard cells that regulate the

opening and closing of the stomata

Each vein is enclosed by bundle-sheath cells which protect them

Stomata VideoStomata Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ

Once the video is finished, do not close the browser, just reopen the powerpoint

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ

Once the video is finished, do not close the browser, just reopen the powerpoint

Secondary Growth of Roots and Shoots

Secondary Growth of Roots and Shoots

There is an increase in the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants All of the layers of the trunk of trees, for

example, are formed

There is an increase in the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants All of the layers of the trunk of trees, for

example, are formed

Shoot Architecture and Light Capture Factors

Shoot Architecture and Light Capture Factors

The arrangement of leaves on a stem is known as the phyllotaxy Without it the leaves would not be able to catch

light Leaf orientation

Horizontal leaves are for low light places Vertical leaves are for intense light places

The arrangement of leaves on a stem is known as the phyllotaxy Without it the leaves would not be able to catch

light Leaf orientation

Horizontal leaves are for low light places Vertical leaves are for intense light places

Main Compartments of TissuesMain Compartments of Tissues There are two main compartments

The apoplast consists of everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells

The symplast consists of the entire mass of cytosol of all living cells in a plant, along with the plasmodesmata

There are two main compartments The apoplast consists of everything external to

the plasma membranes of living cells The symplast consists of the entire mass of

cytosol of all living cells in a plant, along with the plasmodesmata

Short Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane

Short Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane

The absorption or loss of water by a cell occurs by osmosis – the diffusion of free water across a membrane The property that detects the high to low potential

direction that water flows is called water potential

The absorption or loss of water by a cell occurs by osmosis – the diffusion of free water across a membrane The property that detects the high to low potential

direction that water flows is called water potential

High potential Low

potentialLow potential

High potential

Long Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane

Long Distance Transport of Water across a Membrane

It occurs through a process called bulk flow which is the movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient It always occurs from higher to lower pressures It is independent of solute concentration

It occurs through a process called bulk flow which is the movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient It always occurs from higher to lower pressures It is independent of solute concentration

Water Potential Water Potential

Water Potential is abbreviated as the symbol Ψ pronounced “sigh” The water potential equation is Ψ = ΨS + ΨP

The ΨS stands for solute potential This number is always negative because an increase in

solute has a negative effect on water potential

The ΨP stands for pressure potential This number is negative and positive relative to the

atmospheric pressure

Water Potential is abbreviated as the symbol Ψ pronounced “sigh” The water potential equation is Ψ = ΨS + ΨP

The ΨS stands for solute potential This number is always negative because an increase in

solute has a negative effect on water potential

The ΨP stands for pressure potential This number is negative and positive relative to the

atmospheric pressure

Works CitedWorks Cited http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig1.gif picture of plant with organs labeled http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2009/issue10/index.html picture of plant on 3rd slide http://teenstudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/plant-growth-and-development/ Plant growth picture on 2nd slide http://utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/plastic-surgery-plants.html picture of roots in root slide http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F836&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 picture of branch in stem slide http://mayang.com/textures/Plants/html/Leaves/index.html simple leaf picture http://scioly.org/wiki/Forestry/Leaf_Types compound leaf picture http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=699&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=zgceJGtgPgmESM

:&imgrefurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%2520history/honey%2520locust.asp&docid=awcnUSw_ZW8EBM&imgurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%252520history/images/honeylocust5.jpg&w=260&h=266&ei=VzeeT9eoCKayiQLrq6hu&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=599&vpy=150&dur=9093&hovh=212&hovw=208&tx=140&ty=114&sig=107450691717456364362&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=150&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:74 picture of doubly compound leaf

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/plant%20structure/plant%20structure.htm tissue diagram

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ stomata video http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Root-Zones.topicArticleId-23791,articleId-23669.html primary growth of roots

picture http://askville.amazon.com/Trees-grow-ring-wood-year-inside-outermost/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=2406761 tree

diagram http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplast diagram of apoplast and symplast pathways Biology textbook p 738- 741 slides 1-7 Biology textbook p 742- 743 slides 8-11 Biology textbook p 746- 750 slides 12-16 Biology textbook p 768- 770 slides 17-20

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig1.gif picture of plant with organs labeled http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2009/issue10/index.html picture of plant on 3rd slide http://teenstudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/plant-growth-and-development/ Plant growth picture on 2nd slide http://utsa.edu/sombrilla/fall2009/story/plastic-surgery-plants.html picture of roots in root slide http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F836&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 picture of branch in stem slide http://mayang.com/textures/Plants/html/Leaves/index.html simple leaf picture http://scioly.org/wiki/Forestry/Leaf_Types compound leaf picture http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=699&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=zgceJGtgPgmESM

:&imgrefurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%2520history/honey%2520locust.asp&docid=awcnUSw_ZW8EBM&imgurl=https://163.120.6.2/univ/naturepark/natural%252520history/images/honeylocust5.jpg&w=260&h=266&ei=VzeeT9eoCKayiQLrq6hu&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=599&vpy=150&dur=9093&hovh=212&hovw=208&tx=140&ty=114&sig=107450691717456364362&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=150&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:74 picture of doubly compound leaf

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/plant%20structure/plant%20structure.htm tissue diagram

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfPKjlfWPmQ stomata video http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Root-Zones.topicArticleId-23791,articleId-23669.html primary growth of roots

picture http://askville.amazon.com/Trees-grow-ring-wood-year-inside-outermost/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=2406761 tree

diagram http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplast diagram of apoplast and symplast pathways Biology textbook p 738- 741 slides 1-7 Biology textbook p 742- 743 slides 8-11 Biology textbook p 746- 750 slides 12-16 Biology textbook p 768- 770 slides 17-20