Plant Structure and Taxonomy Travis DeLozier. Major Parts of Plants.
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Transcript of Plant Structure and Taxonomy Travis DeLozier. Major Parts of Plants.
Plant Structure and Plant Structure and TaxonomyTaxonomy
Travis DeLozierTravis DeLozier
Major Parts of PlantsMajor Parts of Plants
Plant VarietiesPlant Varieties
Function of Root SystemFunction of Root System
Intake of water and nutrientsIntake of water and nutrients SupportSupport Often the largest part of the plant (Some Often the largest part of the plant (Some
roots go down 6,8, or even 10 feet deep)roots go down 6,8, or even 10 feet deep)
Types of Root SystemsTypes of Root Systems
TaprootTaproot- The main - The main root of a plant, it is root of a plant, it is heavy and thick and heavy and thick and doesn’t have many side doesn’t have many side or lateral branches (Ex. or lateral branches (Ex. Carrots, Sugar Beets)Carrots, Sugar Beets)
FibrousFibrous- Thin, hairlike, - Thin, hairlike, and numerous. Hold and numerous. Hold soil much better than soil much better than taproots systems. (Ex. taproots systems. (Ex. Grasses, Corn)Grasses, Corn)
Types of Root SystemsTypes of Root Systems
Adventitious Roots-Adventitious Roots- Roots that are Roots that are above ground functioning as support above ground functioning as support and stabilization for the plantand stabilization for the plant
Root StructureRoot Structure
Root TissuesRoot Tissues
Root Cap-Root Cap- Protects the Protects the tender growing tip as the tender growing tip as the root penetrates the soilroot penetrates the soil
Area of Cell Division-Area of Cell Division- Very thin region. New cells Very thin region. New cells multiply in two directions. multiply in two directions. A. Frontwards- A. Frontwards- small and tougher cells small and tougher cells that replace the cells of that replace the cells of the root cap B. the root cap B. Backwards- Tender cells Backwards- Tender cells are produced and help the are produced and help the root tip grow longer root tip grow longer
Root TissuesRoot Tissues
Apical Meristem-Apical Meristem- Responsible for the Responsible for the elongation of the rootelongation of the root
Area of Cell Elongation-Area of Cell Elongation- Cells become longer and Cells become longer and specialized. specialized.
XylemXylem- Responsible for - Responsible for carrying water and nutrients carrying water and nutrients from the soil to the upper from the soil to the upper portion of the plantportion of the plant
PhloemPhloem- Carries - Carries manufactured food down manufactured food down form the leaves to other form the leaves to other plant parts plant parts
Root TissuesRoot Tissues
Area of Cell Area of Cell Maturation-Maturation- where where cells mature and cells mature and root hairs emergeroot hairs emerge
Root Hairs-Root Hairs- small small microscopic roots microscopic roots that play a major that play a major role in water and role in water and nutrient absorbtion.nutrient absorbtion.
Stems- Stems- supportsupport the leaves, flower, and fruitthe leaves, flower, and fruit
Types of StemsTypes of Stems
WoodyWoody- Tough and - Tough and winter hardy. Often winter hardy. Often have bark around have bark around them.them.
HerbaceousHerbaceous- - Succulent, often Succulent, often green, and will not green, and will not survive winter in survive winter in colder climatescolder climates
Modified StemsModified Stems
BulbsBulbs- Shortened stems surrounded by scales ex. Onion- Shortened stems surrounded by scales ex. Onion CormsCorms- Thickened, compact, fleshy stems ex. Gladiola- Thickened, compact, fleshy stems ex. Gladiola RhizomesRhizomes- Thick stems that run below the ground ex. - Thick stems that run below the ground ex.
Johnson GrassJohnson Grass TubersTubers- Thickened, underground stems that store carbs - Thickened, underground stems that store carbs
ex. Irish Potato ex. Irish Potato
Parts of StemsParts of Stems
Some of the same internal parts as Some of the same internal parts as rootsroots
Xylem and phloem continue to run the Xylem and phloem continue to run the length of the stem and into all of the length of the stem and into all of the branchesbranches
Dicots- occur together in tissues Dicots- occur together in tissues called vascular bundlescalled vascular bundles
Monocots- occur in separate areasMonocots- occur in separate areas
Parts of StemsParts of Stems
NodeNode- swollen portion of - swollen portion of stem where buds and stem where buds and leaves originateleaves originate
InternodeInternode- area between - area between the nodesthe nodes
LenticlesLenticles- Pores on the - Pores on the stem that allow passage of stem that allow passage of gases in and outgases in and out
Axillary Bud-Axillary Bud- buds along buds along side the axis of the stemside the axis of the stem
Terminal Bud-Terminal Bud- located at located at the tip responsible for the tip responsible for terminal growthterminal growth
LeavesLeaves
Manufactures food for the plant by Manufactures food for the plant by using light energy using light energy
Phototropism- plant leaf is capable of Phototropism- plant leaf is capable of adjusting its angle of exposure to the adjusting its angle of exposure to the sun sun
Leaf TypesLeaf Types SimpleSimple- A single - A single
leaf arising from leaf arising from a stema stem
CompoundCompound- Two - Two or more leaflets or more leaflets arising from a arising from a common point common point on the stemon the stem
Leaf ArrangementLeaf Arrangement
Leaf ShapesLeaf Shapes
Leaf MarginsLeaf Margins
Leaf PartsLeaf Parts tip-tip- the terminal point of the the terminal point of the
leaf. leaf.
blade-blade-the flattened, green, the flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf. expanded portion of a leaf.
margin-margin- edge of a leaf. edge of a leaf.
midrib-midrib-the most prominent the most prominent central vein in a leaf. central vein in a leaf.
lateral veins-lateral veins-secondary veins in secondary veins in a leaf. a leaf.
petiole-petiole-the leaf stalk (connects the leaf stalk (connects blade to stem). blade to stem).
stipules-stipules-leaf-like appendages (at leaf-like appendages (at the base of petiole of some the base of petiole of some leaves). leaves).
Internal Structure of a LeafInternal Structure of a Leaf
Internal Structure of a LeafInternal Structure of a Leaf
CuticleCuticle-Topmost layer -Topmost layer of leaf. Waxy and serves of leaf. Waxy and serves as a protective coveringas a protective covering
EpidermisEpidermis- protects the - protects the inner leafinner leaf
Palisade Mesophyll-Palisade Mesophyll- a a layer of elongated cells layer of elongated cells located under the upper located under the upper epidermis. These cells epidermis. These cells contain most of the contain most of the leaf's chlorophyll, leaf's chlorophyll, converting sunlight into converting sunlight into usable chemical energy usable chemical energy for the plant. for the plant.
Internal Structure of a LeafInternal Structure of a Leaf
Spongy mesophyllSpongy mesophyll - the - the layer below the palisade layer below the palisade mesophyll; it has mesophyll; it has irregularly-shaped cells with irregularly-shaped cells with many air spaces between many air spaces between the cells. These cells the cells. These cells contain some chlorophyll. contain some chlorophyll.
Vein (vascular bundle)Vein (vascular bundle) - - Veins provide support for Veins provide support for the leaf and transport both the leaf and transport both water and minerals (via water and minerals (via xylem) and food energy (via xylem) and food energy (via phloem) through the leaf phloem) through the leaf and on to the rest of the and on to the rest of the plant. plant.
Internal Structure of a LeafInternal Structure of a Leaf
StomaStoma - (plural - (plural stomata) a pore (or stomata) a pore (or opening) in a leaf opening) in a leaf where water vapor and where water vapor and other gases leave and other gases leave and enter the plant. enter the plant.
Guard cellGuard cell - one of a - one of a pair of sausage-shaped pair of sausage-shaped cells that surround a cells that surround a stoma causing it to stoma causing it to open and closeopen and close
Flower PartsFlower Parts
Flower PartsFlower Parts
Male part is the Male part is the stamen which stamen which consists of the consists of the anther and anther and filamentfilament
Female part is Female part is the pistil which the pistil which consists of the consists of the stigma, style, stigma, style, ovary, and ovary, and ovulesovules
Male Flower Parts (Stamen)Male Flower Parts (Stamen)
FilamentFilament- thin, - thin, stem-like stalk, stem-like stalk, supporting anther supporting anther
AntherAnther- sac - sac located at the tip of located at the tip of the filament that the filament that contains pollen. contains pollen.
Female Flower Parts Female Flower Parts (Pistil,Carpel)(Pistil,Carpel)
StigmaStigma- upper part of - upper part of pistil where pollen is pistil where pollen is deposited deposited
StyleStyle- stalk between - stalk between stigma and ovarystigma and ovary
OvaryOvary- base of pistil - base of pistil which holds the ovules which holds the ovules
OvuleOvule- reproductive - reproductive structure inside ovary structure inside ovary
Flower PartsFlower Parts
PetalPetal - colorful and - colorful and often scented part of often scented part of the flower that the flower that attracts insects. attracts insects. Collectively called the Collectively called the corollacorolla
SepalSepal- part of which - part of which encloses the bud encloses the bud before it opens. before it opens. Collectively called the Collectively called the caylxcaylx
Stamen Anther Filament
CarpelStigmaStyleOvaryOvule
Petal
Receptacle
Sepal
all stamens = androeciumall carpels = gynoeciumall petals = corollaall sepals = calyx
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
FlowersFlowers
Perfect Flower-Perfect Flower- Contains Contains the stamen, pistil, petals, the stamen, pistil, petals, and sepalsand sepals
Imperfect Flower-Imperfect Flower- Missing Missing any of the parts listed aboveany of the parts listed above
Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables
Pollination- Union of the pollen with the stigmaPollination- Union of the pollen with the stigma Upon fertilization the seed ripens in the ovary. Upon fertilization the seed ripens in the ovary.
The pistil enlarges and becomes the fruit. The The pistil enlarges and becomes the fruit. The true fruit is actually the seed itself. true fruit is actually the seed itself.
The fruit is a ripened ovary, not a vegetable. Ex. The fruit is a ripened ovary, not a vegetable. Ex. Tomato is a fruit because it is a product of a Tomato is a fruit because it is a product of a ripened ovaryripened ovary
Vegetables can be any part of the plant grown for Vegetables can be any part of the plant grown for edible parts. May be the root, stem, leaf, or edible parts. May be the root, stem, leaf, or ripened flower.ripened flower.
Another type of fruit is the nut. Ex. walnutAnother type of fruit is the nut. Ex. walnut
Plant TaxonomyPlant Taxonomy
Taxonomy- the Taxonomy- the science, laws, and science, laws, and principles of principles of classification. Plants classification. Plants are given Latin namesare given Latin names
Carl Linnaeus, a Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, Swedish botanist, developed the developed the present system in present system in 17531753
Brassica oleracea var. Brassica oleracea var. italica italica L. BroccoliL. Broccoli
Daucas carota Daucas carota L. CarrotL. Carrot Ipomea batatus Ipomea batatus L. Sweet L. Sweet
PotatoPotato