Plant Names and Iden-ficaon · • Species were originally iden-fied as a group of plants that...
Transcript of Plant Names and Iden-ficaon · • Species were originally iden-fied as a group of plants that...
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PlantNamesandIden-fica-on
ThemostfunyoucouldpossiblyhaveonaSaturdaymorninginApril!
PresentedbyLauraCaddy,April21,2018
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CommonNames
• OGeneasytoremember.• Canbeverydescrip-ve.– Use
• Sugarmaple– Colour
• Redosierdogwood– Formorhabit
• CreepingJenny– Dangerousorobnoxious
• Poisonoak• Bindweed
Dianthusgra,anopolitanus'Bath'sPink'
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CommonNames
• Noregula-ons.– Thereforeso“correct”commonname.
– Noproperwaytowritethem.
• OGendifferinregions,language.• Onespeciesmayhavemanycommonnames.
• Onecommonnamemaybeusedformanycompletelydifferentspecies.
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CommonNamesAustrocedruschilensis:Chilean
cedar
Calocedrusdecurrens:incensecedarChamaecyparislawsoniana:Port
Orfordcedar
C.thyoides:Atlan-cwhitecedarCryptomeriajaponica:Japanese
cedarCupressuslusitanica:Mexicanwhite
cedarC.nootkatensis:yellowceda
Juniperusbermudiana:Bermudacedar
J.virginiana:easternredcedarLibocedrusbidwillii:NewZealand
cedarThujaoccidentalis:easternwhite
cedar
Thujaplicata:westernredcedarWiddringtoniacedarbergensis:
ClanwilliamcedarCedrelaodorata:Spanishcedar
Toonaciliata:Australianredcedar
Cedrusspp.:Lebanon,Atlas,Deodarcedar
Tamarixspp.:saltcedar
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Taxonomy
• Kingdom• Division• Class• Order• Family
• Genus• Species
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Family
• agroupoflikeplants• thehighestclassifica-onweasgardenersgenerallyuse.
• OGenhavequitedis-nctvisiblefeaturesthatunitethem
• Endinaceae(unlessyou’reBri-sh…)– Asteraceae=Compositae– Lamiaceae=Labiatae– Brassicaceae=Cruciferae
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Genus
• Plural:genera• adefinedgroupwithinaFamily
• alwaysfirstlebercapitalized,andwribeninitalics
Abies
Magnolia
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Species
• Specieswereoriginallyiden-fiedasagroupofplantsthatwereinter-fer-le
• Abinomialname Genus+specificepithet=species
• Specificepithetlowercaseanditalicized. Thujaplicata
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Cul-vars
• AKAcul-vatedvarie-es• Acul-varisagene-callyuniqueplantselectedforaspecifictrait.– Theplantmaybenaturallyoccurring,orbred.
• Propagatedasexually(cloned)• Acul-varnameneedstoberegistered• Cul-varnamescomeattheendofthescien-ficname
Trilliumgrandiflorum‘FlorePleno’Hosta‘TinyTears’
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BotanicalLa-n
“How[scien-ficnamesofplants]arepronouncedreallymaberslibleprovidedtheysoundpleasantandareunderstoodbyallconcerned.”
-WilliamTStearn,BotanicalLa,n
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BotanicalLa-n
WhyLa-n?• Commonacademiclanguagewhenthebinomialsystemwasstarted(Linnaeus,1753)
• Manywordsadapted,created,orgivennewdefini-onstofacilitatedescribingplantsindetail– Resultedina“new”unifyinglanguagetocommunicateaboutplantsaroundtheworld
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BotanicalLa-n?
• AncientGreekalsooGenadaptedandusedinscien-ficbotanicallanguage
• Manynounsusedtonameplantsretainlanguageororigin
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Pronuncia-on
Severalwaystopronouncela-n– Different,dependingonfirstlanguageorregion– AsEnglishspeakers,twomainones
• English(tradi-onal)– usedbybotanists,gardeners
• Reformed– Usedbyacademic,classicalscholars
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Pronuncia-on:Vowels
• Everyvoweltypicallypronounced– Exceptpairspronouncedasonesound(diphthong)
• ae,au,ei,eu,oe,ui– Includingwhenwordendsinvowel
Cotoneaster Sphaerocephala-Co-to-ne-as-ter -Sphaer-o-ceph-a-la-Not:coton-easter -Not:spha-er-o-ceph-a-laLiriope-Li-ri-o-pee-Not:Li-ri-op
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Pronuncia-on:Vowels
Anigozanthos
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Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
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Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
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Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
Si-le-nee
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Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
Si-le-nee
Pseudotsugamenziesii
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Pronuncia-on:Vowels
AnigozanthosAn-i-go-zan-thos
Silene
Si-le-nee
Pseudotsugamenziesii
Pseu-do-tsu-gamen-zies-i-i
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Pronuncia-on:Consonants
• Ch=K– Chlorophyll
• J=j– Juncus
• Ph=f– Macrophyllus
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Pronuncia-on:Emphasis
• Wordsoftwosyllables
– Emphasizefirst • Rosa=RO-sa• Acer=A-cer
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Pronuncia-on:Emphasis
• Threeormoresyllables
– Emphasizesecondtolast(penul-mate)when:– Vowelisfollowedby2consonants
» Cornuscanadensis:COR-nuscan-a-DEN-sis– Vowelislong
» Equisetum:E-qui-SE-tum
– Emphasizethethirdtolastwhen:• Thepenul-matesyllablehasashortvowel
– Lilium:LI-li-um– Chrysanthemum:chry-SAN-the-mum
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BotanicalLa-n
“How[scien-ficnamesofplants]arepronouncedreallymaberslibleprovidedtheysoundpleasantandareunderstoodbyallconcerned.”
-WilliamTStearn,BotanicalLa,n
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Pronuncia-on:Emphasis
Whenindoubt,gowithwhatsoundspleasingtoyou.
• Clema,s:
– CLE-ma--s,Cle-MA--s• Cyclamen:
– sci-CLA-men,SICK-la-men
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Pronuncia-on
Proper(peopleorplace)names– Ideally,rootwordispronouncesasinoriginallanguage
• Suffix,asinLa-n– Realis-cally,inLa-n,English,ororiginallanguage.Dependson
name
– Fuchsia• NamedaGerGermanbotanistLeonhartFuchs
– Kniphofia• NamedaGerGermanbotanistH.Kniphof• K-nip-of-i-a(aspronouncedinGerman)• Ni-FO-fi-a,nip-HO-fe-a(morecommonbygardeners)
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Pronuncia-on
Proper(peopleorplace)names– Halesiacarolina
• NamedaGerEnglishphysiologistReverendHales• English=HALES-i-a,La-n=Hal-ES-i-a
– Paeoniamlokosewitschii• NamedaGerPolishbotanistLudwikMlokosiewicz
• Molly-the-witch
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La-nSuffixes
Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve.
Namedreferencingpeople:…iae(f),…ii(m),…iana(f),…ianus(m)• Irisdanfordiae• Rhododendronmenziesii• Piceasmithiana
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La-nSuffixes
Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve.
Namedreferencingcountry/placeorgrowth
…sis(m),…is(f),…e(n)
• As,llbechinensis• Thujaoccidentalis• Cirsiumarvense
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La-nSuffixes
Theendofthespeciesnamecanbeinforma-ve
Indica-ngresemblance…oides,…eum,…opsis• Catalpabignonioides• Schizophragmahydrangeoides• Sempervivumarachnoideum• Echinopsis
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Transla-ngLa-n
Specificepithetsareeithernouns(propernames)oradjec-ves(descrip-ve)
Descrip-ve– grandiflora=bigflowers– prostrata=prostrategrowth– macrophylla=bigleaf– cercidiphyllum=leaflikecercis– rubra=red– officinalis=withherbaluses– arvensis=ofthefield(oGenweedy)– sylvestris=ofthewoods
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PlantIden-fica-on
• Knowingbasicplantmorphologyisessen-al• Somegroupsofplantshaveveryspecificterms– Glossariesareourfriends
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WoodyStemMorphology
A. Terminal/ApicalBud
B. Lateral/AxillaryBudC. NodeD. Internode
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stern,Introduc,ontoPlantBiology,11thed.,2008
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LeafMorphology
• Blade• Midrib• Pe-ole=leafstalk• AxillaryBud• Margin• Apex
hbps://www.flickr.com/photos/71183136@N08/7128074957
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LeafTypeSimple PalmatelyLobed PinnatelyLobed
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CompoundLeafTypes
HarrietL.Keeler,viaWikimediaCommons
Palmate Pinnate Bipinnate
ByNinjatacoshell(Ownwork),viaWikimediaCommons
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FlowerStructure
A.ReceptacleB.Sepal(Sepals=Calyx)C.Petal(Petals=Corolla)D.Stamen
– Anther– Filament:stalk
E.Pis-l– S-gma– Style:narrowpor-onof
pis-l– Ovary:swollenbasalpart
• Containsovules
C
A
DE
B
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FlowerTypes
• Complete:allpartspresent,calyx,corolla,stamen(s),pis-l
• Incomplete:onepartmissing• Perfect:allsexualpartspresent• Imperfect:unisexual• Monoecious(onehouse):bothsexflowersonsameplant.
• Dioecious(twohouses):imperfectflowers,onlyonesexperplant
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InflorescenceTypes
Solitary Spike Raceme
Inflorescence:groupsofflowersabachedtoacommonaxisinaspecificarrangement
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InflorescenceTypes
Panicle Umbel Cyme
Inflorescence:groupsofflowersabachedtoacommonaxisinaspecificarrangement
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PlantIden-fica-on
Dichotomouskeys• Themostusedmethodscien-fically
• Setoftwochoices,un-lyougettoanendpoint
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Conifer key 1a. Plant deciduous………..…Larix,
Metaseqouia, Taxodium 1b. Plant evergreen……………...…2 2a. Cone is fleshy…..…….……......3 2b. Cone is dry…………..………...4 3a. Cone is red.…..Taxus, Podocarpus 3b. Cone is not red….…….Juniperus 4a. Needles in bundles……......Pinus 4b. Needles not in bundles….…..….5 5a. Needles scale like…Cupressus,
Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Sequoiadendron
5b. Needles singular……….….……6 6a. Needles stiff, 4 angled…….Picea 6b. Needles flat…………………….7
7a. Cones have fork scale sticking out..............................Pseudotsuga
7b. Cones not as above….…………8 8a. Cones hang down, fall
intact………………...…….Tsuga 8b.Cones sit upright, shatter as
fall……………………..……….9 9a. Leaves single on new growth, spur
like on mature stems……….…Cedrus
9b. Leaves not as above……….Abies
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PlantIden-fica-onKeyFeatures• Conifer?• FloweringPlant?
– Woody?• Leafarrangement?• Evergreenordeciduous?• Leafform• Flower• Bark
– Herbaceous?• Dicot,ormonocot?• Flower• Evergreenordeciduous?• Leafform?• Size,habit
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Woody,Flowering
OppositeM:Maplefamily
A:Ashfamily
D:Dogwoodfamily
CAP:Caprifoliaceae
Alternate
• Mosteverythingelse
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HerbaceousFlowering
Dicot(2cotyledon)• Flowerpartsin4,5’s• Nebedveins
Monocot(1cotyledon)• Flowerpartsin3’s• Parallelveins
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Asteraceae
Flowers:many,inCapitulum.Rayand/ordiskflorets.
Fruit:Achenewithpappus.
Leaves:Everyvaria-onpossible.
Habit:Herbaceous,shrub,tree
Other:Milkysap(some-mes).
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AsteraceaeAnthemiscappadocica Antennariadioica Centaureamontana
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Brassicaceae
Flower:Monecious,perfect.Foursepals,fourpetals.
Fruit:Silique
Leaves:Alternateorbasalrosebes.Simple.
Habit:Herbaceous,shrubs(some,andaresmall).
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BrassicaceaeAlliariape,olata
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Rosaceae
Flowers:Monecious,perfect,5sepals,5disQnctpetals,stamenstypicallynumerous,pis-ls1-many.Fruit:various
Leaves:Alternate,serratemargins,withsQpules
Habit:Herbaceous,shrubsandtrees.
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RosaceaePoten,llaatrosanguinea
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RosaceaeAruncusdioicus
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RosaceaePrunus
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Liliaceae
Flowers:Showy,monecious,perfect.6tepals(oTenmarked/spoVed),6stamens,1pis-l(with3chambers).Nectariesatbaseoftepals.
Fruit:Capsule.Seedflat,notblack.
Leaves:Alternateorwhorled.Simple,en-re.
Habit:Herbaceous.Bulborrhizome.
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LiliaceaeTulipasaxa,lis
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LiliaceaeFri,llariamichailovskyi
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Prac-cemakesProgress
• Prac-ceasmuchaspossible• Sayplantnamesoutloud– Don’tworryifyou’resayingit“right”
• Lookatplantlabels– Nurseriesandgardencentres– BotanicGardens
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ResourcesLa-ntransla-ons:• hbp://theseedsite.co.uk/la-n.html• hbp://www.calflora.net/botanicalnamesPronuncia-onInforma-on• hbp://baygardens.tripod.com/botla-n.html• hbp://anpsa.org.au/APOL33/mar04-2.htmlAudioClips• hbp://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/
• hbp://www.finegardening.com/pronuncia-on-guide
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ResourcesSomeofmyfavouritebooks:• ThePronouncingDic-onaryofPlantNames,byTheAmericanNurseryman
PublishingCompany,2006.• PlantNames:AGuidetoBotanicalNomenclature,byLumley,Crossand
Spencer,2007.• TheKEWPlantGlossary,byHenkBeentje,2010.
– Alsogreat:PlantIden-fica-onTerminologybyJamesHarrisandMielindaWoolfHarris
• PhotographicAtlasofBotanyandGuidetoPlantIden-fica-on,JamesL.Castner
• BotanicalLa-n,WilliamHStearn– notforthefaintofheart,mostlyrelatestowri-ngBotanicalLa-n
• TreesinCanada(akaTreesofNorthernUSAandCanada),JohnFarrar• Muenster'sKeystoWoodyPlants,EdwardACope• TreesofVancouver,GeraldB.Straley