Plant Growth Regulators (Pgrs) in Spring...
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PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (PGRs) IN SPRING WHEAT
Jessica Pratchler, AAg
Source: grainnews.ca
Grainnews.ca
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PLANT GROWTH HORMONES
Auxin – primary cell elongation
Cytokinins – cell division
Abscisic Acid – germination, protein stores, and water stress
Gibberellins – longitudinal growth
Ethylene – stress and ripening
Plantcellbiology.masters.gricnaj.org;
fullbloomhydroponics.net; extension.org
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PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (PGRs)
o Synthetic compounds to modify growth and development.
o Intended to reduced lodging and increase yields in high input cereal production.
o Shortens the crop – leaving more resources available for seed filling
o Help create more uniform crop by out levelling tillering.
Source: grainnews.ca Fwi.co.uk Grainnews.ca
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PGRs are NOT new!
oUsed throughout the horticultural industry and golf course grass care world wide.
oUsed extensively in UK winter cereal crops for over 30 years
o Research in Canada started in the 80s
o Not on the market till now because: o Some products caused crop injury o Narrow application windows o Falling cereal prices
Flowerbulbs.cornell.edu
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ETHREL BY: BAYER CROPSCIENCE
o Chemical Name: Ethephon
oWorks using the plant hormone ethylene
o Used in Wheat and Barley
oNot highly promoted for use in Western Canada yet.
o Due to short application window
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MANIPULATOR BY ENGAGE AGRO
o Better. Stronger. Shorter. o yield was increased, with and without lodging, 93% of the time. o producing stronger stems to reduce lodging o 94% of the time application resulted in shorter plants.
o Flexible: can be first applied at the 2-3 leaf stage up to early flag leaf. o Can be applied at temperatures just above freezing.
o Optimal: best results when applied at 1-2 node stage (Z31) at 1.8 L/ha
o Cost: $10 - $15 per acre.
Registered for use on spring, winter, and durum wheat for 2015
Source: Engage Agro product
sheet, 2014.
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HOW IT WORKS
oActs on the plant growth hormone responsible for stem elongation: gibberellin
oPrevents hormone biosynthesis
oReduced internode length
Internode
Node
Source:
cerealcentral.ca/crop-
management
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HOW IT WORKS
oChlormequat Chloride: blocks metabolism early in pathway
oTrinexapac – ethyl (Syngenta): blocks enzymes late in pathway
Source: scielo.br
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GROWER QUESTIONS
1) How consistent is crop shortening and lodging prevention?
2) How big are yield responses?
3) How consistent are yield responses?
4) Will PGR application economically pay off?
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APPLICATION TIMING AND FERTILITY EFFECTS ON SPRING WHEAT RESPONS E TO PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
o In Melfort (NARF) and Indian Head (IHARF) in 2013 and 2014
o Used Unity VB at 275 seeds/m2
o Fertility rate was based on 112-34-14-17 kg/ha of NPKS
o Use 100, 125, and 150 %
o PGR Timing – applied Manipulator at 1.8 L/ha
o Zadoks 21 – first tiller (herbicide timing)
o Zadoks 31- first node detectable
o Zadoks 21 + 31 – first tiller and first node (split application) – 2013 only
o Zadoks 39/41 – flag leaf present (fungicide timing) – 2014 only
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PLANT GROWTH STAGES
Zadoks 21
Zadoks 31
Zadoks 39/41
Source: usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/winter_cereals
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1. HOW CONSISTENT IS CROP SHORTENING AND LODGING PREVENTION??
Small plot:
o 4 of 4 cases of shortening.
o There was a dramatic reduction or no lodging recorded in 4 of 4 trials.
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IHARF HEIGHT Factor Pr > F
PGR <0.0001***
Fertility 0.0222 *
PGR * Fertility 0.8808
*** highly significant
* significant
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
100 125 150
Heig
ht (c
m)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 41
o Only PGR had a highly significant
statistical effect on plant height.
o Plant height decreased at every
fertility rate and timing compared to
the untreated check.
o Z41 timing resulted in the shortest
plants regardless of fertility rate.
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HEIGHT BY PGR TIMING
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NARF HEIGHT Factor Pr > F
PGR <0.0001***
Fertility 0.0264*
PGR * Fertility 0.2531
*** highly significant
* significant
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
100 125 150
Heig
ht (c
m)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 39
o PGR timing had a highly significant
statistical effect on height.
o Height at all fertility levels was
reduced from the untreated check at all
timings.
o Overall, application at Z31 produced
the largest decrease in height.
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JULY 25, 2014
No PGR @ 150% Z31 @ 150%
Courtesy of C. Holzapfel
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IHARF LODGING Factor Pr > F
PGR <0.0001***
Fertility 0.0352 *
PGR * Fertility 0.0063
*** highly significant
* significant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
100 125 150
Belg
ian S
cale
(1
-9)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 41
o Only PGR had a highly significant
statistical effect on lodging.
o Lodging increased with fertility rate
without PGR application as
expected.
o PGR application was able to reduce
lodging to minimal levels at all
timings and fertility levels.
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IHARF LODGING Factor Pr > F
PGR <0.0001***
Fertility <0.0001***
PGR * Fertility <0.0001***
*** highly significant
o In 2013, PGR timing, fertility, and the
interaction had a significant effect on
lodging.
o Early application timing was unable to
fully reduce lodging at any fertility rate,
most notable at 150%
o However, it was still 47 – 91% reduced
from the untreated check.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
100 125 150
Belg
ian S
cale
(1
-9)
NPKS (%)
2013
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 21+31 Zadoks 31
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NARF LODGING Factor Pr > F
PGR <0.0001***
Fertility 0.0245*
PGR * Fertility 0.2938
*** highly significant
* signficant
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
100 125 150
Belg
ian S
cale
(1
-9)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 39
o PGR had a highly significant
effect on lodging.
o All PGR application treatments
were able to reduce severity or
incidence of lodging.
o Application at Z21 and Z31
produced the best results.
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Source: grainnews.ca
Untreated Treated
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LARGE PLOT TRIALS Height Reduction Occurrence of Trials with Height Reduction
CWRS (35 Trials) CPS (12 Trials) CWAD (5 Trials)
5% + 95% 100% 80%
10% + 83% 67%
15% + 53% 33% 60%
20% + 20% 8%
o Consistent shortening: all classes have a height reduction to date.
o At least 5% in 95, 100, and 80% of trials
o And at least 15% in 53, 33, and 60% of trials
*Trials from 2011 to 2014 – provided by Engage Agro
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2. HOW BIG ARE YIELD RESPONSES??
Small plot:
o Yield increases of 11.3 bu/ac with normal fertility practices.
o Gains of 19.6 bu/ac under increased NPKS levels.
o In 1 case there was a 4.4 bu/ac decrease – maybe due environmental
factors
Meridianmfg.com
Colourbox.com
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IHARF YIELD Factor Pr > F
PGR <0.0001***
Fertility <0.0001***
PGR * Fertility 0.1343 *** highly significant
70
80
90
100
100 125 150
Yie
ld (
bu/a
c)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 41
o PGR and Fertility rate were
each statistically different, but
not together
o Yields at each application timing
and fertility rate were above
the untreated check.
o Late application timing (Z41)
produced the highest yields at
each fertility rate.
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NARF YIELD Factor Pr > F
PGR <0.0001***
Fertility 0.5204
PGR * Fertility 0.0018**
65
70
75
80
85
90
100 125 150
Yie
ld (
bu/a
c)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 39
o PRG timing had an highly
significant effect on yield.
o All fertility rates with PGR timings
had higher yield than the
untreated checks.
o Overall, application at Z31
produced the best yields.
o Decrease in yield due to lodging
*** highly significant
** moderately significant
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2. HOW BIG ARE YIELD RESPONSES??
Yield Differences
(bu/ac)
CWRS (35 Trials) CPS (12 Trials) CWAD (5 Trials)
Minimum -0.2 -0.5 4.7
Maximum 17.0 7.2 12.0
Mean 6.41 1.85 8.88
*Trials from 2011 to 2014 – provided by Engage Agro
o Classes act differently
o Durum was the only class to NOT experience a slight yield loss and had the largest
overall mean increase
o Red and Prairie Spring had slightly yield losses
o There may be variation between varieties within classes as well
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3. HOW CONSISTENT ARE YIELD RESPONSES??
Small plot:
o 31 of 36 cases there was a yield increase.
o 26 of 31 had an increase of 5% or more.
o And 18 of 31 had an increase of 10% or more.
Mynewblogook.com
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3. HOW CONSISTENT ARE YIELD RESPONSES??
Yield Increases Occurrence with Yield Increases
CWRS (35 trials) CPS (12 Trials) CWAD (5 Trials)
5% + 85% 33% 80%
7.5% + 63% 25%
10% + 55% 8% 60%
All classes have yield increase to date
o Yield increases of at least 5% in 85, 33, and 80% trials
o And increases of 10% in 55, 8, and 60% of trials
However, classes respond differently!
o Red Spring and Durum classes have a stronger, more consistent response
*Trials from 2011 to 2014 – provided by Engage Agro
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IHARF PROTEIN
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
100 125 150
Pro
tein
(%
)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 41
Factor Pr > F
PGR 0.0007**
Fertility <0.0001***
PGR * Fertility 0.5037
*** highly significant
** moderately significant
o Fertility level had a highly significant effect
on protein content.
o Protein content was less than the control for
all fertility levels and application timings.
o Percentage protein in Zadoks 21 and 31 did
not differ greatly from each other.
o Zadoks 41 had the least % protein overall,
largely due to high yield.
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NARF PROTEIN
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
100 125 150
Pro
tein
(%
)
NPKS (%)
2014
Untreated Zadoks 21 Zadoks 31 Zadoks 39
o Percentage levels were less than the control for both Zadoks 21 and 31.
o Zadoks 39 had the best protein content of the application timings overall.
o Slightly above the control at 100% fertility
o Overall, later application did not sacrifice yield as much as the earlier timings.
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NOTE…
o PGR use in both cases was associated in decreased protein content compared to the control due to increased yield.
o PGR use should therefore not be used as a management tool for increasing protein content with and without lodging.
o Next step: look at Nitrogen levels that increase yield without sacrificing protein
o However, protein content was found to be high enough in all cases to still be considered a No. 1 CWRS and have a protein premium.
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4. WILL PGR APPLICATION PAY OFF ECONOMICALLY??
o Application pays off!
o Yield increases by 2+ bu/ac occurred in 3 of 4 small plot cases and 19 of 22 Engage Agro field scale trials of CWRS – costs are covered
o Yield increases by 1+ bu/ac occur in 4 of 4 CWAD field trials – costs are covered
o CPS yield responses weren’t as promising because increases of 2.5+ bu/ac is needed however, still occurred in 4 of 10 trials – may not cover costs
Cost of PGR Wheat Price Avg. Input Costs/ac Break even increase needed
$10 $5 $220 2 bu/ac
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DO THE MATH!
o CWRS: average increases of 7 – 12 bu/ac at $5/bu that’s:
$35 to $60 – $10 cost of PGR = $25 to $50 net value!
o CWAD: average increase of 9 bu/ac at $9/bu that’s:
$81 - $10 cost of PGR = $71 net value!
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ALSO CONSIDER…
o The value of:
o Ease of harvesting standing crop vs. a lodged crop
o Decrease harvest time
o Decrease labour/fuel costs
o Less wear and tear on machinery
o Better stubble management
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IN THE FUTURE
o More PGR products created for spring and winter wheat use
o New PGR registration for barley, oats, and rye
o PGR Interactions with:
o Fungicide application
o Seeding rates
o Root development
o Water Use Efficiency
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OVERALL
o PGRs are highly beneficial in lodging prevention and increasing yields.
o PGRs are another beneficial tool in high input cereal production.
o Try on a small scale first, then go big.
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For More Information
Jessica Pratchler
Field Research Agronomist
NARF
Melfort, SK
306.752.2776 Ext. 227