Planning, Planning, Outlining, Outlining, DraftingDrafting

e.g. Formally Starting e.g. Formally Starting the Processthe Process

But…. You’ve Already But…. You’ve Already Started ByStarted By

►Figuring out readers/audienceFiguring out readers/audience►Having 1-3 questions that define a Having 1-3 questions that define a gap in knowledgegap in knowledge

►Providing supporting evidence for Providing supporting evidence for claims that answer questionsclaims that answer questions

►Having considered questions and Having considered questions and alternatives that other readers alternatives that other readers might suggestmight suggest

►Knowing the warrants you must Knowing the warrants you must state state

Where to formally start?Where to formally start?

►Just write until it becomes Just write until it becomes clear?clear?

►Outline? Outline again?Outline? Outline again?►Write as you go and paste all Write as you go and paste all the pieces togetherthe pieces together

►Depends on your comfort levelDepends on your comfort level

OutliningOutlining

►Topic Outlines (early version)Topic Outlines (early version) List of subjects to coverList of subjects to cover

►Reason Outlines (later version)Reason Outlines (later version) The main points to make in each The main points to make in each section and their relationship to section and their relationship to each othereach other

Topic OutlineTopic Outline

►Introduction: Computers in Introduction: Computers in ClassroomClassroom

►Uses of ComputersUses of Computers LabsLabs Classroom InstructionClassroom Instruction

►Studies of computers in classroomStudies of computers in classroom Computers are good studiesComputers are good studies Computers are bad studiesComputers are bad studies

►ConclusionsConclusions

Reasoned OutlinesReasoned Outlines► Introduction: Value of classroom Introduction: Value of classroom computers uncertaincomputers uncertain

► Different uses have different effectsDifferent uses have different effects All uses increase flexibilityAll uses increase flexibility Networked computers allow student Networked computers allow student interactioninteraction

Classroom instruction does not enhance Classroom instruction does not enhance learninglearning

► Studies show that the effect on Studies show that the effect on writing quality is limitedwriting quality is limited Writers more wordyWriters more wordy Writers need hard copyWriters need hard copy

► Conclusion: Too soon to tellConclusion: Too soon to tell Too few studiesToo few studies Too little historyToo little history

Typical/Expected OutlineTypical/Expected Outline

►IntroductionIntroduction►BackgroundBackground►Methods & Materials (Data & Methods & Materials (Data & Methodology)Methodology)

►ResultsResults►DiscussionDiscussion►ConclusionConclusion

Organize the Body of Your Organize the Body of Your Paper – Sketch PartsPaper – Sketch Parts

►Necessary background, definitions Necessary background, definitions and conditions that reader must know and conditions that reader must know (comprehensive but not too long)(comprehensive but not too long)

►Find the best order for reasons and Find the best order for reasons and evidenceevidence Rule of thumb – narrative starts from Rule of thumb – narrative starts from old and moves to newold and moves to new

Rule of thumb – begin with simple ideas Rule of thumb – begin with simple ideas and then move to complex ideasand then move to complex ideas

Rule of thumb – uncontested to Rule of thumb – uncontested to contestedcontested

Organize (cont.)Organize (cont.)

►Acknowledge others’ questions Acknowledge others’ questions and objects and your responses and objects and your responses to themto them

►Decide on warrants and state Decide on warrants and state them before claims them before claims

Example from groupExample from group

►What do readers need to know What do readers need to know before you present your study?before you present your study? DefinitionsDefinitions ConditionsConditions WarrantsWarrants Data descriptionData description

What are the main pieces of What are the main pieces of your argument?your argument?

►Claims & evidenceClaims & evidence

Example from Class:Example from Class:Detailed Reasoned OutlineDetailed Reasoned Outline