Planning of workflow by combined use of location-based scheduling and

4D CAD

Rogier Jongeling

Luleå University of Technology

eBygg – Centre for Information Technology in Construction

http://construction.project.ltu.se

PhD research by Rogier Jongeling

Introduction

• Motivating Example

• Observations

Research questions

Method

• Projects

Results

MOTIVATION

There is a great potential to improve workflow in construction

– 15-20% of construction worker's time spent on direct work– 45% indirect work (preparations, instructions, getting material,

etc.)– 35% redoing errors, waiting, disruptions, etc.

Managing the flow of work by improved planning methods can significantly contribute to reduction of waste in the construction process

Enabling technologies / developments– 3D/4D CAD– Lean Construction– Location-based scheduling

MotivatingExample

TraditionalTraditional Form WorkReinforcement On-SiteStandard Concrete

IndustrializedPermanent Form WorkReinforcement CarpetsSelf Compacting Concrete

Trad AVI Ind AVI Comb AVI

0 Reference III: Used Work Space

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

Time

M2

ShoringForm WorkRebarConcreteTotal Used

Analyses from 4D model

Industrialized III: Used Work Space

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

Time

M2

Shoring

Form WorkRebar

Concrete

Total Used

Analyses from 4D model

Overlap

0 Reference III: Distance Form Work - Reinforcement

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

Time

Meters

Middle

Closest

Scheduling Method - CPM

Location-based scheduling

Observations

Evaluating 4D models– Beyond snapshots & AVI movie– Quantify 4D results

Representation– Design model <> Production model– Aspects of tasks without a geometric representation,

but with a spatial dimension

Scheduling method– Discrete events <> Flow

Research Questions

What is workflow?

What scheduling methods are available / required to plan for workflow?

What is a 4D CAD based method to plan for workflow?

What analyses of 4D model content are required?

Method

Literature study

Projects- Application- Observations

Formalization

Projects

Virtual Construction Course Luleå University, Sweden

LKAB Pelletizing Plant Malmberget, Sweden

Processmetod

Course Virtual Construction 2005

ArchiCAD ADT.IFC VRML

Excel Dynaproject Excel

Commonpoint 4D

.txt

Defining the spatial sub-system

Integration of 3D and Line of Balance 4D

Integration facilitates the cost estimation, planning and 4D modelling process

4D model is a valuable complement to the LoB diagram

4D model shows what is done, but not how

Analyses of the 4D model are visual and not quantitative

Micro-planning of activities

LKAB MK3

LKAB MK3 – 4D modelling4D macro model: planning + 3D building model objects

4D micro model: 4D base model + workspaces (type, duration)

4D base model

4D+ model I

4D+ model II

AnalysRisks

Logistics

Flow

# types

distances

m2 area

# areas

DeliverablesJournal PapersPublished

– ITcon – nD modeling in the development of cast in place concrete structures

Accepted– Automation in Construction – A method for planning of workflow by combined use of

location-based scheduling and 4D CAD

Submitted– CACAIE – Macro- and micro-management of workflow using location-based

scheduling and 4D CAD– Construction Innovation – Lean Planning, a case study of a multi-storey timber

housing project using Line-of-Balance and 4D CAD– CIFE Quantitative analyses of 4D models

Conference Papers– INCITE 2004– ECPPM 2004– ICCEM 2005– INCITE 2006

PhD Thesis 20 November 2006

Questions?

Rogier Jongelingrogier.jongeling@ltu.se+46702702543

Luleå University of TechnologyeBygg – Centre for Information Technology in Constructionhttp://construction.project.ltu.se