PLAN 100 Final Exam Review

8/10/2019 PLAN 100 Final Exam Review

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PLAN 100 Final Exam Review

Lecture Notes

Garden City (Howard)

- The first planning movement that is directly connected to the way in which we live

today.

- A lot of the ideas from the culturalist movement; some influence from the 19th

century Utopian city.

- Direct opposition to the Industrial city.

Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928)

- Court reporter, then later a stenographer

- 1898: To-morrow: A APeaceful Path to Real Reform(book)

o Focused on the futurepeaceful dimension

o Wanted everyone to live in harmonyto transform society one step at a time,

not through revolution

- Howards vision was developed and owned by First Garden City. Ltd.

o 1903: Letchworth Garden City

o 1919: Welwyn Garden City

- His definition: a town designed for healthliving and industry, of a size which makes

possible a full measure of social life but no larger, surrounded by rural belt.

Concept of the Garden City

- Self-sustainablesettlements between 30,000-50,000people.

- Development corporations own the land at outset of development to prevent

speculation; surrounded by greenbelts.

- Form networksof Garden Citiesconnected to larger centres by roads, canals, and

railways

- Population is capped, and is not supposed to go over.

o This can be a problem as when everyone dies around the same time as they

are all the same age, the life cycle of a town dies with its people.

o Where there is population pressure, you build a new city, not enlarge pre-

existing.

o Meant to be controlled, a response to the Industrial city.

- Developers buy rural land at rural pricesand dont say why they are buying to get

a cheap price.

o Opposition to Industrial citywhich is a production place so has a high cost

of living.


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- Planner of Radburn, NJ (1929)a very disappointing city but had interesting ideas

behind it.

o Started in 1929, but then the Depression hit so only 50 houses were built.

- Towards New Towns for America (1957).

- Motorway at back of houses, dividing pedestrian network from car network.

-

Pedestrian areas in front of houses.

- Some tunnels so kids didnt have to cross streets.

How to deal with cars is a big thing in North America and differs greatly from the concept in

Europe.

Garden Cities in Canada

- They do existBritish planners came to Canada and garden cities are what they

knew.

-

Different than the ones in Europepurpose in Canada is not to de-concentrateindustrial cities, but to plan towns around natural resources that can be harvested.

- Montreal as a corrupted Garden City.

o Concept hasnt been completely followed not green belt, not separated from

the rest of the urban area.

o However, it is very green and may have something to do with the fact that it is

a very high income area.

Don MillsCanadas First Large Master Planned Community

-

Developer: E.P Taylor(1901-1989)

o

Owns uranium mines and smelters

o OKeefe beer; owner of Canadian Breweries Ltd.

o Racehorse owner/breeder

- Planner: Macklin Hancockrecent graduate of Harvard.

- Toronto was growing so Taylor thought he could make money by developing some of

his land.

- 8121 units (4501 of which are apartments)

- Influenced by the Garden City and the Neighbourhood Unit

- Developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s

-

Lawrence and Don Mills Road, 2060 acreshad lots of space for cars.- Don Mills shopping mall was one of the first indoor shopping mallsin Canada/

o Allowed convenience for dwellers instead of going downtown.

o Hasnt done well in the last 10-15 years as population has aged.

- Don Mills thought of as being the example of low density suburbsmuch of it is

but not all low density.

- Influenced by the Garden City and the Neighborhood Unit.


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- Higher density in the centre, gets less dense as you go out, the surrounded by

industry.

- Concept is to have a self-sustained suburbof Torontopeople who live in Don

Mills will likely work in Don Mills.

o However, it didnt happen this waythe Don Valley Parkwaywas being

built at the same time, so people who lived in Don Mills used DVP to go

downtown.

- Don Mills had very good access for cars but very poor transit.

- Original Plan:

o Divided into four quadrants.

o Supposed to have somewhat of a green area surrounding.

- Reality Today:

o Somewhat separated from rest of metropolitan area because of ravines.

- Other master planned communities in Toronto over the 1960s and 70s:

o

Bramalea in Brampton.o Erin Mills and Meadowvale in Missisauga.

This is a movement that was never appreciated by the public.

The Garden City is under the traditional, rational approachbecause:

- Small scale, limited sizeand tends to draw ideas from medieval city.

- Curvilinear streets.

- Leaders were part of the culturalist movementand thus drew influence from it.

The Rational City (Bauhaus, Le Corbusier)

Bauhaus Movement (1919-1933)

- Bauhaus means building school in German.

- German design school that produced the modernist international style.

o Skyscrapers!

o Also a design feature.

- The school had socialist learningsand attempted to produce working class

housingarchitecture and graphic design.

o Home and buildings were adapted to the working class. Developers thought

they knew what the working class wanted.

o Didnt really work. But couldve.

- Bauhaus was closed by the Nazis.

o They disliked because international style wassocialist.

o Hitler believed that citiesshould be more like City Beautifuland saw

people who thought of modernist cities as degenerates.


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- Ludwig mes Van Der Rohe (the last director), Walter Groupis and friends left for the

USAwhere they were well received.

o There were lots of opportunitiesfor work and to give lectures.

- Critique of the Bauhaus movement: Tom Wolfe (1981)From Bauhaus to Our House

o Becomes a corporate form of architecture, which was the exact opposite of

what was intended.

o Even the people who hire these architects to design the working environments

dont want to live in the Bauhaus style.

o Irony of the movements.

- Bauhaus Vision/Trademark Features:

o White stucco wallsno decorations like City Beautiful

o Zero ornamentation

o Flat roof

o Very innovative for the time

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe (1886-1969)

- Less is More.

o Beauty can be achieved without any decoration.

o A well designed building doesnt need anything beauty in simplicity.

- Founding member and last directorof Bauhaus.

- Major works include: German Pavilion for the Barcelona Expo and TD Centre,

Toronto.

- Lots of windowson his buildings.

o Buildings express its function.

o

You can see in them and see the people within them.

- Building is a box on columnskind of like stilts.

o Givers the feeling of lightness, you can see though.

o Does this in several of his works.

- One of the best in terms of aestheticsof the time, also the first one to be built at that

size and style.

- Form should follow function, however this one had some deviation.

o All the mechanicsof the building are at the top, hidden.

o Columnsthat hold the building up are hidden.

-

To come up with a building that looks simple you have to use other styles ofarchitecture as well.

- Blinds had 3 positionsup, halfway, down.

o Believed more options would make it look messyform does notfollow

function.


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- Building didnt have set max and thus didnt follow by-law, Ludwig sent to the

planning office and told them he wouldnt comply with setback but would give the

area a plaza.

o Now all the buildings have plazas.

- You can see through the lobby, looks like the building is on stilts.

o

Lightness.

-

Plazas are not people friendly, designed to emphasize the building not to sit around.

- The TD Centre:

o Complete design by Mies Van der Roheeven boardroom furnishing and

carpeting chosen/designed by him.

o Slates in the plaza are inline with the columns.

o Contrast between open plaza and buildings.

Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, 1887-1965)

-

From Switzerland.- Involved in furniture design, architecture and the formulation of urban planning

concepts; loved playing around with concrete.

-

The House is a Machine for Living In.

- Sees architecturea bit like Bauhaus Movement in purely functional terms.

o Ex. of a shipfunction is its beauty.

- Known for the Tower in the Parkconcept.

o Lots of green space, with tall buildings in the green space.

o Each building has exposure to sunand a lot of area around it, people have

access to it.

o

High density environment.

- Major achievements include and Unite DHabitation and UN Headquarters

- Was a very strong believer in the car.

o Le Corbusier and car industry connected.

o Had no clue of how everyone using autos would impact the urban

environment.

o Didnt think of traffic jams or parking lots.

- Two ways architecture was going:

1. Those who loved playing around with concrete; curvy round shapes.

2.

Square, rational forms.o Le Corbusier tried to blend the two.

- He was the first to come up with the idea of window that did not open.

o Why would you have windows that open when you could have ACthat

circulates air in a rational way?

- Invented a form of measurement for architecturemodular arm.


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o Corridors in buildings were two modular arms wideso average person could

walk through with full range of movement.

o No waste of space.

- Takes as little space as possible from nature.

- Can see through building at ground levelbecause of columnswhich gives the

appearance of walking through a garden.

-

This type of housing is very popular for public housingand is seen around the

world.

- UN Building

o Oriented building in a way that would maximise the exposure of light.

o Front and back face east/west (natural light) and left and right face north/south

(no cold winds).

o Jeanneret wanted to do this with all of his buildings.

- When planners get obsessed over a driving idea, they will plan it all out.

o

Planners lose scope when they are focussed on one idea and leave othersout.

o Planning is multicomplex.

o Le Corbusier below example shows.

- Sanitarian style of architecturewas criticised because:

o Spent a lot of time in French cities (narrow streets, buildings that didnt get

sun, not much green space or air).

o Made connection between the Bauhaus and this kind of city.

o Cities affect environment(water and air quality) and our health.

o Wanted to build cities with same densitybut in a way that would be healthy

concrete and clean line.o Did take some inspiration from sanitariumsbig windows and concrete.

o Exaggerated the connection between health and urban form.

o Disease is more connected to wealththan urban form.

Influence

- Influence of Bauhaus and Mies van der Rohe is felt in the spread of international style

(modernist architecture) in the 50s to early 70s.

- Influence of Le Corbusier is expressed in the popularity of the Tower in the Park

model, especially for residential towers, often public housing.o All over the world, but perhaps mostly in socialist countries.

- Biggest expression of the movement usually happens at the end of the period.

o Ex. World Trade Centre

Urban Renewal

- Inspired by Le Corbusierprinciples.


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- Maintained a lot of green space.

- Crowded for economic reasonsthis is in Manhattan

- Towers in the Park not real street cutting through.

Decline of the Towers in the Park

- Was supposed to offer the benefits of abundant green space, light and high density.

- Environment not conducive to social interactionwho owns the open space?

o You end up living in your unit and thats it.

- Especially in the case of public housing, the projects became crime riddenand

undesirable.

o Many are being demolished (ex. St. Louis, MI in the 70s).

o Toronto Regent Park housing project currently undergoing redevelopment.

The City of People: 1900s and Onwards (Geddes, Mumford, Jacobs)

-

Concept that is adapted to what people want in a city.

o People pay much more attention to the planning processand functionality

of the cities and come up with opinions/suggestion based on observations.

o Movement is a reaction of the reactions.

- Planners believe that environments have much impact on the behaviour on people.

Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)

- Survey before plan.

- Scottish biologist and botanist with major influences on urban planning.

-

Respect for the existing urban environment, planningintervention should be smallin scale and gradual.

o Need to understand the history and dynamics of an area before intervening.

Encourages public participation.

o Shift that takes place in the 60s where planners become interested in what the

public thinks/wants, also a shift on process not on what the city should be.

o Public participation!

- Outlook Tower in Edinburgh

- Urban planning activity in the Middle East (Jerusalem) and in India

- Co-operation Versus Socialism (1888)

-

Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the

Study of Civics (1915)

Geddes Approach to Planning

- Very similar to today.


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- Up until this point it was guided by the big ideas of some people, now it is on

listening to the public and collaboration.

o Organising how the city will function.

- Survey:

o Review literature on topography and history of the community.

o

Sociological survey.

o Look at projects from elsewhere

- Planning:

o Exhibition for the community.

o Public discussion.

o Selection of the best projects.

o Proposals.

- Need to leave room for flexibility and changes.

Lewis Mumford (1895-1990)

- Forget the damned motorcar and build cities for lovers and friends.

Historian of technology:

o Critiques modern technology because it causes social dislocation, tech is

taking control of civilisation.

- Observer of cities:

o Critical of standardised development, urban sprawl, and the adaption of

the city to the car.

o Criticises the World Trade Centre for being too large and an impediment to

urban diversity.

-

Very influenced by how he experienced NYC as a child: face to face interaction is

very important in an urban city.

- Perfect city to him is Athenspeople gathered in centre squares and produced many

inventions, etc.

o We are destroying the good of a city with modern technology; we spend so

much time isolated in cars.

- Contradiction in his thinking:

o Pro-urban in his writing, celebrate the intensity and diversity of NYC, but

remains a proponent of the Garden City concept.

o

Contributed to Regional Plan for New York and its Environment.- Very influential, covered by press most of the time, was also an architectural critic for

The New Yorker.

- Mixed-use forms so that there is always life in the city.

Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)

- Most respected person in the field of planning.


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- From Scranton, moved to NYC to be stenographer then Toronto during the 60s.

- Eyes on the street.

- In our American city, we need all kinds of diversity.

o Very critical of planners as they focus too much on idea and dont consider

diversity.

-

Old ideas can sometimes use new buildings. New ideas most use old buildings.

o Reuse of urban environment, similar to Geddes.

- Fought against the Lower Manhattan Expressway.

o Opposes Robert Moses who had the idea to put 3 expressways through

Manhattan.

- Fought against the Spadina Expressway and the bridge to Toronto Island

Airport.

- Important in the planning of St. Lawrence neighbourhood, de-zoning of King St.

Industrial districts on both sides of downtown TO.

o

Kept diversity of the area: in building there were art galleries and differentuses and was about to become illegal but she said no, just de-zone it.

- Defends traditional urban neighbourhoods, mixed use and traditional retail streets.

o Against zoningcities re about diversity and mixing different elements

together.

- Urban renewal was about modernising citiesdemolishing old parts of the cities.

o Jacobs was against this.

o A city that works very well is one where people walk, know each other and

where there are commercial streets.

o Seen as revolutionary at the time; now we all think like herall the Jane

Jacobs neighbourhoods have been gentrified and the rich people wanna livethere.

Robert Moses (1888-1981)

- In opposition to Jacobs and Mumford.

- A builder of cities.

- Non-elected official, responsible for major projects for the Great Depression until his

retirement in the 60s.

- Takes advantage of federal funding for major construction projects during the 30s and

of additional resources over the post WWII period.o Transforms NYC.

- Adapts NYC and its region to the car: bridge, parkways, and express ways.

- Roads had tolls which he collected and raised to build more projectsbuilt basically

his own empire.

- Decides he wants to build an expressway to the beach, however it would have to

go through very rich neighbourhoods.


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o Did not listen to the rich people opposing and became a hero to the middle

class.

o Provided amenities to middle class at the expense of the rich .

- General public approval has the reputation of someone who gets things done.

- But starting with the Cross-Bronx express way in the 50s, he grew opposition

against his projects.

-

Did not focus at public transit at all during these yearsleft the city in deficit and

cleaning up after his time.

Features of a Good Neighbourhood According to Jane Jacobs

- Rhythm adapted to pedestrian movementsnarrow facades with store window.

o Always something to look at and interesting to walk by.

- Continuous facades.

- Absenceof encroachment of car space.

-

Animated streetspeople everywhere we like to people watch.- Diversityof uses in the form.

- St. Lawrence neighbourhood influenced by Jacobs as the city consulted with her.

Techonological Utopias (Soleri)

- 1960s-1970s

-

Pretty much everyone believed in progressand that the future would be

promising.

o Allowed people/planners to be very ambitious when thinking about the future.

-

Remember during the periodpsychedelicpeople used drugs that change theirthinking and ideas at the time and these ideas wouldnt really fit in.

- Major environmental concerns:

o Localised water pollution

o Air pollution at metropolitan scale

o Rapid increase in population

o Becoming global issues

- Population most concerning problemwhere are we going to fit everyone?

o One solution was to do what Le Corbusier was thinking but on a mega scale:

like a whole city in one buildingthis would reduce human impact on Earth.

-

Isolating cities from climate was seen as innovativenot too hot, not too cold.o No need for coats!

- Megastructure movement:

o Recreate cities around corridors, can carry out all activities while being

indoor.

Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983)


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- Contemporary examples: giant skyscraper in Dubai.

- Environmental cities that are carbon neutral:

o Prototype of what modern cities should be likeincorporate the principles

that are drawing people today (such as the environment).

o Becomes toys for the very rich.

-

Expensive because of the lengths that planners and architects have to go through.

New Urbanism (Duany)

- Main point is that suburbs are too car dominated in landscape. Suburbs show cars live

in these houses, not humans.

- Opposite of what the name suggestsreturning to urban models of the past, using

these models as inspiration for cities of the future.

o Originally referred to as neo-traditional planning.

- Reaction against conventional suburban developmentwith its car orientation, low

density, land use specialisation, often poor appearance and pedestrian inhospitality.- Connects in some aspects with Jane Jacobs and Mumford.

- Tries to reproduce pre-war small townlayout, appearance and dynamics.

-

Studies what is appealing and what works in historical towns and tries to reproduce

this in a new urbanism context.

- Tries to recreate the social environment: institutions, retailing, services within

walking distance.

o This is allwhat it triesto achieve, not what it actually achieves.

- Traditional architecturemodels borrowed by nearby towns or older

neighbourhoods.

-

Asked what people felt comfortable with; surveyed beach areas for inspiration.

- Aspects of housesinclude:

o Homes built close to the street.

o Verandas in front of houses.

o White picket fences: sense of order and conformity.

o Not trying for innovation, but to make people comfortable.

o Most importantly, deemphasise the presence of the car through design: back

lanes with garages, parking behind buildingsfront of the house is all about

people which is conductive to neighbourliness.

-

Variety of housing types (attempts to achieve mixed income) but compatibleappearance.

- Predominant grid street pattern, with tricks of Renaissance city like vistas

integrated.

- Main retail street(praised by Jane Jacobs) in original conceptself containment

and walking distance.

Main Proponents of New Urbanism


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- Andres Duany (1949-still alive)

o Foremost creator and advocate of New Urbanism.

o DPZ firm.

- Leon Krier (1946-still alive_

o Critique of modernist architecture and planning.

o

Proponent of small size urban areas.

New Urbanism Examples

- Seaside, Florida

o First new urbanism town. Development began in the 1980s.

o Most New Urbanism developments are in suburban areas. (ex. Kentlands,

Marylandsuburb of Washington; main street and traditional housing and

inspired by Georgetown, the historical district of Washington.

- Cornell in Markham.

-

Thought that all cities in the future would be built like this, but did not happen.o Many of the suburban areas are still built traditional suburban style.

- New Urbanism is a niche market: most still want garages in the front for accessibility,

also because people are thinking of resale valueit takes longer to sell this style than

traditional style development.

Failures of New Urbanism

- Overemphasis on design rather than a lifestyle change.

- Population density generally too low to support enough nearby activities .

-

Difficulty in attracting retail; competition of nearby malls and big box stores.- While there is recreational walking, there is little functional walking.

- High dependence on the car despite its lesser visibility.

- Generally not linked to quality transit systems.

- Despite appearances, dynamics similar to conventional suburbs.

Recentralisation: From Dispersion to Recentralisation

Urban Dispersion

- Formula pieced together in post WWII years.

o

Favourable conditions for a new pattern of urban development: prosperity,healthy government budgets, adherence to modernism.

- Low density, dispersion of activities, land use specialisation and full adaptation to the

car.

o Because people have cars you can have highly specialised areas, dont have to

have everything in one place.

- Path dependencies of dispersion.


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o To change you would have to transform land use and transportation at the

same time: very hard!

Reactions Against Dispersion

-

Reactions against environmental impacts.- Against high cost of infrastructure development and maintenance.

- Quality of life consequences, particularly dependence on the car and long commutes.

- Reaction against health effects: air pollution and insufficient and physical activities.

Models of Recentralisation

- Downtown revitalisation and expansion.

- Regional centres.

- Town centres.

- Urban villages/complete communities.

-

Transit-oriented developments.

There is a concerted effort on the part of planners to turn their back on the style of dispersion.

-

Move from the focus of the car to public transit.

- New Urbanism on its own cant solve problem need strategy at a large scale.

Textbook/Tutorial

Ch. 9 Immigration and Social Change

- Over past 15 years, immigrants accounted for 0.8% of Canadas population.

o 95% live in urban areas.

- Doesnt randomly distribute.

-

Immigration = long term and complex.

- Scales (global, national, regional and local) influence origins, flows and destinations.

3 Main Stages

1. Arrival

2.

Settlement

3. Integration

Whats new about immigration and Canadian cities?

- Migration and inter-ethnic relations have always contributed significantly to

transformationof Canadian settlements.


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- 150 aboriginal groups were spread across country before the Europeans came and

wiped out population. The past 400 years of change is dominated by immigration.

- Brings languages, religions, economic activity, resources technology and social

institutions.

- Central Theme: how broad spectrum of experiences and outcomesfor immigration

and cities corresponds with relationshipbetween what immigrants have to offerand

social and economic conditionsthat they arrive in.

- Second and related node of comparison includes themes of continuity, change and

fusion.

- Migrations -> tremendous change -> integration and adaption -> new ideas and ways

of doing things to existing system.

Leaving Home and Entering Canada

- Massey (1999) international migration responds to 4 interlocking elements:

1.

Push Factors2. Pull Factors

3. Social and Psychological Characteristics and Decision Making (him/herself)

4.

Social, Political and Economic Relationships Between Areas of Out and In

Migration (society)

- Relocation: journey isnt necessarily one trip either.

- Financial assets, material resources and social and economic relationships precede

accompany and follow movements.

- Contemporary Canadian urban system is deeply rooted in characteristics of

immigration.

o

European migration historydominance of English and French.

o Onerous living conditions, difficult economic situations.

o Removal of restrictions in Canadian immigration policy.

o Point System

- Future immigration policies will be affected by the situation today.

Immigration Policy

- 3 Main Objectives:

1. Support Canadas economy and competitiveness.

o

Economic migrantsskilled workers, business class2. Support family reunification.

o Family classreunion

3. Uphold Canadas humanitarian commitments

o Refugees

Challenges on Attracting and Retaining Immigrants


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- Uneven regional distribution of immigration.

- Slow growth rates in second and third tier cities.

- Canada Quebec accord and Provincial Territorial Nominee Program

o Participate in recruitment and selection of immigration to met specific

requirements such as labour needs and language.

Temporary Migrants

- Live-in caregivers

- Foreign works

o Temporary foreign workers program

- Students

Flow of Immigrants

- Origin, Language and Religion

-

European Immigrants

- Diversity of Immigrants

Settlements

- Refers to the initial stages following the arrival of an immigrant or refugee.

- A spectrum of urban issues and outcomes relates to this phase.

- For refugees, fleeing dangerous circumstances, these challenges are further

compounded by recovery from physical and psychological trauma.

- Ex. employment and housing.

Employment Significant Problems

- Lack of recognition of foreign credentials.

o Complex policy area.

- Racial discrimination.

- 23.2% gap in household income between visible minorities and whites.

- Racial minorities experienced poverty levels almost twice as high as the rest of the

population.

- Gender aggravates these difference as there has been a persistent, albeit poorly

understood, gap between immigrant womens economic performances and those of

their male counterparts.

Challenges

- Increasingly under pressure due to growing demands.

- Diminished and short term funding sources.

- Increased competition for funding.


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- Greater accountibilty reporting requirements.

- Fewer volunteers.

- Insufficient staff/administrative support.

Integration

- Long term process through which immigrants come to participate fully in their new

society.

- How should society address social differences?

- Assimilation vs. Multiculturalism Approach.

Citizenship

- Rights and responsibilities associated with membership in a political community.

- Describes a view of the city from below.

- Formal or informal.

Urban Citizenship

- Relationships between urban citizenship and long term integration:

1.

Immigrant municipal electoral participation

o Under-representation of minority groups

2. Sense of collective belonging in a city

o Creation of urban ethnic places creates more inclusive urban citizenship

3. Developing places of worship

o Enforces religious and ethnic identities and reduces marginalization

Governance

- Cities face challenges in addressing immigrant issues because they have no

constitutional obligation to address immigration (Frisken and Wallace, 2003: 157-8).

o However, central cities (Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver) more responsive

to diversity issues than suburbs

- Municipal efforts were implemented but failed in municipal programming and service

delivery to assist immigrants.

Urban Patterns of Immigration

Data for 2001-06 on the proportion of recent immigrants compared to the citys percent of

Canadian population:

1. Toronto2.5 (times larger proportion of immigrants than % of Canadas population)

2. Vancouver2.0


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3. Calgary1.5

4. Montreal1.3

K-W ranks around 0.8. Cities with the lowest proportion of immigrants compared to their % of

Canadas population(0.1 and 0.2): St. Johns, Moncton, Saint John, Saugenay, Trois-Rivieres,Peterborough, Thunder Bay, and Sudbury.

- Why?

o Large immigrant base attracts more immigrants.

o Close to amenities as well as close to agencies that help new immigrants.

o Only heard of good things from these biggest cities from their home.

o Abundance of jobs and in turn creates more jobs.

- There is a shift in settlement patterns as more and more are choosing suburban areas.

- Understanding immigration patterns in change and fusion is important as cities are

also shaped by immigrants.

Ch. 10 Social Polarisation

What is Social Polarisation?

- The process of segregation within a city (on multiple scales).

o Income inequality

o Economic and political structures

o Housing

- What does polarisation mean in Canada?

Factors Driving Growing Inequality and Social Polarisation

1. Globalisation

o Regional economic specialisation

o Labour market segmentation

o In Canadian cities (ex. Toronto & Vancouver), globalisation is hugethey

have strong connections to networks of global capital, information and

migration flows

o Other cities (ex. Windsor) have specialised in declining industrial sectors

or transportationdeports have been growing weaker and fear relocation

of plants

o Finance or producer services -> earnings rise

o Low-level personal services and manufacturing -> wages decline

2. Neo-Liberalism

o Contributor to social inequality in Canada


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o Reconstructing of the welfare state + use of neoliberal policies = income

inequality

o Neo-Liberalism used to integrate Canadas economy with the USA

o Reduces trade barriers, improve labour and capital flow

o NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) implemented to

maintain economic competitiveness, Canadian government reduced range

of social protections, cut taxes, and restructured the system of benefits

(1980s)

o Welfare state and tax structure became less redistributive and equitable

(1990s)

o Richest 20% of Canadas population saw their income grow

o Other 80% remained stagnant or declined

o Neo-Liberal government policies are thus implicated in exacerbating the

level of social inequality

3. Shifting Demographics

o Immigration is linked to globalisation

o Large global Canadian cities have high immigration levels and ethnic

diversity

o Immigrants experience declining income levels (especially when

compared to native-born Canadians

o There is a noticeable dive between members of minorities and the white

population in Canada

o Leads to rising levels of poverty and more pronounced relationship

between race and economic income levelso Creates new forms of social exclusion

The Spatial Polarisation of the City

Growing socialpolarisation reflects in spatialpolarisation of Canadian cities.

- Becoming noticeable in neighbourhoods.

Since the 1970s, the spatial distribution of households income among neighborhoods have

become more unequal or segregated.

Highest Score in Spatial Inequality:

- Toronto

- Calgary

- Montreal

- Hamilton

- Vancouver


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Smallest Score in Spatial Inequality

- Smaller cities in Central and Eastern Canada

Gentrification

-

Refers to shifts in an urban community lifestyle and an increasing share of

wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values.

Economic Restructuring with Neo-Liberalism

- Manufacturing work disappears from the inner cities and is replaced by high-end

jobs.

- People start building better neighbourhoods.

- Older suburbs suffer the consequences.

- Generates more segregation.

Neighbourhood Segregation and Concentrated Poverty: Ghettos in Canadas Cities

An ideal neighbourhood provides accessibility to jobs, services and amenities, social

relationships and networks.

Spatial Polarisationcauses poverty to be concentrated in particular neighbourhoods.

Poverty: high demand for social services + limited budget of municipalities = overwhelmed

system.

Neighbourhood Effect

- When people are not able to leave these neighbourhoods.

- They become very dependent on neighbourhood for determining life chances.

Concentration of Poverty, Ethnic and Racial Segregation

- Negatives:

o Racial divisions

o Discrimination

o Social exclusion

o

Ghettos- Positives?

o Ethnic community

Ghettos

- Concentrated areas segregated by income and or/ethnic minority

- People are unable to move to other residential zones


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- Due to low income and/or prejudice

- To be categorised as a ghetto, should include:

1. Must have at least 60% of the neighbourhoods population being from a single

visible minority.

2. 30% of that city particular minority must reside in that neighbourhood.

-

Ghettos do not exist in Canadian cities.

Ch. 11 Transportation

In Canada, the ability to create adequate transportation routes and mobility while maintaining

aesthetic appeal has been an issue since the 1950s. Mobility plays a crucial role in peoples lives.

Predominant Transportation Planning Paradigm

- Informs the predict and provide approach to assessing mobility needs

- Urban transportation planning and engineering textbooks

-

Forecast mobility needs based on household travel surveys

o Urban land uses

o Population densities

- Resulted in justification of new high-capacity infrastructure, increase in car use,

congestion and construction.

Debate and Decide Approach

- Adopts community-based engagement

- Citizens create visions of the future city

-

Determine what would be required of transportation and land-use policy

Transportation Demand Management

- Focuses on more efficient use of established road infrastructure once cities cannot

continue to cater to open-ended travel demand by increasing the amount of

automotive infrastructure

Canadian planners and policy-makers expand urban mobility while retaining attributes that make

cities desirable.

Transportation in Canadian Cities: 1996-2006: An International Comparison

Balanced Transportation

-

Adds value

- Provides a choice between means of motion

- Enhances passage through a city against the resulting decrease of place-based

attributes that could ensue


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Comparisons are among cities in the USA, Australia, Canada and Europe based on:

- Private transport use levels

- Public transport use levels

Private Transportation

- All transportation that isnt public. This includes driving, rail, flying, etc.

Infrastructure Performance

- The performance refers to the amount of volume that the infrastructure sees, and

how much there is per person.

Numbers of Cars

- A good indication of the way that people interact with public transit.

-

The more people that drive, the less that take transit.

Metres of Freeway

- Clear indication of how committed a city is to cars over public transit.

USA and Australia highly dependent on cars; Europe and rich Asian countries have great public

transit methods.

Transit Use on the Rise

-

Vancouver: The new Canada Line railway extension that was opened in 2009 isexpected to add 13 trips per capita.

o 17% increase in density is paralleled with its increase in public transit

usage.

- Montreal and Toronto are Canadas most transit-intensive cities.

Urban Form

- Attempts to increase population density in urban areas in Australia, USA and

Canada are producing results.

- Slight decreases in density in some European cities are as a result of slow

population growth or no population growth at all.

Other Factors that Influence Private and Public Transportation Use in Cities Include:

-

Active density

o Population density

o Job density


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- Provision of auto-mobile oriented infrastructure represents a citys commitment to

the auto-centric lifestyle we lead.

o Provision of freeway per capita.

o Provision of parking spaces per 1000 Central Business District (CBD) jobs

Public Transportation Infrastructure and Performance

- Three ways to access extent of quality transit routes:

1. Right-of-way

2. Cars

3. Time and distance relationship

- Reserved transit routes: strictly for high occupancy vehicles, meant to increase

travel speed

- Freeway: express highway meant for faster travel of cars, trucks and other low

occupancy vehicles

Transportation Fatalities

- The mortality rate from transport-related deaths is measure per 100,000 people.

- Two main causesprivate auto transport and cycling and walking.

1. Most transport fatalities are in private, as opposed to public.

2. Traffic speed may be the reason why there were more deaths in Calgary from 1996-2006.

3.

All cities for which data is available, trends in traffic fatalities have been in declinea

positive urban sustainability indicator.

Explaining Canadas Urban Transport Anomalies

-

American vs. Canadian Ideas of Transport

- Canadians and Public Transport

- Expansion of Roads

Conclusion

Transport Revolutions and Future Urban Mobility

1. Canadas development of urban transportation has been peculiar and ranging in ideas.

2. Evidence suggests that approaches to mobility will change in the next 10 years.

3.

Decades of balancing between transit and auto-oriented urban developments have leftCanadian cities with fewer sprawls and less auto-dependence to recover from than their

American counterparts.

Age of Sustainability Wave

- Associated with new mobility technologies and green modes of transport.

- Walking-city and transit-city forms: polycentric and sustainable.


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Oil

- Currently fuels 95% of the worlds mobility, and 60% of the worlds oil

consumption that goes towards moving people and goods.

- Urban passenger travel in Canada represent a mature technology as these grid-

connected vehicles (GVCs) use electrical energy that is generated from renewablesources.

- Electric traction is also quieter and less polluting of the local environment that oil

fueled vehicles.

- Is Canada ready?

Ch. 12 Urban Governments and Planning

The Changing Political-Economic Context of Urban Governance

- Cities have undergone restructuring through globalisationand the shift to neo-

liberal governance.

- After 1945, post-war Fordismwas prevalent in Western countries.

- Keynesian welfare statewas still popular, as it diffused uneven economic

growth.

- Throughout the 1940s and 50s, cities remained passive to higher levels of

government.

-

Economic oil crisis of 1970s weakened support of Keynesian system.

- Neo-Liberal ideas of deregulation, privatisationand decentralisationbegan to

restore profitability in the economy.

-

Internationalised economy and open national markets contributed to the economicdrivers of global cities.

- Governments now had lower controlover the globalised flow of deregulated

international markets.

- Governments became more focused on supporting a few citiesto compete on the

international markets rather than distributing development sub-nationally.

Phases of Neo-Liberalisation

1. 1980s Roll-Back

- Dismantling the Keynesian welfare state.

-

Cut-backs.

2. 1990s Roll-Out

- New regulatory procedures.

3. Current Roll-With-It

- Sustaining the economy.

Entrepreneurial Governance


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- New regionalism

- New growth theory

- Institutionalist Economic Geography

o Sees regions as sites of untraded interdependences.

o Global cities are strategic coordinating sites of the global economy.

o

Site for economic governance and social regulation.

Economic Localism

- Mobilisation of city space for economic growth and competitiveness.

- Gives birth to 4 new strategies of the entrepreneurial city to compete

internationally.

1. Exploitation of advantages for the production of goods/services.

2. Introduction of a new spatial division of consumption.

3. Acquisition of key control and command functions in high finance,

government.4. Competitive edge, redistribution of surpluses through central governments.

Improving Quality of Life

- Improving availability of consumer choices to attract new consumers, new high-

skill workers and new businesses.

o People in city offered a choice of features.

o Public spaces are remodelled (ex. cafes, open air malls).

o Ethnic neighbourhoods marketed for distinctive flair.

o

Cultural events and entertainment.o Mega-projects, high-cultural institutions (museums) and sport stadiums.

Neo-Liberal Model of Urban Governance

- No single path to entrepreneurship.

- Response of cities to global Neo-Liberalism is path-dependent, different paths

must be taken into account.

Three Ideal Response to Global Neo-Liberalism

1. Neo-statism

- State-sponsored restructuring that conforms to the market whereby the state

guides the market in support of national economic change.

2.

Neo-corporalist

- Negotiated approach to restructuring by private, public and third sector actors.

3. Neo-communitarian

- Emphasize the contribution of third-sector.


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Toronto

Mike Harris and Ernie Eves: Conservatives 1995-2003

- Neo-Liberalism is the downloading of responsibilities from the Provincial and

Federal to Municipal.- Globalisationopens doors to foreign investors.

- Amalgamated January 1st, 1998.

- Neo-liberalcut costs.

o Welfare cutsworkfare.

o $136 million saved per year

o 6 fire departments etc. 1 department

o Competition

o Better economy

- Safe Streets Actmaking cities nicer.

-

60 hour work weekPost-Fordism.- Deregulation of planning.

- Autonomy.

-

6 citiesYork, North York, Etobicoke, East York, Scarborough and Toronto.

- Globalisation.

Toronto City Summit Alliance

- Created and run by civic leaders, United Way

- Make money through improvements

o

Infrastructureo Environment

o Affordability and Integration - diversity

o Arts

McGuintys Liberals 2003

- 2003Golden HorseshoeNiagara Falls to Oshawa

- New Regionalism cities are at the core of economic stimulus

- 20% of Canada50% Ontario

- Green

-

Places to Grow

- Intensification

- Sense of Place

- Affordability

- Diversificationethnic neighbourhoods

- Attract businessesglobalisation


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David Miller 2003

- Depolitcising urban governance

- Increasing economic competitiveness

- Even more freedom for corporations and companies

Funding for Cities

- Property tax

- User fees

- Provincial Aid

Montreal

- Subtle shift to Neoliberalism in Montreal, responding to the recession in the late

80s and early 90s.

-

Contrasts changes occurring in Toronto.- Main objectives: internationalise the local economy through Picard Report

- Involvement of all three levels of government with a focus on the private sector.

Involvement of Governments

-

Municipal government was largely dependent on trade unions in the construction

sector.

- Provincial government made public enterprises investtax devises.

- Federal government allowed province to handle more responsibilities.

- Little resistance to Neoliberalism, not as much protest as in Toronto.

-

Stimulation of the service sector and knowledge economy.

Montreal Toronto

- Subtle shift to Neoliberalism - Profound effects from CommonSense Revolution

- Less polarised, emphasis onsocial services

- More-polarised, a lot moreprotests

- Amalgamation unsuccessful,two years later the city de-amalgamated

- Remains amalgamated

-

Governance characterised by alack of coherent regionalism -

Public debate structuredregionally

- Highly fragmented, large rolefor civil society

- Cohesive with elitist actors

Ch. 13 Real Estate and Land Economics

The Value of Location


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- Aspects of location, firms, and the forces determine the attraction of the location.

- Value of land determined by the conditioned in a city.

- Ex. Vancouverhigh land cost (couple millions) for a small lot.

Fuck this chapter ayy lmao.

Ch. 18 New Urban Forms

Factors of Change

Factors of change include:

1. Economic Transformation

- Decline in manufacturing

- Rising service industries

- Developers seeking to reduce developer costs

o

Private streets and services sold to condo corporations2. Technological Innovations

- Bulldozers and automobiles

3. Changing Cultural Values and Practices:

- Demographics

- Households

- Environmentalism

Public Policy Responses

- Government adopted policies that promoted urban intensification and

environmental protections.

- New notions on what it takes to make cities and economies thrive.

- Law, policies and regulation have influenced urban form outcomes in various

ways:

o 1970s: Condominium tenurea corporation owns a building and members

of the corporation are allowed to own units within the building.

o 1980s: Predominant form of high-density residential development. High

housing costs and smaller household sizes.

o Brownfield sites: Former industrial locations that are redeveloped.

o

1990s: Municipalities passed on urban development responsibilities todevelopers. Promoted greater densities in cities.

There are 3 criteria in which urban forms differ:

-

Mixed use vs. segregated pattern of uses.

- Commercial vs. residential dominance.

- Urban core vs. suburban fringe (location).


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Mixed Use Forms

- Forms of urban development that comprise different types of activities.

- Mixed Nodes:

o Suburban Town Centres

o

Downtown Revitalisation Zones (CBDs)- Complete Communities

Segregated Use Forms

- Auto-Oriented Pods

- Power Centres:

o Clustering of specialised stores of different sizes in an automobile oriented

environment.

- Business Parks:

o

Areas with different companies as well as light industry and warehouses.- Private Communities:

o Involve clusters of medium-high density buildings and housing with land

that is held in common ownership.

o Includes gated communities.

Conclusion

- Overall, the urban forms that have appeared are the governments way of dealing

with fiscal and environmental challenges and the desire to promote urban

efficiency. This efficiency has led to forms that are denser, increased accessibility

and have mixed uses.

PLAN 100 Final Exam Review

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