PROF.(DR.)DEEPSHIKHA BHARGAVA Professor-In-Charge

PLAGIARISM PREVENTION CENTRE

AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN

PLAGIARISM DON’T DO IT!!!

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Session Overview

What It Is

Terminology

Legal Implications

Four Types of Plagiarism

How to Avoid It

Methods

Proper Quotations

Proper Citations

Q & A Time!

Plagiarism: What is it?

List as many examples of plagiarism as you can think of.

Useful Definitions: Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

Plagiarism: using the ideas or words of another person without giving appropriate credit (Nat. Acad. Press document)

Self-Plagiarism: The verbatim copying or reuse of one’s own research (IEEE Policy statement)

Both types of plagiarism are considered to be unacceptable practice by most scientific publications

The word “plagiarism” comes from the Latin plagiarus

meaning “kidnapper”

Presenting another’s original thoughts or ideas as your own

Using another’s exact words without proper citation

Plagiarism: What is it?

Why is plagiarism wrong?

*If you plagiarize, you are cheating yourself. You don't learn to write out your thoughts in your own words, and you don't get specific feedback geared to your individual needs and skills. Plagiarism is dishonest because it misrepresents the work of another as your

own.

*Unintentional plagiarism is still cheating.

Is it really such a big problem?

According to the website Plagiarism.org

“Recent studies indicate that approximately 30 percent of all students may be plagiarizing on every written assignment they complete.”

Real Life Plagiarism Scandals

Former Delhi University Vice-chancellor Deepak Pental was sent to jail by a city court in a case of alleged plagiarism and forgery. Additional chief metropolitan magistrate Vinod Kumar Gautam had ordered professor Pental's arrest on a complaint by professor P Parthasarathy accusing him and one of his students of plagiarizing his paper on biotechnology.

Ex-VC of DU sent to jail for ‘plagiarism’,

released, TNN | Nov 26, 2014, 05.51 AM IST http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-VC-of-DU-sent-to-

jail-for-plagiarism-released/articleshow/45278628.cms

Pondicherry University VC Chandra Krishnamurthy has been accused of plagiarism in her book, "Legal Education in India" which she claimed as her original work. Puta team exposed that Chandra had lifted the intellectual works of legal professionals and practitioners and reproduced the contents in her book as her original work.

Call for VC ouster intensifies after plagiarism

charge, TNN | Nov 26, 2014, 06.13 AM IST http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/Call-for-VC-ouster-intensifies-after-

plagiarism-charge/articleshow/45278710.cms

Real Life Plagiarism Scandals

Doris Kearns Goodwin, a Pulitzer Prize winning historian, was forced to step down from the Pulitzer board after she was found to have accidentally used another’s words in one of her books.

Hostetter, Janet. 6 Apr 2006. Associated Press

Images. 5 Aug 2008. <http://apimages.ap.org>

Kirpatrick, David D. “Author Goodwin Resigns from Pulitzer

Board.” New York Times. (1 June 2002.) 5 Aug. 2008.

<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E7D71

43AF932A35755C0A9649C8B63>.

Real Life Plagiarism Scandals

After being accused of rampant plagiarism in her work, tenured professor Madonna G. Constantine was fired from her position at Columbia University.

Bondafeff, Dian. 10 Oct. 2007. Associated Press

Images. 5 Aug 2008. <http://apimages.ap.org>.

Santora, Marc. “Columbia Professor in Noose Case Is

Fired on Plagiarism Charges.” New York Times. (24 June

2008.) 5 Aug. 2008.

<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/nyregion/24columbia.

html?scp=1&sq=Madonna%20Constantine%20&st=cse>.

Real Life Plagiarism Scandals

As a reporter for the New York Times, Jayson Blair plagiarized or fabricated in more than 40 stories between 2002 and 2005. He was fired from his job. The top two editors of the newspaper resigned as a result of the scandal.

“Correcting the Record.” New York Times. 11 May 2003. The New York Times. 5 Aug 2008.

<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E1DB123FF932A25756C0A9659C8B63>

Image: Szymaszek, Jennifer. 12 May 2004. Associated

Press Images. 5 Aug 2008. <http:// apimages.ap.org>

Real Life Plagiarism Scandals

Blair Hornstein was the valedictorian of her high school class and had earned admission to Harvard University. After articles Hornstein wrote for a local newspaper were discovered to have been plagiarized, Harvard University rescinded their acceptance.

Capuzzo, Jill P. “MOORESTOWN JOURNAL; Seeing Crimson.” New York

Times. (20 July 2003.) 5 Aug. 2008.

<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E6D61E3CF933A157

54C0A9659C8B63&scp=4&sq=Blair%20Hornstein%20&st=cse>.

“Blair Hornstein.” The Gothamist. 14 July 2003. 5 Aug. 2008.

<http://gothamist.com/2003/07/14/gothamist.php>.

Real Life Plagiarism Scandals

German defense minister accused of plagiarism.

Individual resigned position - 01 March 2011.

Real Life Plagiarism Scandals

BBC News Europe http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12504347 (18 (Accessed 18 February 2011)

24 MAY 2002 VOL 296 SCIENCE, p 1376

24 MAY 2002 VOL 296 SCIENCE, p 1376

Ethical Responsibilities for Authors in The Journal of Physical Chemistry

I recently took the step of retracting from the scientific record a letter published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, as it is emblematic of a type of author misconduct that we as research professionals must seek to avoid if we are to uphold the integrity of the scientific literature. The letter in question was a publication by Fang et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1065-1070. After publication of the letter, it was brought to our attention that the paper by Fang et al., as submitted and subsequently published by the journal after peer review, included a number of figures that duplicated those contained within previously published papers by other authors ……... I judged such misconduct by the authors to constitute a serious instance of plagiarism. George Schatz Editor in Chief J. Phys. Chem. A/B/C

A recent retraction …..

Original Paper

Oriented Assembly of Fe3O4

Nanoparticles into Monodisperse

Hollow Single-Crystal Microspheres Yu

et al, J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110,

21667-21671 (Figure 3)

Plagiarized paper:

Fabrication of Monodisperse Magnetic

Fe3O4-SiO2 Nanocomposites with Core-

Shell Structures Hua Fang,* Chun-yang

Ma, Tai-li Wan, Mei Zhang, and Wei-hai

Shi J. Phys. Chem C 2007, 111, 1065-

1070

Original paper:

Ultra-large-scale syntheses of monodisperse

nanocrystals, Park et al. Nature Materials, 2004, 3,

891 (Figure 3C)

SCIENTIFIC PLAGIARISM IN INDIA Some more Instances

Prof. B.S. Rajput controversy:

Prof. B.S. Rajput was the vice-chancellor of Kumaon University, India in 2002 when various physicists in India started a website alleging that some of his papers claimed authorship of work, reported earlier by other researchers.

Gopal Kundu controversy A controversy erupted in National Centre for Cell

Science (NCCS), Pune in 2006 when an anonymous mail alleged that the authors (H. Rangaswami and Colleagues from the group of Dr. Gopal Kundu) may have misrepresented data (especially through Western blots) in a paper published in Journal of Biological Chemistry. The allegation was that they had rehashed the same set of data which they had published earlier. After an internal investigation by its ethics committee, the Indian Academy of Sciences banned Gopal Kundu from participating in their activities for three year

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_plagiarism_in_India

Prof. K. Kumar controversy

Anna University controversy

Prof Adhikary Controversy

Dr. Kamlakar Singh Case

Dr. Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo controversy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_plagiarism_in_India

SCIENTIFIC PLAGIARISM IN INDIA Some more Instances

Types of plagiarism

Intentional

Copying a friend’s work

Buying or borrowing papers

Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting

Media “borrowing”without documentation

Web publishing without permissions of creators

Unintentional

Careless paraphrasing

Poor documentation

Quoting excessively

Failure to use your own “voice”

Intentional Plagiarism

Passing off as one’s own pre-written papers from the Internet or other sources.

Copying an essay or article from the Internet, on-line source, or electronic database without quoting or giving credit.

Cutting and pasting from more than one source to create a paper without quoting or giving credit.

Borrowing words or ideas from other students or sources without giving credit.

Intentional Plagiarism: Copying

The most well-known and, sadly, the most common type of plagiarism is the simplest: copying. If you copy someone else's work and put your name on it, you have plagiarized.

"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."

Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

Intentional Plagiarism: Copying

This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer copies, word for word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's book and does not acknowledge in any way that it was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer has committed plagiarism.

The second kind of plagiarism is similar to copying and is perhaps the second most common type of plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer borrows the "phrases and clauses from the original source and weaves them into his own writing" (McConnell Library, Radford University) without putting the phrases in quotation marks or citing the author.

Intentional Plagiarism: Patchwork

With regard to children, they are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who labels a parent shy. It is easy to understand this, since the parents are in positions of control and authority in their own homes and may not necessarily show their shy side to their children. Moreover, since shyness is viewed as unfavorable by most children, it may be threatening for them to think of their parents in that light. During the formative years, the parent is idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.

Intentional Plagiarism: Patchwork

"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."

Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes another's work without citing the source. Even changing the words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without citing the source is still considered plagiarism.

Intentional Plagiarism: Paraphrasing

Children are completely insensitive to their parents' shyness and rarely label their parents as shy. Because the parents are the authority and controlling figures in the home, they may not feel shy and therefore not show their shy side. Moreover, during the formative years, parents are seen as omnipotent and omniscient and not stupid, unattractive, or pathetic; it may be frightening for children to view their parents in terms of shyness.

Intentional Plagiarism: Paraphrasing

"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."

Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

Unintentional Plagiarism

The fourth type of plagiarism is called unintentional plagiarism -- it occurs when the writer incorrectly quotes and/or incorrectly cites a source they are using.

If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a source, it could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the writer's part. The dishonest usage of another's work is most often considered plagiarism. Therefore, the incorrect usage of another's work, whether it's intentional or not, could be taken for "real" plagiarism.

Other Types of Ethical Violations

Duplicate publication/submission of research findings; failure to inform the editor of related papers that the author has under consideration or “in press”

Unrevealed conflicts of interest that could affect the interpretation of the findings

Misrepresentation of research findings - use of selective or fraudulent data to support a hypothesis or claim

Catching the plagiarist

The internet has made plagiarism easier with access to term paper mills, search engines, encyclopedias, etc. In response, websites have been developed which help teachers analyze papers and develop strategies to prevent plagiarism. E.g.

Turnitin

Jplag

Library Electronic Databases

Moss

Plagiarism.org

The Plagiarism Resource Site

PlagiServe

WordCHECK etc.

Guidelines for avoiding plagiarism

Use your own words and ideas.

Give credit for copied, adapted, or paraphrased material.

Avoid using others' work with minor "cosmetic" changes.

There are no "freebies."

Beware of "common knowledge."

WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE.

Plagiarism Trying to claim the

credit for something

that is not your work.

PLAGIARISM – DON’T DO IT!!!

A Call for Cooperation

“We would like to encourage the leaders of academic research groups to inform their students and research associates about the ethical responsibilities of authors of scientific publications and to insure that, when they are given the responsibility for submitting a paper, they are fully aware of the potential consequences, to themselves and to their co-authors, of violations in these ethical guidelines.”

Interrante & Reichmanis,C&EN, Vol 83(6), p. 4 (2005)

Recommended Resources

http://www.hamilton.edu/academic/Resource/WC/AvoidingPlagiarism.html

http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html

http://www.virtualsalt.com/antiplag.htm

http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/~janicke/plagiary.htm

http://www.ulm.edu/~lowe/plagiarism.ppt

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

http://www.madison.tec.wi.us/is/writingcenter/plagarism.htm

www.plagiarism.org

Q & A Time!

Thanks for kind attention!

Remember, if you need help, approach the Plagiarism Prevention Centre! We’ll be glad to help!