ThemenGeschichtsPfad

Places of Remembranceand Commemoration

National Socialism in Munich

Contents

Foreword 3

Practical information 6

Places of Remembrance and Commemoration.National Socialism in MunichA walk from Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus to Georg-Elser-Platz

Introduction: Public Remembrance from 1945 to the Present 11

Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus –Brienner Straße 15

Brienner Straße – Arcisstraße – Katharina-von-Bora-Straße – Königsplatz 31

Prielmayerstraße (Palace of Justice) 45

Herzog-Max-Straße – Neuhauser Straße 51

Marienplatz (New Town Hall – Old Town Hall) – Rosental – St.-Jakobs-Platz 57

Kardinal-Faulhaber-Straße 73

Odeonsplatz – Viscardigasse 79

Hofgarten – Galeriestraße – Prinzregentenstraße 87

Ludwigstraße – Walter-Klingenbeck-Weg 101

Ludwig Maximilian University 107

Georg-Elser-Platz 115

The thematic history trails (ThemenGeschichtspfade)are part of the cultural history trails series(KulturGeschichtsPfade) published by the City of Munich

Existing titles in the thematic history trails series:

Volume 1 Der Nationalsozialismus in MünchenVolume 1 Eng. National Socialism in Munich Volume 2 Geschichte der Lesben und Schwulen in MünchenVolume 3 Orte des Erinnerns und Gedenkens

Nationalsozialismus in MünchenVolume 3 Eng. Places of Remembrance and Commemoration

National Socialism in Munich

For further information please visit: www.muenchen.de/tgp

You will find a list of existing and future publications inthe cultural history trails series (KulturGeschichtsPfade)at the back of this booklet.

Memory Loops 119175 Audio Tracks on Sites of NS Terror in Munich 1933 –1945

Further informationThe Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism on the Internet 122Selected bibliography 122Photo credits 124

List of places mentioned in the ThemenGeschichtsPfadMap

Foreword

Munich played an ignominious role in the rise of the NationalSocialist movement long before the Nazis actually seizedpower. It was in Munich that Adolf Hitler celebrated manyof his early triumphs and that the Nazi Party – the NSDAP –was founded. It was likewise in Munich that the “Führer”staged his attempted putsch in November 1923, that theparty newspaper, the Völkische Beobachter, was first pub-lished, and that the party headquarters was located. In 1933Munich was declared the “Capital of German Art” and in1935 the “Capital of the Movement” and it was here thatthe first concentration camp was planned and built, inDachau just outside the city gates, so to speak. The city wasalso home to the Gestapo, and was the scene of many evildeeds carried out in anticipation of orders yet to come,even before the Nazis made them law for the whole Reich.

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A documentation centre established to address the historyof National Socialism in Munich must inevitably deal with thepost-1945 period as well. It must ask what was repressed,and what was not publicly discussed until decades later.Who among the victims of Nazism or among the resistanceto the Nazi regime was for a long time overlooked? Whichnames were never mentioned at all or even expunged fromthe collective memory? Who deserves greater recognitionfor what they did? None of these questions can be answeredonce and for all, any more than the question of the guilt andresponsibility of the Germans can.

This thematic history trail offers a tour of Munich’s Placesof Remembrance and Commemoration and at the sametime is intended as a stimulus to discussion about the city’ spast and present commemorative culture.

Christian UdeMayor of Munich

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This volume forms the sequel to the history trail published in2006 (English edition 2007) devoted to the theme of NationalSocialism in Munich. As its title “Places of Re memb ranceand Commemoration” suggests, it explains where and inwhat form the civic community has addressed this historicalburden.

The shortcomings in how the city has dealt with the pastwill not be glossed over here. The woefully long time it hastaken for some sites to be commemorated at all is certainlydismaying. However, we should guard against self-right-eousness. When Munich lay in ruins at the end of the war ,the horrors of the Nazi dictatorship were still very presentin people’s memories. Rebuilding the bombed city andestablishing a democratic order based on the rule of lawwere their chief priorities. At the same time people wereinhibited about addressing the plight of the victims of Nazismand even more so about confronting the perpetrators andthose complicit in their misdeeds, especially when thesepeople were still alive and in some cases had even onceagain been appointed to important political and administra-tive offices.

Now, as the number of contemporary witnesses steadilydecreases, the desire for places of remembrance and com-memoration is growing ever stronger, and reticence aboutaddressing the perpetrators of Nazi crimes has lessened.

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Places of Remembranceand CommemorationNational Socialism in Munich

A walk from Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus toGeorg-Elser-Platz

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Practical information

This history trail takes the visitor to thirty-eight Places ofRemembrance and Commemoration associated withMunich’s National Socialist past. All of them are located inthe city centre. Visitors may choose to follow the completeroute or parts of it or else to visit sites individually.

The route:Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus – Brienner Straße –Königsplatz – Prielmayerstraße – Herzog-Max-Straße –Neuhauser Straße – Marienplatz – Rosental – St.-Jakobs-Platz – Kardinal-Faulhaber-Straße – Odeonsplatz – Hofgarten– Prinzregentenstraße – Ludwigstraße – Geschwister-Scholl-Platz – Georg-Elser-Platz

Start: Platz der Opfer des NationalsozialismusEnd: Georg-Elser-PlatzDuration: approx. 3.5 – 4 hours on foot

approx. 2.5 hours by bicycle

Public transport along the route:Odeonsplatz Underground (U3/4/5/6); Bus 100Königsplatz U 2, Bus 100Karlsplatz (Stachus) Suburban trains (S-Bahn, all lines);

U 4/5; Tram 19, 27Marienplatz S-Bahn (all lines), U 3/6, Bus 52Sendlinger Tor U 1/2/3/6, Tram 27Universität U 3/6

Connection from St.-Jakobs-Platz to Kardinal-Faulhaber-Straße:U 3/6 (Sendlinger Tor) to Marienplatz or on foot via Rinder -markt and Marienplatz to Weinstraße and Maffeistraße

The names of Munich victims of the Holocaustbeing read out in front of the memorial to theformer main synagogue in Herzog-Max-Straße, 9 November 2009.

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What role do memorials, commemorative sites and com -me morative plaques play in Munich’s approach to its NationalSocialist legacy? How has the city made its history as ascene of propaganda, terror, persecution and other Nazicrimes publicly visible? Which and whose stories are told,and which aspects have been ignored? Even today, morethan sixty years after the end of the Second W orld War andthe collapse of the Nazi regime, these questions have lostnone of their relevance, and the issue of how the city shouldcommemorate its Nazi past in public places continues totrigger heated political debate. Signs of remembrance crea -ted with hindsight reflect the state of a society at a givenpoint in time and reveal much about its attitude towards thepast.

Munich is more closely associated with the early history ,rise and self-glorification of National Socialism than anyother German city. It was here that the Nazi Party (NationalSocialist German Workers’ Party) was founded after the

Public Remembrance from 1945 to the Present

The art installation “8 November 1939” inmemory of Georg Elser on Georg-Elser-Platz.

The commemoration of places and institutions connectedwith Munich’s primary role in the history of NationalSocialism – places in the middle of the city where Nazicrimes were planned and subsequently expedited by servilebureaucrats – was neglected for decades. Only in the 1980s– not least as a result of citizens’ initiatives – was the pub-lic gradually made aware of the history and significance ofthe places associated with those responsible for Nazi crimes.A plaque put up in 1984 to mark the site of the formerGestapo headquarters in Brienner Straße became the firstin Munich to draw public attention to one of the key institu-tions of Nazi tyranny and terror.

Many more monuments, memorials and commemorativeplaques have appeared since then, all of them testifying tothe city’s intensive efforts to address the history of NationalSocialism more comprehensively. Particularly since the1990s, a number of artists have staged “actions” and cre-ated temporary installations for public spaces that takeissue with the city’s past and its remembrance policy. Onerecent example of a permanent memorial of this kind is theart installation by Silke Wagner dedicated to the long-for-gotten resistance fighter Georg Elser, which was unveiledon 8 November 2009 – the seventieth anniversary of Elser’ sassassination attempt on Hitler – on Georg-Elser-Platz inthe Maxvorstadt district.

This thematic history trail can present only some of the sitesthe city has commemorated. Using selected examples itguides the visitor to important places of remembrance andcommemoration associated with the city’s Nazi past andbriefly describes their historical background, how theybecame commemorative sites and how they have changedover the years.

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First World War; and it was here that Hitler and otherprominent members of the Nazi regime began their politicalcareers with the support of influential citizens. After theNazis seized power, Hitler proclaimed the city the “Capitalof German Art” and “Capital of the Movement”, using it asa centre to carry out his policy of promoting “pure” Germanart and as a backdrop for the cult of Nazism. It was alsofrom Munich that Heinrich Himmler had the first concentra-tion camp built at Dachau in March 1933.

Since the end of the war, Munich, like many other cities,has established memorials and monuments intended tocommemorate the events of its Nazi past. It began by re -naming streets and squares after members of the resist-ance and other victims of Nazi persecution. The MunichCity Council decided as early as February 1946 to renamethe western and eastern forecourts of the universityGeschwister-Scholl-Platz and Professor-Huber-Platz, respec-tively, to honour the memory of the members of the WhiteRose resistance group. Harthauserplatz, the former home of another member of the group, Alexander Schmorell, waslikewise renamed Schmorellplatz. The history of the Platzder Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Square of the Victims ofNational Socialism) on Brienner Straße as the central com-memorative site began in March of the same year . Me mo -rials to the soldiers and civilians killed in the war were alsoaccorded a special place in the post-war culture of publicremembrance. Yet questions of blame and the extent towhich ordinary Germans shared responsibility for what hadhappened were largely ignored.

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1 Memorial to the victims of National SocialismPlatz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus

2 Memorial to the murdered Sinti and RomaPlatz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus

3 Plaque commemorating the former Wittelsbacher PalaisIntersection of Briennerstraße and Türkenstraße

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The Memorial on Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus

Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus – Brienner Straße 18–20

The tour begins at Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialis -mus, the central commemorative site for those per-secuted and murdered by the Nazi regime.

In March 1946, scarcely ten monthsafter the end of the Second World Warand the collapse of the Third Reich,Munich’s Mayor Karl Scharnagl markedthe “Day of the Victims of Fascism”with an announcement that the areabetween Brienner Straße and Maxi mi -liansplatz would be renamed “Platz derOpfer des Nationalsozialismus”. This site, to use Scharnagl’s words,“seemed particularly appropriate as amemorial” not only because of its cen-tral location but “above all because itcarries the monument to the greatGerman writer Friedrich von Schiller,

who celebrated freedom and humandignity in his works”. Political groupspersecuted under the Nazis put forwardan alternative – and really far morefitting – proposal. They suggested re -naming Brienner Straße or Königsplatz(the locations of the Nazi Party head -quarters and Nazi parading ground,respectively) in memory of the nume -rous victims of racist and political per-secution and erecting a memorial there.This idea was supported only by theSocial Democrats on the Munich CityCouncil, however, and a majority votedagainst it. In the 1960s new plansemerged to erect a “House for PublicEducation” together with a centralmemorial to the victims of Nazi per-secution on the site of the Wittels -bacher Palais, the former Munichheadquarters of the Gestapo on theopposite side of Brienner Straße. Acultural centre was eventually built in1985, but on a completely differentsite (Gasteig) and without a memorial.The Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialis -mus thus for a long time remained aplace plagued by traffic that receivedlittle public attention.

Memorial dedicatedto the victims of theNazi reign of terroron Platz der Opferdes Nationalsozialis -mus (photo 2010).

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How Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus has changed over time.

Left: With the monument to Schiller, c. 1946. The monument, unveiledin 1863, was moved to the northeastern end of Maximiliansplatz fortraffic reasons in 1959.

Right: With the temporary memorial, 1965. After Andreas Sobeck’smemorial had been erected in 1985 the granite stone was given a newinscription and moved to Platz der Freiheit (Freedom Square) in thedistrict of Neuhausen, where it serves as a memorial to the membersof the resistance who fell victim to the Nazi regime.

A two-and-a-half-metre-high stone made of Flossenbürggranite, designed by Karl Oppenrieder and bearing the in -scription “To the Victims of National Socialism” was erectedin 1965, initially as a temporary measure.

In 1983, after objections to this interim solution had becomesteadily more vocal, the city council announced a competitionfor a new memorial. This second memorial – the one stillstanding today – was unveiled on 8 November 1985 .Standing six metres tall and consisting of an Eternal Flameburning behind prison bars, the monument designed byAndreas Sobeck symbolises not just the totalitarian cha-racter of the Nazi regime, but also hope and the longing forfreedom.

Less than three weeks later, however, the memorial wasdeprived of its symbolic power when the city council decidedfirst that the Eternal Flame would be allowed to burn onlyon special commemorative days and then that it shouldburn only at night. This “economy measure” was revokedagain in November 1986.

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Artist’s impression of the new design for Platz der Opfer des National -sozialismus (March 2010)

Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus remains unsatisfactory asMunich’s central memorial site. In December 2008 the all-party commit -tee of the Munich City Council voted unanimously to change the memo -rial site to make it more dignified. It was agreed that the square shouldremain the central memorial site. A concept presented in March 2010would create a single area that would allow visitors to linger and con -template the memorial undisturbed. In the new concept the memorialwould stand at the centre of an almost square space. Inscriptions wouldbe added in commemoration of all groups of victims and attentionwould be drawn to the site’s proximity to the former Gestapo head -quarters and the future Documentation Centre. The all-party committeewelcomed the concept and recommended that the city’s BuildingDepartment be charged with planning and realising the project.

Memorial to the Murdered Sinti and Roma

Just a few metres away from Andreas Sobeck’s basaltcolumn, a metal plate framed by stone and set in the grass

commemorates Munich’s murdered Sinti and Roma.Designed by Toni Preis, this memorial was installed on theapplication of Holocaust survivor Hugo Höllenreiner andunveiled to the public on 20 December 1995. The Sinti andRoma were originally to have been commemorated at nos.64 and 79 Deisenhofenerstraße in the district of Giesingwhere several Sinti and Roma families lived until their de -portation. However, plans to put up a commemorative plaquewere abandoned after they met with resistance from theinhabitants of the two houses. It also proved impossible toerect a memorial stone at the intersection of Neuhauser -straße and Ettstraße in the immediate vicinity of the policeheadquarters where the Sinti and Roma had once beenregistered and detained, because the Bavarian InteriorMinistry did not approve the site.

Half a million European Sinti and Roma were murdered inmass shootings, Nazi gas chambers and labour camps andin medical experiments conducted by the Nazi regime. InMunich a total of 141 men, women and children were takento the police headquarters on Ettstraße on 13 March 1943and deported a week later to the death camp in Auschwitz.Only a few survived.

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It was not until the 1970s that Sintiand Roma organisations graduallysucceeded in drawing attention to theirfate. In Munich it took a long timebefore the story of how the Sinti andRoma had been discriminated against,stripped of their rights and finallyexterminated was addressed and thenotorious role the “Capital of theMovement” had played in this wasacknowledged. After Hitler came topower the “Central Police Office forGypsies” was established in Munich.This had the task of register ing andpersecuting Sinti and Roma through -out the Reich and after being trans-ferred to Berlin in 1938 became themain office of the new “Reich CentralOffice for Combating the GypsyPlague”. After the Second World War,the Munich office was renamed the“Central Office for Vagrants” and until1965 continued to serve as part of theBavarian Criminal Investigation Officeusing information obtained from Nazifiles.

Memorial to Munich’smurdered Sinti undRoma (photo 2010).

The Site of the Former Wittelsbacher Palais

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Bronze plaque on theBayerische Landes -bank building at the intersection ofBrienner Straße andTürkenstraße (photo2010).

The Platz der Opfer des National so -zialismus was chosen as a memorialsite on account of its proximity to theplace where the Wittelsbacher Palaisonce stood in Brienner Straße. Fromautumn 1933 onwards this buildingserved as the headquarters of theBavarian Political Police, which laterbecame part of the Gestapo. Duringthe Nazi era the Neo-Gothic buildingsoon became a synonym for bureau -cratic tyranny and physical violence. Itwas here that resistance fighters likeGeorg Elser, the Jesuit priest RupertMayer and the members of the WhiteRose group were detained and inter -rogated and where numerous otherswho fell into the clutches of theGestapo and its henchmen were mal-treated and tortured. At the end of1933 Reinhard Heydrich, head of theBavarian Political Police, applied for a“prisoners’ house” to be built in therear section of the grounds, and in mid-1944 an annexe of Dachau concen-tration camp was set up in the base -ment of the Palais. The fifty prisonersincarcerated there were made to clearrubble and defuse bombs. The Gestapo

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placed bronze plaque at the intersection of BriennerStraße and Türkenstraße. The placement of this plaquewas the outcome of a motion tabled by the MaxvorstadtDistrict Committee which met with much resistance beforeit was finally approved in 1984. This was the first time thata site in Munich was publicly marked as having once housedthe apparatus of Nazi tyranny and terror. Yet the text of theinscription contains no more than a very brief reference tothe former Gestapo head quarters and can easily be missedby passers-by.

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Sign resembling awayside shrine on a tree in the Wittels -bacher Palais park,1946. It commemo -rates seven Polishand Russianprisoners who weretortured by Gestapoofficials and exe-cuted in the park inDecember 1944.

officials were also responsible forissuing orders to compile deportationand death lists.

Nothing remains of this building today.Parts of it were severely damaged inthe war, and the ruins were de mol -ished in 1950, thus erasing any visibletrace of the building’s Nazi past. TheBayerische Landesbank (Bank ofBavaria) purchased the site in the1970s and in 1982 erected a modernglass complex where the palace hadonce stood. The only visible reminderof the Wittelsbacher Palais and its his-tory today is a small, inconspicuously

“And now? Why are there no Nazis im prisoned here?”Graffito on the wallof the formerGestapo prison in the WittelsbacherPalais, October 1946.The prison wasdemolished in 1964.

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Original and copy: Only one of the two lions created by the sculptorJohann Halbig in 1848 for the entrance to the Wittelsbacher Palaissurvived the Second World War intact (left, photo c. 1945). It has stoodin front of the Catholic Academy at Mandlstraße 23 since 1970 and in1994 became a memorial to the Catholic journalist Fritz Gehrlich, whowas murdered in the Dachau concentration camp.

The stone lion in front of the northern entrance to the BayerischeLandesbank in Gabelsberger Straße (right) is a copy. It was put therein 1980 with the inscription: “Copy of the lion destroyed when theWittelsbacher Palais was bombed in AD 1944.” “A clear example ofthe postmodern scorn towards artistic authenticity”, the historianGavriel D. Rosenfeld writes, “this monument seems to have beenmeant to prevent any further commemoration at the site which mighthave addressed its Nazi past.”

Wittelsbacher Palais,c. 1940

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The Former Party Quarter

In the mid-1990s steps were finally taken to make thepublic more aware of the history of the former NaziParty quarter of the city.

Between 1933 and 1935 Königsplatzwas redeveloped as a parading groundand as the focal point of the Nazi cultaccording to plans by Hitler’s favouritearchitect Paul Ludwig Troost. Here theNSDAP staged annual events to cele-brate the myth of its founding and tocommemorate the “martyrs” of thefailed Hitler putsch of 1923 whoseremains were interred in the purpose-built “Temples of Honour” in 1935. Inaddition many Nazi organisations werehoused in buildings in the area be -tween Karolinenplatz and Königsplatz.

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Brienner Straße – Arcisstraße – Katharina-von-Bora-Straße – Königsplatz

4 Information board on the former party centre of the NSDAPIntersection of Arcisstraße and Brienner Straße

5 ”Stolpersteine”University of Music and the Performing Arts, Arcisstraße 12Open Monday to Friday 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., Saturday 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.

6 Pedestals of the former ”Temples of Honour”Intersection of Arcis/Katharina-von-Bora-Straße and Brienner Straße

7 Site of the future Documentation Centre for the History of National SocialismBrienner Straße

One of the key events that triggered a growing interest inthe shadowy past of this district was an exhibition called“Bürokratie und Kult” (Bureaucracy and Cult) put on at theend of 1995 in the inner courtyard of the former Party Ad -ministration Building by the Central Institute for History ofArt (which now occupies that building). Another was a seriesof photos published a year earlier in the colour supplementto the Süddeutsche Zeitung newspaper showing the air raidshelter and underground passages connecting the formerParty buildings. In 1996 the architects Piero Steinle andJulian Rosefeldt put up an information board at theintersection of Brienner Straße and Arcisstraße. Originallytied to the aforementioned exhibition and hence a tempo -rary measure, this information board recalling in both Germanand English the history and topography of this central siteof the Nazi movement became a permanent public fixturein 2002.

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Information board on the history and topo-graphy of the former NSDAP party centre on Königsplatz. In the background the over-grown pedestal of the northern “Temple ofHonour” (photo 2010).

After 1945 the building in which severalthousand officials had once provided inminute detail the bureaucratic under -pinning for the inhuman policies of theNazis was, without much ado, simplygiven a new function. While it remaineda prominent city landmark, for a longtime there was no reference to its his-torical significance. Not until much laterdid historians and the public begin totake notice of sites like these with theirlinks to those responsible for Nazicrimes. Many of the buildings had beenrented by public institutions, banks andcompanies since the 1950s. The PartyAdministration Building, for example,which once housed the card index of allnine million NSDAP members, in 1947became home to the Central Institutefor History of Art and other culturalinstitutes. After 1957 the “Führerbau”in Arcisstraße, where the MunichAgree ment was concluded, becamethe Music Academy (later the Univer -sity of Music and the Performing Arts).In August 2005 twenty-five “Stolper -steine” (stumbling blocks) were laidinside the entrance of this building incommemoration of people who weremurdered, deported, forced to flee ordriven to suicide under the Third Reich

. This project, conceived by the artistGunter Demnig, remains controversialin Munich, however.

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“Stolpersteine” inMunich’s Universityof Music and thePerforming Arts.Installation by PeterWeismann (photo2010).

Königsplatz during the celebrations on 9 November 1938. In the background the“Führerbau” (left) and the Party Admi n i -stration building (right) with the “Temples ofHonour”. Behind the left “Temple of Honour”stands the “Brown House”.

The “Temples of Honour“ were the only Nazi site to stirpublic debate in the immediate post-war period. At issuewas whether the painful memories evoked by these centralsites of the Nazi cult could best be removed by demolish -ing or redeveloping them. In the end the American militarygovern ment ordered the temples to be dynamited in 1947.In October 1956, after plans to redevelop the site had beenabandoned and with the 800th anniversary of the city ap -proaching, grass and bushes were planted on the remainingpedestals and nature was left to cover up what fewreminders of the temples were left. In 1990 the State ofBavaria held a competition for a new building to house partof the University of Music and the Performing Arts and thestate art collections as a new architectural solution for thepedestals of the “Temples of Honour”. The fact that none

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Pilgrimage site ofNazi propaganda:visitors to one of the“Temples of Honour”standing in front ofthe coffins of the“martyrs” of thefailed Hitler putsch,November 1936.

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of the designs submitted was realisedis a telling re flection of the architects’uncer tainty about how to tackle thebuilding’s Nazi legacy and led to furthercontroversial discussion. The pedestalsof the “Temples of Honour” – by thencompletely overgrown – were declaredhistoric monu ments in 2001.

The “Temples of Honour” in summer 1945. The notice saying “Theremains have been removed” refers to the coffins inside the “Templesof Honour”, which were removed on Eisenhower’s orders in July 1945and melted down. The mortal remains of the putschists were movedto various different cemeteries. The corpse of Gauleiter Adolf Wagner,who had been buried east of the northern “Temple of Honour” in 1944,was also exhumed.

Children playing on the site of thedynamited northern“Temple of Honour”,1955.

In July 2007 a city council majoritymade up of Social Democrats, Greens,the Rosa Liste and the Party of Demo -cratic Socialism voted to change thename of Meiserstraße, the southernsection of Arcisstraße which had beenre named in honour of the Bishop ofBavaria Hans Meiser in 1957 followinghis death the previous year. After yearsof controversy over Meiser’s anti-Semi -tic remarks, Meiserstraße becameKatharina-von-Bora-Straße in May 2010.Meiser’s contemporaries had for along time revered him as a figureheadof resistance to the Nazis’ attempts tobring the German Protestant Churchinto line, and his alleged anti-Semitismprovoked a heated public debate involv -ing both journalists and historians.

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Königsplatz, too, was planted with grass, though only aftera lengthy discussion that culminated in a decision by the citycouncil in October 1986. When this was realised two yearslater, the square was restored almost to the appearanceintended by its original creator Leo von Klenze. Every yearsince 1995 the artist Wolfram P. Kastner has singed a patchof grass in front of the Antikensammlung (the buildinghousing a collection of classical art) as a token of remem-brance of the public book-burning organised by the GermanStudents’ Association on 10 May 1933, at which the worksof Lion Feuchtwanger, Berthold Brecht, Heinrich Mann, AnnaSeghers and many other writers abhorred by the Nazis werethrown into the flames. Kastner’s symbolic action is accom -panied each year by public readings from the “burnt books”.The first reading – staged by Brecht’s daughter, the actressHanne Hiob, and pupils of the Luisengymnasium grammarschool – took place in 1995 and is now a regular fixture inthe city’s culture of remembrance.

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Greening the pedes -tals of the former“Temples of Honour”in October 1956.

A subject of contro-versy: the renamingof Meiserstraße(photo July 2010).

The Documentation Centre for theHistory of National Socialism

The planned Munich Documentation Centre for the Historyof National Socialism will in future play an important rolein the city’s approach to the history and long-term impact ofNational Socialism. Within the next few years, an educationand information centre is to be erected on the site pre vi ous -ly occupied by the “Brown House” (destroyed in 1943/45),where the NSDAP had its headquarters from 1931.Memories of the Nazi era will thus be topographically an chored in a historically significant place. The first impetusfor a documentation centre came from citizens’ initiatives inthe 1980s, but it was not until 2001 that the City of Munichtook a final decision to realise the project. The Free Stateof Bavaria followed suit in 2002. After several years ofintensive discussion, the City of Munich, the Free State ofBavaria and the German federal government finally agreedto finance the project jointly. A competition was held forthe design of the new building, and the winning entry – aplain cube made of white concrete conceived as a starkcontrast to the surrounding architecture – was submittedby the Berlin-based firm of architects Georg • Scheel •Wetzel. Construction is scheduled to begin in 2011.

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The site of theplanned Documen -tation Centre for theHistory of NationalSocialism (photo2010). In the back-ground the former“Führerbau” (nowthe University ofMusic and the Per -forming Arts Munich).

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Prielmayerstraße 7, Palace of Justice

Commemorative Plaques for PaterRupert Mayer and the Members of theWhite RoseAfter the Nazis came to power, the Palace of Justice inPrielmayerstraße became a palace of injustice. Between1933 and 1945 innumerable judges and public pro-secutors supported the Nazis’ judicial system by ignor -ing their duty to protect the individual and violatingcivil liberties.

Two of the most notorious trials of theNazi era were the proceedings againstthe Jesuit priest Pater Rupert Mayerand against the members of the WhiteRose student resistance group whohad publicly called on the Germanpopulation to resist the Nazi dictator-ship. Two plaques + mounted inthe foyer of the court building in 1988and 1993 commemorate the two trials.

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8 Commemorative plaque for Pater Rupert Mayer

9 Commemorative plaque for the members of the White Rose

10 Permanent exhibition “Tyranny ‘In the Name of the German People’” (2nd floor, courtroom 253)

11 Commemorative plaque for Jewish lawyers persecuted by the Nazis Palace of Justice, Prielmayerstraße 7Open Monday to Friday 8.30 a.m. to 4 p.m.; Permanent exhibition: Monday to Friday 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.; closed from 10th April to 31st May and from 10th Oct. to 30th Nov.

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Both carry citations from the speeches for the defence andserve as an admonition to justice and a sense of respon si -bility.

On 23 July 1937 Pater Rupert Mayer was publicly put on trialbefore the Munich Special Tribunal on a charge of incite mentagainst the Nazi Party and the state and of abusing the pulpitto do so. He was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment.On 22 February 1943 the first show trial against the mem -bers of the White Rose took place. The presiding judge was President of the People’s Court Roland Freisler, whosentenced thousands to execution by guillotine or hanging.Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst were exe-cuted in Munich’s Stadelheim prison that same day.

The permanent exhibition “Tyranny ‘In the Name of theGerman People’” documenting the trials against themembers of the White Rose opened in autumn 2007 in hall253 of the Palace of Justice, where the death sentences forProfessor Kurt Huber, Willi Graf and Alexander Schmorell

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Commemorativeplaque for PaterRupert Mayer in thePalace of Justice(photo 2010)

The permanentexhibition in the historic courtroom216 (now 253) of thePalace of Justice withportraits of Willi Graf,Prof. Kurt Huber,Alexander Schmorell,Hans Scholl, SophieScholl and ChristophProbst (from left toright).

were pronounced on 19 April 1943.During the opening ceremony Munich’sformer Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel saidthe most important thing about thisexhibition was not that it provided an -other memorial to the White Rose –ten years after the opening of theDenkStätte Weiße Rose (White RoseCommemorative Site) at MunichUniversity – but rather “that it is beingstaged in this room”. The documen -tation of the trial also signals an increas -ing willingness on the part of theGerman judiciary to critically examineits own past, including the fact thatmany members of the Nazi judiciaryremained in their posts even after 1945.

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Memorial Plaque for Jewish LawyersPersecuted under the Nazis

Commemorativeplaque in the Palaceof Justice for Jewishlawyers persecutedby the Nazis (photo2010).

Another memorial plaque wasunveiled inside the Palace of Justiceon 30 November 1998. The unveilingmarked the sixtieth anniversary of theday when Jewish lawyers were for -bidden to practice their profession,thus excluding them from the legalprofession and robbing them of theirlivelihood. A directive issued by theBavarian Minister of Justice HansFrank in April 1933 had already re -quired Jewish lawyers to present aspecial pass to gain entry to the courtbuilding. The plaque, initiated by theMunich Chamber of Lawyers, com -memorates by name those Munichlawyers who were persecuted, drivenout and murdered on account of theirJewish origin.

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12 Memorial stone for the destroyed main synagogueHerzog-Max-Straße

13 Bürgersaal Church / Pater Rupert Mayer MuseumNeuhauser Straße 14Open Monday to Sunday 10 to 12 a.m. and 4 to 6.30 p.m., Thursday to 9 p.m.

Memorial Stone for the Destroyed Main Synagogue

A memorial stone located on Herzog-Max-Straße nearKarlsplatz commemorates Munich’s former main syna -gogue , which fell victim to Nazi vandalism in June1938 – several months before the pogrom of November1938 known as the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)or Reichspogromnacht. Inaugurated in 1969, the me -morial was one of the first put up by the city to com -memorate in the public arena the violent destruction ofJewish life.

Built in 1883/87 within sight of Munich’sCathedral of Our Dear Lady, the mainsynagogue for four decades symbo lisedthe importance and esteem enjoyed by the Jewish community as part ofMunich’s social and political life. Thespacious Neo-Romanesque buildingcontained more than 1,800 prayer stoolsand was one of the largest Jewish

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Herzog-Max-Straße – Neuhauser Straße 14

places of worship in Europe. The de -molition of the synagogue ordered byHitler personally “for traffic reasons”was a portent of the events to come.

Degraded to a car park under the Nazidictatorship, the site was returned tothe Jewish Community in 1945. TheCommunity then sold the property tothe City of Munich on condition thatpart of the site would be redevelopedas a memorial. The city duly invitedsculptors from Israel and Germany tosubmit designs and in late 1967 thefirst prize was awarded to the Munichsculptor Herbert Peters.

The solid form of the memorial is reminiscent of a cornerstone of thedemolished synagogue and thus servesas a visual symbol of the building thatonce stood there. On the back of thememorial there are niches affordingprotection to certain key symbols ofJudaism such as the seven-branchedcandelabra (Menora) signifying eternallight and life. The Hebrew inscriptionsinclude quotations from Psalm 74,from the lament over the desecrationof the shrine, and from the TenCommand ments.

The main synagogue,c. 1910.

Left: Memorial stoneto Munich’s mainsynagogue destroyedin 1938 (photo 2010).

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Since 1998 the memorial has been the scene of an impres -sive commemorative event that takes place every year on 9November, the anniversary of the Reichspogromnacht. Underthe motto “everyone has a name”, young people, prominentcultural and social figures and ordinary citizens spend severalhours reading out the names of Munich’s deported andmurdered Jews together with their age, the date they diedor were deported and their place of death. The memory ofthe thousands of women, men and children murdered bythe Nazis is thus kept alive. Of the 11,000 Jews who livedin Munich more than 4,500 did not survive the Nazi regime.To mark the seventieth anniversary of the Reichspogrom -nacht in 2008, the readings were for the first time held atseveral different locations all over the city.

The Bürgersaal Church

The Bürgersaal Church in the middle of the pedestrianzone takes us back to the fate of Pater Rupert Mayer. Theprayer and assembly hall of the Marian Men’s Congregationwas one of the places where Mayer preached and is alsowhere he is buried. For many believers it has become aplace of pilgrimage and remembrance.

After several trials and detention in the Sachsenhausenconcentration camp the unyielding priest was held underarrest at the Ettal Monastery in Upper Bavaria until the endof the war. After the war he returned to Munich, where hedied on All Saints’ Day 1945 after suffering a stroke whilegiving a sermon. He was initially buried at the Jesuit Ceme -tery in Pullach, but three years later his mortal remains

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were transferred to the crypt of theBürgersaal Church in a ceremonyattended by 120,000 people.

The museum at the back of the churchdocumenting the life and work of thepastor, who was widely respectedand became a symbol of Catholicresistance to the Nazi regime, wasopened in 2008.

Permanent exhibitionon the life and workof Pater Rupert Mayerin the museum of theBürgersaal Church(photo 2010).

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Inscription Marking the Liberation of Munich on 30 April 1945

The Old Town Hall and the New Town Hall on Marien -platz are two of Munich’s most famous landmarks.

Passing into the inner courtyard of theNew Town Hall the visitor will notice aninscription commemorating the mostimportant members of the U.S. armedforces “who liberated Munich from Nazityranny on 30 April 1945” . This wasadded in 1992, the year the U.S. forcesleft Munich, at the suggestion of thenMayor Georg Krona witter as a gestureof thanks to the U.S. army.

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Marienplatz 8, New Town Hall – Marienplatz 15, Old Town Hall – Rosental – Oberanger – St.-Jakobs-Platz 18

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14 Inscription marking the liberation of Munich on 30 April 1945

15 Plaque commemorating the first Jews of Munich to be deported

16 Memorial room (1 st floor)New Town Hall, Marienplatz 8Open Monday to Thursday 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Friday 8 a.m. to 1 p.m.

17 Memorial to Prisoners of War18 Inscription commemorating

the pogrom of 9 November 1938Old Town Hall, Marienplatz 15

19 Plaque commemorating the de-stroyed Uhlfelder department storeRosental 16

20 Illuminated memorial sign for the destroyed Uhlfelder department storeOberanger (Munich City Museum)

21 “Codes of Remembrance– National Socialism in Munich”

Munich City Museum, St.-Jakobs-Platz 1Open Tuesday to Sunday 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

21 “Passage of Remembrance”The “Passage of Remembrance” can be viewed only as part of a tour of the synagogue. Information: T: 089 202400100, www.ikg-m.de

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Plaque Commemorating the FirstDeportation of Jewish Citizens

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Only a few steps away from the inscription, next to thestaircase leading to the first floor, there is a plaque comme -morating the Munich Jews who were murdered in Kaunas,Lithuania, in 1941 . Put up in November 2000, the plaquewas intended to express the “sorrow and shame of Munich’spopulation as well as their horror at the silence that prevailedat the time”.

On 20 November 1941 one thousand men, women and chil-dren were deported from Munich to Kaunas and five dayslater murdered by firing squad. The deportations to Kaunasmarked the beginning of the systematic annihilation ofMunich’s remaining Jews. Between then and February 1945at least forty-three deportations of Jews were transportedto Kaunas, Piaski, Theresienstadt and Auschwitz. Numerouspeople and institutions, including employees of the city, wereinvolved in organising and carrying out the deportations.

The memorial plaque, designed by Beate Passow, was putup on the initiative of the Munich City Archive. Parallel tothis the City of Munich also donated a sign of remembranceto the memorial site in Kaunas, which Beate Passow usedas a model for its Munich counterpart. The artist describesher work thus: “The pane of glass shows a photo of thememorial plaque in Kowno [Kaunas] together with portraitsof Jewish citizens of Munich who were deported. The crimecommitted in Kowno is thus given an appropriate presencein Munich as well.”

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Commemorative plaque in the New Town Hallfor the Jewish citizens of Munich who weredeported to Kaunas and murdered in 1941(photo 2010). The photographs were takenfrom the identity cards marked with a red “J”that Jewish citizens were obliged to carry withthem from 1939. In many cases these photoswere the last visible traces of their owners.

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Memorial Room in the New Town Hall

In 1951 members of the Munich City Council belonging to theChristian Social Union, the Social Democrats and the Bavar -ian Party tabled a joint motion to have a plaque put up in thetown hall to commemorate those members of the city ad min -istration who had fallen victim to the Third Reich or died inthe two world wars. A hexagonal, chapel-like room on thefirst floor of the wing facing Marienplatz was proposed as asuitable location for the plaque. During the 1920s this roomhad already been turned into a memorial to the city officials,teachers and white- and blue-collar workers killed in theFirst World War, but it was destroyed by bombing in 1944. The newly refurbished room was opened to the public againin 1958 when the city celebrated its 800th anniversary . Inthe centre of the room there is an altar -like stone table onwhich lies a leather-bound book listing the names of thosewho died in the two world wars. Inscriptions on the wallscommemorate both the war dead and those who sufferedpolitical persecution under the Nazi dictatorship. A stoneslab in the floor is dedicated to the “employees [of the city]who died in service”.

The sacral atmosphere of the memorialroom and the many dedications is typicalof the style used for memorials in theearly years of the Federal Republic ofGermany. Those who fell in the twoworld wars were placed on a par withthe victims of the Nazi regime, havingsupposedly suffered a similar “fate”.Questions about the circumstances inwhich they died or of political and moralresponsibility were ignored.

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Memorial room onthe first floor of theNew Town Hall(photo 2010).

Memorial to Prisoners of War

The fate of German prisoners of war was one of the mostpressing issues for ordinary Germans immediately after thewar. In 1954 a monument dedicated to those citizens ofMunich who were still being held prisoner was unveiled inthe arch underneath the Old Town Hall . At that time12,500 citi zens of Munich were still registered as missing,many in the Soviet Union.

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Memorial to pris on -ers of war in the Old Town Hall (photo 2010).

The deliberately restrained stone relief by Franz Mikoreyreflects the view of prisoners of war then prevailing in post-war Ger many. It shows three grieving women awaiting thereturn of prisoners of war (as the inscription tells us), whosesuffer ings should never be forgotten. The location waschosen on account of the central position of the Old T ownHall on Munich’s busy central square Marienplatz, whichensured that many people would see it.

Plaque Commemorating the Reichspogromnacht of 9 November 1938

By contrast, it was not until almost fifty years after the warthat this location’s Nazi past was marked and drawn to publicattention. The go-ahead for the Reichskristallnacht (Night ofBroken Glass), as the Reichspogromnacht was also known,was given by Joseph Goebbels in a speech in the ballroomof the Old Town Hall on the evening of 9 November 1938. Itprovided the impetus for the systematic persecution ofGerman Jews and for the stripping of their rights that wouldeventually culminate in the murder of six million Jews afterthe outbreak of the Second World War.

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During the night of 9/10 November members of the SS, theSA and the Hitler Youth publicly set fire to synagogues allover Germany, plundered and wrecked numerous Jewishbusinesses and abused Jewish citizens. In Munich aloneone thousand Jewish men were arrested and taken to theDachau concentration camp.

The commemorative plaque which draws attention tothe pivotal role played by the meeting in the Old T own Hallin the preparations for these crimes was put up on the ini-tiative of Munich’s former Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel andunveiled in the foyer of the building in November 2000.Since this room is only open to the public on certainoccasions, a replica of the plaque was mounted on thefacade at the entrance to the building in May 2009.

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Ballroom in the OldTown Hall, 1936.

Inscription com me m -orating the placewhere the go-aheadwas given for theNovember pogrom(photo 2010).

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Commemorative Plaque and LightInstallation for the Destroyed UhlfelderDepartment Store Not far from the Old Town Hall, on thecorner of the covered entrance atRosen tal 16, a small stone plaquecommemorates the Uhlfelder depart-ment store which stood here until 1938.The plaque was put up by the city in1964 in keeping with the last will andtestament of Max Uhlfelder who haddied in Munich six years earlier at theage of seventy-two. Probably few ofthose alive today can still recall the his-tory of the department store and itsowner. It was the fate typically suf -fered by Jewish businesses and theirowners, almost all of whom fell victimto the anti-Semitic and racist policies ofthe Nazis.

Founded in 1878, the household andhaberdashery store became one ofMunich’s most modern and most popu -lar shops during the 1920s. Among thesensations of the time was the installa -tion of an escalator taking customersup through the three floors of thedepartment store as well the socialprovisions Max Uhlfelder made for hissome 550 staff.

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Commemorativeplaque for theUhlfelder departmentstore destroyed in1938 at Rosental 16(photo 2010).

After the war Max Uhlfelder returned to Munich, where hefought to get his property back in more than 100 court cases.The department store had been destroyed by bombs in1944 and after his plans to rebuild it failed, he sold the landto the city.

Today an extension of the Munich City Museum is locatedon the site. It houses a permanent exhibition entitled“Natio nal Socialism in Munich – Codes of Remembrance”which opened in mid-2003. As part of this exhibition anothermemorial was put up to the Uhlfelder department store: thename “Uhlfelder” in blue illuminated lettering mountedon the facade of the museum facing onto Oberanger as areminder of the history of the site and the former ownersof the store.

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Like all shops officially declared Jewish by the Nazi state,Uhlfelder’s, which had already suffered several Nazi attackssince 1933, was plundered, almost totally demolished andset on fire during the Reichspogromnacht. At the beginningof December 1938 the business was liquidated and itsstocks sold off at ridiculously low prices. The land was givento Löwenbräu AG in 1942 in compensation for the brewery’ sBürgerbräukeller, which it had been forced to sell to theNSDAP.

Max Uhlfelder was detained together with his son in theDachau concentration camp. After the pogrom he was ableto emigrate with his family, initially to India in 1939, andlater to the United States. His sister Grete Mayer , her hus -band Josef and their son Alfred were among the first groupof Jews to be deported to Kaunas on 20 November 1941,where they were murdered.

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The Uhlfelder depart-ment store after 9 November 1938.

Illuminated memorialsign put up at thehistoric site in 2003(photo 2010).

As a reflection of this the thirty-two-metre-long undergroundpassage joining the synagogue and the community centre

was made into a memorial. The names of Munich Jewsdeported and murdered under the Nazis are inscribed onglass plates mounted along the passage, making it ratherlike a walk-in memorial book. Illuminated white areasbehind the glass make the inscriptions stand out brightly , atthe same time freeing them of their anonymity . The lightalso directs the visitor’s gaze to the two series of words onthe opposite wall: “remember – grieve – commemorate –admonish” and “learn – make peace – speak – live.“ Thesewords forge a link between history, tradition and faith onone side and the present day on the other. At the centre is aStar of David commemorating the six million murderedJews.

The “Passage of Remembrance” conceived by GeorgSoanca-Pollak is one of the most powerful of the worksrecently created to commemorate the victims of the Shoah. The memorial can only be viewed as part of the guidedtours of the synagogue offered regularly by the JewishCommunity.

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The Jewish Museumis part of the archi-tectural ensemble onSt.-Jakobs-Platz. Itconnects the JewishCommunity Centreand the synagogue(photo 2007).

The “Passage of Remembrance”

Oberanger leads directly to the JewishCentre on St.-Jakobs-Platz. The festiveinauguration of the new main syna -gogue Ohel Jakob and of the JewishCommunity Centre on 9 November2006 marked the return of Jewish lifeto the centre of Munich. The architec -tural ensemble – which also includesthe Jewish museum opened in 2007 –symbolises homecoming and thefuture. But it is also a place of grievingdedicated to the memory of the dead.

The “Passage ofRemembrance” inMunich’s JewishCentre (photo 2010).

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Pavement Memorial for Kurt Eisner

A metal plate set in the pavement at Kardinal-Faulhaber-Straße portrays the outline of a man lyingon the ground.

It was at this spot on 21 February 1919that Bavaria’s first prime minister KurtEisner was murdered by the right-wingofficer Anton Graf von Arco-Valley. Theassassination of Eisner, who had beenon his way to submit his resignation tothe Bavarian parliament, triggered theevents leading up to the proclamationof the short-lived republic of soldiers’and workers’ councils (Räterepublik),which was brutally put down by anti-republican units. It was also one ofseveral events that led to a radical pola -ri sation of German politics and ulti mate -ly to the emergence and rise of Nazismin Munich.

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Kardinal-Faulhaber-Straße

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22 Kurt Eisner pavement memorialKardinal-Faulhaber-Straße

Even today Eisner remains one of the most controversialfigures in Bavarian history. A project initiated by the SocialDemocrats on the city council in the 1970s to have amemorial to Eisner erected at the spot where he had beenassassinated therefore became a politically sensitive issue.Not until 1989, following protracted and heated debateamong city councillors and in the press, was the memorialinaugurated.

Since the owner of the Palais Montgelas had refused tohave a memorial plaque put up back in 1976, the sculptressErika Lankes designed a pavement memorial inspired bypolice photos and gravestones set in the pavement. Theinscription caused a further controversy at the town hall

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On the evening of 7 November 1918,when Germany was in the throes of anationwide revolution, Kurt Eisner, whohad been leader of the independentSocial Democrats since 1917, called foran end to the monarchy and proclaimedthe Free State of Bavaria, thus pavingthe way for democracy. During his termin office, which lasted only 100 days,he introduced female suffrage – whichdid not exist anywhere else in Germany– as well as the eight-hour working dayand unemployment insurance. As aJew, an intellectual and a left-wingpolitician whose ideas were close tothose of the Räterepublik, Eisner fittedpractically all the clichés that promptedpublic hostility at that time. This viewof Eisner continued to predominateeven after the end of the Third Reich.

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Kurt Eisner memo -rial, Kardinal-Faul -haber-Straße (photo2010). After Kurt Eisner

was assassinated on 21 February 1919 atemporary memorialwas erected to markthe place where theattack took place.

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when the conservative Christian SocialUnion (CSU) put up fierce oppositionto calling Kurt Eisner “Prime Ministerof the Free State of Bavaria”. The CSUcouncillors only agreed to the memorialafter the wording on the memorial platehad been changed from “Free State”to “People’s State”.

Almost twenty years after the contro-versy over the pavement memorial thecity council decided in June 2008 to putup another monument to Kurt Eisner inrecognition of his charismatic person -ality and his historical role. The follow -ing year a competition for a sculpturewas held and the winning entry by theMunich artist Rotraut Fischer was athree-and-a-half-metres tall walk-in glasssculpture with a quotation from KurtEisner at its centre. The sculpture is tobe erected on the newly developedarea of Oberanger probably by mid-2011.

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Commemorative plaque for Kurt Eisner on Promenadeplatz. After the owners of the Palais Montgelas had refused to have the plaquemounted on the building, a “compromise solution” was found and in1976 the plaque was set in the strip of grass on Promenadeplatz. Theplaque had to be removed again in 2005 to make way for a monumentto Maximilian Josef von Montgelas. It is now in the holdings of theMunich City Museum.

A mock-up of themonument to KurtEisner on Oberanger.The quotation on theouter sheet of glass isfrom Eisner’s appeal“To the people ofMunich!” with whichhe proclaimed theFree State of Bavariaon the night of 8 November 1918.

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Feldherrnhalle

One of the buildings most closely associated withNational Socialism after the collapse of the Third Reichwas the Feldherrnhalle, the scene of Hitler’s attemptedputsch of 9 November 1923, which was put down bythe Bavarian police.

After Hitler came to power, Nazi propa -ganda reinterpreted the failed putschas a “March on the Feldherrnhalle”analogous with Mussolini’s “March onRome”, and the Feldherrnhalle becamea kind of Nazi shrine to those who haddied during the “national uprising”. On9 November 1933 Adolf Hitler had a“cenotaph” unveiled on the east sideof the Feldherrnhalle facing Residenz -straße, where two SS guards kept around-the-clock vigil. Citizens passingthe memorial were expected to raisetheir arms and give the Hitler salute.

Odeonsplatz – Viscardigasse

23 Pavement memorial to the policemen who died putting down the Hitler Putsch in 1923 Feldherrnhalle, Odeonsplatz (replaced by a commemorative plaque on the facade of the Residenz in November 2010)

24 ”Bronze Trail“Viscardigasse

was held at the Feld herrnhalle to com -memorate the victims of fascism. Thissymbolic act was to endow the buildingwith a new mean ing in support of anti-fascism and de mocracy. Even today,the Feldherrn halle is the scene of manydemonstrations against neo-Nazism,racism and right-wing violence, as wellas being a venue for cultural eventsand a well-known tourist attraction.

Perhaps fittingly, it was the Feld herrn -halle that became the focus of thediffering views expressed during thepost-war era about the Germans’ guiltfor Nazi crimes. Even before the “ceno -taph for the fallen of 9 November1923” was removed spontaneously byMunich citizens on 3 June 1945, ananonymous author wrote on the build -ing: “Concentration camps Dachau –Velden – Buchenwald – I am ashamedto be a German.” A short time later,however, another inscription appearedreading: “Goethe, Diesel, Haydn, Rob.Koch. I am proud to be a German!” On14 September 1947 a memorial service

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Cenotaph for thefallen putschists of 9 November 1923 onthe eastern side ofthe Feldherrnhalle,1930s.

The cenotaph in June1945. After being dismantled by theAmeri can militarygovernment the me -morial was removedand melted down to be used for therestor ation of theResidenz.

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In spring 1990 the Munich artists Rudolf Herz and ThomasLehnerer mounted an enamel plate at the place where Hitlerhad honoured the dead putschists. The plate installed ontheir own initiative read: “Jews of the world, please returnif you wish to.” It was removed by the police in less thantwo hours. However, this more proactive form of remem-brance, intended not only as a reminder of National Socia -lism’s Munich origins but also as a message for the future,led to a proposal to install a permanent memorial at theFeldherrnhalle. Following a major controversy, the proposalwas even t ually rejected on the grounds that the Feld herrn -halle was a protected monu ment.

This was also the reason given by theBavarian state (the legal owner of theFeldherrnhalle) when it rejected a pro-posal brought before the city council in1993. The Munich lawyer Otto Gritschn -eder had wanted to put up a comme m -orative plaque for the Bavarianpolicemen who had died putting downthe 1923 putsch. Instead, the city hada plate bear ing the names of the fourpolicemen who had died set in thepavement on Odeonsplatz in front ofthe Feld herrn halle in 1994.

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Sign put up on theFeldherrnhalle byRudolf Herz andThomas Lehnerer in spring 1990.

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On 9 November 2010 Bavarian InteriorMinister Joachim Herrmann andMunich’s Mayor Christian Ude unveileda commemorative plaque at the Kaiser -hof entrance to the Residenz. The pave-ment memorial was then removed andgiven to the historical collection of theCity Museum.

The “Bronze Trail”

By contrast the “Bronze Trail” bythe Munich sculptor and brass founderBruno Wank was deliberately designedas a pavement memorial. Cobble stonesmade of bronze now mark the narrowpath through Viscardigasse, knownpopularly as “Drückebergergasse”(Dodger’s Alley), that many Munichcitizens used in order to avoid goingpast the Feldherrnhalle and being forcedto give the Hitler salute. Initially installedas a temporary project, this memorialto the silent resistance of Munich’scitizens has been a perma nent fixturein the city’s architecture since 1996.Unfortunately, there is currently nopublic notice explaining the signifi canceof the bronze trail and the role of theViscardigasse during the Nazi era.

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The now removedpavement memorialto the policemen whodied putting downthe Hitler putsch in1923 (photo July2010).

The “Bronze Trail” inViscardigasse (photo2010).

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25 War memorialHofgarten

26 Memorial to the German resistance Hofgarten

27 “Degenerate art”/ Galeriestraße

28 Historical documentation at Haus der KunstHaus der Kunst, Prinzregentenstraße 1Open Monday to Sunday 10 a.m. to 8 p.m., Thursday to 10 p.m.

29 “Wounds of Memory”Terrace of Haus der Kunst, Prinzregentenstraße 1Open access

War Memorial

The war memorial in front of the former ArmyMuseum (now the Bavarian State Chancellery) in theHofgarten was also used as a backdrop for nationalistand militaristic propaganda during the Nazi era. Annualremembrance days for war heroes were organised hereby both the Wehrmacht and the Nazi party from 1934onwards.

Erected in 1924/25 as the central me -morial to the citizens of Munich who fellin the First World War, the war me mo -rial modelled on a megalithic tomb wasalready one of the most visited warmemorials in Germany even during theWeimar Republic. Its centrepiece is acrypt in which Bernhard Bleeker’sidealised figure of the “dead soldier” islaid out. The “dead soldier” representedthe 13,000 Munich soldiers who fell in the First World War and whose names were once engraved on the walls of a

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Hofgarten – Galeriestraße – Prinzregentenstraße 1

Memorial to the German Resistance

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War memorial in the Hofgarten (photo 2010).

Remembrance Day (“Heldengedenktag“at the war memorial,12 March 1939.

further walkway that circumscribed thememorial.

Damaged during the Second WorldWar, the war memorial was restoredon the orders of the American militarygovernment, albeit without the namesof the 13,000 dead. In the 1950s aninscription was added commemoratingthe fallen soldiers and civilian victimsof the years 1939 to 1945. This dedi ca -tion reflects the desire of the popu la tionto continue commemorating the wardead even after 1945, although its por-trayal of both the city and its populationexclusively as victims represents a veryone-dimensional view. To this day military ceremonies inhonour of the dead are still held regular -ly at the war memorial.

Another memorial in the Hofgarten isthat to the German resistance lo -cat ed at the entrance to the arcadesleading to the Bavarian State Chancel -lery. The decision to erect the memo -rial was taken by the Free State ofBavaria in July 1994, the fiftieth anni-versary of the failed assassinationattempt on Hitler of 20 July 1944. Thewinning design was unveiled to thepublic two years later.

The granite cube designed by LeoKornbrust is powerful in its simplicity.Two sides of the black polished stonecarry texts by resistance fighters con -demned to death by the Nazi People’sCourt and engraved in the artist’s ownhand. They include quotations fromthe fifth pamphlet published by the

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White Rose and from the “Appeal for20 July 1944” by Erwin von Witzleben.There is also an extract from the fare -well letter of the Westphalian farmerJosef Hufnagel, who was executed on5 June 1944 at Brandenburg-Gördenprison for listening to enemy radiostations.

Although defined as the central Bava -rian memorial for all the resistancefighters who fell victim to the Naziregime, the memorial conveys an in -complete picture. It fails, for example,to mention the Social Democratic andCommunist resistance fighters or indi -viduals like Georg Elser. Since the1990s the memories of these resis -tance fighters have been kept aliveabove all by citizens’ initiatives.

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Memorial to theGerman resistance at the entrance to thearcades leading tothe Bavarian StateChancellery (photo2010).

September 1934, stripped Germany of almost the entirespectrum of modern art and excluded its creators from cul-tural and social life. According to official reports, theexhibition, which was shown in twelve other German cities,was visited by more than two million people in Munich alone.

The gallery was restored after the war and today housesthe Munich Art Society and the German Theatre Museum.There is no sign indicating that the “degenerate art”exhibition was once held here.

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“Degenerate Art”

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Galeriestraße (photo 2010).

Entrance to thedefamatory exhibi -tion of “degenerateart”, Galeriestraße 4,July 1937.

“Degenerate art”, the upper floor of theexhibition, July 1937.

The Hofgarten was also the venue forthe exhibition to defame what theNazis perceived as “degenerate art”that opened in the Hofgarten arcadesat Galeriestraße on 19 July 1937.At this show some 600 works ofclassical modernism, presented in adeliberately distorted manner andaccompanied by wall-high diatribes,were paraded – along with their creat -ors – as examples of “degeneracy”.Almost any artist whose work did notconform with Nazi ideology wasbranded as degenerate. This rigorouslyenforced cultural policy, the guidelinesfor which Adolf Hitler had laid downat the Nuremberg Party Congress in

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Historical Documentation at Haus der Kunst

The Haus der Deutschen Kunst (House of German Art)located just a few metres away from the Hofgarten wasinaugurated in the presence of the Nazi leadership andmembers of Munich’s high society the day before the“degenerate art” exhibition opened. Designed by Hitler’sfavourite architect Paul Ludwig Troost and financed bydonations from German business and industry, the Neo-Classical building on the north side of Prinzregentenstraßeserves as a symbol set in stone of Munich’s role as the“Capital of German Art” and key centre of Nazi propagan-da. The exhibitions held here of works by contemporaryartists favoured by the regime were intended to showcase“pure” German art, while modernist art was being ostra -cised and destroyed. The annual “Great German Art Exhi -bitions” held here until 1944 found acceptance among thebroad masses and attracted several hundred thousandvisitors every year.

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Historical docu men -tation in the corridorof the Haus derKunst (photo 2010).

As part of this effort Chris Dercon, who became director ofthe gallery in 2003, initiated a project of “critical reconstruc -tion”. The building was declared “de-Nazified” after it beganshowing modernist art again in the 1950s. The interior wasthereupon modified to cover up the traces of its unpleasantlegacy. The former “Hall of Honour” at the centre of thebuilding, the scene of Hitler’s tirades of hatred, was fittedwith new walls and ceilings and the red marble cladding ofthe pillars painted white. After 2003 these alterations weresuccessively reversed and the building was restored to itsoriginal state to permit more active reflection on the historyof this room and on the function and significance ofarchitecture in general.

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After surviving the war largely intact, the building was re -named Haus der Kunst (House of Art) in 1946. Since the1950s it has become a major venue for international artexhibitions, including large solo exhibitions of those sameartists who were persecuted as “degenerate” and whoseworks were defamed under the Nazis. Until well into the1990s the building’s tainted history was addressed largelyvia this form of “atonement”.

Not until 1996 was public attention drawn to the building’ slargely suppressed past in any permanent way. Visitors tothe gallery can now learn about the history of the building

in the corridor adjoining the entrance hall. In 2004 theholdings of the Historical Archives of the Haus der Kunstwere made accessible to researchers for the first time.

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The “Hall of Honour”,1938: Adolf Hitlerchoosing the paint -ings for the second“Great German ArtExhibition”.

The former “Hall of Honour” beingtemporarily used fora fashion show in the 1960s.

The “Wounds of Memory”

The sculpture “Wounds of Memory”mounted on a pillar at the back of

the Haus der Kunst draws attention toa seemingly banal legacy of war anddestruction. The work is part of a muchlarger European project by the artistsBeate Passow and Andreas von Weiz -säcker who in 1994/95 set out to markthe fiftieth anniversary of the SecondWorld War by drawing attention to the holes made by bombshells andgrenades that are still visible on streetsand squares, buildings and works ofart in a total of seven European coun-tries. Using a series of square panes ofglass the artists subtly alert us to thewounds of war in our everyday environ -ment that we would otherwise scarcelynotice.

In Munich two further “Wounds ofMemory” can be seen on the brickfacade of the university building(formerly the bavarian salt worksadministration) at the intersection ofSchellingstraße and Ludwigstraßeand on the bronze sculpture of the“horse tamer” alongside the AltePinakothek art gallery.

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Left: Part of theEurope-wide“Wounds of Memory”project involvingseven countries atthe back of the Hausder Kunst (photo2010).

“Wounds of Me mo ry”at the intersection ofSchellingstraße andLudwigstraße.

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30 Plaque commemorating the “Bavarian Freedom Campaign”Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture, Ludwigstraße 2Open Monday to Friday 7.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.

31 Walter-Klingenbeck-Weg103

Commemorative Plaque for the“Bavarian Freedom Campaign”The history trail now leads from the Haus der Kunstvia Von-der-Tann-Straße to the building that todayhouses the Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture inLudwigstraße.

This building, constructed as the“Central Ministry” between 1938 and1942, was where the Central Office ofthe fanatical Gauleiter Paul Giesler waslocated. Only a few days before the warended, Giesler ordered the membersof the resistance group “Freiheits aktionBayern” (Bavarian Freedom Campaign)to be shot in the yard of the north wingof the building. A plaque commemorat -ing this group can be found in theinner courtyard on the south side ofthe building.

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Ludwigstraße 2 – Walter-Klingenbeck-Weg

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Another memorial to this group is“Münchner Freiheit” (Munich’s free-dom), the name given to the formerFeilitzsch platz in the district ofSchwabing in December 1946.

The commemorative plaque put upthere on the initiative of Mayor KarlScharnagl was lost when Munich’smetro was built. Following a motiontabled by City Councillor Edith vonWelser a new commemorative plaquewas inaugurated in 1981.

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Commemorativeplaque for the “Bava -rian Freedom Cam -paign” in the innercourtyard of theBavarian Ministry ofAgriculture (photo2010).

During the night of 28 April 1945 the resistance group ledby Rupprecht Gerngroß, the captain of the interpreterscompany, succeeded in occupying the radio stations in thedistrict of Freimann and the nearby town of Erding. Fromthere Gerngroß called on the population of southern Bavariato resist the Nazi regime, to refuse to obey orders to destroybridges and industrial facilities and to prepare to surrendertheir cities and villages to American troops. The campaigncollapsed on the afternoon of the next day, following thearrest of several members of the resistance movement.The first of the summarily passed death sentences was carried out in the courtyard of the Central Ministry thatsame evening.

The commemorative plaque was put up in 1984 on the ini-tiative of the Maxvorstadt District Committee. The originalapplication to have it mounted on the side of the buildingfacing the street was vehemently rejected by the BavarianMinistry of Agriculture.

Walter-Klingenbeck-Weg

The street leading off Ludwigstraße next to the BavarianState Library is called Walter-Klingenbeck-Weg in me moryof the young resistance fighter Walter Klingenbeck. He gottogether with a group of other young people in the late1930s to listen to forbidden radio stations. They also ex -perimented with their own radio station with the intentionof broadcasting anti-fascist propaganda. The friends paintedlarge V (for victory) signs on the walls of Munich houses toherald the approaching victory of the Allies.

In January 1942 eighteen-year-oldWalter Klingenbeck was denounced tothe Gestapo and sentenced to deathfor “helping the enemy and preparingto commit high treason”. He was exe-cuted on 5 August 1943 in Munich’sStadelheim prison.

Again it was the Maxvorstadt DistrictCommittee that in 1998 initiated therenaming of the street, chosen becauseof its proximity to the Catholic church of St. Ludwig to which Klingenbeckbelonged.

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Commemorativeboard and street sign for Walter-Klingen beck-Weg(photo 2010).

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Memorials to the White Rose

The history trail now leads across Ludwigstraße to themain building of Munich’s Ludwig Maximilian University.It was here, on 18 February 1943, that the janitor andSA member Jakob Schmid noticed the students Hansand Sophie Scholl distributing the group’s sixth pamph -let and denounced them to the Gestapo, which thenarrested them.

A memorial set in the pavement infront of the main entrance pays tributeto the courage of Hans and SophieScholl and their fellow resistancefighters. The pamphlets, portrait photosand historical texts reproduced on cera -mic tiles are made to look as if they hadbeen dropped accidentally and troddeninto the ground. They invite passers-byto pause for a moment and follow thetraces of the White Rose.

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Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1,Ludwig Maximilian University

32 “Wounds of Memory“Intersection ofSchellingstraße and Ludwigstraße

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33 Pavement memorial to the White Rose

34 Commemorative plaque for the White Rose (upper northern gallery)

35 Bronze relief for the White Rose

36 “DenkStätte Weiße Rose“

37 Bust of Sophie SchollLudwig Maximilian University, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1Open Monday to Friday 6.15 a.m. to 10 p.m., Saturday 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.; DenkStätte: Monday to Friday 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

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to

The memorial was conceived by the Berlin sculptor RobertSchmidt-Matt in 1988 as an entry for the third “RischArtPrize”, an art competition staged by a large Munich bakery.Originally intended as a temporary installation, in 1990 it waspurchased by the City of Munich and the university thanksto the initiative of the Weiße Rose Stiftung e.V. (White RoseFoundation) and a petition started by the medical studentGregor van Scherpenberg and has remained on show to thepublic ever since.

The pavement memorial is not the onlyone keeping alive the memory of theWhite Rose near the main universitybuilding. As early as November 1945and hence before the university fore -court on the western side of Ludwig -straße was renamed Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, the then Minister ofCulture Franz Fendt announced thecity’s intention to erect a memorial tothe resistance group at this location.The plain plaque made of Jura marbleand designed by Theodor Georgii wasmounted the following year next to theentrance to the main assembly hall. TheLatin inscription commemorates theseven members of the White Rosewho were executed as martyrs andwho had had to die an inhumane deathbecause of their humanity. However,only the date reveals that they diedunder the Nazi regime. The text endswith a quotation from the “Epistulae

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Pavement memorialto the White Rose in front of the mainentrance to the uni-versity (photo 2010).

morales” of the Roman philosopher Seneca: “It is only in this way that thetrue spirit can be tested, – the spirit thatwill never consent to come under thejurisdiction of things external to our -selves.” In 1957 the plaque wasmoved to the wall of the northern uppergallery – the place from which Hans andSophie Scholl dropped their pamphletsinto the inner courtyard and where an -other memorial was unveiled during thecelebrations to mark the restoration ofthe courtyard the following year.

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A bronze relief by Lothar Dietz on the western side ofthe courtyard shows the seven resistance fighters as stylisedfigures portrayed as a silent procession of sacrificial victims.

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The first comme mo -rative plaque to theWhite Rose un veiledin the university in1946 (photo 2010).

Bronze relief comme -morating the WhiteRose in the innercourtyard of the uni-versity (photo 2010).

Very close to the site, in the northwestern corner of thecourtyard, there is also a bronze bust of Sophie Schollmade by Nicolai Tregor. The bust was likewise initiated andfinanced by the Weiße Rose Stiftung e.V. and was unveiledon 22 February 2005, the anniversary of the execution ofHans and Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst. The unveilingwas done by the actress Julia Jentsch, who played SophieScholl in Marc Rothemund’s prize-winning film SophieScholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl – The Final Days).

The members of the White Rose, particularly Hans andSophie Scholl, have become the most famous and mostadmired members of the German resistance. Munich alonenow has almost thirty sites to keep their memory alive,whether in the form of memorials and street names or in -stitutions named after them. Since 1980 the Bavarian branchof the German Booksellers’ and Publishers’ Association and the city’s Department of Art and Culture have awarded an annual “Geschwister-Scholl Prize” whose prize-givingceremony is held in the main assembly hall of the LudwigMaximilian University.

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“The DenkStätte Weiße Rose” wasopened in a room below the innercourt yard on 28 June 1997. The sitedocuments in an impressive way thelife and work of the resistance groupas well as the intellectual environmentin which it operated. The memorial sitereceives several thousand visitors everyyear, including many schoolchildrenfrom Germany and abroad.

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Entrance to the“DenkStätte WeißeRose“ (photo 2010).

Bust of Sophie Scholl(photo 2010).

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Art Installation in Memory of Georg Elser

Unlike those of the White Rose, the resistance effortsof Georg Elser, who attempted to assassinate Hitler by planting a bomb in Munich’s Bürgerbräukeller on 8 November 1939 and was shot in Dachau concen-tration camp on 9 April 1945, for a long time wentunacknowledged; nor was he himself commemorated.This last stop on the tour is dedicated to him.

Starting in the late 1960s severalattempts were made to have a streetnamed after Elser. It was not untilJanuary 1997, however, that a smallsquare off Türkenstraße that Elser hadpassed every day on his way to theBürgerbräukeller was named Georg-Elser-Platz, chiefly thanks to the un -flagg ing efforts of the Munich GeorgElser Initiative.

Georg-Elser-Platz

38 Memorial to Georg ElserGeorg-Elser-Platz / primary school at Türkenstraße 68

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Memorial to GeorgElser, seen by day(photo 2010).

To mark the seventieth anniversary of the assassinationattempt in 2009, moreover, a permanent art installationmounted on the facade of the school building on Türken -straße adjacent to the square was also dedicated to GeorgElser. The neon lettering reading “8 November 1939” bySilke Wagner was the winning entry in a competition heldby the city’s Department of Art and Culture. “Georg Elser,”says Silke Wagner, “earned himself a place in the historyof resistance to the Nazi dictatorship. The object of the me -morial can only be to remind people of this. The work directsthe viewer’s gaze to the most important thing – the assas -sination attempt.” Each day at exactly 9.20 p.m., the timeof the explosion, the red neon tubes light up one afteranother, writing the historic date 8 November 1939 in lights.At exactly 9.21 p.m. the lights go out again and the work“disappears” from public view. The abstract monumentthus confines itself to the central message and throughthis deliberate reduction interrupts our habitual view of thesquare, alerting us to that single moment when the historyof the twentieth century might have taken a differentcourse.

An earlier memorial to Georg Elser was installed in thepavement in front of the building housing the GEMA – themusic performing rights and copyright authority – in 1989.Located in the district of Haidhausen, the GEMA nowoccupies the site of the former Bürgerbräukeller which wasdemolished in 1979.

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Memory Loops175 Audio Tracks on Sites of Nazi Terror in Munich, 1933 –1945

In September 2010 the City of Munich created its firstvirtual memorial to the victims of National Socialism.

Memory Loops is an audio work of artby Michaela Melián comprising a virtualcity network of audio tracks based onarchive material and the testimony ofthose who witnessed the dis crim ina -tion, persecution and exclusion per-petrated by the Nazi regime in Munich.These recollections are spoken byactors, while the texts of historicaldocuments, such as official orders andnewspaper reports, are read by chil-dren whose innocent voices form arevealing contrast to the brutality of thehistorical events described.

www.memoryloops.net, Memory Loops

Memory Loops is a project by the MunicipalDepartment of Arts and Culture, Munich/FreieKunst im öffentlichen Raum in cooperationwith the Bavarian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio Play and Media Art Dept.

Further information

Each of the 175 English and 300 German audio tracks canbe accessed and downloaded free of charge from a virtualcity map. Each track is a collage of voices and music the ma -tically related to a specific place in the former “Capital ofthe Movement” that can still be pinpointed in today’s city.

With her Memory Loops concept Michaela Melián won thecompetition staged by the City of Munich in 2008 for worksof art devoted to the theme of “V ictims of National Socialism– New Forms of Remembrance and Commemoration”. Thecity decided on a competition after realising that finding ap -propriate ways to commemorate the victims of National So -cialism today would require a new culture of remembrance.In addition to the website memoryloops.net there are alsofive one-hour radio plays that can be listened to on an mp3player. These Memory Loops cover the entire city and aredevoted to a number of different themes. The mp3 playerscan be borrowed free of charge from a number of Munich’ smuseums and other institutions:

- Munich City Museum, St.-Jakobs-Platz 1- Jewish Museum Munich, St.-Jakobs-Platz 16- the Lenbachhaus museum shop in the Ruffinihaus,

Rindermarkt 10- Haus der Kunst, Prinzregentenstraße 1- Villa Stuck, Prinzregentenstraße 60

There are also information boards at sixty locations in thecity giving telephone numbers that can be called to listento an audio track relating to that location. These numberscan be called either from a mobile phone at the rate forlocal calls or from a landline.

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Helga Pfoertner, Mahnmale, Gedenkstätten, Erinnerungs -orte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus in München1933–1945. Mit der Geschichte leben, Vols. 1–3, Munich2001–2005

Peter Reichel, Vergangenheitsbewältigung in Deutschland.Die Aus ein an dersetzung mit der NS-Diktatur von 1945 bisheute, Munich 2001

Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, Munich and Memory. Architecture,Monuments and the Legacy of the Third Reich, Berkeley ,Los Angeles, London 2000

Stadtarchiv München (ed.), Biographisches Gedenkbuchder Münchner Juden 1933 –1945, Vol 1 (A–L), Munich 2003

Stadtarchiv München (ed.), Biographisches Gedenkbuchder Münchner Juden 1933 –1945, Vol. 2 (M–Z), Munich2007

Hildegard Vieregg, „Menschen seid wachsam“: Mahn -male und Gedenk stätten für die Opfer der NS-Gewalt herr -schaft, 1933–1945, Munich 1993

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The Documentation Centre for theHistory of National Socialism on theInternet

For further information on the Documentation Centre project please visit our website:

www.ns-dokumentationszentrum-muenchen.de

Selected bibliography

Klaus Bäumler, Denkmal-Moral und Denkmal-Politik inMünchen. Das Wittelsbacher Palais: ein Beispiel, Munich2007

Sabine Brantl, Haus der Kunst, München. Ein Ort undseine Geschichte im Nationalsozialismus, Munich 2007

Heinrich Habel/Johannes Hallinger/Timm Weski,Denkmäler in Bayern. Landeshauptstadt München Mitte,Vols. 1–3, Munich 2009

Iris Lauterbach (ed.), Bürokratie und Kult. Das Partei zent -rum der NSDAP am Königsplatz in München, Munich 1995

Winfried Nerdinger, Ort und Erinnerung. Nationalsozia lis -mus in München, Munich 2006

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Photo creditsBayerische Staatsbibliothek München/Fotoarchiv Hoffmann:pp. 19 (l.), 29 (l.), 37, 39, 96; T ino Walz: 38, 81

Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte (Bayerisches Pressebild),Augsburg: pp. 26, 27

Roland Halbe, Courtesy: Jüdisches Museum München, p. 70

Rudolf Herz, München: p. 82

Haus der Kunst, München, Historisches Archiv: p. 97

Franz Kimmel, München: pp. 17, 23, 25, 29 (r .), 33, 34, 41,42, 46, 47, 49, 51, 55, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 74, 84,85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 98, 99, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111, 112,113, 117

Landeshauptstadt München, Baureferat: pp. 20, 77

Michaela Melián & Surface.de l Memory Loops 2010: p. 118

Münchner Stadtmuseum: p. 64 (Fritz Witzig)

Michael Nagy/Presseamt der Landeshauptstadt München:p. 10

Stadtarchiv München: pp. 28, 36, 40 (Rudi-Dix-Archiv), 53,68, 80, 89, 93

Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo: pp. 8/9 (Stephan Rumpf), 19 (r .),76

Ullstein Bild, Berlin: p. 75

We would like to thank Klaus Bäumler (a member of thePolitical Advisory Board of the Documentation Centre forthe History of National Socialism) and Dr. Thomas Rink (amember of the research staff of the DocumentationCentre) for their thorough checking of the manuscript.

Existing and planned titles in the cultural history trailsseries (KulturGeschichtsPfade) (available in German only):

Stadtbezirk 01 Altstadt-LehelStadtbezirk 02 Ludwigsvorstadt-IsarvorstadtStadtbezirk 03 Maxvorstadt Stadtbezirk 04 Schwabing-West Stadtbezirk 05 Au-HaidhausenStadtbezirk 06 SendlingStadtbezirk 07 Sendling-WestparkStadtbezirk 08 SchwanthalerhöheStadtbezirk 09 Neuhausen-NymphenburgStadtbezirk 10 MoosachStadtbezirk 11 Milbertshofen-Am HartStadtbezirk 12 Schwabing-FreimannStadtbezirk 13 BogenhausenStadtbezirk 14 Berg am LaimStadtbezirk 15 Trudering-RiemStadtbezirk 16 Ramersdorf-PerlachStadtbezirk 17 ObergiesingStadtbezirk 18 Untergiesing-HarlachingStadtbezirk 19 Thalkirchen-Obersendling-

Forstenried-Fürstenried-SollnStadtbezirk 20 HadernStadtbezirk 21 Pasing-ObermenzingStadtbezirk 22 Aubing-Lochhausen-LangwiedStadtbezirk 23 Allach-UntermenzingStadtbezirk 24 Feldmoching-HasenberglStadtbezirk 25 Laim

For further information please visit: www.muenchen.de/kgp

Imprint:

Landeshauptstadt MünchenKulturreferat/NS-DokumentationszentrumBurgstraße 4, 80331 München© 2010

Project management and textSabine Brantl M.A.

Responsible for contentKulturreferat/NS-Dokumentationszentrum

TranslationMelanie Newton

Graphic designHeidi Sorg & Christof Leistl, München

Printed and bound byDruckerei Diet GbR, Buchenberg2010