PLACES & MANNERS OF ARTICULATION

By: Afiq

HemalathaLee Kaw Siang

Sam YujiaWinnie Beda

PLACES OF ARTICULATION

A phone produced by the closure or partial closure of both lips. (See the diagram of a head). The English sounds represented by the letters p in pit and b in bad are bilabial stops, produced by stopping and then releasing the air flow out of the mouth by closing the lips. Bilabial and labiodental phones are together classed as labial.

The consonants are  b, p, m, and w

Bilabial

[p], voiceless bilabial stop [b], voiced bilabial stop [m], voiced bilabial nasal [m- ], voiceless bilabial nasal [ɓ], voiced bilabial implosive [pʼ], bilabial ejective (rare) [ɓ-] or [pʼ↓], voiceless bilabial implosive

(very rare)

More generally, several kinds are distinguished:

Interdentals

Example: ‘think’ and

‘this’

Inserting the tip of the tongue

between the teeth.

[ᶞ] [ᶿ]Both

spelled as ‘th’

Lower lip and upper teeth

f, v

fall- [fɔːl]

LABIODENTAL

Back of the tongue- soft palate @ velum

[k], [g], [ŋ]

Initial sound- kick- [kɪk]

Final sound- back- [bæk]

VELAR

Raise tongue to the alveolar ridge. English alveolars include /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/

/l/ /r/ Lateral sound and central liquid.

ALVEOLAR

Raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.

Palatal sounds in English: /∫/ /ʒ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /j/

PALATAL

[h] as in ‘hit’, ‘hat’, ‘hot’, ‘hut’, etc. The sound of [h] is from the flow of air

through the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h].

(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2011)

The narrowing that produces the friction noise is between the vocal folds.

[h] always has the quality of the vowel that it precedes.

(Roach, 2008)

GLOTTAL

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Consonant Articulation

One/ two articulators

Formation of stricture

Air behind the stricture –pressure-loud noise

PLOSIVE

Closing phase

Compression phase

Release phase

Post-release phase

4 phases

No voicing in p,t,k Audible plosion Aspiration Very little voicing in b,d,g How to distinguish between b,d,g and p,t,k? Eg: pick and big

INITIAL POSITION (CV)

May have the characteristics of either the final or initial plosives

MEDIAL POSITION (VCV)

p,t,k are voiceless b,d,g have little voicing- very weak and not

audible How to distinguish between p,t,k and b,d,g?

FINAL POSITION (VC)

Fricatives = Spirants

Airflows is severely obstructed. English fricatives include /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/

/ð/ /∫/ /ʒ/ /h/

FRICATIVE

Only 2 affricate phonemes in English. Affricate = Plosive + Fricative Place of articulation is the same as for ʃ, ʒ

(post-alveolar). ʧ = t + ʃ (Voiceless/Fortis) ʤ = d + ʒ (Voiced/Lenis) t component of ʧ has a place if articulation

rather further back in the mouth than the t plosive usually has.

(Roach, 2008)

AFFRICATES

ʧ & ʤ are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative.

ʧ & ʤ are not continuants because of the initial stop closure.

(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2011) Example: church /tʃɜːtʃ/ judge /dʒʌdʒ/

AFFRICATES

Nasal Stops

Air escapes through the nose

Referred as ‘Nasal’ or ‘Nasal

consonant’

Have stop stricture and have an open velum (Nasal

airflow and nasal resonance)

Air does not pass through the mouth; it’s

prevented by a complete closure

in the mouth

ORAL NASAL

VOICED b d g m n ɧ

VOICELESS p t k *

*Nasal consonants in English are usually voiced. Both voiced and voiceless nasal sounds occur in other language.

Approximants can be divided into two groups: Liquids and Glides

Liquid = {/l/, /r/}, Glide = {/w/, /y/}

Central Approximants = {/r/, /w/, /y/}, Lateral Approximant = {/l/}

APPROXIMANTS

Approximant

Semi-Vowel / Glide Liquid

LateralRetroflex/y/ /w/

/r, er, axr/

/l/central approximants lateral approximant

APPROXIMANTS

29

a

ppro

xim

ant

ob

stru

ent

Phonetics: Distinctive Feature Relationships: Consonants

Manner Voicing bilabial labio-dental

dental alveolar palato- alveolar

palatal velar glottal

stops+voice b d g

-voice p t k

fricatives+voice v dh z zh

h-voice f th s sh

affricates+voice jh

-voice ch

nasals +voice m n ng

glides +voice w y (w)

retroflex +voice r

lateral +voice l

The bilabial approximant /w/ is produced by the two lips being moved against each other so as to cause a narrow rounded opening, through which the air is pushed. Approximants always merge into the following vowel, and the vocal tract achieves its relevant vowel position during the formation of the approximant.

BILABIAL APPROXIMANTS

/w/As in

/wɒt/ /wea/ /waɪ/

APPROXIMANTS

Lateral Consonant

The passage of air through the mouth does not go in the usual way along

Complete closure at the center of the

tongue

Lateral consonants are pronounced with the air escaping on

the side of the tongue rather than

on the front.

Divided according to whether they have lateral fricatives or

affricates