Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit....

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Pitahaya Diseases Presented by James Downer, Farm Advisor UCCE Ventura County Adapted from from Presenta>on by Gary Bender Farm Advisor Emeritus – UCCE San Diego County

Transcript of Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit....

Page 1: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

PitahayaDiseases

PresentedbyJamesDowner,FarmAdvisorUCCEVenturaCounty

AdaptedfromfromPresenta>onbyGaryBenderFarmAdvisorEmeritus–UCCESanDiegoCounty

Page 2: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

CaliforniahasaHugeAdvantage!InPitahayaProduc/on

•  Ourdryclimateallowsustogrowthisfruitwithoutfungicides(atleastun>lsomethingnewcomesalong)

•  ThetropicalcountrieshavetousefungicidesonPitahaya,muchlikeavocadoproduc>onintropicalcountries

Page 3: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Diseases–CauseforConcern?

– Thereisalwaysacauseforconcernbecauseeverythingcanbecomediseased.

– WhilecertainPitahayavarie>esaregrownforthequalityoftheirfruit,theywillalsoselectfordiseasesasmoreacreageisgrown.

– WehavenotexperiencedPitahayacul>va>oninCaliforniaduringwetwinters.

Page 4: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

DiseasesinCalifornia

•  Generally,withourdryclimate,thediseasesarefew,however:

•  Plantscanbedamagedbyintenselight,andthisdamaged>ssuemaybesuscep>bletostemrotcausedbyabacterium

•  Plantscanbedamagedbytoomuchwater,makingthemsuscep>bletorootrotcausedbyseveralfungi

Page 5: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

CactusVirusXonPithaya

Image:fromDeborahMaUhews

Page 6: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

DiseaseCausedbyBacteria

•  SoVrotsofthestemandbladesarecausedbyXanthomonascampestrisandErwiniacarotovora

•  SeveralcountriesreporttheseasEnterobacteriacloacae(2009).Aretheythesame??

•  CalciumdeficiencyinMexicanplan>ngshasbeenshowntomakethisproblemworse

Page 7: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

SoVRots

•  SoVstemrotcausedbyErwiniacaratovorainTaiwanmatchesastemrotfoundinCalif.

•  Infec>onstartsfrominjuredareas(sunburn,otherdiseasesspotscausedbyanthracnose)

•  Controlincludespruningoutdyingstemsandsprayingwithcoppersulfate—Whitewashingbeforeonsetoftheproblem

Page 8: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

DiseasesCausedbyFungi

•  Dothiorella(Botryosphaeria)•  Anthracnose(Colletotrichum)

•  Bipolaris•  Fusarium??•  Alternaria•  Phytophthora??

Page 9: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

BotryosphaeriaBrownStemSpotDisesease

•  Botryosphaeriadothidea•  FirstreportedinMexico

in2003,IsolatedinVenturaCounty.

•  TheFusicoccum/Dothiorellastagewasisolatedinpureculture,re-inoculatedandtheexactsamesymptomswereproduced.

•  Smallchloro>cspeckswhichenlargeupto5cmindiameter

Page 10: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Botryosphaeria

•  PictureisfromThailand

Page 11: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

BotryosphaeriaDiseaseManagement

•  Pruneoffdeadlimbsanddisposeawayfromtheplan>ngs.Maintainathicklayerofmulchtohastendecomposi>onoffungiontheground.Usegoodsanita>onandop>malculturalprac>cestominimizedisease.

•  Whenweatherchangesfromcooltowarm,appropriatelymodifytheirriga>onprogram,andpayspecialaUen>ontoirriga>onneedsduringperiodsofhotweather.

Page 12: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Anthracnose•  Colletotrichumgloeosporioides•  ReportedinS.Floridain2007•  Reddishbrownlesionswith

conspicuouschloro>chaloesdevelopedconcentricallyontheedgesofvineribs.

•  Lesioncentersbecamewhiteandcoalescedtorotmuchofthevinecolumn,andinseverecases,onlythevascularcolumninthevinecenterwasnotdiseased*–  FromPalmateer,Ploetz,vanSantenand

Correll2007

Page 13: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

ManagementofAnthracnose

•  Removediseasedcladodes

•  Cleanclipperswith10%bleachoruseatorch

•  Ifhighrainfallandmistywetcondi>ons,applycopperhydroxidepriortowetcondi>ons.Copperwillreducenewinfec>ons,butwillnot“cure”anexis>nginfec>on.

Page 14: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant
Page 15: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

BipolarisFruitRot

•  Thisrotbeginsassmalltan,circularlesionsonthefruitsurfaceandasthediseasesprogressesthelesionsenlargeandturnblack.

•  Usuallyablackfelt-likegrowthofthefunguscanbeobservedonthelesions.Underidealcondi>ons(warmandhumid),thefruitdeveloplargeareasofsoVrot.

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Bipolarisfruitrot

•  Thelesionsarecausedbyafungus,Bipolariscac/vora.Thisspeciescausesstemandfruitrotofcac>(includingpitahaya)inCalifornia,Florida,EuropeandJapan.

•  FormernamewasHelminthosporium

Page 17: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Bipolarisfruitrot

•  Thediseaseismostsevereonmatureandripefruit.Whileyoungstemsaresuscep>bletoB.cac/vora,maturestemsarerela>velyresistanttoinfec>on.

•  Bipolarisrotonornamentalcactusismostseverebetween75-91F.

•  Ingeneral,diseasescausedbyBipolarisarefavoredbyhumidcondi>ons.

•  Inoculumsourcesincludediseasedplantsinthefieldandcropresidue.ConidiaaremostoVenspreadbywind,irriga>onandrain.

Page 18: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Bipolarisfruitrot

•  “Thehighincidenceoffruitrotaffec>ngcommercialopera>onsinMiami-DadeCountyoverthepast2yearsrequiresaneffec>vediseasemanagementstrategy.”–  T.L.B.Tarnowski,A.J.Palmateer,andJ.H.Crane,UniversityofFlorida,

TropicalResearchandEduca>onCenter,Homestead33031-3314

Page 19: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

ManagementofBipolarisfruitrot•  Currentlytherearenofungicides

labeledforuseonPitahayainCaliforniaorFlorida.

•  Culturalmanagementincludeslimi>ngcanopywetnessbyirriga>nginthemorningsoplantsurfacescandryquicklythroughouttheday.

•  Maintainaweedfreeplan>ngandremoveanddiscarddiseasedplants(i.e.stems,fruits,andflowers)promptlywhensymptomsoccur.

•  (FromtheSarasotaFruitandNutSociety)

Page 20: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Diseasesofthemainstem

•  ThecentralcylinderofPitahayafeedstheen>replant.

•  Ifthexylemofthemainstemiscompromisedtheen>replantwillloseproduc>on.

•  OVentheouterpartofthecladophyllcanrotawayandthemaincylinderofconduc>ve>ssuewillsupportthevine.

•  WhileRootrotandcollarrotarereportedtheyarenotwellunderstoodinCalifornia

•  LikelytherearePhytophthoraorPythiumcollarrotsofPitahayathatneedtobestudied.

Page 21: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Pitahayaplantfromthefield(July,2013)

Page 22: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Outerstemcutaway

Page 23: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Infec>oninthexylemandphloem

Page 24: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Fusariumconidiainpureculture(isolatedfromthissameplant)

Page 25: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

WhichFusarium?

•  Fusariumsp.beenisolatedforseveralyearsbyotherplantpathologists

•  Dr.AkifEskalenisthefirsttoiden>fytospeciesbyanalyzingDNA

•  Theverdict?

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Phytophthora,Pythium??

•  Rootrotiscertainlyknownbutthee>ologyisuncertain

•  Whenrootrotispresentplants: –  Havepoortoleranceto

drought–  Sunburnmorereadily–  Stopgrowing–  Fruitaresmaller–  Suscep>bletootherdiseases

•  Poorrootdevelopmentmaymimicrootrotdisease

Page 27: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

FromToday

Page 28: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

CAMPlants

•  CrassualceanAcidMetabolism

•  Stomataclosedintheday

•  ThereforeifinfullsunanddroughtstressedorrootroUedtheywillsunburn.

Page 29: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Sunburn

•  Damagesthecladodes

•  Maycauseanentrypointforotherfungalpathogens

•  Isasymptomthatrootsmaynotbehealthy

Page 30: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

StomataofPitahaya

Page 31: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant
Page 32: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Stomata in Pitahaya cul/vars and species

0102030405060708090100

Stom

atape

r100xfieldofview

Cul>var

Florida/SanDiegoMexico,ColumbiaSanDiego

Nicaragua

Page 33: Pitahaya Diseases · Bipolaris fruit rot • The disease is most severe on mature and ripe fruit. While young stems are suscep>ble to B. cac/vora, mature stems are rela>vely resistant

Thankyou!

[email protected]


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