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PIPELINEStefano TARCHIAlberto TESEI
Maurizio Amerini
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design
3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance
7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today10. Environmental Impact
NOTE : Most slides in sections 3-6are courtesy of SRG
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design
3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance
7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today10. Environmental Impact
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GE Confidential and Proprietary InformationGE2006 All Rights Reserved
Author: S.Tarchi
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Bcm/y
-155
-22-67
'05 ' 15 '30North America
-516
-292
-375
'05 '15 '3 0Europe
-61
-6-13
'05 '15 '30India
-127
0
-28
'05 ' 15 '3 0China
70
1624
'0 5 '1 5 ' 30
Latin America
290
101
143
'05 '15 '30
Africa
301
43
195
'0 5 '15 ' 30
ME
237
208 186
'05 ' 15 '3 0
Russia
Pacific
-37-38-66
'05 '15 '30
Production - Consumption
Source: WorldEnergy Outlook 2007 (EIA), BP Statistical Review 08.
NA Gas Cons.
2005
3% 20%
2020
97% 80%
Gas importedIndigenous Production
Natural GasReserves (% of total
World)
5%
3%
8%
4%
31%
41%
8%
Gas Market… Regional Unbalance
EU Gas Cons.
2005
50%75%
2020
50%25%
Gas importedIndigenous Production China Gas Cons.
2005
35%
2020
100% 65%
Gas importedIndigenous Production
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GE Confidential and Proprietary InformationGE2006 All Rights Reserved
Author: S.Tarchi
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PIPELINE vs LNG1. PIP & LNG factors (Qualitative)
- Same factors affect the two markets in a different way…i.e. geographical; geopolitical;
execution risk; technical complexity; selling gas alternatives; chain bottlenecks (I.e.pipe, vessels etc…)
2. PIP & LNG Value Chain (Quantitative)
- CAPEX: Engineering, Constructions etc..
- OPEX: Maintenance, Fuel, Operations etc..
- ROI and Payback period; sensitivity depending on variables(i.e. distance; plant size/flow; gas price)
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LNG vs Pip: in the Mediterranean
Source: C-Engineering
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Economies of scale – 1000 km
Source: C-Engineering
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Economies of scale – 4000 km
Source: C-Engineering
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design
3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance
7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today10. Environmental Impact
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2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Pipeline Design – Main Steps
1. Route selection
2. Pipe selection
3. Pipeline Hydraulic modeling
4. Compression stations
5. Model validation
6. Off design
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1. Route Selection
Geopolitical factor is oftenkey to project success
Decisive criteria to ensure optimum route
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2. Pipe Selection
Larger pipes => reduced losses (Opex) but higher Capex...need the right compromise
Gas flow in a pipe...pressure..velocity.. losses
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2. Pipe Selection
Not necessarily only #1 pipe...looping,construction and emergency issues may lead to different solutions
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Kilometrs
SOIL THERMAL PROFILE
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
S o i l T h e
r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y , w / m * k
Soil Thermal Conduct.
Roughness Profile
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Kilometers
P i p e R o u g h n e s s , m m
roughness mm
PIPELINE ELEVATION PROFILE
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Kilometers
E l e v a t i o n , M
elev m
Inputs Needed:
• Pipe characteristics (i.e. Lenght,
roughness, size, thermal exch.
coefficient etc..)
• Soil temperature
• Ambient temperature
• Elevation profile
• Gas Composition and flow
• Establish treshold limits
PIPELINE ROUTE
3. Pipeline Hydraulic Modeling
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4. Compression Stations
• Need to find the right balance between reducing pipe losses (whichmaximizes # stations) and relevant stations costs
• Optimum balance depending on several factors (i.e pipe rating, routeslosses etc...); typical order of magnitude is 150 km average distance
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•Once Station power is established, need to move to
compression units selection within the station• Units selection shall based on flow profile forecasts,
available units size in the market andsparing philosophy
•CC and GT curves are then includedin the hydraulic model
•Several simulation are run to check properfunctioning of the system at different ambienttemperatures, flow profiles and operating
conditions (iterative process)
4. Model validation
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Off design may be due to:
1. Units/Stations in shutdown due
to (un)scheduled maintenance
2. Pipe Unavailability (SeaLine)
Units off-design: Sparing Philosophy
A. Parallel (N+1)
B. Series Operation (extra installed
power)
C. Dynamic (recovery during cold
period, if possible)
Disch. Pressure 1740 Psig (120 bara)
GT power and CC pressureratio are maximized during
one station outage
No Compressionrequired / available
5. Off Design - Units
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Cape Bon Head Station
910 Km OnshorePipeline
Algeria-Tunisia
1430 Km OnshorePipeline
Italian Peninsula
160 Km 20’’Three Lines 20” and Two Lines
26”Pipeline Under Sicilian Channel
CAPE BON SEA LINE HEAD STATION
N°10 FR52 + BCL404/A Compressor
5. Off Design - Pipeline
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Initial Normal Conditions (1983)4 Units working in parallel to maximize Gas Flow
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
Discharge Header (150 Bar)
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
Suction Header
Middle Pressure Header (Not Used)
Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme
Stand-By
Unit
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BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
Suction Header
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
BCL404/a
BCL404/a
MS5002BMS5002B
Initial Emergency Conditions (1983)3 Units Middle Pressure and 2 Unites to Discharge Header
Unit InOperation
Discharge Header (205 Bar)
Middle Pressure Header (In Operation)
Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme
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Large PIP evolution: design trends
(*) Price indicated refers to market price ( HenryHub) at time of installation, not to price ofgas delivered trough that pipeline.
100200N/AEmissions(NOx ppm)
NoSparing
N+12+1SparingPhilosophy
6.74.21.7Gas Price
($/MMBTU)*
200620001992Year
#900#600#600Pipe #
Yes(St.1)
NONOWaste Heatrecovery
160150120Aver.dist(Km)
41.1%37.7%36% incl.
regen cycleDriver ISOEfficiency
PGT25+PGT25FR5B/CDriver type
987555-75Pd (bara)
Russia Algeria IndiaProject
WHR becominga must
DischargePressure
Environmentalconstraints
LCC approach
Gas price up...focus on
efficiency (>43%)
Trends
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design
3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance
7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
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Onshore Pipeline Design Key Issues
• During the feasibility study, several pipeline routes areanalysed to minimize the impact to the environment
• The geology and the hydrological context of the pipelineroutes is analysed
• When the route is defined, the Company contacts the
landowners to explain the project
• Several studies and surveys are required for the detail
design and for the local and national permit procedures
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2 - Clearing and gradingthe working strip
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3 - Handling and stringing
Pipe transport
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3 - Handling and stringing
Stringing phases
Trailers
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3 - Handling and stringing
Stringing of pipesalong the pipelinework strip
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4 - Bending
Pipes can be bent in the field to fit the
moderate changes in pipeline route andthe morfology
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5 – Welding & Examination
Automatic welding
Manual welding
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5 – Welding & examination
Ultra-sound examination of welds
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6 - Digging the trench
The trenching crew uses specialised
escavators to dig the pipe trench
0.9 mBackfill
(subsoil)
Humus(topsoil)
Italian law requires for
the cover of the pipe a
minimum of 0,9m under
the ground level pipe
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6 - Digging the trench
Trench
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7 - Lowering into the trench
Using a number of side-booms,operators simultaneously liftand lower the pipe into thetrench
Such operation needs closecoordination and skilledoperators
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7 - Lowering into the trench
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7 - Lowering into the trench
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7 - Lowering into the trench
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7 – Lowering & Backfilling
Backfilling top soil
Backfilling
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8 - Installing plants
Construction includes design and installation of:
Pig TrapsPig Traps
Pressure Reduction StationsPressure Reduction Stations
Gas Compressor StationsGas Compressor Stations Section valvesSection valves
Etc…Etc…
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8 - Installing plantsPig trap
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8 - Installing plants
Interconnection node
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8 - Installing plants
High Pressure Reduction Station
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8 - Installing plants
Gas Compressor Station
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9 - Special Crossing
* Several techniques are available for crossing railways,
roads, waterways or special natural areaswithout digging open trenches
* Depending on soil conditions and geo-hydrology, the
appropriate trenchless technique can be selected from thefollowing:
a.a. Raise borerRaise borer
b.b. Horizontal Directional DrillingHorizontal Directional Drilling
c.c. MicroMicro--tunnelingtunneling
d.d. Tunnel Boring MachineTunnel Boring Machine
e.e. ……
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9a - Raise Borer
well
Horizontalgallery
Drilling machine
Raise boring is an inclined drilling. The pipe is lowered in the borehole.
The benefit of this technique is that it allows installation of the pipeline withoutany vegetal and morphologic impact
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9b - Horizontal Directional Drilling
* Based on techniques developed fordrilling deviated oil wellsFrom the point of departure where the drilling unit isplaced, a small diameter pilot bore is drilled along theplanned path.The hole is successively reamed out by a boring machine
until it achieves the proper diameter for the pipe.At this point, the pipeline is pulled and laid in the hole
* Is the most commonly used trenchless technology,with a reliable directional control system
* In Italy it was used for the first time by Snam in 1982 tocross the Po River
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9b - Horizontal Directional Drilling
Jet drill D e s
i g na x i
s
Directional
control
Conductor pipe
Pilot borehole
Tubo dilinea
Trivellazione orizzontale controllata (TOC)Trivellazione orizzontale controllata (TOC)
Pulling pipe
Conductor pipe Borer
Boring
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Vegetation andmorphology is preserved
9c - Microtunnel
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Tunne l i =
6.35%
L = 2,343 m
328 m
Section
T u n n e l
9d - Tunnel boring machine
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9d - Tunnel boring machine
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Demolishing the last brattice
9d - Tunnel boring machine
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End of works: tunnel entrance
9d - Tunnel boring machine
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10 - Testing
After backfilling, the pipeline is hydraulically tested:
In the Strength test, the pipeline stays for at least 1
hour at a pressure not less than 1.3 times the Design
Pressure
In the Hydraulic test, the pipeline stay for at least 48
hour at a pressure not less than 1.2 times the Design
Pressure
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11 - Restoration
* Since the design phase, foresty agronomists andgeologists perform all the operations to protect theecosystems, water courses and landscapes
* The final step in the construction process is restoringthe land as closely as possible to its original condition
* Restoration works includes:
- Morphologic restoration
- Vegetation restoration
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During works… …After 1 year… …After 2 years…
11 - Restoration
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After construction, the only evidence of thepipe presence, are the pipeline markings
11 - Restoration
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orchard
vineyard
fields
11 - Restoration
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design
3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance
7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
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Source: Nordstream website
Offshore pipelines – Proven Technology
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MECHANICAL ASSEMBLYMECHANICAL ASSEMBLY
WORK ON THE SEA FLOORWORK ON THE SEA FLOOR
TESTING AND START UPTESTING AND START UP
Offshore Construction
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Offshore Construction:Mechanical Assembly
Laying Methods
• ‘S-lay’ and the ‘J-lay’
• Coiled Pipeline
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Laying
J-Lay S-Lay
Offshore Construction:Mechanical Assembly
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Offshore Construction:Mechanical Assembly
Source: Nordstream website
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J - Lay ProcessThis system is used to lay pipelines at depths of between 400 and 3500
m. Here the pipe is welded in a vertical position and lowered onto the
sea floor without the use of a support structure, thus forming a “J”
shape
Offshore Construction:Mechanical Assembly
http://www.medgaz.com/medgaz/pages/archivos_multimedia-eng.htm
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Coiled Pipeline
Pipes which have already welded together an onshore worksite.
For pipelines of a modest diameter, up to 14-16 inches
(35.6-40.6 cm)
Requires pipes with thick walls
Offshore Construction:Mechanical Assembly
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MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY
WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR
TESTING AND START UP
Offshore Construction
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Offshore ConstructionWork on the Sea bed
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MECHANICAL ASSEMBLYMECHANICAL ASSEMBLY
WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR
TESTING AND START UP
Offshore Construction
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Testing and preparation for Start up
1. Fill with water /cleaning by pigs
2. Hydraulic Test (1.15/1.25 times the project pressure)
3. Dewater by air through a train of pigs4. Air-dry
5. Nitrogen fill or air purging
6. Gas or oil fill
Offshore Construction
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance
7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
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Gas transmission is ensured through network pressure controlusing the following plants installed along the pipelines:
Compressor stations
Manifolds
Pressure reduction and regulation plants
Check valves.
The control is managed through:
Continuous monitoring of the process parametersof the network
Use of simulation SW to predict gas demand and balance
of the network
Gas transmission control
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Supervisory Control & Data AcquisitionComposed by SW, telecommunication and control systems designed toensure remote and centralized control of network operation.
Transmissionsystems
HMI
Server
RTU
Cable
Radio/Satellte transmission
Control Room
Transmissionsystems
RTU
RTU
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Dispatching Centre
Integrated control system capable of making gas readily available
anywhere at any time
Evaluating the total volume
of gas available
Regulating the gas flowsaccording to the demand
Monitoring thetransportation systemthrough data acquisitionstations
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Physical compressor station...
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...SCADA compressor station
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Station Control System (SCS)
Operating modes
Local manual
Local automatic
Remote automatic
HMI
Measurement and regulation system
Supervision system (operation logic)
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Compressor Stations remote control
To ensure the remote control of the stations, a local automated controlsystem is installed in the station interfaced with the Dispatching Centre
that operates the plant directly from Headquarters.The operation is optimised according to operating needs defined in termsof the overall transportation flows and the global operational conditions.
Transport optimization consists of finding a steady condition of network
operation which minimizes total fuel gas consumption of compressor stations,ensuring gas transmission satisfying gas demand.
Dispatching Centre Station Control Room
i l i
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Compressor Station regulation
To ensure compressor station regulation,
Dispatching Centre define setpoints for:• suction pressure• discharge pressure• flow• discharge temperature (local set point)
and starts a number of units according to simulation results.
The station control system (SCS), through UCP, automatically regulates theunits speed match the required setpoint
l l d d l
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Annual Supply – Demand Modulation
Sum of:•Importation•Domestic Production•Storage withdrawal
Demand
Storage withdrawal
Storage injection
I d
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance
7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
E G Pi li I id
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European Gas Pipeline IncidentData Group 1970-2004
E G Pi li I id t
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European Gas Pipeline IncidentData Group 1970-2004
E G Pi li I id t
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European Gas Pipeline IncidentData Group 1970-2004
E G Pi li I id t
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European Gas Pipeline IncidentData Group 1970-2004
Thi d ti i t f i
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Third parties interferencies
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Floodings
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Floodings
Mill / Construction defects
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Mill / Construction defects
Welding defects
Base material
defects
Misallignment
Porosity
Slag
Lack of fusion
Lack of penetration
UndercutCracking
Delamination
InclusionCracking
Ground movements
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Ground movements
Landslide monitoring
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Landslide monitoring
MAIN PIPELINES
GEOLOGICALLY UNSTABLE AREAS
* For the gas pipeline network in
Italy over 1,800 geologicallyunstable areas have been
identified.
* Over 320 critical areas are
currently monitored using a
combination of inclinometers,
piezometers and strain gauges.
* Periodical geological surveys are
performed to visually monitor
morphological evolutions
Landslide monitoring
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Landslide monitoring
STRAIN GAUGES
Landslide control
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Landslide control
SOIL CONSOLIDATION STRESS RELEASE
Corrosion
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Corrosion
Cathodic protection
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Installation of electrical (cathodic) protection
Impressed Currents Cathodic Protection Rectifier
Cathodic protection
Cathodic protection
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Cathodic protection
Pig inspections
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Pig inspections
Inspection/Maintenance:
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Inspection/Maintenance:Pigging Operations
Pig Before Cleaning
Inspection/Maintenance:
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Inspection/Maintenance:Pigging Operations
Pig After Cleaning
Inspection/Maintenance:
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Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs
.PIPI1
2
32
4
Pipeline
3 Pig transit signaller
4 Receiving Trap
3
1 Launching Trap
2 Special T
Inspection/Maintenance:Pigging Operations
Inspection/Maintenance:
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Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs:
Normal Production Condition
PIPI12
3
24
Pipeline start Pipeline arrival
Pipeline
3
Inspection/Maintenance:Pigging Operations
Inspection/Maintenance:
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Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs
Cleaning Condition
PIPI12
3
24
Pipeline start Pipelinearrival
Pipeline
3
Inspection/Maintenance:Pigging Operations
Pipeline repair
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Pipeline repair
Pipeline repair
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Pipeline repair
Index
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Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
Components of a Pipeline
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Components of a Pipeline
INITIAL INJECTION STATIONThis is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected
into the line.
Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at
these locations.
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Components of a Pipeline
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COMPRESSOR/PUMP STATIONSCOMPRESSOR/PUMP STATIONS
Pumps for liquid pipelines and compressors for gas pipelines are
located along the line to move the product through the pipeline.
The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the
terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational
conditions of the network.
Components of a Pipeline
Components of a Pipeline
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BLOCK VALVESBLOCK VALVESThese are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves
the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance
work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valves are usually located at
regular intervals along the line, depending on the type of pipeline.
Components of a Pipeline
Components of a Pipeline
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FINAL DELIVERY STATIONFINAL DELIVERY STATION
Known also as Outlet stations or Terminals, this is where the
product will be distributed to the consumer..
Components of a Pipeline
Compressor Stations
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gas coolers
gas filters
compressor unit control room
p
Typical CS Process Flow Diagram
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yp g
Design Philosophy for Gas Pipeline CS
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g p y p
• Referenced High efficiency tri-dimensional impellers
• Wide operating range with flat efficiency curve• Robust Design for Availability/Reliability
• Very stiff casing providing excellent internal alignment at full pressureand capability to withstand extremely high nozzle loads
Centrifugal Compressor
• Aero derivative high efficiency• High reliability / Availability
• Reduced maintenance with Extended Life Parts
Gas Turbine
• Security of Supply
• Maximum efficiency• Maximum availability/reliability
• Maximum Service Intervals
Unit design to
Why is efficiency so important in PIP?
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y y p
Incl. In capexSpares
100% 82 Total
9%7
Maintenance
18%15CAPEX (Unit)
55%45Fuel
18%15CAPEX (Station)
MM$ %Order of Magnitude
Assumptions
- 20 Y Cycle- WACC: 12%
Fuel
- 8600 FH/Y
- 30 MW unit: 85% GT Load
- 37.5% eff. (6800 BTU/Hp-hr)
- Gas price: 3$/MMBTU
Maintenance
- BI; (every 6m)
- HGPI (25kFH)
- MI (50kFH)
Gas Pipeline Compressors
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Cover
Head
Cover
Head
Typical Design used when:• Optimized stages efficiency (>88%)
• Short time assembly and maintenance time
• Cylindrical Barrel casing permits shortermanufacturing cycles (no weldings) andmaximum optimization of the dischargevolute (here not limited by the casing)
p p
BEAM TYPE with Two Cover Head fixed with “shear rings” method
Centrifugal Compressor Skid
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g p
Reduction Station: Typical scheme
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yp
inlet
outlet
by-pass
meter run
relief valve
pressure regulation streamsfilters heating
Filters
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inlet
outlet
by-pass
meter run
relief valve
pressure regulation streamsfiltersheating
Heaters
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inlet
outlet
by-pass
meter run
relief valve
pressure regulation streamsfiltersheating
Pressure regulators
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g
inlet
outlet
by-pass
meter run
relief valve
pressure regulation streamsfiltersheating
Index
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1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
The Gas Storage Market
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Source: www.gie.com (updated at Feb 09)
CAGR ~4%’08-’20
UGS
WGV(Bcm)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650700
2008 2010 2012 2015 2020
high
base
min
Installed UGS+
under construction
UGS market is growing worldwide... ...because its role is also evolving
• Existing capacity insufficient… needed +15 BCMY
• Higher demand for flexibility & peak gas rates
• Growth driven by security of supply & arbitrage
2 main operating modes in Gas Storage
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I.Filling the
Reservoir
From grid Pressure to the MaxPressure of the Reservoir
From cavern Pressure to grid Pr
II. Exporting
the Gas
• Flexibility in pressure ratio & flows necessary
to manage both the operating modes• Pgrid high variance range enhance the need for flexibility
P max
P grid
P max
P grid
Compressorstart up
Note: curve profiles are qualitative
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Main Types of Storage
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Porous Rocks
Caverns
Aquifer Reservoir
Depleted Oil/Gas Reservoirs
Salty Caverns
Abandoned Mines
Lined Rock Caverns
Max P 170 bar
Max P 250 bar
Max P 250 bar … exceptionally
up to 450 bar
Index
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1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
Pipeline Capex (By Cost Component)
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Pipeline Capex (By Product)
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Author: S.Tarchi
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Pipeline Capex (By Region)
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Author: S.Tarchi
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EU Pipeline Infrastructure
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Author: S.Tarchi
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
China Pipeline Infrastructure
K l di d bHeihe
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29/GE Oil & Gas ECLP/
10/28/2008
Alashankou
Kelamayi
Cainan
Dushanzi
Tazhong
Lunnan
Kuerle
Shanshan
花土沟
Geermu
Jingbian
Qingyang
Saihantala
阿尔善
Fangshan
Dezhou
Daqing
Tieling
Anshan
Dalian
Jilin
Fushun
Bo’ai
Qingdao
Cangzhou
Puyang
Dongying
NingboAnqing
Jiujiang
Maoming
Dali
Huaihua
Hengyang
Linyi
Zibo
Jining
Liuzhou
Huai’an
Xiangfan
Xiaogan
Yancheng
Shangrao
Rui’anZhangshu
Ruijin
Guilin
Hetian
Tahe
Luntai
Baotou
Handan
Baoji
Sebei
Dunhuang
Jiangyou
Dujiangyan
Nanchong
Anyang
Yilan
Kaladierdaban
Gas from Turkmenistan andKazahkstan
Manzhouli
Legend
Existing
New
Hongliu
Longgang
Northeast Pipelines
967km
1016mm
10MPa
2010
Shaanxi-BJ 3
1400km
1016mm
10MPa
2011
WEPP 2
8000-9000km
1219mm
10MPa
2011
China - Burma
2748km
1016mm
10MPa
2011
Northeast Pipelines
390km
1016mm
10MPa
2011
Tangshan Pipelines
450km
1016mm
10MPa
N/A
Lhasa Pipeline1200km
508mm
10MPa
N/A
LonggangPipeline
670km
1016mm
10MPa
2013
Sebei-Xining-LanzhouDuplicate
930km
660mm
2012
Urumuqi
Yinchuan
Lanzhou
Xining
HohhotBeijing
Tianjin
Shijiazhuang
Taiyuan
Harbin
Changchun
Shenyang
Zhengzhou
NanjingHefeiShanghai
Fuzhou
Hangzhou
Nanchang
Wuhan
Changsha
Guangzhou
Hong Kong
Macao
Haikou
Nanning
Kunming
Guiyang
Chengdu
Chongqing
Lhasa
Taipei
Huoerguosi
Zhongning
Xi’an
Zhuaji
Yingkou
Qinhuangdao
Jinan
Zhumadian
Pingxiang
Shaoguan
Xiangtan
North America Pipeline Infrastructure
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Author: S.Tarchi
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
India Pipeline Infrastructure
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Author: S.Tarchi
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Index
7/31/2019 Pipelines - M. Amerini
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1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG
2. Pipeline Design
3. Construction (Onshore)
4. Construction (Offshore)
5. Operation
6. Maintenance7. Main Pipeline Components
8. Gas Storage
9. The Pipelines Market Today
10. Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact - Example
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Source: Nordstream website
Environmental Impact - Example
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Source: Nordstream website
7/31/2019 Pipelines - M. Amerini
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pipelines-m-amerini 150/150
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