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Transcript of Pionerring your GEM Career Lifecycle
“Pioneering” Your Career Life Cycle
NAGAP 2012
Joshua LaFave Director of Graduate
EnrollmentWhitman School of
Management Syracuse University,
Syracuse, NY
Kristen Trapasso Director of Graduate
AdmissionsLeMoyne College
Syracuse, NY
Agenda• Introduction• Origination of Study Idea• Initial Assumptions and Rationale• Goals of our Study• Literature Review• Key Takeaways from Literature Review• Finding Personal Equilibrium and Balance• Applications to Enrollment Management• Invitation for Continued Study
Origination of IdeaFrom one end of the scale to…
“Young Buck”?
“Old Timer”?
“So, instead of looking for keys to successful careers, we’ve settled on careers as keys to success.”
-The Career Management Challenge Balancing Individual and Organizational Needs by Peter Herriot
Initial Assumptions and Rationale
• Hypothesis:o There are numerous influences that interact
within the realm of our professional career. The perceived significance of these influences in each stage shapes the decisions we make in a continual search for professional equilibrium.
Initial Assumptions and Rationale
• There is a perceived career “life-cycle” of an enrollment management professional
• Internal and external influences affect personal and professional commitment to one’s job/motivation for excelling
• As one’s “life cycle” advances, the impact of these influences change
Initial Assumptions and Rationale
• Explore further:o What are the influences?o What is the interpretation of these influences as they
relate to balance?o Are there established tracks or are they personally
motivated?o At what point does someone move into a different career
stage?o How do we use this information to make informed
decisions for ourselves and for those around us?
Visual Model:
Influences and Career
Progression
Exploring Stage Confidence Stage
Protecting Stage
Internal Balance
Pro
fessio
nal
En
viron
men
t
Perso
nal/
Socia
l E
nviro
nm
en
t
Goals of Our Study• Identify influences that shape internal and
external decisions in one’s career• Understand how we move within our career and
what influences are the catalysts for this movement
• Benchmark lifecycles of other professions• Link previous research with survey findings and
identify enrollment management specific findings
Literature Review
What models/theories are there that would help identify career stages, influences and how/why we
make decisions?
Developmental Theory• An evolution• Levinson, et al., describes adulthood is a series of
stable and transitional periods• During stable periods, one follow fairly clear goals• Periodically, one must reorder priorities and
change behavior in order to compensate for “neglected dimensions of the self”: unfulfilled ambitions, newly acquired interests, changes in family dynamics, etc.
Vocational Choice: "Life Stages
and Life Roles” (Donald Super)
• As we move through different stages in our lives, we also move through different stages in our careers
• People don’t follow a straight path of career development. Super calls it the Life Career Rainbowo Identifies the different “life roles” we play at different times in our
lives
Life Career Rainbow• Super’s main concepts:
o Influenceso Balanceo Career Maturity o Self Concept
• People go through changes as they mature and are affected by:o Socioeconomic factorso Mental and physical abilitieso Personal characteristics o Opportunities
Social Cognition CareerAlbert Banduras
• Addresses culture, gender, genetic endowment, social context and unexpected life events that may interact with and supersede the effects of career-related choices
• Focuses on the connection of self efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals that influence an individual’s career choiceo We continue doing something because we had a good
experience, proven success and high self esteem as a reward
Role TakingGeorge Herbert Mead
• Role taking has two components:1. Thinking about oneself from the perspective of others2. Regulating one’s behavior based on what one thinks
others expect• “Maturity” is the ability to make the distinction
between the actor’s and the observer’s view• Awareness and maturity are expected to change
throughout a person’s individual life and lifestyle
Lifecycle Career Management
Adizes• “Growing up doesn’t mean getting past all the
problems. Growing up means being able to handle bigger and more complex problems.”
• Becoming mature and aware of a need for career change; creating consciousness in order to make mature decisions
• Maturity and awareness
Vroom’s Three Tenants: Expectancy Theory
1) Valence:o The value of perceived outcomes. What’s in it for me?o The value placed on the rewards respective to: personal needs,
lifestyle, goals, values and sources of motivationo In order for the valence to be positive, the person must prefer
attaining the outcome to not attaining it
Vroom’s Three Tenants: Expectancy Theory
2) Instrumentality:Performance (P) → Outcome (O)o Belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance
expectation is met: pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment
o Clear path?o Instrumentality is low when the reward is given for all
performances giveno If individuals trust their superiors, they are more likely to
believe their leaders’ promises.
Vroom’s Three Tenants: Expectancy Theory
3) Expectancy:Effort (E) → Performance (P)o The belief that one's effort will result in desired performance
goals o The belief that one is able to complete the actions; capabilityo Beliefs usually based on an individual's past experience
supporting self confidence/self efficacy
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory: Motivational Force• Motivational Force (MF) = Expectancy X
Instrumentality X Valenceo Behavioral options: the option with the greatest motivational
force (MF)o Expectancy and instrumentality are attitudes (cognitions) that
represent an individual's perception of the likelihood that effort → performance → desired outcomes
o Valence is rooted in an individual’s value system
Other Theories Considered
• Motivation Theorieso Acquired Needs : we seek power, achievement, affiliation
and needs are shaped over time from experienceso Cognitive Dissonance: non-alignment is uncomfortable →
changeo Consistency Theory: we seek the comfort of internal
alignment → changeo Intrinsic Motivation: motivated by internal factors, as
opposed to the external drivers of extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation drives me to do things just for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good or right thing to do.
• Maslow’s Study of Individual Needs
Key Takeaways from Literature
Review
InfluencesSelf-
Awareness and
Balance
•Lifestyle•Personal Needs•Quality of Life• Social Context/Relationships• Goals
Valence
•Instrumentality (Tangible returns)•Psychological Contract•Acquired Needs• Internal • Altruism
Motivations
• Life Experience• Professional Experience• Emotional Intelligence
Self-Concept
Applications to Enrollment Management Stages
• Influences o Within each stageo Career spanning
• Balanceo Demands of personal and professional life
• Maturity• Self-Concept
Applications to Enrollment Management
Finding Personal Equilibrium
and Balance• Personal • Occupational• Institutional/Employer• Professional Involvement
Invitation for Continued Study
• Construct a study to identify possible career stages and applications to a model
• Learn personal and professional influences• Assign values of influences and motivations as identified by
sample of graduate enrollment managers• What do they mean? Anything? • Will we do our jobs differently? Will this improve the mentoring
process?• Identify:
o Influenceso Motivationso Balanceo Valenceo Instrumentalityo Expectancies
“Find a job you love and you’ll never work a day in your life.” ~ Confucius