COMMUNITY REHABILITATION SCENARIO

PLANNING FOR AN ETHNIC SETTLEMENT

PRESSURED BY CITY DEVELOPMENT

September 2014

Department of Science and Advanced Technology

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saga University

JAPAN

Pingkan Peggy Egam

COMMUNITY REHABILITATION SCENARIO

PLANNING FOR AN ETHNIC SETTLEMENT

PRESSURED BY CITY DEVELOPMENT

By

Pingkan Peggy Egam

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Doctor of Architecture and Urban Design

Department of Science and Advanced Technology

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saga University

JAPAN

September 2014

EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

Prof. Nobuo MISHIMA (Chairman)

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saga University, JAPAN

Prof. Masaru KIYOTA

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saga University, JAPAN

Assoc. Prof. Ryutaro GOTO

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saga University, JAPAN

Assoc. Prof. Yoko TAGUCHI

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saga University, JAPAN

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

All praise and respect I give to Lord Jesus Christ, because of His Blessings to me,

especially to give me the opportunity to continue my study until the end of this research.

Highest appreciation I give to the supervisor Prof. Dr. Eng. Nobuo Mishima. With a

sincere heart he guided, supported, and gave attention in the proccess of my study, so I can

finish this dissertation. I also give my gratitude to the examination comitee of this

dissertation: Prof. Masura Kyota, Assoc. Prof. Ryutaro Goto, and Assoc. Prof. Yoko Taguchi.

Special thanks to Sam Ratulangi University and to the Faculty of Civil Engineering

especially for Architecture Department that let me to continue my study in the level of

Doctoral Program at Saga University, Japan.

In this opportunity I give my appreciation to the Government of Indonesia for giving me

DIKTI scholarship, because without that financial support, it would be impossible for me to

continue my study. Thanks to Dr. Petter Assa to introduced me to my supervisor. Thanks to

all friends from Mishima laboratory since 2011 – 2014, for their kindness and friendliness

during study especially to Naomi Miamoto, Anai Suoichiro, and all friends.

Thank you to the Bantik residents in Malalayang, Indonesia, Organization of Bantik

custom, custom leader, and the government of Malalayang District, Malalayang 1 East,

Malalayang 1 West, and Malalayang 2, for giving me permission to conduct research at the

location from 2011 – 2014. I also do not forget to give my thanks to Kohei Takayama as

partner in my research from August– September 2014, and to everyone that have helped me.

With respect and greatitude I give my thanks to my lovely mother, Neltje Moray and my

lovely father, Jotje Egam even though he is not with me right now because he has been in

Heaven. Because of you, I exist in this world and in my mother’s prayer, my name is always

mentioned. Also to all of my sister, Joice, my brother, Maxi, and my big family that always

support me.

Thank you to my husband, Arthur Harris Thambas. With love, I say thank you to my

sweetheart three daughters: Tasya, Tabita, and Tesa. My daughthers are my inspiration and

my spirit, because of you I can be survive until today.

ABSTRACT

Recently, many of the tribal communities in the world are influenced by urbanization and

their unique cultures are changing. Indonesia is a multi-tribal country with approximately

13.480 island and 740 ethnics (Hanifah, 2013). Most of inhabited islands in Indonesia are

composed by tribal, except in Java Island. Therefore, the diversity of cultures become the

essence of Indonesia. Nevertheless, it as a challenge to keep the unique cultures because of

immigration and blood mixing caused by urbanization.

This study clarifies and proposes a scenario planning, useful for a community

rehabilitation in tribal settlement facing urbanization, considering its cultural, social and

spatial issues. A model tribal settlement this study is Bantik tribal settlement which in along

the coast in Malalayang district Manado city, in the North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

The Bantik tribal community is under pressure influenced by city development,

particularly the influx of immigrants occupying the settlement area. Scenario planning is

completed through a series of analysis consists of; 1) the social dynamics include the impact

of urban development with the population changes, 2) the traditional activity and cultural

heritage. This analysis covers the distribution of cultural heritage in the implementation of

their activities, distance of culture heritage element to the main street and residential

surrounding, and 3) the community perception, includes understanding the public perception

of the existing and aspiration of the Bantik community and their continuity.

Primary data were obtained through field surveys, and secondary data were obtained

from relevant source of maps. Field surveys were carried out in 3 stages: pre-survey in

August 2011, to get an idea of the initial location of the study. The first field survey is

conducted from March to April 2012, to see the details of the problems in the field. The

second field survey is conducted from August to September 2013. Last stage is correspondent

survey conducting from January to April 2014. The data consist of: 24 samples of residents

moving; 32 samples of houses to establish community space; 105 interviewed respondents of

Bantik residents based on category, physical settlement surrounding, and culture heritage site.

Based on the analysis results this study concludes that:

1) The effect of high growth of population is based on the city policy causing a shift in

the settlement function into commercial function. This study also proves there are some

conditions that the local Bantik community experience which are: a) The growth of non-

Bantik community are significantly high whereas the Bantik community tends to be b) The

life needs of the residents, which become a boosting factor to the physical change. c) Attitude

conversion base on local culture.

2) Traditional activity. Development of traditional activity has relation to the effect of the

city and housing development. Traditional activity development comes from the change of

traditional house from stage (rumah panggung) to non-stage house form.

3) Cultural space is created from the relationship between physical space and objects,

cultural activities, and the surrounding space. Three approaches to cultural planning are

needed in the ethnic community that is: 1) planning of three cultural heritage zones, a

promotion zone, a core zone, and a buffer zone; 2) optimizing the relationship between the

society and the indigenous organization to promote cultural respect; and 3) strengthening the

coastal zone.

4) Community perception interprets that change phenomenon that are divided into three

themes, as follows: a) Life style change, b) social-mix and the loss of culture, particularly the

Bantik language, c) perception of physical change of settlement through the conversion of

religion function. The Analysis shows around 62.88% of society agreed with the change and

about 20% are disagreed. Pillar of sustainability is possibly to be done by maintaining the

traditional role through neighborhood activity, because the role of external factor such as

government interference, the influx of non-Bantik residents or other factors are possible to be

anticipated by the internal Bantik community as long as there is openness of adaptation

without leaving the local identity.

Scenario planning strategy is rooted in neighborhood units through the boundaries of

social, cultural and physical. While social relations perspective is a referral strategy that will

unite the community as a counter traditional planning effectiveness in maintaining local

community. There are three reasons to create neighborhood relations unit, namely: 1) Family

relationships, 2) proximity of neighborhood units, and 3) family interest. Terrace surrounding

spaces are very close relationship with the boundaries of space, time and activity that forming

gathering spaces.

In detail, community rehabilitation scenario planning can be described as follows:

1). Keep the ethnic community through social planning, activity planning and culture

heritage site planning base on local population by using street development strategy, house

development process strategy, family activity strategy and community perception strategy.

2). Scenario planning is achieved through the aspect of unity between the community

condition, residential surrounding, and commercial function. Through the movement steps of

non-Bantik resident that come into the settlement location, the perception of the local society

is changing.

3). In the relation with the community and social interaction, scenario planning is

directed to the inter neighborhood unit distance in the settlement with classification: Inter

neighborhood unit distance < 250 m as a neighborhood zone, 250–500 m as a community

zone, and >500 m as a custom zone.

4). Community rehabilitation scenario planning is made through the relation with the

culture heritage site with the classification: a) Core zone historical-base of the Minanga Street

surrounding location, b) core zone community-base of the Krida Street surrounding location,

c) buffer zone of the out of Minanga and Krida Street surrounding location and d) promotion

zone in the location of the main street of Wolter Mongisidi Street.

5). Related to the community-base, scenario planning is directed to the local

community’s support to appreciate more to the local culture towards attitudes and also to

group community organization based on family group location, local organization, and

custom with the spirit of Bantik philosophy.

Scenario planning is a strategy that is needed in maintaining the continuity of ethnic

community through the community rehabilitation with the concept of custom activities,

cultural zone, and neighborhood space continuity. The methodology that I made for a

scenario planning is useful for implementing community rehabilitation for a tribe settlement.

I, therefore, conclude that the scenario planning will be very useful to the Bantik community.

Although scenario planning maybe can not applied to the other ethnic community because

there is a limitation caused that I conducted only one model community, but at least this

method can be applied to the other ethnics that possess similar problem.

CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

LIST OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Objectives 4 1.4 Method 5 1.5 Scope of study and research contributions 8 1.6 Literature review 8 1.6.1 History of Bantik Tribal 7 1.6.2 History of Malalayang 9 1.6.3 Government system 12 1.6.4 Livelihood 12 1.6.5 Culture and religion 12 1.6.6 Ethnic Community 13 1.6.7 Community rehabilitation 14 1.6.8 Scenario Planning 14

1.6.8.1 Community Planning 14 1.6.8.2 Social-Mix 15 1.6.8.3 Neighborhood relationship 15 1.6.8.4 Family activity planning 15 1.6.8.5 Custom participatory planning 17 1.7 Dissertation outline 17

CHAPTER 2 OUTLINE OF MODEL AREA 19 2.1 Location of study area 19 2.2 Existence of settlement 24 2.2.1 Settlement surrounding 24 2.2.2 Area Function 28 2.3 Social-Culture 28 2.3.1 Population 28 2.3.2 Leadership system 31 2.3.3 Community activity 31

2.3.4 Local language and philosophy

32

CHAPTER 3 RESIDENTS PERCEPTION 33

3.1 Background 33 3.2 Method 33 3.3 Sense of neighborhood condition 34 3.4 Understanding of community change 35

3.5 Pillar of Bantik community likes 37

3.6 Bantik needs construction 38 3.7 Discussion 46 3.8 Conclusion 48

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF CULTURE HERITAGE 49

4.1 Background 49

4.2 Method 51 4.3 Period of culture heritage in the Bantik community 52 4.3.1 Culture heritage of the Bantik as an Alifuru

community

52

4.3.2 Culture heritage after the influence of

christianity

53

4.3.3 Culture heritage under the influence of urban

pressure

53

4.4 Condition of culture heritage influence of W.

Mongisidi Street

54

4.4.1 Distance of W. Mongisidi Street from the

culture heritage site

54

4.4.2 Position of culture heritage in the settlement 56

4.4.3 Effectiveness culture heritage site 56 4.4.4 Distance culture heritage site from the main

street

57

4.4.5 Culture heritage value 58 4.5 Discussion 59

4.6 Conclusion

60

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF USUAL COMMUNITY

SPACE

62

5.1 BACKGROUND 62 5.2 Method 63 5.3 Issue of Bantik people changes 64 5.3.1 Bantik population growth 64 5.3.2 Bantik community view to the city

development

65

5.3.3 Variety of people 66 5.4 Issue of settlement changes 67

5.4.1 Process of Bantik settlement changes 67 5.4.2 Location of residential moving 69 5.4.3 The changes of regional function 72 5.5 Traditional life of the Bantik community 74 5.5.1 Bantik family development 75 5.5.2 Characteristic activities of Bantik family 78 5.5.3 History of land ownership 78 5.5.4 House composition 81 5.5.5 House characteristic 81

5.6 Neighborhood activity 85 5.6.1 Activity in the terrace surrounding 86 5.6.2 Activity in the little shop surrounding 87

5.7 Discussion 90 5.8 Conclusion

91

CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY

REHABILITATION SCENARIO

PLANNING

92

6.1 Background 92 6.2 Method 92 6.3 Family activity planning approach 94 6.3.1 Group family development 94 6.3.2 Local access in the neighborhood unit 99 6.4 Culture heritage site planning approach 109 6.4.1 Relationship between culture space with the

Bantik community

108

6.4.2 Structure of culture heritage objects zone 108

6.5 Custom planning approach 110 6.5.1 Bantik’s philosophy as a as a unifying

community

111

6.5.2 Strengthen of community participatory 113 6.6 The Concept community rehabilitation scenario

planning

113

6.7 Community space planning 115 6.7.1 Neighborhood space planning 115 6.7.2 Terrace surrounding planning 119 6.8 Culture heritage planning 124 6.8.1 Relationship culture heritage planning with

the Bantik community

124

6.8.2 Zone of culture heritage site planning 125 6.8.3 Strengthening of culture heritage planning 126

6.9 Custom planning 127 6.9.1 Ethnic community participation planning 129

6.9.2 Custom group planning 129 6.9.3 Custom participation planning 131 6.10 Conclusion

132

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 135

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

NUMBER TITLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Framework of research 6

Figure 1.2 Framework of scenario planning 7

Figure 1.3 Framework of scenario planning strategy 7

Figure 1.4 Framework of Bantik community changes 8

Figure 1.5 Map of Minahasa region 9

Figure 1.6 Some standard step of scenario planning 14

Figure 1.7 Amphawa’s Selected Participation Techniques 16

Figure 2.1 Map of Manado City 19

Figure 2.2 Commercial area surrounding / Boulevard area 20

Figure 2.3 Downtown surroundings 21

Figure 2.4 Map of Sub-District Malalayang I 22

Figure 2.5 Map of Sub-District Malalayang I East 22

Figure 2.6 Map of Sub-District Malalayang I West 23

Figure 2.7 Map of Sub-District Malalayang 2 23

Figure 2.8 Wide of sub-district Malalayang in the study area 24

Figure 2.9 Costal surrounding 25

Figure 2.10 Settlement performance 26

Figure 2.11 Street condition in the settlement 27

Figure 2.12 Commercial building in the W. Mongisidi Street location 29

Figure 2.13 Population in the Malalayang surrounding 30

Figure 2.14 Population in the study area 30

Figure 3.1 Framework of residents perception 34

Figure 3.2 Bantik community sense 35

Figure 3.3 Bantik community attitudes toward physical settlement

changes

36

Figure 3.4 Bantik community attitudes toward culture changes 37

Figure 3.5 Bantik community attitudes toward the Bantik population

changes

37

NUMBER

Figure 3.6

TITLE

Bantik people wants to housing surrounding

PAGE

39

Figure 3.7 Bantik people wants to settlement surrounding 40

Figure 3.8 Bantik people wants to culture heritage 41

Figure 3.9 Bantik people wants to custom organization 41

Figure 3.10 Bantik people wants to culture identity 42

Figure 3.11 Bantik people wants to neighborhood conditions 43

Figure 3.12 Bantik community perception 48

Figure 4.1 Bantik cultural heritage sites and their locations 50

Figure 4.2 Framework research of culture heritage 52

Figure 4.3 Cultural heritage objects around the coast 57

Figure 5.1 Framework research of community space 63

Figure 5.2 Distribution of Bantik population in the study area 65

Figure 5.3 Adjustment of local communities against environmental

situation

67

Figure 5.4 The process of settlement establish 68

Figure 5.5 Process of settlement development 69

Figure 5.6 Locations of Bantik house moving 70

Figure 5.7 Proximity distribution of Bantik families 71

Figure 5.8 Influence regional wroth to the settlement 72

Figure 5.9 Process of change in building function 73

Figure 5.10 Type of building function 73

Figure 5.11 Model of changes in buildings 74

Figure 5.12 Framework of neighborhood characteristic analysis 75

Figure 5.13 Family houses location 76

Figure 5.14 Structure of family number 77

Figure 5.15 Characteristics of land ownership change 79

Figure 5.16 The process of ownership and house style changes 80

Figure 5.17 Housing composition 82

Figure 5.18 Settlement composition 82

Figure 5.19 Bantik house style development 83

Figure 5.20 House style process 84

NUMBER

TITLE

PAGE

Figure 5.21 Neighborhood performance 85

Figure 5.22 Historical of terrace growth 87

Figure 5.23 Type of commercial function 88

Figure 5.24 Type of little shop base on position 89

Figure 5.25 Relationship little shop with the house 90

Figure 6.1 Framework of community rehabilitation scenario planning 93

Figure 6.2 Residential group location 94

Figure 6.3 Group family composition 97

Figure 6.4 Community activities base on neighborhood 98

Figure 6.5 Type and location of community activity 99

Figure 6.6 Resident with the additional economic function location 99

Figure 6.7 Relationship between yard with street 101

Figure 6.8 Little shop (warung) locations 102

Figure 6.9 Relationship between little shop (warung) with street 103

Figure 6.10 Relationship between terrace with street 104

Figure 6.11 Neighborhood interest aspects 105

Figure 6.12 Open access for multi direction (four houses) 106

Figure 6.13 Open access for 2 direction (three houses) 106

Figure 6.14 Open access for one direction (two houses) 107

Figure 6.15 H3 Philosophy in Bantik community 111

Figure 6.16 Custom activities 111

Figure 6.17 Bantik community responses to cultural aspects 112

Figure 6.18 Community rehabilitation concept 114

Figure 6.19 Construction of scenario planning 114

Figure 6.20 Group family location in the Minanga Street surrounding 116

Figure 6.21 Group family location in the cemetery street surrounding 116

Figure 6.22 Group family location in the Krida Street surrounding 117

Figure 6.23 Group family location in the outside in the settlement 117

Figure 6.24 Neighborhood space planning base on resident location 118

Figure 6.25 Relationship planning based on family locations 118

NUMBER

TITLE

PAGE

Figure 6.26 Relationship terrace with the sea location 120

Figure 6.27 Relationship between terrace, main street, local street with

sea location

120

Figure 6.28 Neighborhood space planning influences of warung 121

Figure 6.29 Neighborhood space and local activities 123

Figure 6.30 Structure of neighborhood relationship space planning 124

Figure 6.31 Conceptual distribution of zone considering the distance

from the main street

126

Figure 6.32 Character improvement of cultural heritage 127

Figure 6.33 Construction philosophy in the activities implementation 128

Figure 6.34 Bantik community attitude planning 128

Figure 6.35 Model of community participation 129

Figure 6.36 Custom participation planning 130

Figure 6.37 Bantik custom planning 132

LIST OF TABLES

Number TITLE PAGE

Table 1.1 History of Malalayang Village 11

Table 3.1 Sustainable pillar of the Bantik community 38

Table 3.2 Sustainable detail aspect of living traditional 41

Table 3.3 Sustainable detail aspect of neighborhood and culture

aspects

46

Table 4.1 List of cultural heritage objects 51

Table 4.2 Development of Bantik community 54

Table 4.3 Influence of the development along W. Mongisidi Street on

culture heritage sites

55

Table 4.4 Categories of culture heritage zone based on distance 56

Table 5.1 Sense of Bantik couple 78

Table 6.1 Characteristic of residential location 95

Table 6.2 Location group family theme 96

Table 6.3 Neighborhood interest 105

Table 6.4 Construction of culture heritage values 109

Table 6.5 Characteristic of custom organization 112

Table 6.6 Strengthen of community participation 113

Table 6.7 Construction of family activity 115

Table 6.8 Terrace space planning 119

Table 6.9 Neighborhood space planning 122

Table 6.10 Custom group participation planning 130

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND

In the last few decades, sustainable is quite a popular issue. This issue develops as a

reaction to the condition that the world experiences globally, also as a form of concern and

awareness to a more substantive level. Sustainable development, which is defined as

"development that meets the needs of the presents without compromising the ability of future

generation to meet their own needs (World commission on sustainable development, 1987).

Various arguments over the meaning of sustainable development constitutes the politics of

sustainable development policymaking and draws out implication that as a term sustainable

development plays a range of analytical and rhetorical roles (Conelly, 2007). Changes in the

structure of space is often affected by government agencies and corporations in shaping and

changing capitalist urban space (Feagin & Parker, 1990; Logan & Molotch, 1987) as well as

the impact of globalization (Smith & Feagin, 1987). From an urban standpoint, understood as

a form of sustainable development of urban conservation. In the past more urban

conservation policies aimed at the protection of historic buildings, monuments and the like in

terms of physical setting (Peerapun, 2012). Currently, the term urban regeneration and social

dimensions are used to express the corresponding breath principles of the Washington

Charter (ICOSMOS, 2003). A review of the social dimension has a close relation with the

development of the city. Various potential and problems accumulated in the urban dimension

high population growth, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia.

United nations records that there are more than 370 million indigenous people in70

countries across the world. Indonesia is a country that has the largest number of people to

four of the world (CIA World Factbook 2013). Meanwhile, Indonesia diverse island nation

marked by numerous large and small islands as much as 13,480 islands. There are 740 tribes

with 583 languages and dialects (Hanifah, 2013). The protection of these tribes is not an easy

thing for the government. Large population of 250 million in 2013 (CIA World Factbook

2013) is a major problem experienced by people of Indonesia. The traditional approach is

2

crucial in optimizing the use of natural resources, (Saleh, 2004). The unbalanced ability

between human resource and acceleration of city development cause social problem in local

level. Many traditional settlements is fading while city development keeps occur with

residents growth that is hard to handle. So many tribes possessed even an indigenous people

like the Bedouins in Java island, Poenan Dayaks in Borneo island, Kubu tribe in Sumatra

island, Korowali tribe in Papua island as well as many other tribes made the issue of ethnicity

to be one important issue. Ethnicity is a combination of culture, identity and group

membership (Keefe. 1992) is at the local level, but there is occupying the central location of

residence within the limits. Ethnicity has become a prominent issue in the world in the last

four or five decades of this (Fenster, 1996). Ethnic movement is regarded as a reaction to

imperialism in the third world country (Howitz, 1985). Therefore diversity of cultures is a

essence of Indonesia.

The quantity of owned tribes causes general problem. In context of week institutional

neighborhood, resource and authority rearrangement is a challenge to the existing importance.

Phenomenon values that stick in the building process can cause social tension and conflict

that, in cases, cause violence (Bates, 2000). General situation ethnic in Indonesia happens

with some problems: different economic status, religious differences, stigmatism differences

between migrants and indigenous people and government policy. Not infrequently that the

difference is to sharp to the economic factor, with positive correlation between poverty and

violence conflict, difference, and variables measuring economic development (Barron. Et al.

2009) causing some frictions like Indonesia experienced in 1998. That time, there was a

conflict between tribes in some areas: Maluku province, west Sulawesi province exactly

around Palu and Poso city, and in Papua province. Some studies had been done to some tribes

in Indonesia like Badui tribe in java island (Asian Good ED Practice Project, 2006), studying

about continuing life of Badui tribe in finding the tribe characteristic. Generally, this study is

connected to settlement and life procedures connected to spacing and values. Even though

they are different in residence location, but as a whole, this society has similarity in character

as tribe that lives in secluded place, far from hustle and isolation tendency. So many tribes in

Indonesia that it is not a thing that is not easy to get continuity model of local ethnic

community. Settlement location of the ethnics varies. There are some in highlands, coast,

archipelago area, secluded places that is hard to reach and even in the city. Every ethnic has

own characteristic through life procedure or physical settlement setting.

3

Variety of ethnic condition causes it hard to be accommodated as a whole in a study.

But at least, settlement location uniqueness, society social structure and local problems,

scenario planning is useful to local society as method in finishing the problems with wanted

purpose. Next, this method is expected to be applied in ethnic community with same

character and problem. Among the tribes in Indonesia, there is the Bantik tribe located in

North Sulawesi Province, exactly in Manado city (Grafland, 1991), that still exists and can be

found until now. Bantik tribe in Malalayang as one of the district in Manado city (Sumolang.

2010). The Proximity between the central business district and the settlement has led to many

changes in the Bantik community (Egam, 2014). This settlement receives direct effect of city

development. This is a pressure for ethnic community comes from pressure of population

development, mixes in the settlement through marriage with the Bantik people, and even

non-Bantik people that stay around in the settlement location. Until now, the Bantik tribe

residents survive in the middle of city development but has experienced some changes that

tend to weaken the local community continuance. Uniqueness in this study are: 1) The Bantik

tribe settlement in Malalayang, Indonesia is local settlement in urban location setting, based

on the close distance with city commercial area center, 2) The Bantik community is local

society and not newcomers (Sumolang, 2010) that stays in Manado city. Strength that is

owned in this study are: 1) based on literature, this research related to the focus of the Bantik

residents in Malalayang with suppression of sustainability aspect of community in receiving

city pressure as the first research is conducted. Study with focus of the Bantik tribe residents

in Malalayang had been done by researcher in 2002-2003, with suppression of spatial aspect

change based on building function change, 2) study method strength by taking settlement

location uniqueness as specificity. Some Bantik residents lives in the coast because

settlement location is in front of the Manado bay and directly adjacent to the center of city

commercial area, passed by province road and surrounded by facilities in province scale.

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Naturally, close distance of settlement location with city business and center area brings

effect to the settlement existence. City development pressure especially unbalanced residents

between Bantik residents and non-Bantik residents are felt clearly. Impact of particular local

community (Turcu, 2012) is a pressure for Bantik community. City development pressure as

4

local community problem that is experienced are: Unbalances responsive between the Bantik

people with the city development, minority in population level, limited space because it is the

settlement in front of Manado bay, the high quantity of non-Bantik residents in the settlement,

economic differences and urban life style. As the residents grow so fast because of

government policy that directed the settlement development to the Malalayang area, making

Bantik people as minority (29.9%) in the aspect of population to the wholeness of residents in

those four sub-districts. Moreover, original Bantik tribe based on lineage also shows

weakening, because there is quite high percentage between family with husband-wife

composition comes from Bantik tribe and family with mix composition between Bantik tribe

and non-Bantik tribe. This thing affects the activity pattern and life procedure of the

community, so traditional life of the community tends to weaken. Bantik community

degraded not only in population but are degradation in terms of location of residence,

ownership of land degradation, cultural activities and culture heritage degradation.

This study has uniqueness because it is about local characteristic based on settlement

location and traditional life as the basic of planning direction. Other uniqueness is the focus

of study is not only as local settlement that merges whit city center based on settlement

location, but as indigenous community (Grafland, 1991) that exist until now even though

degradation socially, culturally, and spatially. If this thing stays like this, the possibility in the

future, the settlement will be disappeared with faded physical trail. Therefore, community

rehabilitation is an action that needs to be done in finding back the traditional life, at least for

the continuity of local community with focus of family activity as entry point.

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

Based on the problem formulations, there is main objective and some sub-objective in

this study. The main objective is: To clarify and purpose a scenario planning to community

rehabilitation for such a tribal settlement facing to urbanization. The Sub-objectives are:

1) To define the problem and identify alternative that will solve the problem

2) To define the traditional living role based on local character

5

3) To analyze planning strategy of living environment for continuity of ethnic

community through community rehabilitation.

Fundamental target that will be achieved to the Bantik community in facing the city

development pressure is: To realize traditional living environment in the city development.

1.4. METHOD

Location and focus of the study become the method to finish the problem and answer the

purpose of this study. This thing is done, considering that there are so many tribes with each

characteristic, so it is hard to take it up in big scale. Because of that, there is limitation by

taking case study of one ethnic community in local characteristic that is owned. Therefor,

community rehabilitation becomes so important because it takes case study model with basic

consideration of local community as case study model always develops and receiving

pressure from city development like the case study in this research.

Based on the beginning issue of local community, Bantik tribe society is chosen as case

study and study focus as method to resolve the problem. To find the scenario planning to the

Bantik community, started by looking at the local community social condition and the

changes because of city development pressure. The data are collected through several stages

of the survey, namely: pre-field survey in June 2011, the first field survey in March-April

2013, the second field survey on August-September 2013, and correspondent survey on

January-March 2014. In a survey conducted field observations, structured interviews and

distributing questionnaires. To get a more detailed picture of the condition of good physical

and social settlement, based on the sample selected in accordance purpose theme study to be

lifted. The data comes from a sample that has been obtained then compiled with other

relevant data obtained through surveys of existing circuits.

Next analysis based on local character according to the condition is conducted. Analysis

is based by doing literature study, and the data is collected through observation and field

survey. Analysis is conducted through 3 steps such as: 1) analysis of residents perception, 2)

analysis of culture heritage site in the relation of settlement development and culture activity,

6

3) analysis of community space focusing on the family and neighborhood activity. The

framework of the research as show in Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 Framework of research

Scenario planning method described is based on several stages, namely: 1) Starting with

research issues, 2) identify conditions ethnic Bantik community as a model of the case study

area, 3) conducting a review of the desires of the community, and 4) find the idea to

determine the strategy planning for continuity of Bantik community, as described in Figure

1.2. Furthermore, to explain how the ethnic Bantik communities changed, conducted a review

of the influence of government policy toward ethnic community that focuses on the area

function changes, physical changes in the settlement, and Bantik populations. It can be seen

in Figure 1.3. Furthermore, scenario planning methods continued to find a strategy that

matches the problem. The scenario planning strategy in addressing this can be seen in Figure

1.4.

Population

Issue:

City development pressure

Ethnic community

Loss of ethic community

Model of case

study area

Community rehabilitation

Government effect

Population effect

Analysis of residents

perception

Perception

Scenario planning:

Resident‟s perception

Culture heritage

Usual community space

Analysis of culture

heritage:

Analysis of usual

community space:

Community activity

House surrounding space

Culture activity

Culture zone

7

Figure 1.2 Framework of scenario planning

Figure 1.4 Framework of scenario planning strategy

City development Bantik community (BC)

What is

happens in

the BC?

What is

owned by the

BC?

How to

develop the

BC?

What is the BC likes?

What is the BC needs?

How to

PROTECT of

BC?

IDEA for the BC

Strategy

planning for

BC continuity CONDITION of the BC

Changing traditional life

Planning

base

Bantik

community

planning

Community

space

Culture

heritage

Residents

perception

Development goal

and objectives

BC

sustainability

Guiding

development

through the:

Traditional

life role

Community

space role

Neighborhood

space

Cultural

activity

Changes

determinant

s

Influenced by city development

Population

House

Residential

location

moving

Traditional

activity

Development

strategies

Resident

perception

strategy

Distribution of

Bantik family

Location of

Bantik house

change

Distance between

main street and

residential

Distance between

main street and

cultural elements

Usual

community

space

strategy

Culture

heritage

strategy

Connecting space

by activity:

Outside activity

Culture and

custom activity

Details

strategies

City

development

review

Bantik

community

pressure issue

BC

Situation BC

characteristic

Suggestions through strategy planning of BC continuity

BC continuity

planning

8

Figure 1.4 Framework of the Bantik community changes

1.5. SCOPE OF STUDY AND RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS

The study of a primary use of data from a field survey of spatial changes from urban

development of the Bantik community in Malalayang, Indonesia include the cultural

heritage site in Bantik settlement by survey and questionnaire.

The economic data will not be included for this study.

Contribution of this study is intended for local community sustainability roommate`s

city has developed.

Provide input to the government for consideration in the determination of urban

planning policy based on local wisdom.

1.6. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.6.1 History of Bantik Tribe

Physical aspect

Housing surrounding:

Terrace

Yard

Little shop

Street Resident location

Social, cultural aspect

Culture heritage

Life culture:

Traditional activity

Culture activity

Custom organization

The BC own

How to develop of

the BC?

Review

City development:

Street development

Growth population

Neighborhood activity

Government effect

Manado as a

waterfront city

The presence of

the Boulevard

on Business

area

Malalayang

district as a

residential

development area

Impact in the BC

Malalayang district

being a developing

area:

Changes of the

area function along

the main street

Increase of the new

residential

Increases of

population but

minority for Bantik

population

Changing traditional

life influenced by

city development

Original house role

Local activity

Cultural heritage

9

Residents of North Sulawesi Province consists of three main ethnic groupings based on

language, they are:

Minahasa tribe (Tolour, Tombulu, Tonsea, Tontemboan, Bantik, Tonsawang, dan

Ponosakan).

Sangihe and Talaud tribe (Sangihe Besar, Siau, and Talaud).

Bolaang Mongondow tribe (Mongondow, Bolaang, Bintauna, and Kaidipang).

The location of Minahasa tribe covers the entire city of Manado and Minahasa district,

Tomohon and Bitung, as described in Figure 1.5. Ethnic Minahasa has nine sub-ethnics. One

of the sub-ethnic is Bantik ethnic (Grafland, 1991).

Figure 1.5 Map of Minahasa region (Source: Grafland, 1991)

Bantik tribe are descendants of Toda Boirluminutu who are migrated to the island called

Panimbulrang. It is the island is not known with certainty because some say the island is

around Sangir Talaud island but there are also said to be around the Philippine archipelago.

In the course of people's lives Bantik tribe group of people who live to move from one place

to another. Communities in the area moved to the Pineleng area which are located far from

the original. After some time they lived the summer has passed and there is no smallpox

10

outbreak some people return to their hometown in Mandolang partially towards the

Panimbulrang island led by a man named Bantik. After the long lived group of people refer

to themselves as the Bantik community.

As a result of a natural disaster Panimbulrang island sink. According to local belief that

event is a catastrophe for the people for having violated customs there. People who survived

using the big boat landing to the coast at Cape Mandarlang which located around the village

of Tanawangko. The trip was led by Gudangne Gohung, Gudangne Domosili, and Gudangne

Kapapehe. From the village of Tanawangko they move where, and settled on a place in the

hills. The hilly area has a mountain called Mount of Bantik. In the Bantik language of

Kantang called top of Bantik Mountain or Karluntungune. Over time later a change in the

course of several successive Bantik public life. Of Mount Bantik them down to the Campus

area is south of the city of Manado and occupy the road ahead toward Bahu, Malalayang.

They occupy the coastal areas. From this location they moved forward, precisely around the

first bridge is around the Boki River got to the second bridge that is around Ranoasu River.

In the course of his life there were about 40 heads of families moving to the area of Kalasey

and occupy in the area. Before the arrival of the Portuguese around 1570, son Bantik tribe

live scattered in seven different locations, namely

Bineheyan (near Tomohon city), Led by Humopa, which in Bantik language called

Magudang.

Balatantakan (near Kasuratan and Parepei village), which is led by a Magudang named

Boyoh.

Tumatenden, located in Kanto mountains, Tonsea area, which is led by Magudang

named Angkoro.

Muung Maalangen, which is close to the Paslaten and Matani Tomohon area, led by

Magudang named Tumpeheng.

Bukidi, which is close Darunu area, led by Magudang named Mokosoroy. These people

who is later founded the Talawaan Bantik area.

Somoit (Bolmong area), which are led by two men named Magudang Pontosumbirang

and Mahadia. Most of those who are later founded the country Tanamon present in

South Minahasa.

In Mountains Pure (Amurang), led by Magudang Monaga is called Mount of Bantik.

11

1.6.2 History of Malalayang

In the course of a long life some Bantik people came in Malalayang formerly known as

Minanga. The location of this settlement was founded by the son Bantik tribe who is lived in

Mount of Bantik during Gudangne Kasiaha as a leadership. Location settlements bordering

the Manado bay, so the settlement is also known as coastal settlements. Minanga land along

the coast they plant a tree sort that leaves a light yellow color, called Wood of Bulrang, or

commonly called the current Wood of Moon. This tree looks very striking when viewed

from a distance, because the leaves color contrasts with the color of the other timber trees

that grow along the coast.

The Malalayang area was originally called the Minanga area which are includes Kalasey,

Sea, and Bahu. The village has existed since hundreds years ago, before the colonists arrived

in Indonesia. Around the 1570, the Portuguese came and did cooperation with the Bantik

community in the form of exchange of agricultural products. Although the location of

settlements located on the coast but the community also has a very extensive plantations that

they worked on the farm and plantation sectors. Furthermore, the Dutch came and made

reforms in governance structures that exist in Bantik settlements. It is not known exactly

when it name change occurred, but as a benchmark in Mandarlaeng bridge is written

MALALAYANG ANNO 1886. Approach taken here is to explain the transition period of

Minanga to Malalayang. History of Malalayang developments can be seen in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 History of Malalayang Village

No Year Description

1 1570 Cooperation with the Portuguese community in the form of an exchange

Bantik crops, and established a brick-making business.

2 1685 Dutch entry into the area where people live Bantik, and drove out the

Portuguese.

3 1788 The Dutch make reforms to the structure of people's lives by changing the

name of the rank Bantik for community leaders Bantik (gudangne) with the

name of the Kepala Balak.

4 1886 Minanga village change to Malalayang village

5 1901 Malalayang village government formed as Hukum Tua is a head of village.

12

1.6.3 Government system

Bantik tribal adopts a tribal government as a leader in the community. Kapala is a tribal

leader chosen by the community based on mutual agreement. Was a chieftain who has a very

big influence in the community, especially by his perseverance in defending and maintaining

the community when under attack from the outside. Customary system of government

headed by a chief to switch to a system of government are called Kepala Desa or Hukum tua

as a head of the village. In this system the incoming government intervention in regulating

the administrative territorial division. Hukum Tua elected by the people by a majority vote.

Base on government decision (Surat Keputusan Peraturan Daerah Kota Manado Nomor 15

Tahun 2000), Malalayang region have been changed to some sub-district. Hukum Tua

syatem was changed to Kepala Kelurahan or Lurah and sub-district name changed to

Kelurahan.

1.6.4 Livelihood

Although the settlements are on the coast, history records that the society is the main

livelihood of farmers. This is supported by the extent of plantation land around settlements,

thus providing the opportunity for people to grow crops on the land. Alternative fishing job is

a job that is done at night. Besides traditional home design community has a storage space of

plantation tools placed under the house, because the design of the house with a pit at the

bottom of the house. In residential developments, in particular livelihoods, there have been

considerable changes. In the settlement there is no agricultural land, and no fishing activity.

Community work individually on a variety of employment sectors.

1.6.5 Culture and religion

Traditional community has cultural systems that are implemented in daily life, in work

farm / plantation, and in a variety of arts activities and rituals. Mutual aid or called mapalus

is one of the traditional culture that is implemented in the event of joy and sorrow. Mahamba

13

dance attractions, inauguration of a new home or called Manahumama dance, and war dances

or called Kabasaran dance. In addition there are also rituals performed in a limited activity.

In the traditional culture has associated with particular places that are in the location of

settlements in the supervision of traditional institutions, or certain groups that meet specific

criteria for it. Bantik tribe is known as alifuru community (Grafland, 1896).

Alifuru is a term for people who trusts the power possessed by certain physical objects.

Of confidence alifuru turn to the Christian faith that was introduced by the zending. In the

history of the Minahasa people is a tribe of Bantik most recently embraced the Gospel in the

land of the entry begins Bantik Malalayang on May 12, 1888.

1.6.6 Ethnic community

The issues of ethnicity and integration have become prominent worldwide in the last four

or five decades, as is clear from the many articles published on the subject in the relevant

literature. Ethnicity, the feeling of belonging to, and of solidarity with, cultural units wider

than families (Horowitz, 1785), has engendered as wide a spectrum of research as the many

spheres of human life it affects. Ethnic needs concern the national, racial, cultural and

religious identities of people in society (Fenster, 1996).

In addition to understanding is indigenous often referring to people. Basically, there is no

standard definition of indigenous people. The reason for the diversity of indigenous people

around the world. United Nations noted that there are over 370 million indigenous people

spread across 70 countries worldwide. Nevertheless, the United Nations identified the

indigenous term interpreted by some countries as ethnic, aboriginal, first community ethnic

groups, etc. Indigenous is also often associated with the activity and geographical terms such

as hunting-farming, nomadic, farming, living on mountain slopes, etc. (Moniaga, 2004).

1.6.7 Community rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is a process that begins with nature, as well as the reality of human life to

the culture as a fad pattern (Tang, 2011). The goal of rehabilitation is to improve the situation

14

through the process. The rehabilitation process will vary from one site to the other site

characteristics of the appropriate individual (Pope and Sloan, 1984).

1.6.8 Scenario Planning

Primary purpose of scenario planning is to develop strategy (Wack, 1985). In particular,

the scenario planning process may be a means of building networks and initiating

collaboration. Further said that scenario planning is a strategy without having to be accurate

in predicting a future ideal, main goal is to develop strategy (Zegras, 2012). Key local factors

refer to aspects of the local context that impact the issue in question. These factors should be

important and uncertain; that is, they should have an expected significant impact on the focal

issue and their direction of evolution should be uncertain (Zegras, 2004). One strategy that

was developed is standard in some scenario planning are described in Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6 Some standard step of scenario planning (Source: Wack, 1985)

1.6.8.1 Community planning

Three role of planning, namely: 1) Protecting their interesting by engaging with the

planning activities of the state, 2) using planning to help their successful acquisition land

through legal land claim process, 3) using community-base planning to help realize

community development goals, (Lane, 2004). The central characteristics of community base

planning is that planning activity is instigated, controlled and conducted at the local

community level (Li, 2002).

Define of focal issue and scope

Identify key local factor

Driving forces

Local context that impact

the issue

Driving forces are macro-level forces

which influence the local factors, and

should also be important and uncertain.

15

1.6.8.2 Social-Mix

Residential segmentation is generally thought to reflect a lack of social interaction in

mixed neighborhoods (Lelevrier, 2013). Social mix strategies are supposed to encourage a

profitable interaction between the inhabitants of disadvantaged neighborhoods and the new

social groups coming from outside the area. Mechanisms and intensity of negative

„„neighborhood effects‟‟ due to concentration are hotly disputed, there is considerable doubt

that social mix strategies actually benefit the lower-income groups (Atkinson, 2008).

Mechanisms and intensity of negative neighborhood effects due to concentration are hotly

disputed, there is considerable doubt that social mix strategies actually benefit the lower-

income groups (Arthurson, 2011).

1.6.8.3 Neighborhood Relationship

Emphasis the blurring of neighborhood ties and propose distinguishing three categories

of community (including neighborhood community) in a big city (Wellman and Leighton,

1979):

A lost community, in which individuals maintain very few, weakening social ties with

persons from the neighborhood or from outside.

A saved community, in which individuals maintain social ties primarily in the

immediate, nearest neighborhood, and

A liberated community, in which individuals mostly decide to maintain social ties with

persons from outside the neighborhood.

1.6.8.4 Family activity planning

Participatory planning is a set of processes through which diverse groups and interests

engage together in reaching for a consensus on a plan and its implementation (Peerapun,

2012). Participatory planning can be initiated by any of the parties and the forms it will take

and the timetables are likely to be negotiated and agreed amongst participants (see Figure

1.7).

16

Increasing level of public

INFORM CONSULT INVOLVE CALLABORATE ENPOWER

Publication

Public address

system

Newsletters

Culture heritage

Exhibitions

Open houses

Information

center

Workshop

Surveys

Public meeting

Workshop

Awareness

raising

Children camps

Students

volunteers

Culture heritage

survey

Training

Field trips

Workshop

Citizen advisory

Consensus

building

Participatory

decision-making

Demonstration

projects

Delegated

decisions

Figure 1.7 Amphawa‟s Selected Participation Techniques (Source: Peerapun, 2011)

Local communities is a force that is owned by a settlement. Community participation is

seen as an alternative and ideas in implementing sustainable development at a city (Jenks,

1996) in Roychansyah, (2006). Interest in participatory approaches by LA21 initiatives has

grown dramatically (Tuxworth, 1996), especially in the area of local environmental planning

such as in water shed and waste management, in development of community and local-area

economic strategies (Healey, 1998). Through the process LA21 has supported the

development of innovative methods for working with and for the community (Freeman,

Littlewood, & Whitney, 1996).

1.6.8.5 Custom participation planning

Local participatory development is one of the capital amid the government as a

collaboration between policy makers and the community as a core or community-based

planning. A participatory process does not necessarily mean that every stakeholder will

participate in every phase of the decision process (Joerin, 2009), whereas participatory

17

requirements for a successful participatory decision making process depend on the type of

effect primarily desired (Rosentrom, 2007).

1.6.8.6 Culture heritage planning

Cultural heritage is often expressed as either intangible or tangible things cultural

heritage (ICOMOS, 2002) and in the concept of the spirit of place (ICOMOS, 2008). A basic

requirement (Bertolini et al. 2005) for a cultural heritage site is that it can be used as a source

of potential the local site, even when there is strong pressure for other uses of the site, or

pressure for urban development in the local vicinity. Cultural heritage planning continuity

planning requires support for social, institutional, and human society, as well as non-human

environment (Chang, 2007).

1.7. DISSERTATION OUTLINE

This dissertation was composed of seven chapters, which are briefly outline below.

Chapter 1: Discusses the introduction of this study. It mentions the problem statement,

scope of research, the expected outcome of this research and outline of the dissertation. It

also show the literature study. It is describes about theory and models that will be used in this

research and describes about the history of Bantik tribe.

Chapter 2: Outline of model area. This chapter describe about the study are especially the

settlement location, and settlement position in Manado City. It also show about the physically

settlement, social and culture community.

Chapter 3: Analysis of residents perception. Base on settlement and community change,

this chapter show how to attitudes of Bantik community, and what they want to likes and

needs the condition that exists. The aim of this chapter to find the form of the desire of the

Bantik communities to the existence of its community.

Chapter 4: Analysis of culture heritage. This chapter describe about the culture heritage

site, and a cultural potential. Based on the influence of the distance to the main corridor and

18

influenced for the Bantik community. The aim of this chapter to analyze the spatial

characteristics of neighborhoods activity based on a wealth of culture heritage.

Chapter 5: Analysis of usual community space. This chapter describe about the city

development effect and impact to the Bantik community regarding social impact, culture

impact and physically impact and describe how to local Bantik community change.

Settlement characteristics will be discussion through settlement location, housing and

activities. The aim of this chapter to analyze community space through settlement changes

doe to pressure on the city.

Chapter 6: This chapter show about strategy of scenario planning though community

rehabilitation. Based on the analysis of residents perception, analysis of culture heritage and

analysis of usual community space, this chapter discussed strategy of scenario planning for

the Bantik community. The aim of this chapter to establish method of scenario planning for

rehabilitation of ethnic community.

Chapter 7: Summarize and discusses the finding from the previous chapters. It also

highlights the implications of this study.

19

CHAPTER 2

OUTLINE OF MODEL AREA

2.1. LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

Bantik tribal communities located are around of Malalayang districts. In the

administration of Bantik community in the Malalayang district consists of four sub-district,

namely: Sub-district of Malalayang 1, Malalayang 1 East, Malalayang 1 West, and

Malalayang 2. Bantik community settlement are located to the south of the city of Manado

as show in Figure 2.1. In detail, this location is continuous with the central commercial area

of the city is situated on the Piere Tendean Street more know as Boulevard named, as show in

Figures 2.2 and 2.3. The Bantik tribal settlements as research areas consist of: the north is

bordered by the Bay of Manado, south of the districts of Pineleng, west bordering the

Minahasa region and east to the Malalayang River. Malalayang 1 Village, Malalayang 1 East,

Malalayang 1 West and Malalayang 2 are location as show in Figures 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7.

Figure 2.1 Map of Manado city (Source: Bappeda, Manado City, 2013)

20

Figure 2.2 Commercial area surrounding (Boulevard area)

Figure 2.2 Commercial area surrounding / Boulevard area (Source: Author. 2014)

Boulevard in

Boulevard area

Study area 3

3

2

1

2

1

Boulevard in the night

Boulevard in the night

Boulevard

21

Figure 2.3 Down town surrounding (Source: Author, 2014)

Zero point of Manado

city

Downtown

Study area

Manado City station Manado City station

H.V Worang sculpture

TKB open space surrounding Building commercial function

Public activities Building commercial function

22

Figure 2.4 Map of Sub-District Malalayang I (Source: Bappeda, Manado City, 2013)

Figure 2.5 Map of Sub-District Malalayang I East (Source: Bappeda, Manado City, 2013)

23

Figure 2.6 Map of Sub-District Malalayang I West (Source: Bappeda, Manado City, 2013)

Figure 2.7 Map of Sub-District Malalayang 2 (Source: Bappeda, Manado City, 2013)

24

Wide of Malalayang District as 2975.9 Ha consist of 9 sub-district (Kecamatan in figures,

2011). Study area consist of 4 sub-district with details of the area of each sub-district as show

in Figure 2.8. The number of population in 2011 as 7372 household, and around 25.328

people (Malalayang district office, 2013). The details number of population consist of: Sub-

district of Malalyang 1 are 8697 people, sub-district of Malalayang 1 east are 5540 people,

sub-district of Malalayang 1 West are 4672 people and Malalayang 2 are 3275 people.

Figure 2.8 Wide of sub-district the study area (Source: Malalayang in figure, 2011)

2.2. EXIXTENCE OF SETTLEMENT

2.2.1 Settlement surrounding

Wolter Mongisidi Street as a provincial street status. The street runs from east to west,

splitting into two neighborhoods are north and south. A part of Bantik people tribe occupying

the coastal areas, because settlements directly adjacent to the Manado Bay. In the settlements

there are some streams while included in the study site there are only two rivers which Boki

Rivers and Ranoasu River. There are 2 local street, namely: 1) Minanga Street which are

located around the coast. This street is a local street as a neighborhood street and connecting

to the W. Mongisisdi Street as a main street. 2) The Krida street is located in the southern of

W. Mongisidi Street. Krida Street as a neighborhood street, connects between the Bantik

settlements with pockets of new settlements in the south of existing Bantik settlements.

Bantik tribal settlements in Malalayang directly adjacent to the existing central business

districts in North Sulawesi Province named Boulevard on Business (B on B). W. Mongisidi

Street directly adjacent to the Piere Tendean street known by the name of Boulevard street

Malalayang 1 East: 9.0%

Malalayang 2: 23.2%

Malalayang 1 West:

22.2%

Malalayang 1: 29.8%

25

along the 4.8 km as the main road that runs from the city of Manado city center and continue

to W. Mongisisdi Street.

In detail, the study site was on the first path of W. Mongisisdi Street. The concentration

distribution of the population is one of the considerations in determining the location of the

study. The location is situated parts of the sub-district at the study site. There was also

widespread in Malalayang residential areas. The largest localization on Bantik community in

Malalayang. The unit of observation in focus on the location along the W. Mongisidi Street

exactly on the borders of the Boki River to Ranoasu River. Situation in study area can be see

in Figures 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11.

Figure 2.9 Coastal surrounding (Source: Author, 2014)

Coastal settlement surroundings

Public facilities in coastal

surrounding

26

Figure 2.10 Settlement performance (Source: Author, 2014)

Cemetery

Niopo stone surrounding

Ranoasu River Boki River

Bantik Field

27

Figure 2.11 Street condition in the settlement (Source: Author, 2014)

W. Mongisidi Street

Minanga Street

Krida Street

1

2

3

1

1

2

1

28

2.2.2 Function of area

The composition of the buildings along W. Mongisidi Street especially those included in

the study area is dominated by commercial building that serves as the shop, and ruko (Mix

function between house and shop) as shown in Figure 2.12. The first part on the W.

Mongisidi Street there are about 90 buildings, consist of 12.2% of resident function, 7.78% as

a social and religious buildings function (churches, village office, and school), 1.1% as open

space in the form field, and 78.92% of the building serves as a place large and small

businesses such as stores, shops, and little shops (field surveys, 2012, 2013). Distribution of

Bantik housing cluster in two major locations, namely: around Minaga Street and Krida

Street. There are also groups of Bantik people with smaller capacity around the cemetery. In

addition there is also the distribution of housing is spreading in southern and western

settlements, beyond the location of settlements.

2.3. SOCIO-CULTURE

2.3.1 Population

Population growth in the Manado city, especially in the area of Malalayang shows high

rate of growth when compared with the Bantik population in the area (seen in Figure 2.13).

This is a significant issue for the Bantik community, especially in defending the settlements

of the influx of immigrants in the settlement. Until now, Bantik people can not do much

against the influx of immigrants because it is more because of the zoning policy of the

government towards the development of residential areas, commercial areas and city

development policies. Awareness and sensitivity in the Bantik communities see the

phenomenon that are very necessary for retaining the status of the settlement of the town,

especially the development pressures of population growth.

29

Figure 2.12 Commercial building in W. Mongisidi Street location (Source: Author, 2014)

30

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

20

10

Population in

Malalayang

area

Population in

the study

area

Bantik

people in the

study area

Figure 2.13 Population in Malalayang surrounding (Source: Manado in figures, 2009,

2010, 2011, Malalayang in figures, 2011, Author, 2014)

The composition of the population between the Bantik community and non-Bantik

community existing in Malalayang especially unbalanced study area. Bantik population are

very small when compared to the population in residential areas. In the approach to the

calculation of the Bantik community's population was 29.9% only when compared with the

total population in the study area, whereas when compared with non-Bantik community in

Malalayang region, this figure was only 5.9% as shown in Figure 2.14. Authors recognize

that this figure numeric approach because of data unavailability formal population. This

approach is based on data owned by the author beginning in the 1990s as adjusted by the

North Sulawesi Province of Statistics data and then compile the data back to the residents of

the district office Malalayang and data from Manado in Figures 2009, 2010, and 2011.

Figure 2.14 Population in study area (Source: Manado in figures, 2009, 2010, 2011,

Malalayang in Figures, 2011, Author, 2014)

-

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

20

10

Population in

Manado

Population in

Malalayang

District

31

2.3.2 System of leadership

As settlements were formed by the tribal groups, the leadership of the existing system has

slight differences with the leadership system with other regions. There are three forms of

leadership consist of:

1) Leadership based system of government. The system is based on the official rules

issued by the local government in stages that are governed by laws. As an example

for the study area consists of 4 sub-districts, namely Sub-district of Malalayang 1,

Malalayang 1 East, Malalayang 1 West and Malalayang 2, they are each headed by a

chief of kelurahan area called Lurah.

2) Leadership by the tribe. This system does not separate settlements Bantik rate based

administration area. Thus, Bantik community knows only one leader who is

considered to protect its people. Leadership is implemented based on kinship systems

without formal rules.

3) Leadership religious based. In this system a more defined leadership as service. The

system is not limited by administration territory, or tribal areas, but the scale range

base church services based on territorial location of residence.

2.3.3 Community activity

Bantik tribal has some cultural assets, both physical (tangible) and non-physical

(intangible). Physical cultural assets are scattered inside and outside the residential location

of settlement location, but still within the borders of the Bantik tribal ownership. Physical

assets such as: customary land used by the community together with indigenous

organizations such as plantation setting, field, and graveyard. In addition there are bullae

physical relics relating to the history of settlement and rituals.

There are also cultural assets such as trees naturally or Bulrang yellow trees, as well as

natural asset located around the coast. These assets are more meaningful because that are

associated with a variety of norms and rules that govern Bantik people's lives in a cultural

context. In addition to the physical assets are also a variety of cultural arts events staged such

colossal Mahamba dance, war dance, dance pick up the guests, Maengket and others.

32

2.3.4 Bantik language and philosophy

Bantik tribal has local language is called Bantik language. This language is used in

general social interaction without being limited by age, sex and social status. In addition to

community language also has Bantik philosophy with name: Hintakinang (the juice),

Hintalunang (mutual help), and Hinggiridang (love one another). This is philosophy norms

that will govern the lives of the Bantik people in social interaction among Bantik Bantik or

interaction with other people in general.

Bantik tribe is very strict in applying the norms as rules in the social order. People really

uphold the existing norms as they relate to penalties if violated. The penalty is a punishment

that will run social low or directly given by the leader of the tribe according to the rules in the

community.

33

CHAPTER 3

RESIDENTS PERCEPTION

3.1. BACKGROUND

In human interactions the activity driven by the setting of the physical environment,

giving rise to positive emotions (Kotus, 2013) as well as negative reactions. Often the

condition is a compulsion or helplessness to avoid so as to create a new condition. The

involvement of local community in this condition is often overlooked, so that the desire is not

realized. Sometime character is not portrayed in a traditional environment while

neighborhoods actually have to represent the community as a place to live so that settlements

are of good quality. Problems arise once the question of whether a person can be involved in

built of settlements, not only created by outside influences, so that the local community is

just a helpless person in a residential environment (Jacob, 2010).

Creative environment has a remarkable quality of life, especially relationships are formed

based on the neighborhood and culture activity without pressure. Community has a

connectivity, accessibility and openness, with the leader region by local community-based, so

respected and trusted by the community (Landry, 2011). Society has various needs and

desires as the hope for the survival of local community although not based on the level of

awareness on encouraging. The objective in this chapter to find the form of the desire to the

existence of Bantik community. At least this desire can be made into a framework to be able

to give advice in future planning for the local community

3.2 METHOD

Bantik likes analysis are a series of interrelated between settlement characteristics,

perceptions and desires of the Bantik community. Residents perception and response are

taken as a parameter to determine the needs and desires of the business community towards

sustainability in residential neighborhoods. To find out the needs of the Bantik community,

obtained through the distribution of questionnaires containing responses to the changes that

34

occur. This approach allows to obtain 'issues relating to the wishes of the Bantik people, then

categorized based on the group's needs and desires ends with the identification of the findings.

Samples of data obtained through questionnaires and individual household level relating

to the social and cultural aspects. A total of samples of 105 respondents which are from

distributed of questionnaire. Period of questionnaire distributed on August-September 2013.

Questionnaire contents consist of: Bantik people attitude which are toward the changes of

physical settlement, culture activities, culture heritage condition, and Bantik population

condition. Additional information obtained from structured interviews and free-interview

according to the situation. Analysis are categorized conducted into three dimensional needs

of the Bantik community based on existing conditions. Fame work of residents perception as

describe in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Framework of residents perception

3.3. SENSE OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONDITION

The attitude of people see the environment change is very important to understand how it

responds to changes which translates as the impact experienced. Rooted in social and

cultural context, perception of environmental change has a very close relationship of the

Bantik community condition

Community perception

Bantik community like analysis

Categorization of the Bantik

community needs

Settlement condition

Population condition

Culture heritage condition

Custom condition

What is should be maintain?

What is should be adjust?

What is should be change?

35

social character of their culture (Wildavsky and Dake, 1990; Proctor, 1998). Based on socio-

cultural approach of Bantik community, the public relations impact of a change in the social

constructionist paradigm in risk perception that all are equally valid, including the local

community setting (Tulloch and Lupton, 2003). Bantik community construct that perceptions

rooted of adjustment to the development of the city therefore, community perception are

divided into three aspects, namely: Physical aspects, social aspect and culture aspect.

Physical settlement changes can be display through the changes of settlements mainly along

the main corridor of settlement. This condition is well understood by the Bantik community,

where as much as 63.81% community justify the situation through the recapitulation

questionnaire as describe in Figure 3.2

Figure 3.2 Bantik community sense (Source: Author, 2014)

3.4. UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY CHANGE

Respondents interpret that phenomenon of settlement changes was occur through a

variety of ways. The phenomenon of changes are divided into four themes, namely: 1) Bantik

population change, 2) culture activity and custom change 3) culture heritage change, and 4)

settlement changes include the area function changes. It is clear that the picture of the

changes are based on physical changes, followed by limited cultural change daily activities.

Bantik people believe that the role of the development is a influence of city development very

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Change

Slightly change

No change

Number of people

Inte

nsi

tas

of

chan

ge

63.81%

24.14%

13.33%

36

strong. The other reason Bantik community gives an appreciation of various government

policies, especially the effect on the physical development of the community.

Recapitulation of the various changes in the physical aspects, that Bantik community

turned out to agree with the changes. Amounting 62.86% of the Bantik people is approve

changes of functional areas as described in Figure 3.3. Of the four aspects of the changes as

well as the percentage of a sense of doubt also shadowing. Related perception of Bantik

community sense of hesitation is more likely to be interpreted as an affiliate agrees to the

attitude of social-culture perception, reinforced with lace percentage of people who do not

agree below the 10% level.

Figure 3.3 Bantik community attitudes toward physical settlement changes (Source:

Author, 2014)

The same thing also described the Bantik community through social and cultural changes.

As the physical changes, social and cultural aspects get a good response from the Bantik

community. Bantik community is really understand that the change of cultural aspect also

occurred in the loss of the use of language Bantik, loss of traditional roles and traditional

activity. For these cases there was a decrease about 50% as described in Figure 3.4. For

social change, community agreed about 53.3% that compositional changes in the Bantik

population as described in Figure 3.5.

0 20 40 60 80

Function area

Area performance

Residential performance

Resident location

Number of people

Ph

ysi

cal

ch

an

ge Doubtful

Not Agree

Agree

62.86%

48.56%

61.90%

58.10%

37

Figure 3.4 Bantik community attitudes toward culture changes (Source: Author,

2014)

Figure 3.5 Bantik community attitudes toward the Bantik population changes

(Source: Author, 2014)

3.5 PILLAR OF BANTIK COMMUNITY LIKES

Bantik community wishes to maintain a real settlement occurred despite various changes

showed a commendable effort. Very strong influence by city development coupled with

allusions to the interests of individuals, families, and groups to be one problem to be

0 20 40 60 80

Lost of traditional activity

Lost of Bantik language

Cultural event

Cultural role

Lost of Bantik philosophy

Number of people

Cu

ltu

re c

ha

ng

e Doubtful

Not agree

Agree

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Population grwoth

Number of non-Bantik people

Increase of non-Bantik people

Number of people

So

cia

l ch

an

ges

Doubtful

Not agree

Agree

63.81%

69.52%

38.1%

51.43%

45.71%

45.71%

53.30%

18.09%

38

completed by the cultural approach. Pillar of sustainable development based on physical

condition, and craving as a basic framework by considering a variety of potential that can be

developed as traditional life, traditional roles and culture heritage site and element. Pillar of

sustainable construction begins with the general conditions and desires, then propagate

through the boundary into the activities, relationships, community and neighborhood units

are described in Table 3.1

Table 3.1 Sustainable pillar of the Bantik community (Source: Author, 2014)

Pillar of sustainable Target Detail target

Social sustainable

Community

Dominant local population

Sense of community

Social-mix

Cultural sustainable

Culture activity

Community

participation

Bantik language

Bantik philosophy

Culture heritage site /element

Cultural event

Local organization

Partnership

Community space

sustainable

Neighborhood identity

Communal space

Neighborhood space

Custom activity

Outside activity

Street activity

Yard activity

Terrace activity

3.6. BANTIK NEEDS CONSTRUCTION

Bantik community needs are described as a cultured community needs in response to

physical and socio-cultural neighborhoods. This approach was taken as a reference in the

planning stages of the confirmation of the Bantik community sustainability. This analysis is

done entirely by a community problem, the real situation and compiled with the wishes of the

people. Community desire is a powerful force for community planning based on the

39

characteristics and needs. This construction is based on statistical desire of Bantik

community which is divided into three criteria such as: should be maintain, change or modify.

Community like this is simply the determination of criteria tailored to the social

characteristics of the community in the hope that people can easily understand of conditions.

A number of 54.29% Bantik community wants but maintain the traditional housing style of

the building needs to be adapted to the modern style of the building. Temporal for housing

elements such as fences, able to get the community to adaptation (41.9%) against relative

height with material remains. As much as 56.19% Bantik community want to maintain the

distance between the fence with the home and the fence to the road (63.80%) were maintain.

It is strongly associated with neighborhood activity based on traditional roles. Similarly, the

existence of pages retained. For housing and support space element, which are requires

adjustment only terrace as much as 47.62% as illustrated in Figure 3.6. It is influenced by the

function of socialization terrace space to the effectiveness of space by function as storage

space motorcycle during daylight.

Figure 3.6 Bantik people wants to housing surrounding (Source: Author, 2014)

Bantik community wants to maintain the location around the W. Mongisidi, Minanga

Street, and Krida Street. Adjustment as much as 46.67% is needed for coastal locations.

0 20 40 60 80

Border

Distance with street

Distance with house

Terrace

Yard

Number of people

Hp

usi

ng

ele

me

nt

Adapt

Modify

Maintain

65.71%

9.52%

56.19%

63.80%

19.05%

40

Locations around the coast at least adapted to be returned to the initial function as a public

space, so there is no limitation for Bantik community to use the site. As much as 79.05% the

Bantik people want to maintain of lay out settlements as the current condition, equipped with

a communal space for the community. Desire for culture heritage site varies between want to

adjustments with maintain accordance with the environmental conditions, the condition of

society and the development of the city. The locations are very striking to maintain consist

of: Bantik field as much as 88.78% and cemetery by 80.95% as described in Figures 3.7 and

3.8.

The highest desire of 90.48% on the in W. Mongisidi Street as the main corridor in the

settlement. Bantik community appreciate the condition of the road, because the road has

brought many influences on settlements. While the surrounding costal expected to not recycle

those locations.

Figure 3.7 Bantik people wants to settlement surrounding (Source: Author, 2014)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Main corridor

Minanga street

Krida street

Coastal surrounding

Number ofpeople

Sett

lem

en

t su

rro

un

din

g Adapt

Modify

Maintain

46.67%

63.81%

60.78%

90.48%

41

Figure 3.8 Bantik people wants to culture heritage (Source: Author, 2014)

In terms of culture, at 64.76% Bantik community wants to maintain the family group

called rukun, whereas for custom organizations want to adjust the social conditions of

community by 50.47% as described in Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.9 Bantik people wants to custom organization (Source: Author, 2014)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Lay out settlement

Communal space

Cultural heritage site

Nioopo stone

Crocodile stone

Lrana stone

Kuangang stone

Bantik fied

Cemetery

Ake Minanga

Kakukudang

W. Mongisisdi

Number of people

Cu

ltu

re h

eri

tage

sit

e

Adapt

Modify

Maintain

88.78%

80.95%

79.05

0 20 40 60 80

Maintain

Modify

Adapt

Number of people

Ca

tag

ori

zati

on

Group custom

Group family65.76%

50.47%

42

Custom organizational is actually the implementation of the culture activity. The

real implementation of custom rooted of Bantik philosophy, followed by Bantik

language as culture identity. The fact, the aspects are decline in the level of

implementation as discussed in the next chapter. Regardless existing conditions of Bantik

community has a desire to keep the Bantik language as much as 50.48% in everyday life, as

well as maintaining of Bantik philosophy as much as 80.95%. as described in Figure 3.10.

Figure 3.10 Bantik people wants to culture identity (Source: Author, 2014)

Activity with neighborhood units approach in the community is quite dominant, although

done in groups according neighborhood locality. People still put hope and strong desire to

maintain traditional neighborhood-based traditional role that has been established, although it

has been modified to suit the conditions and existing development. Based on the four aspects

of the neighborhood unit, all eager to defend it is above 60%, except for local access as

described in Figure 3.11. Little doubt of the existence of local access based approach to

security, but it can be anticipated to maintain the relationship between the family housing

units as reinforcement. In the case of traditional living includes several aspects such as: Form

and function of the house, house elements, and the house surrounding, Bantik people's desire

0 20 40 60 80 100

Maintain

Modify

Adapt

Number of people

Cu

ltu

re a

spec

ts

Culture event

Bantik philosophy

Bantik language

50.48

80.95

43

are varies according to the needs of. In a more detailed aspect the desire is more dominated

by the desire to maintain or make adjustments to the environment surrounding, as described

in Table 3.2. Neighborhood and cultural aspects are referral of Bantik community by a

common desire to do maintenance including to the sub-aspects various as described

in Table 3.3

Figure 3.11 Bantik people wants to neighborhood conditions (Source: Author, 2014)

0 20 40 60 80

Neighborhood gathering space

Street activity

Neighborhood acces

Neighborhood relationship

Number ofpeople

Asp

ect

s

Adapt

Modify

Maintain

44

Table 3.2 Sustainable detail aspect of living traditional

Aspects

Maintain Change Adjust

House traditional

Housing style

Stage to not-stage

style

Change to modern

facade style

House

function

Adding the

commercial function

by renting one of the

rooms to the non-

Bantik people.

Rent houses to non-

Bantik people

Adding a little shop

for family businesses.

Housing

material

Replaced with

suitable material with

the development such

as: 1) on the ground

floor / tiled floor

boards.

2) Wall: from bamboo

to concrete wall

Customized color trend

/ appropriate

development of the city

Housing surrounding

Fence:

Distance with

the street

Distance with

the yard

High altitude

passes are not

human or <200 m

Around 2 m

Around 4-5 m

Provided yard for a

shared room

Terrace

As a semi-public

space to hangout

fellow neighbors

From the terrace

house that does not

have be having terrace

From the reception

room into a storage area

on a motorcycle during

the day.

Yard Function of public

space:

Family space

Economic space

Refreshing space

45

Continue table

Aspects Maintain Change Adjust

Traditional space

Street in the

settlement:

1). Minanga

Street

2) Krida Street

The road condition

is maintained

As a traditional

space beside a

transportation

function

Not be a public

road.

Alternative

functions as a space

of socialization

temporary road

Terrace As a space of

socialization

neighborhood.

As a space of

family interaction.

As a transition

space

Build a terrace Multifunction space

Yard As a gathering

space for fellow

neighbors.

The family room

As a space

refreshing

Square :

Bantik field

As a community

space

As a custom space

Kind of activity.

Improve of management

46

Table 3.3 Sustainable detail aspect of neighborhood and culture aspects (Source:

Author, 2014)

3.7 DISCUSSION

Rooted from community adaptation to city development, the perception of Bantik

community constructs in created in three aspects such as: physical aspect, social aspect, and

culture aspect. Based on tribal group, Bantik community still believes that Malalayang

settlement is Bantik community settlement even though in real condition, that perception is

no longer compatible because in other aspect. Bantik community realizes that there is occurs

Maintain Change Adapt

Neighborhood and culture

Settlement

layout

Current condition

Gathering space Bantik field, local

street, terrace, yard

Activities

Niopo stone Culture heritage

Privat community

space

Management

Lrana,

Crocodile, and

Kuanga stone

Culture heritage

Public space

Ake

minanga,and

kakukudang

Culture heritage

Strengthening for the

culture zone around

cost

Cemetery Function

Custom ownership

Cultural event Existence Pattern of

event

Collaborated with the

city government

Local language In the daily activity

Internal access

connection

customized services

H3 philosophy More reactivated

Local

organization

Management

Activities adaptation

in the cultural

education

General custom

organization

Needs

47

culture change and physical settlement changes. This thing is based on recapitulation of

questionnaire about 63.81% of Bantik community stated that there is change. Change is

divided into 4 themes consist of: 1) lifestyle change, 2) social-mix and the loss of culture

especially Bantik language, 3) house surrounding appearance change and 4) neighborhood

activity change. About 54.29% Bantik community wants that traditional housing needs to be

maintain but building style is adapted to the modern building style and about 72.38% wants

to maintain of building function. While for housing element like as fence, about 41.9% of

Bantik community wants to adaptation of materials but the fence height is relatively

maintained. About 56.19% of Bantik community wants to maintain the distance between

fence and house and about 63.8% wants to maintain distance between fence and street.

About more than 60% Bantik community wants to maintain the location around Minanga

Street and Krida Street, but for location around the coast, about 47.62% of Bantik community

wants to adaptation back to the condition like before, at least can make them easy to access

the beach location freely. The striking location that needs to be maintained are field and

cemetery. About 88.78% wants to maintain the field and 80.95% wants to maintain the

cemetery. This desire gives picture that cultural pillar is still possible to be maintained even

though limited to aspect that directly related to the activity that the society feels.

In relation with culture, Bantik community wants to maintain group family called rukun.

Apart from the existing condition, Bantik community wants to maintain of Bantik language

(50.48%) in daily life, and maintain Bantik philosophy about 80.95% even though in reality,

Bantik language degradation quiet greatly. Family-based activity, Bantik community wants to

maintain group family called rukun. In the relation with culture, Bantik language can be

implemented in the rukun activity, because both of them has connection in culture.

Activity with neighborhood unit approach is quiet dominant in society even though in

groups based on locality of neighborhood location. Society still has hope and strong desire to

maintain neighborhood atmosphere based on traditional role that had been formed long ago

even though it is modified according to the condition development. Little doubt about the

local access existence that is felt by security factor approach. This doubt is repressed by

family relation between houses units so there is strengthening intrinsically. Beside local

access, traditional atmosphere has chance to be developed maximally in term of internal

relation in neighborhood based on jointly activity.

48

3.8 CONCLUSION

Even though Bantik community has pressure in culture, population, and physical aspect,

but Bantik community has desire to maintainthe community. Biggest preservation that needs

to be done by community is to implement the desire with effort which is rooted from

neighborhood group to the family group. Sustainability pillar that is most possible to be done

by society is maintaining traditional role through neighborhood activity, because of external

factor involvement like intervention from government, non-Bantik residents, or other factors

that can be anticipated by internal Bantik community. This situation will be different from

the physical aspect, because of physical changes such as changes in regional function, the

function of buildings and other physical aspects strongly influenced by external factors.

The main thing that needs to be captured and maintained such as pride and community

awareness as a manifestation of Bantik philosophy, as this will affect any decision taken on

the changes that will occur. Bantik people's desire to maintain traditional neighborhood will

become a pillar of cultural activities, not just limited to the social aspect, it would be

implemented in traditional living by neighborhood and culture space maintaining. Bantik

community perception as described in Figure 3.12.

Figure 3.12 Bantik community perception (Source: Author, 2014)

City development as

a modern attitude

Bantik people as a

original owner of

Bantik settlement

Bantik tribe has an

important role in the

formation of Manado city

Settlement development Bantik population

condition

Neighborhoods and culture space

Cultural heritage

Settlement

changes Space of traditional

activity

culture activity based on

custom

Culture identity

(Bantik language,

cultural attraction,

Bantik Philosophy)

Bantik residential

location and land

custom

Bantik perception

Community problem

49

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF CULTURE HERITAGE

4.1. BACKGROUND

Spatial planning involves the coordination or integration of various parties including the

spatial dimension of sector policies through a territorial-based strategy (UN, 2008). Therefore

the planning turned into a very productive activity and proactive. (Albrechts, 2004; Tewdwr-

Jones et al, 2010), which is supported by surveillance as part of the spatial planning model that

needs to be planned (Wegener, 2001). Over the past half century, more conservation based

approach has been developed in urban planning; process extended in the historic town in the

post-war, intensified during the 1960s, and then later re-ordered following the rejection of

modernism architecture. Due to the expansion of the scope of planning, approaches to

conservation objectives must be increasingly articulated on a very different scale in quantity in

the hierarchy such as: town, village, or smaller regions within this (Larkham, 2003;

Pendlebury, 2003). Translated into the arena built cultural heritage, innovation in cultural

heritage needs to be understood further by the city government to provide space for new urban

development discourse (Nyseth, 2012) and activity routines and management governance

( Healey , 2006).

Degradation of a common cultural heritage sites because of urban development,

including site access issues. Urban development has a strong effect on two aspects: the spatial

and social, and this situation affects ethnic communities, such as the phenomena of

degradation of society (Egam et al., 2012) in the ethnic community. An ethnic community is a

stable group of people who have historically evolved according to its existence as an ethnic or

national group, with the same language and / or region. Members of ethnic communities come

from the same background. Community can be defined as a group of people who are

geographical area, have a bond together by a common culture, values, race, or social class

(Pacione, 2001). Communities examined in this study is considered as a locality-based society

hence, they are referred to the local community (Jimura, 2011).

In this paper, we look at one such ethnic communities, Bantik tribal settlement, which is

located on the beach near Malalayang Manado in Indonesia. There are several objects of

50

cultural heritage sites in the in Malalayang district related to this particular ethnic community

(Egam, 2014), which is shown in Figure 4.1. Sites are dominated by objects around 1-2 m3 of

stone, but they are not developed (as show in Table 4.1). History of Culture heritage period, as

show in Table 4.1. Bantik cultural heritage tends to be obscured, and even hidden, by urban

developments recently. These include attacks on citizens of non-Bantik to residential, family

displacement Bantik to the edge or outside of settlement.

Figure 4.1 Bantik cultural heritage sites and their locations (Source: Author, 2014)

❹

❻ ❽

❶ ❸

❼ ❺

❷

Legend:

❶ : Pananayangeng

❷: Palaribingang

❸: Niopo Stone

❹: Tulrada of W. Mongisidi

❺: Ake Minanga

❻: Lrana Stone

❼: Kuangang Stone

❽: Crocodile Stone

❶ ❷ ❸ ❹

❺ ❻ ❼ ❽

❶

❼

❷ ❸

❹

❺ ❻

❽

Manado Bay

❶~❽: Heritage site

51

Table 4.1 List of cultural heritage objects (Source: Author, 2014)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the spatial characteristics of the local neighborhoods

based on their cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the objects of physical cultural heritage

belonging to the local community of the ethnic Bantik tribe in Malalayang. Therefore, the

space around cultural heritage objects, is an important idea that needs to be implemented to

protect Bantik settlements. In connection with the development of heritage culture, heritage

culture was divided into 3 periods based community conditions. It also has a relationship with

the development community that is affected by a number of situations both the culture and

development of the city.

4.2. METOD

This study focuses on the physical cultural heritage of the Bantik settlements in

Malalayang. Cultural heritage sites in the region scattered with varying locations, namely: in

the residential area and outside the area of the settlements or groups of settlements Bantik

community. In terms of placement location, there are cultural heritage that lies ahead W.

Mongisidi Street, the land around the farm or vacant land, as well as on the coast. Before

analysis, cultural objects are physically located around the beach, main street, and the back of

the Bantik settlement based on existing data. Data for the study was obtained through

questionnaires and field surveys, combined with a study of the relevant literature. Aspects of

the spatial characteristics of objects of cultural heritage are reviewed, based on physical

characteristics and surrounding area, including distance, relationship with current and

authenticity object.

Name of

heritage

site

Type Material Size (m) (m

2)

*

(m3)

** Natural Artificial

Point Linier Areal Stone Water Concrete 1 2 3 >3

❶ **

❷ **

❸

❹

❺

❻ **

❼ **

❽ **

52

Therefore, in this study considering the spatial analysis based on three factors related to

the physical condition of cultural heritage sites in settlements Bantik: 1) the circumstances of

the physical objects of cultural heritage, based on the distance from the main road; 2) the

physical position of cultural heritage objects and locations in the settlement; and 3) the

structure of objects of cultural heritage zone, which consists of distribution zones, based on the

distance from the main road. In this analysis be understood that the influence of globalization

has become increasingly evident at the local level (Fernandes, 2012). Therefore, there is a

clear need to strengthen local cultural heritage and identity. Finally, these factors are analyzed

to describe the scenario planning for community based rehabilitation approach to culture

heritage. Research stream is shown in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 Framework of research (Source: Author, 2014)

4.3. PERIOD OF CULTURE HARITAGE IN THE BANTIK COMMUNITY

4.3.1 Cultural Heritage of the Bantik as an Alifuru Community

History of culture heritage in the

Bantik community

Community development

Condition of culture heritage

Zone of culture heritage

Relationship between culture heritage objects

with traditional activity

Strengthening planning of culture heritage site

to the culture activity

Analysis

Position and the

distance from the

main street

Zone classification of

culture heritage site

Distance

Value

Relationship

Coast surroundings

53

Alifuru is a local term used to refer to the Indonesian native society (Grafland, 1991),

particularly, in this case, the indigenous people of northern Sulawesi. In such a society,

cultural heritage objects exist as a representation of the community‟s belief system and may

have mystical value. In Bantik community, rocks, objects, and the space that surrounds them

are used as sacred places with magical powers, and there is a relationship between the objects.

The space around objects is a sacred buffer, and the value of the objects and surrounding space

is considered in terms of abstract mystical beliefs.

4.3.2. Cultural heritage after the influence of christianity

The Christian religion became a source of influence in the region after the arrival of the

Dutch approximately 1700 (Sumolang, 2010, Naas, 2007). Their arrival led to changes in the

meanings given to Bantik cultural heritage. New meanings were given to old objects, and

meanings also became mixed-up. For example, there were changes in the meanings of the

space surrounding some cultural objects, such as the Crocodile Stone, the Niopo Stone and so

on. Previously, people believed that this site had magical power, but after the influence of the

Christian religion, it is no longer considered a place with supernatural powers. However, in the

culture of the native Bantik community in Malalayang, sacred and private spaces remain

strongly connected to territory. Despite this, private space exists without the communal rituals

that it was once connected to.

4.3.3. Culture heritage under the influence of urban pressure

The biggest changes to cultural heritage sites are brought about by market forces (Simmie

and Martin, 2010), which lead to development pressure on the areas surrounding cultural

objects. Therefore, the spaces around cultural objects, such as the Lrana Stone, the Kuangang

Stone, the Crocodile Stone, and Ake Minanga (fresh water in the costal), have come under

pressure. The expansion of non-Bantik settlements and lifestyle influences have led to the loss

of both the cultural spaces around these heritage objects and the meanings associated with

them (as is shown in Table 4.1). The three biggest changes to cultural heritage sites that have

been brought about by city development are as follows: 1) changes in meaning, 2) changes in

activity, and 3) changes in space. The period of Bantik community history is shown in Table

4.2.

54

Table 4.2. Development of Bantik community history (Source: Author, 2015)

4.4. CONDITION OF CULTURE HERITAGE INFLUENCES OF W. MONGISISDI

STREET

4.4.1 Distance of W. Mongisidi Street from cultural heritage site

Influence W. Mongisidi Street distance to cultural heritage site base on analysis carried

out showed that there was an important influence on the way people interact with the site's

cultural heritage. Moreover, this analysis shows that, the distance from W. Mongisidi Street

also has a strong impact on the quality of the space. Therefore, there are several categories

related to the distance of the cultural heritage site from W. Mongisidi Street impact on the

quality of the space. Therefore, there are several categories related to the distance of the

cultural heritage site from W. Mongisidi Street. First, to promote people‟s interaction with the

physical object, a distance of less than 100 m is the most effective because it encourages direct

contact with cultural heritage objects. Accordingly, people that pass along the main street

come into close proximity with the cultural heritage objects. Second, the sites that lie within a

distance of 100–200 m have the greatest cultural activities and relationships with the Bantik

community. This is caused by three factors, namely: (a) the lack of intervention by non-Bantik

people inside the settlements; (b) the impact of the hustle that results from high traffic density

at sites that are closer to the main street; and (c) the increased privacy of the spaces that are

100–200 m away. Third, we found that at sites farther than 200 m away, there is no significant

Bantik community

period

Meaning of cultural heritage Description

Object itself Surroundings

Alifuru Community

(before 1700s)

Mystical:

Secret and

hidden

Understood by

a particular

person or entity

Sacred space:

Highly

respected

space

Direct relationship between

humans and nature

Buffer space surrounding objects

Territory in the context of culture

Temporary barrier

Christian Religion

Community

(1700s-1990s)

Mystical

Non-mystical

Sacred and

private space

Causal link between man and nature

There is a space between object and

surroundings

Territory in the context of culture

Temporary barrier

Influences of urban

pressure (1990 ~)

Cultural

Loss of sacred

and private space

Cultural space

Ambiguity of territory

55

factor that encourages people to interact with these cultural heritage objects. This is because

road function is dominant over the need to access the object.

Our analysis of the street development and the distances between the main street and each

heritage site are shown in Table 4.3. From this, we argue that there are three ways in which

space has an influence, based on the distance between the main street and the cultural heritage

site: (1) a distance less than 100 m is categorized as promotion space; (2) a distance between

100 m and 200 m is most likely to be cultural space; and (3) a distance of more than 200 m has

limited promotion of cultural heritage (See Table 4.4). This effect increases for distances

greater than 300 m. Although these sites are still considered cultural spaces, they can only be

identified at a distance because of their lack of proximity to physical cultural heritage sites.

Table 4.3 Influence of the development along W. Mongisidi Street on culture heritage sites

(Source: Author, 2014)

Condition

and

Distance

Analysis

Before the 1990s After the 1990s

General

conditions The width of the road: 8 m

Lack of limiting lane road

The width of the road 16 m equipped with a roadblock

Addition of an alternative path for direct access to

residential areas

Increased density

Distance

(m)

<100

No direct access to the object

except through a field

No direct contact with the public,

unless through the court

Located in a residential area

In a private space

There are two categories of relationships with culture

heritage:

1) Direct relationship with an object:

Can see it directly from the main road Located on a

public access to the city and a main corridor

Conveniently located in a commercial area

Less private space

2) Indirect link with the object:

In a residential environment with a dominant Bantik

community

Less private space

100 – 200 No direct relationship with the

object

Several buildings block the object

No contact with the hustle of the

main street

Does not have a direct relationship with the object

200 – 300 No relationship with the object

No effect on the object

Located outside the residential center

No effect on the object

>300 Does not have a relationship with

the object

Located outside the residential center

No effect on the object

56

Table. 4.4 Categories of culture heritage zone based on distance (Source: Author. 2014)

4.4.2. Position of cultural heritage in the settlement

Based on the available data, the physical cultural heritage objects can take various forms,

but are mainly stones (40%) that are large in size (>1- 2 m3). As the number of Bantik in the

community diminishes due to the growth of the non-Bantik population and the outward

movement of the Bantik people the significance of each object is further weakened. These

objects, and their sites, have a history of cultural value in the community, even though they

tend to go unnoticed by Bantik people. Cultural heritage sites are not concentrated in one

location, but are scattered across the settlements. Based on the analysis, it is possible that the

greatest weakening of attachments to these objects occurs at sites that are not close to the

main Bantik population.

The relative position of these cultural heritage objects can be a classified into three

groups: 1) Minanga Street surroundings; 2) east of Minanga Street and parallel to it; and 3)

surrounding the cemetery to the east of the settlement. Although several of these have

historical and cultural value and unique physical trace evidence, the Kuangang Stone,

Crocodile Stone, and Lrana Stone have no effect on Bantik culture because the culture of a

these physical objects is a considerable distance from the Bantik settlement and they are

located apart from the largest Bantik community settlement.

4.4.3 Effectiveness culture heritage site

Further analysis is directed at the physical cultural heritage objects around the coast that are

in danger of disappearing altogether due to neglect, as shown in Figure. 4.3. Most Bantik

community do not realize that these objects have significance to the Bantik people and their

settlement in Malalayang. In their responses to our questionnaire, approximately 60% of the

Distance

(m)

Space categories

<100 Promotion space

100-200 Cultural space

> 200 Low cultural space

57

respondents were only aware of the Boki River and the Ranoasu River as physical objects

without significant cultural meaning to them. However, the initial historical Bantik settlement

in Malalayang was located between these two rivers. Furthermore, the two rivers are the main

sources of water in the settlement. The springs of Kakukudang (freshwater in the coastal),

located near the coast, are even more neglected in the public consciousness. Approximately by

95% of the respondents had no knowledge of these springs.

Figure 4.3 Cultural heritage objects around the coast (Source: Author, 2014)

4.4.4 Position culture heritage in the settlement

The Boki River and the Ranoasu River are located on sites that we categorize as

promotion spaces. Furthermore, the Lrana Stone is in a position promotion space because it is

located less than 100 m from the main road. Although these objects are in prominent spaces,

this is not sufficient to designate either of the rivers or the Lrana Stone as promotion zones

❾ ❿ ➀

❶

❼

❷ ❸

❹

❺

❻

❽

Manado

Bay

❶~❽ :Heritage

site

❾ : Boki River

❿ : Ranoasu River

⓫ : Kakukudang

⓫ ❿

❾

58

because they all have low cultural value for Bantik community in Malalayang at present.

Therefore, the Lrana Stone is positioned far from the largest concentration of the Bantik

residential community in Malalayang. Furthermore, based on the data from the questionnaires

and interviews on Bantik community, 90% of respondents did not know that the Lrana Stone

is part of the Bantik community's heritage. Further action needs to be taken for the Lrana

Stone to be transformed into the core zone. The situation is different for the Crocodile Stone

and the Kuanga Stone. Both stones are located away from the main road and the Bantik

residential areas, and both stones are in isolated locations. The objects have no meaning for

the Bantik community therefore, by analyzing the locations of these objects, we can see that

their isolation makes them unlikely to be viewed as significant culture heritage sites.

Therefore, our spatial analysis needs to take into account, in particular, the arrangement of

surrounding locations.

4.4.5 Culture heritage value

Bantik field and the cemetery have a high potential for cultural and social significance

because they are within a strategic distance, and they are in direct contact with the main

transport lines. In our spatial analysis, images of the cemetery were identified as a social space,

and secondly, as a cultural space. This is because the function of the cemetery is focused on

one of the primary social needs. However, the cultural space started to decline in importance

when the object‟s lost direct contact with the main transport routes and Bantik settlements.

Based on the spatial analysis, we suspect that the Niopo Stone and cemetery had a fairly close

relationship in the past because the two objects are very close to each other. The Niopo Stone

has a high value for community safety, whereas the cemetery is in the outer settlements that

are valued for tranquility.This has considerable potential, because the community views the

site in positive cultural terms and as part of the settlements. However, in this case there has

been a shift in the understanding of the object due to the influence of Christianity. This

changes the meaning, along with the understanding of the development of the city and is given

significance by the community.

59

4.5 DISCUSSION

The situation and conditions of cultural heritage were analyzed based on the distance

between the physical objects of cultural heritage, the main roads, and the largest

concentrations of Bantik housing. The residential locations are the sites of the early

settlements that were established by the Bantik people in Malalayang. One part of this analysis

is the cultural atmosphere, which generates categories of cultural space. The categories of this

cultural space were further analyzed to produce the structures of the space. Planning methods

are needed to sharpen and develop the structures of this space. The method of planning related

to this spatial layout involves the arrangement of cultural heritage into three zones: the

promotion zone, the core zone, and the buffer zone. If a location has cultural heritage

associated with it, then the distance usually has a profound influence on the category of the

cultural space. Looking at the distance between the object and the main road, we found that a

distance of less than 100 m has the potential to render the site as a core zone because it is

directly proximate to the main road.

A distance of less than 100 m does not fully delimit the core zone because the significance

of cultural heritage objects is not in itself enough to establish a spatial image. A strong cultural

heritage spatial image occurs at a distance of 100–200 m, which remains at a sufficient

distance for the object to serve as the focus of a core zone. Physically, the strengthening of the

cultural heritage image is reinforced by inserting physical cultural heritage objects into

residential locations with the largest concentrations of people such as in the coastal area, as

well as in the vicinity of the main road.

However, these locations do not always strengthen the spatial images of cultural heritage

sites. This is demonstrated by the neglect of some objects, from public indifference, and the

lack of a role for indigenous organizations in maintaining heritage for the community. One

problem for maintaining the integrity of the cultural heritage sites as a whole is the variety

among the existing objects and sites. The application of culture zone division could address

this holistically through the categorization of spaces into several zones; that is, the promotion

zone, the core zone and the buffer zone. One of the main reasons that people engage in

planning for a community is to protect what they value about it (Kelly, 2009). Therefore,

strengthening the quality of the space and its facilities, coupled with the establishment of

relationships between the objects within the community, need to be taken into account; this

will lead to the strengthening of community identity. Consequently, repairing and

60

strengthening sites is a priority, in accordance with the specifics of each location, and the

objects and activities associated with them. There is a strong necessity to obtain planning

method specifications for such developments.

The strengthening and effectiveness of cultural zone is associated with three aspects: (1)

the cultural heritage and the location of surrounding objects related to the site‟s significance;

(2) the natural fascination about coastal areas (in the study of cultural heritage, coastal areas

are often associated with objects of cultural value); and (3) the need to improve the

relationship between communities and indigenous organizations. Residents‟ feelings about

their relationships with their neighbors have a strong influence on the formation of

communities. Therefore, it is important to include performance criteria and physical elements

in planning detached housing areas in communities (Kwack, 2004). Based on a literature

review and an analysis of social relationships, especially of relationships based on cultural

heritage objects within the Bantik community, it is clear that forming social relationships

between the communities and the indigenous organizations is one means of achieving cultural

reinforcement and maximizing space. Therefore, the issue of distance is not a significant

barrier to achieving the optimization of cultural heritage in the community. Based on the level

of cultural space, recommendations can be made about the spacing of objects, thereby creating

relationships between objects that are intact and with other objects that require preservation.

4.6 CONCLUSION

Cultural space is created from the relationship between physical space and objects,

cultural activities, and the surrounding space. Although the Bantik community in Malalayang

possesses a rich cultural heritage, its local potential is not optimized. This results in the

blurring, and even the loss of cultural practices and identification. This process is influenced

by distance, the position of cultural heritage sites, the low level of activity of the Bantik people,

and the diminishment of cultural activities due to urban development. The greater the distance

between the people, and the diminishment of cultural activities due to object, the areas of

highest Bantik population concentrations, and the main road, the more undermining of the

original cultural space occurs. Conversely, when objects are in close proximity to the main

road, this will reduce the originality of the cultural atmosphere. The core zone for the creation

of a cultural space can be found at a distance of 100–200 m from the main road, with locations

61

around Minanga Street. This corresponds to early settlement locations of Bantik community.

To this day, these areas have the largest concentration of Bantik people in the settlement. A

distance of less than 100 m serves as the promotion zone, whereas the other locations with

physical cultural heritage are used as a buffer zone.

When strengthening cultural space, it is not enough to just rely on the existence of a

physical object. It is necessary to create a close relationship between the community and the

support and optimization of indigenous organizations. Therefore, cultural heritage images

require the support of ethnic Bantik organizations as a social power base, so integration

between objects, the placement of settlements, and indigenous organizations will be stronger

than the simple physical arrangement of objects. The unique characteristics of a community

can be embodied in objects with a physical identity, and these objects contribute to

maintaining continuity within local settlements. This, in turn, contributes to the wealth of a

city as a whole. Zone establish of cultural heritage with a zoning approach that incorporates a

core zone and buffer zone, along with customized, neighborhood-based spatial planning is

necessary to achieve this. Therefore, although a considerable distance may affect the

achievement of cultural space, it is not a major obstacle to achieving the optimization of

cultural space in public housing because the promotion zone, the core zone, and the buffer

zone are based on cultural values, which are based on the location of the ethnic community‟s

early settlement area. In conclusion, three approaches to cultural zone are needed in the ethnic

community in Malalayang: 1) Three cultural heritage zones, namely: a promotion zone, a core

zone, and a buffer zone; 2) optimizing the relationship between the community and the

indigenous organizations to promote cultural respect; and 3) strengthening the coastal zone.

62

CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS OF USUAL COMMUNITY SPACE

5.1. BACKGROUND

By the year 2030, more than 60% of the world‟s population will live in urban areas

(Chen, 2014). Structural characteristics of the people who live in urban areas due to the

impact of urban development. In about the year 1970 several studies conducted to identify

and explore variations in collective action and collective identity of the local community, its

causes and consequences (Gittell, 1980; Warren, 1975). In another study on the location of

the urban growth indicate that exurban areas, which are located well outside the limits of

urban and suburban, have witnessed a disproportionate amount in terms of population growth

and new settlements in recent decades (Heimlich, 2001). Urban regeneration is one strategy

that is pursued through adequate supervision as a core mechanism for sustainable urban.

Neighborhood management (Turcu, 2012) is one strategy to consider in exploring the

characteristics of the local settlements so that sustainability can be achieved. It is a major

challenge for urban settlements, especially against ethnic community including Bantik

community located in Malalayang. Without realizing this condition affects their ability to

mobilize its resources. Local communities experiencing the challenges of the situation, so it

tends to be difficult to find again characterize as local communities.

The influence of the existence of certain ethnic communities are often termed as local

comes from various aspects including development pressures of the city. Identity as a local

community is lost because of the strong influence of urban development that can not be

blocked by the local community. Reciprocal relationship that exists between culture, land use

and activities spawned a new adjustment to the physical environment. New understanding

arose as a form of community tolerance for urban development that blurs the traditional

characteristics that have been established. There are a change in the composition of the

family through intermarriage between Bantik communities with non-Bantik community and

social-mix occurred in the social aspects of society. Physical changes settlements, lifestyle

changes and changing views of the Bantik community are also changing.

63

This research is a study of the local settlements in the actualization of settlements with

population pressures that impact on community space. The purpose of this study is to analyze

separately the space community through changes in housing because of the pressure of urban

development. Further research is to find the characteristics of community activity space

through the neighborhood as well as the development of society in the form of emotional

bonding activity adjustment.

5.2. METHOD

The method used in this section begins with the Bantik population conditions that exist

within the study area. Further analysis of the process of settlement development, and

community activity. Community activity is reviewed in two aspects, namely family activity

and neighborhood activity. Based on these activities, then identified the location of the use of

space that is focused on the housing surrounding housing and settlement surrounding. The

data obtained through field surveys were conducted in the period on August-September 2013.

In the field survey were selected homes sampled with the sample classification consist of: 1)

The sample associated with the displacement dwelling as many as 24 samples, and 2) a total

of 32 house sampled to identify the location of community activities. For more information,

structured interviews were conducted at the family house owner who used samples.

Framework of research methods can be seen in Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Framework research of community space (Source: Author, 2014)

Bantik population

Process of settlement development

Community activity

Community space

development

Family activity change

Neighborhood activity

Housing surrounding

Settlement surrounding

Bantik family movement

Analysis

64

5.3. ISSUE OF BANTIK PEOPLE CHANGES

5.3.1 Bantik population growth

The result of urban development in the human population is concentrated in residential

and industrial settings substantially alter the original habitat. Points out that renovation,

reconstruction or re-use of urban land scape of the past has Become an almost universal

aspect of the contemporary urban scan. An urban location So also in demand by many people

associated with the location of the workplace, and public facilities with varied purposes.

Uncontrolled population growth urged the local community in a situation that is difficult to

avoid, even should accept the risks experienced. In this study, the local community is defined

as a group of people WHO share a geographic area and are bound together by a common

culture, values, race or social class (Pacione 2001). The growth of population in the Manado

city, especially in Malalayang area showed high rate when compared with the growth of

Bantik community (see Figure 3.1). This is a significant issue for the community, especially

in maintaining Bantik settlements against the immigration.

Specifically, Bantik population showed is no significant changes. The condition of

Bantik population would greatly changed when compared to the number of non-Bantik

population in the study area. Percentage of the overall population of the Bantik community in

the study area: 1990 amounted to 50.29%, In 2000 was 39.29%, and in 2010's. was 29.90%.

But when compared to the number of Bantik people Bantik in Malalayang which include:

Sub-districts of Malalayang 1, Malalayang 1 West and Malalayang I East are: the number of

people Bantik in 1990 by 8.31%, 6.52% in 2000 was, and in 2010 amounted to 5.81%. This

figure shows a very small percentage, and tend to decrease due to the high population as a

whole.

From the distribution of Bantik population in the settlements, Bantik community

concentrated around Mianga Street, and Krida Street. Distribution of Bantik people in Krida

Street more than the Bantik people in Minanga Street. This is due to land constraints.

Locations around the Minanga bounded by the bay of Manado, thus not allowing the

expansion of residential land towards the coast, while in the vicinity of the Krida Steeta flat

residential location, and is not limited by natural factors, can be seen in Figure 5.2.

65

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

19901992199419961998200020022004200620082010

Minanga street

Krida Street

Studi area

Figure 5.2 Distribution of Bantik population in study area (Source: Author, 2014)

5.3.2 Bantik community view of the city development

Bantik people understand that the city development bring a fortune to the community. It

is the high percentage of public appreciation of city development. 59.05% communities that

this makes the local community to become more modern, 56.19% of people said that this

helps in terms of economy. But the high percentage of which have turned out this was a form

submission from the public as much as 74.29% of people said that this all happened because

people can not do anything about it. This tendentious tone occurs because people are at the

receiving end. In they actually save a great concern to the local culture owned community. It

proved 70.48% of the people felt that it was in a fairly large degradation of the local cultural

community. Connected with the physical changes that occur in the settlement, it turns out

people do not fully understand the whole. Society focused on physical changes along the W.

Mongisidi Street or on the main corridor settlements. It is very possible as a commercial city

permeation area. In the area of commercial development, commercial development area not

only on a large scale, but to the retail development resulting in the transformation and

restructuring of retail has shifted retail security issues to the fore.

66

5.3.3 Variety of people

Amounting to 45.71% of respondents agreed that the city changes development brings

changes to the local community by population growth. But the numbers are still unbeaten is

49.52% of respondents hesitated to say that population growth affects the physical changes

settlements. Besides, as much as 60.95% of the public agreed that the variation Bantik

society and non-Bantik also affects the mixing activity, resulting in a shift of traditional

activity. Variations people also bring a change in the traditional activity. This view is

evidenced by 51.43% of respondents chose that lifestyle changes to the traditional lifestyle of

the city. The reason is quite strong due to the influence of non-Bantik quite large, with a view

of the city lifestyle and the assumption is that the customization options on the environment

can be a group identity.

Local people think that the change is actually a natural thing, and a dynamic development

of the city. But this has not been proven completely, because there are many people

unconsciously trapped in the city without knowing development of the local community

influences both positive and negative influences. One social happens that the increase of non-

Bantik in settlements widely. This is the most far-reaching as many as 30.48%, so Bantik

community chose this aspect is a major aspect of change. Actual variation in terms of the

expansion of people benefit local insight. But local people are not prepared in terms of

community resources and openness, so that this condition will weaken the social and cultural

conditions. Responses unbalances between the public and non-Bantik are not laid out so

backfire for Bantik people in terms of the role and existence of the settlements. The attitude

of local people also affect the resulting situation, whether negative or positive. It is possible

to predict that the changes caused by the absence of mutual agreement of the local

community. Creation of the local communities is needed in the adjustment to the settlement

of migrants who enter (see Figure 5.3).

67

Figure 5.3 Adjustment of local communities against environmental situation (Source:

Author, 2014)

5.4. ISSUE OF SETTLEMENT CHANGES

5.4.1 Process of Bantik settlement changes

The phenomenon of population movements within the region and between regions, is

essentially a form of human mobility by individuals or groups, while the movement of

population mobility can be distinguished between the movement of people moving

permanently called migration and not permanent. According to Lee (1995), migration is a

change of residence permanently or semi-permanent, which is not constrained either by

distance or displacement which is voluntary in nature, forced. Boki River, Ranoasu River and

coastal areas is an important point that needs to be a factor in analyzing the process of

establishing settlements. The location of the river associated with the presence of water as a

source of life in the hold of life, while the coastal areas are important locations for the

defense and the easiest access in the event of evacuation in case of social upheaval.

Residential location elongated east-west direction, following the shoreline to form parallel

lines as a consequence of the linear pattern of urban design along the coast. Housing

developments on the east settlement is based on the work site in the eastern part of the

settlement. Linearly elongated housing, concentrated in a single layer along the road and ends

at the cemetery south directed settlement to mark the end of the settlement. Presence of the

Local

Peopl

Attitude

Resource

Creation

68

Portuguese and the Dutch had a hand in the formation settlement process addition to physical

factors naturally. This relates to aspects of cooperation in the exchange of agricultural

products between the nations with the local community, supported by the location of coastal

settlements making it easier in terms of transporting agricultural products to be distributed

through marine transportation. The process of setting settlements can be seen in Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.4 The process of settlement establlish (Source: Author, 2014)

Number of Bantik people is showed a decline. Until the year 2011, the number of people

Bantik of 29.90% of the number of people who exist in a residential location. The decline in

population in the Bantik settlements caused by two factors: the inclusion of non Bantik in

settlements called permanent migration, and the migration of Bantik people out the location

of settlements.

There are several development process of settlements, namely: 1) Early settlements

located around the coast, exactly around the Minanga Street. 2) Furthermore, the settlement

1886~

Portuguese arrival in the country

Dutch arrival in the country

~1570

Legend:

Cemetery Street House orientation

River Field

69

extends to the south is limited by the cemetery location as the end of the housing. In addition,

the displacement of people living in coastal areas and then move to the Krida Street

surrounding location of the nearest local roads because of the disaster that befell the tide that

location. 3) Due to the Bantik community need for space, residential location towards the

south extends past the location of the cemetery. 4) Pressure of urban development continues

to be felt Bantik community, including the displacement of Bantik community residential of

locations around the beginning of the main road, move to the south of the settlement exactly

behind the cemetery, even the locations are out of the location of settlements. The settlement

development process can be see in Figure 5.5.

Figure 5.5 Process of settlement development (Source: Author, 2014)

1

4 3

2

70

5.4.2 Location of residential moving

The composition of the new dwellings spread making it difficult to coordinate. Social

relations perspective is a referral strategy that will unite the community as a counter

effectiveness in family planning group differences in location. There are multiple paths and

transfer forms, namely: 1) Displacement in terms of the location consists of: a) From the

front to the back of the main road settlement, b) From the main road outside the settlements.

2) In terms of land ownership: a) moving to private land, b) Purchase of other lands that have

a relatively cheap price. Judging from the direction and distance of displacement: a) <1 km,

the distance is still in the environment, either towards the coast, and south towards the

settlement, b) 1-5 km towards the back of the settlement, c) >5 km in outside settlements.

Based on the distance and intervention needs of society, it is difficult to avoid displacement.

As for the direction and location of the displacement can be seen in Figure 5.6. Location

largest displacement towards the south and west neighborhoods dominated by distance > 500

m from dwelling place of origin.

Figure 5.6 Bantik house moving locations (Source: Author, 2014)

0

5

10

15

Nu

mb

er o

f h

ou

ses

Direction of displacement

0

5

10

15

100-250 250-500 >500

(m)

Nu

mb

er o

f h

ou

ses Distance of displacement

71

The population of Manado has grown by 0.9% in the last 10 years. This growth is not in

line with the growth of Bantik communities in the study area, the which has decreased when

compared with the overall population at the study site. Up until 2011, the Bantik population

made up 25% of the total population of 1062 individuals. Decrease This is visible on the

Bantik family distribution map of the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s as show in Figure 5.7. The

Bantik population decline was accompanied by migration out of Manado to the settlements.

Most of the decrease in Bantik family distribution occurred on the edges of the settlement's

main roads. This is related to the accessibility of the functional fabric circulation, the which

in turn relates to the weakening power of the minority population.

Figure 5.7 Proximity distribution of Bantik families (Source: Author, 2014)

Boki River

Map of 1980s

Map of 1990s

Map of 2000s

Legend

: Exclusive space : Cemetery : Field

: Bantik family : Non Bantik family

Approximate Number of Bantik family buildings

1980s : 86 1990s : 65 2000s : 58

A B D

72

Settlement changes can not be separated from the influence of regional development

based on the change of spatial functions associated with changes in the function of the

building. Changes in the building functions occur in a single city function that extends to the

strategic urban area is shown in Figure 5.8. In connection with the study site, changes in this

function is a series of public transfer to another location, relates to the initial location and

time displacement. The biggest change occurred before 2000 with a new access policy in the

area of the Boulevard as a commercial area. Branching relationship changes occur in city

policy regarding the development of a commercial area on the Boulevard, which is located in

the central business district (CBD) which can be accessed easily. Branching also occurs in a

residential location in the back of the cemetery. The area that was once a wasteland that

function as plantation area of Bantik community changed into a new residential area for non-

migrant

Figure 5.8 Influence regional wroth to the settlement (Source: Author, 2014)

5.4.3 The change of regional functions

The Based on statistical data from samples taken under the category of transfer of land

ownership along Mongisidi Street, 37.14% of the structures were turned into commercial

buildings, 5.14% to social functions, and 57.14% a combination of commercial and

residential functions. Changes in building function occurred through the transfer of

ownership from the Bantik owner to non-Bantik owner. The data indicate several categories

of regional changes. First the building function changed residential buildings were turned

Downtown

and CBD area Coastal recreation

development

Resident

developmen

t area

73

into commercial ones. This change was accompanied by a change of ownership and structural

shape as shown in Figures 5.9 and 5.10. The model consists of different building functions,

including residential mixed with commercial, residential with occasional commercial and

entirely commercial as shown in Figure 5.11

Figure 5.9 Process of change in building function (Souirce: Author 2014

Figure 5.10 Type of building function (Source: Author 2014)

Building Bantik‟s Building Non Bantik‟s Building

Form

Size 45 – 80 m2

> 80 m2

W. Mongisidi Street

Store

Garage

Storage

Sold to non-Bantik people

House

House

Layout not to scale

Bantik-owned

Mixed function:

Store and house

Housing typology

Function: residence Commercial building typology

Function: residence and store

Store

Residential Residential

74

Figure 5.11 Model of changes in buildings (Source: Author, 2014)

Secondly there is a change of ownership of land. The expansion of land ownership change

meant that public access along the coast was interrupted by the building‟s presence so that

free movement along the coast was lost The third change involved space. Private space was

transformed into public space in the western settlements, while public space was turned into

private space in the eastern part.

5.5 TRADITIONAL LIFE OF BANTIK COMMUNITY

Social interaction, spatial area and the common bond is an important point as one

approach in the review of the relationship among the neighbors (Kwack, 2004). Many studies

were conducted on separate residential areas are planned. For example, some studies focus on

the physical aspects by examining the correlation between neighboring relations and the use

of public space (Inui, 1999), the effect on the community layout (Saito 2001). Some studies

focus on the non-physical aspects of examining the influence of cooperative ownership on

society from the viewpoint of a particular space (Saito 1999), as well as conditions against

the promotion management (Inui, et al. 2000). There are also several research studies by

B

F

CF

RF

RF CF

CF BF: Building Function

FR: Residential function

CF: Commercial function

75

analyzing the devaluation of the common space in a separate housing area planned

(Nishimura, Imai and Kubo 1986; Endoh et al., 1983).

Characteristic of the Bantik community condition is reviewed based on the location of

settlements located in the central business district continue in the city. Further analysis of

neighborhood characteristics through three aspects consist of: 1) Neighborhood development,

2) living traditional role, and 3) Housing and activity relationship. In this connection, the

analysis carried out within the framework of people's daily activities and family-based

activities as described in Figure 5.12

Figure 5.12 Framework of neighborhood characteristic analysis (Source: Author, 2014)

5.5.1 Local family development

Effect of urban development occurs in a variety of sectors. One of them is the urban

regeneration of the local housing and the built environment with a positive impact due to the

improvement in the quality of physical settlement, the physical appearance of the area as a

standard external appearance (Beekam, 2001; Jupp, 1999; Page & Boughton, 1997). Greatly

influenced the character of the physical environment if social conditions. Significant

population growth occurred. It is based on the high population growth of non-Bantik located

in residential areas and surrounding areas. Linkage to the city policy is the underlying trigger

of high population growth, through the growth of new settlements pockets around settlements

beginning since the end of 1980s. Based on a survey was conducted in August – September

Outside

activities

Neighborhood characteristic

Traditional

living role

Neighborhood

development

Position

and growth

Population

Housing

development

Terrace, yard, little shop

Street House composition

Ownership Local family development

76

2013, selected 32 houses were used as sample data to analyze the ususal community space.

The samples locations are show in Figure 5.13.

Figure 3.13 Family houses location (Source: Author 2014)

By 19% house occupied by one family, 34.38% house occupied by two families with a

parent and child relationship, as well as 6.25% in family bonding relationship between the

brothers. The close relationships within the family ties are one reason to live together in one

house. In addition, the dependence of the parents is also an underlying reason for this

decision. The age structure of 31.13% household heads aged 60-70 years were shown in

Figure 3.14. In this age of the head of the family has interacted with socio-cultural

environment, as well as being involved in environmental changes that are influenced by the

development of the city. Composition of the number of family members as much as 37.5%

for 4-5 people. This composition is relatively small, and balanced with a small population

increase.

77

Figure 3.14 Structure of family number (Source: Author 2014)

In the case of the Bantik community in the research sites, family structures are divided

into two compositions, namely: 1) As much as 28.13% of husband and wife are from ethnic

Bantik, 2) As much as 71.88% of husband and wife are mix between non-Bantik ethnic with

Bantik ethnic. The high percentage of mixed couple composition, bring affect the perception

of ethnicity, way of life, and traditional activity. Families with a mixed couple composition

requires a large adjustment to the environment, habits and culture compared to the

composition of the husband and wife are from the same tribe. By 40.63% people showed that

ordinary perception of the ethnic tribe and only 29.67% feel proud with this situation, as

shown in Table 5.1. Thus the traditional life especially in finding traditional characteristic

happen because they have difficulty mixing socially. This becomes very important because

the family is the fundamental unit of the smallest and social aspects of the settlement.

Family number in house Family number in house

and relationship

56.25% 43.37% 59.38%

34.38%

6.25%

78

Table 5.1 Sense of Bantik couple (Source: Author, 2014)

Structure of Bantik couple

Account Sense of couple

Proud Anxious Normal Proud

but

Anxious

Proud

but

Normal

Bantik ethnic couple 28.13% 29.67

%

10.39% 40.63% 10.94% 1.81%

Mix-couple: Bantik ethnic

with non-Bantik ethnic

71.88%

5.5.2 Characteristic activities of Bantik family

Interviewed households have the same profile though have a slight difference in structure

between family households are married couples who both come from Bantik people and

families are mixed between Bantik and non-Bantik people. Absence of a binding custom in

every family activity, especially in gathering together every day. In an interview conducted

only 15.63% are held together with family at dinner although not done every day. This also

illustrates that the percentage of togetherness are created within the family do not only in

formal activities in the family setting.

Social interaction with neighbors carried out in response to the daily needs in the form of

get-togethers with the neighbors. Three patterns of social interactions that occur in the lives

of neighbors, namely: 1) Interaction free. The interaction takes the form together by the

neighbors gathered especially for adults with free discussion topic, 2) interaction is limited.

This interaction is done by sex and age group, 3) Interaction has a specific purpose. This is

done for a specific purpose such as the limited discussion or to find specific information.

5.5.3 History of land ownership

The relationship between indigenous peoples and city development sometimes be a strain

on the control of indigenous ownership, access and resources (Lane, 2006). While the control

of customary ownership, especially family owned entirely the responsibility of the family in

full. The division of family ownership is determined by the parents. A total of 78 125%

ownership of hereditary land acquired by the consensus of the nuclear family in the family

lineage.

79

Based on the analysis of ownership associated with the time change, there are 3 types

process of land ownership transfer, which is a legacy parents to children, namely: 1) Land

will be divided equally based on the number of children who is will inherit the land, 2) Most

of the land will be given to the child, while the original building is still standing, 3) Overall

land will fully passed on to the child.

The process of applying the concept of inheritance that live together in one land, size of

land became an important factor in the decision to be taken. In the period of 1990-2000 there

were 35.71% of the families who inherit land ownership to children by applying live together

in a land that is usually called kintal, as show in Figure 5.15. Substitution make changes in

the composition of home ownership based on the wants and needs of the new owner.

Figure 5.15 Characteristics of land ownership change

Type Character Year established a new building

1970 -

1990

1990-

2000

2000 ~

The building is located in the middle of

the site.

In the next generation, made the division

of the land to the children by their

parents.

The building that was once located in the

middle of the site, dismantled and then 2

pieces of the buildings constructed by the

children based on the division of property

of the parents.

35.71 %

Old buildings still exist, then a new

building constructed by the child based

on the division of property.

3.57 % 7.14 %

Old buildings demolished and new

buildings constructed after land / house

given to children as a result of the

division of property.

10.74 % 21.43 % 21.40 %

80

Abstraction change ownership and occupancy changes based on the heritage land process

as show in Figure 5.16.

Figure 5.16 The process of ownership and house style changes (Source: Author, 2014

Original house

Site/kintal

New house

~1993

2000 2013

Parent owner:

Yakobus Pantow family

Children owner:

1. Mamitoho –Pantow

2. Pantow-

Taroreh family

81

5.5.4 Housing composition

City development aspect interpreted as the potential in the economy, resulting in the

adjustment of building function. Traditionally housing composition occurs naturally in a

standard room based on the needs of the family with the composition of the receiving room,

gathering room, bedrooms and service. The front of the house is formed within 2 functions

Based on the existing sample, the orientation of the building facing the north-south direction

by 74.72%. These data illustrate that the number of buildings at the same time with the north-

south orientation more than the number of buildings with an east-west orientation as in

Figure 5.17. This is a form of compositional adjustments to the existing settlement pattern.

Settlement patterns formed in the form of a grid that divides the settlements in some parts of

dwellings connected by straight roads that penetrate each other. This form is created due to

the limited area in the northern part of the settlement because the settlement bordering the by

Manado bay. This condition creates settlements follow the shoreline, then divide towards the

south to follow the pattern that has formed before a case is described in Figure 5.18. While

the housing composition process occurs in response to interaction with the environment

through additional expansion functions. This expansion occurs in the form of additional

building area and additional space.

5.5.5 Living house characteristic

Bantik house original style resembles a traditional house of Minahasa, where Bantik tribal

is one of the tribal in Minahasa region. The house-shaped initial stage, then morphed with

time, needs, and environment.. Since the late 19th century or around the end of the 1980s, the

houses were built around 1850 and has been amended as shown in Figure 3.19. Renovation

begins with the replacement of the material that has been weathered, then changed the shape

of the building.

82

Figure 5.17 Housing composition (Source: Author, 2014)

Figure 5.18 Settlement composition (Source: Author, 2014)

House composition

House

orientation

Open space orientation

Yard and terrace position in site Free space

beside in

house

Free space in

front and

beside in

house

Free

space in

front of

house

No have

free

space

North

37.5%

18.75%

21.88%

2 House

5 House

2 House

2 House

East

25%

6.25% 3.25% 6.25%

6.25%

3.25%

1 House

2 House

2 House

4 House

South

37.48%

15.03% 3.25% 16.25%

: House

:Terrace

: Yard

1 House

1 House

5 House

West

15.62%

3.25% 6.25% 6.26%

5 House

1 House

Space is limited

since it borders the

sea

Short distance

between the main

street to the cemetery

Traditional views:

Cemetery is behind

the settlement space

Space is limited

with regard to other

functions around

Grid of settlement

patterns

Bantik house Public facilities

83

-

Figure 5.19 Bantik house style development (Source: Author, 2014)

By 32 samples units was selected with criteria consist of: Bantik people ownership and

is still occupied by Bantik family. From the sample is obtained that contained 56.25% houses

above the 70 year. Based on interviews had conducted to homeowners, since around the 1979

the building has undergone at least 2 times of renovation. Renovation had conducted

especially the replacement of rotten material, such as wall and roof frame made of bamboo,

Minahasa style

Bantik‟s house ~1990s

Bantik‟s house ~2005

Bantik‟s house ~2013

Change style from stage to not-stage

house style

House stage style

Bantik‟s house 2013 Bantik‟s house 1985~

Bantik‟s house 1993~

Bantik‟s house 2005~

Bantik‟s house 1993~

Current style

84

and other building elements such as doors and window, while the thatched roof made switch

to the roof with zinc.

Process of houses style changes are closely related to a variety of additional functions

attached to the main building. Starting from the form of higher house or house that has stairs,

then change shape through several stages such as:

1) Changes to the shape from has stage to not stage. At this step, house change done together

with replacing damaged building materials. This is done jointly for operational cost

efficiency.

2) Changing the height of the house and change the shape of the front of the house.

3) The next step is additional terrace. Although the actual physical impressed additional

terrace just stick to the main building, but rather as a terrace as a interaction space for the

family and the neighbors.

4) Finally, changes of utilizing unused space, and maximize the effectiveness of a family-

owned leisure time or family member through the presence of little shop / stall. This all

happened in the time period between the years 1990-2010. Details of development

process as shown in Figure 5.20.

Figure 5.20 House style process (Source: Author, 2014)

Settlements are still impressive atmosphere of semi-rural. It is identified by the layout of

settlements, especially between home access to one another. Still finding homes that do not

have a physical boundary between one house to another. Our explores the data analysis that

62.5% of the buildings still apply such entrance open as shown in Figure 5.21. This shows

that there is still a close relationship between the house with another house. Barrier or fence

that is more express territorial family ownership.

Number of house

Kin

ds

of

change

85

Figure 5.21 Fence performance (Source: Author, 2014)

5.6 NEIGHBORHOOD ACTIVITY

5.6.1 Terrace development

One aspect of the neighborhood that became characteristic aspect is the analysis of

family activity that is focused on the outside activities surrounding. Based on these aspects,

the family activities are analyzed by connecting neighborhood activity with the space

surrounding. In a sequence of outdoor spaces that exist around the home, space science

activities that occur in the street, yard, terrace and other supporting space like a little shop

which is located at the front of the house.

Terrace is a phenomenon that appeared in Bantik house began as a response to social

interests to interact against each other. This process occurs in a fairly long period of time,

based on the needs of the community. In the corresponding period of the development and

influence of the urban, the terrace is present or transitional space between inside with out side

based hierarchy. In this function the patio to be a place for temporary storage of the

motorcycle at any time during the day. It is closely related to family activities as well as

transportation facilities.

0 5 10 15 20 25

Close entranceOpen entrance

Without entranceEntrance

Number of house

Fen

ces

con

dit

ion

53.13%

62.51% 37.49%

9.38%

86

Development of terrace are occurred in the three growth, namely:

1) Terrace is a culture growth

In a cultural link, a transitional space terrace semi-formal in structure space and

social interaction. It occurs spontaneously, by adjusting the environment and nature.

2) Terrace is a activity growth.

It is rooted in the needs of families in adjusting to the environmental and physical

needs. Terrace interpreted as a space of socialization with swelling of the activity in

the family structure.

3) Terrace is a lifestyle growth

Adjustments to the environment is one of the business community achievement.

Change gradually occurs in the context of adjustment based on economic

considerations. The addition of a function room in the house is one of the

determinants terrace development in the context of the necessities of life. Terrace

growth process is described in Figure 5.22.

Terrace experiencing various types of growth. Identification of traditional house is used

as a reference shape, somewhat difficult to find a link between the stage as a traditional house

with a terrace where existence. As a traditional house, the house has a patio stage, but from a

variety of data used as a reference sample, found it rather the opposite, because there is a

21.88% house initially did not have a porch. Of suspicion that is based on the analysis of the

development of space, the possibility of having a relationship, but it should be referred to the

data far backward that is not reviewed in this study.

87

Figure 5.22 Historical of terrace growth (Source: Author, 2014)

5.6.2 Little house / Warung development

Position of commercial varies through different phasing process either based on growth

and development needs of the time. As one of the impacts of urban development, commercial

function does not only occur at locations along the main road in the settlement, but the

commercial function of moving into the settlements. This additional function started in the

<1990 1990 - 2000 >2000

1800 - 1900 1900 – 1970s

Social interaction is done in

exactly the home page

under the tree, either at

home or on the front side of

the house.

There is a set of people

started to make terrace the

interaction space

Terrace used as a

reception room.

Terrace used

socialization space

between neighbors

People are starting

to build a patio to

complement the

core building

Terrace became the

repository for the

motor

No have

terrace

Terrace as s structure

Yard as a common space of the

neighborhood

1970 - 1990

Culture Social interaction Life style

88

mid 1990s by adding rent one part of the house to the public or non Bantik who worked on

the Boulevard commercial area at the site, or who are studying in a location that does away

with the settlement. This process can be shown in Figure 5.23. Besides adding the front of the

house into a little shop.

Figure 3.23 Type of commercial function (Source: Author, 2014)

Figure 5.23 Type of commercial function (Source: Author, 2014)

Seepage through additional function spaces occur in the composition of which varies

according to the time change. Rental room occurs as the utilization of opportunities

commercial area, while the stalls were arrested with background activity in addition to

maximizing the opportunities of economic support.

Additional function

The warung position in

the left of house

Warung has a strong

relationship with the

road although divided

on the e-way

achievement

Based on the

Position of the main

building

Separately with the

main

buildingbuilding

Fused with the

main building

89

House composition is formed through the process and then switch to a private function

commercial by composition:

1) It blends with the main building,

2) Separating from the main building but have overall integrity

3) Separate the main building, as shown in Figure 5.24.

Figure 5.24 Type of little shop base on position (Source: Author, 2014)

Indeed the existence of pure stalls are independently family's needs, but the presence of

stalls can affect the activity of the people in the neighborhood. Developments in the local

shop physically Bantik community has linkages with other functions such as roads and

surrounding yard. The main relationship stalls with other facilities that become the main

House

Commercial

function 1

2 3

90

contact between the stalls with the community is the position. Based on its position, then

there are several classifications relationship with stalls around the location described in

Figure 5.25.

Figure 5.25 Relationship little shop with the house (Source: Author, 2014)

5.7 DISCUSSION

The analysis shows that spatial change dynamics becomes hard to avoid, because related

to many factors like city economy zone development, urban policy, and local society needs.

Indeed, layout change in the Bantik settlement started with the influx of the non-Bantik

residents as result of housing area, urban policy and commercialization in strategic settlement

area. This thing causes unbalanced growth between the Bantik residents and non bantik

residents. Besides, CBD has strong effect to many changes in the Bantik society, like bantik

residence location shift through land ownership from the Bantik residents to the non-Bantik

residents. This factor accelerate the increase of non bantik residents in the settlement location,

followed by building function change from housing to commercial, while there is decrease in

Little shop / Warung position

Without yard in front of

street

Located in front of main

house

Located inside the house

Two houses

Three houses

1 house

(temporary warung)

Warung relationship with the other function

: Site

: Terrace

: House

: Little shop /

warung

Not all stalls need for achievement page

point directly related to road

point that is not in direct contact with the road

going through the pages, but not always for the

achievement of going through the porch to stall.

91

Bantik residents number in the settlement. This condition triggers view change and lifestyle

of the Bantik residents.

Area commercialization is done for the importance of the Bantik residents‟ economy but

not followed by increase of internal resource yet, like increase of skill and education level.

This thing is related work opportunity that affects the increase of economy of the Bantik

society and affects the residence of the Bantik residents, that is starting to shift to the rear part

of the settlement. Indeed, area settlement characteristic based on culture factor can still be

found but that condition is not strong enough to hold the change. This is caused by strong

effect from city development. Uniqueness of settlement location and activity based on culture

will be strengthened in local housing character. Wealth as potency of society needs to be

guarded.

5.8 CONCLUSION

Spatial change happens in the Bantik tribe residents in Malalayang as result of society

factor combination, including urban development, commercialization and its effect to CBD

area, and lack of internal resource in the society. 2 main spatial changes happen in this

community: 1) change in physical visualization, especially settlement main corridor. This

change is started by the shift of ownership of land from the Bantik residents to non-Bantik

residents. There is building function change from housing to commercial change. This

change is affected by factors like commercial space continuance, accessibility, and economy

value of the area, 2) sosio-culture change that is affected by urban life factors. From the

aspect of population, society becomes minority, so buildings ownership in the strategic

location is owned by non- bantik residents, while the Bantik residents tend to be marginalized.

Adaptation to many changes can be done by maintaining the kinship in the local society,

maintaining potential location based on culture and basic skill increase supported by

economy. This thing is also necessary to adapt whit life needs and paradigm of society. So,

future layout change can be anticipated so housing location with local character and bantik

society existence can be maintained. Traditional life change is started by the mix of non-

Bantik residents in the settlement, especially mix in the family of bantik society. This thing at

least gives weakening in finding the traditional life, even though can be muted by the lack in

Bantik family neighborhood structure

92

CHAPTER 6

DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY REHABILITATION

SCENARIO PLANNING

6.1 BACKGROUND

Basically the development can not be separated from the growth and growth requires

structuring. Society is one important factor in the arrangement. The diversity of ethnic

community with each characteristic makes the difficulty in planning. Therefore, one approach

to scenario planning is done through community rehabilitation. In line with this

understanding, the community rehabilitation is one strategy which is used in the development

of strategies for the sustainability of the local community.

Another approach to scenario planning is to build a plausible scenario, giving way to

develop a strategy despite the uncertainty (Zegras, 2012). Historical of Bantik community

experienced three stages of development. The first was manifest in the tribal-based

community where rituals, cultural, and environmental. The second transition condition over

the last of 19 century. The traditional settlement in this second stage were friction traditional

atmosphere. The implication focused mainly the urban perspective. The third was by city

development through modernization of increase of population and urbanization. The situation

especially urbanization provide a new role for local communities (Calthorpe, 1993). Scenario

planning associated with the local community and the society quoting the character

development aspect of the local community, which reflects the traditional role of public life

(Saleh, 2004).

6.2 METHOD

The ethnic Bantik community is the target set in this study. In an effort to find a

scenario planning, community rehabilitation is an entry point in the scenario planning for

continuity of ethnic community. This part is the planning stage therefore, the necessary data

in this section is a collection of data that have been used in the previous sections, obtained

93

through a series of field surveys. The additional data is a clarification of the data that has

been used in previous analyzes. This data was obtained through correspondence survey

conducted on January-March 2014.

Through the framework of society-community (Shiffman, 2002), the study was

modified based on the simplification of the traditional life aspects of the Bantik community.

The analysis is done in three aspects consist of: 1) socio-cultural interaction that is created by

the activity and physical aspects of the neighborhood, based on the social conditions that

focus on family activity that occurs under conditions-social mix between Bantik and non-

Bantik 2) cultural heritage effect on the local community, and 3) community perception.

Based on the above aspect, the analysis is done using the unit neighborhood strategy

include: demography analysis, activity and residential neighborhood composition. The next

strategy is done through a neighborhood relationship grew with the approach consists of: the

analysis of the relationship between house surrounding that focuses on the terrace

surrounding with street, local access analysis as a liaison with various functions, and analysis

of space including culture heritage site. Final analysis using community perception technique

include: the views and wishes of the people of the existing conditions. To get a more in-depth

perception, conducted follow-up interviews to several communities chosen based on the

criteria of age and its role in indigenous communities, because not all respondents are willing

to do the interview, so divided that some respondents considered representative data to be

extracted. Frame work of this scenario planning as shoe in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Framework of community rehabilitation scenario planning (Author, 2014)

Analysis

Data

pre Residents

perception Culture heritage site

and traditional activity

Community

space

Scenario planning Neighborhood

gathering Culture space

planning Relationship between community

space with the sea

Local population

Resident location changes

Settlement development

Neighborhood activity

Community perception

94

6.3 APPROACH OF TRADITIONAL ACTIVITY PLANNING

6.3.1 Group family development

In essence, the uniqueness of the Bantik community that is built on a family relationship

may provide the possibility for the reinvention of traditional life. Lineage is marked with

family names attached internally to the Bantik people. Resident location formed with the

merger of housing units that have a relationship based on lineage. Generally divided into 3

groups of residential location as show in Figure 6.2.

Figure. 6.2 Residential group location (Source: Author, 2014)

Based on the residential location, there are some differences in the three locations in

terms of physical characteristics, family composition and family activity as described in

Table 6.1. Naturally around Minaga Street location is a location that space is limited and

under naturally pressure because most of the settlements occupy in coastal areas. The

composition of non-Bantik most are in the vicinity of the cemetery. This condition is caused

by the historical settlement that was initially concentrated in two locations, namely: the

Minanga and Krida Streets surrounding. Thus providing convenience to the non-Bantik to

expand the land at that location. When it is connected to the family composition, the strong

Manado Bay

Minanga street

surrounding

Krida street

surrounding

Cemetery

surrounding

Manado Bay

95

relationship activity is created on location around Mianaga Street enough to give an idea that

has the potential locations for the development of traditional community life as long as

Bantik community can provide powerful protection against the entry of non-Bantik people in

that location.

Table 6.1 Characteristic of residential location (Source: Author, 2014)

No Aspects Minanga Street

surrounding

Krida Street

surrounding

Cemetery

surrounding

1 Detail location Northern part of the

housing bordering with

the Manado bay.

East of the housing

bordering with the non –

Bantik settlement

This zone has a field

East of the

housing bordering

with the non –

Bantik settlement

This location has

a cemetery

This location

has a cemetery

2 Population

approach

About 100 household

About 200

household

About 120

household

3 Neighborhood

composition

akctivity

Consist of 3-4 houses Consist of 3-4

houses

Spread

4 The level of

population mixing

between Bantik

people with non-

Bantik people

Dominated by Bantik

people about 80%

Dominated by

Bantik people

about 79.55%

Dominated by

Bantik people

about 61.8%

5 Zone service Coastal zone:

Rural-urban performance

Main corridor:

Commercial performance

Rural – urban

performance

Natural

residential

6 Family size Small composition (4-5

member in family)

Small

composition (4-5

member in

family)

Mid

composition (4–

6 family in

member)

7 Family

composition

Mix non-Bantik people as

temporary stay about

23.3%

Mix non-Bantik

people as

temporary stay

about 14.29%

Mix non-Bantik

people as

temporary stay

about 55.5%

8 Traditional

activity

Middle traditional activity Strong traditional

activity

Low traditional

activity

Grouping based on the location of the family group is very firmly in the physical

boundaries, and activities. The strong character of main street experiencing huge growth in

physical terms, functions, and the intensity of the crowd. This is the construction division of

96

group physical location of settlements. Pooling strategy based on group residential location

and various interest groups allows for translating into family planning group location. The

division of the group is done by developing the theme of family groups based on the location

and activity, namely: Social-cultural, historical-social, and social-religion as described in

Table 6 2.

Table 6.2 Location group family theme (Source: Author, 2014)

In addition there are also Bantik people who are live spread beyond the three locations.

These locations are categorized as a group of masked groups as they are distributed at

locations spaced far apart and varied. This condition is created from the movement of the

outside Bantik settlements. A total of 66.67% of the 30 samples of Bantik families who are

moved out of the location occurred before 2000 and amounted to 33.33% moved around the

year 2000-2010. Much as 54.17% displacement distance > 500 m from dwelling location

towards the south and west of the initial Bantik settlement. Years of displacement and

displacement distance has close links with the city development that began in the early of

1990s.

The number of families at three locations are vary. The largest number are in locations

Krida Street surrounding. Family group composition is formed not only by location of

residence, but also formed by family name and his descendants were called harmonious

without being limited by the location of settlements. The uniqueness of the settlement

contained in Parts Bantik are mostly family name and his descendants are in a neighborhood.

Aspect Details aspect Activities Potential

Location

Minanga

Street

Custom activity

Family

Social activity

Tribal historical

Cultural activities

Sub-group family

Krida Street Family

Social activity

Social interaction

Sub group family

Cemetery

surrounding

Custom activity

Family

Cultural element

Cultural activities

Family

composition

Family name

and decadence

Family activities

Social activities

Religious activities

Fundamental group

Neighborhood

unit location

Social-cultural group

97

Therefore, the pooling strategy has a close relationship with the location. Family group

composition can see in Figure. 6.3.

Figure 6.3 Group family composition (Source: Author, 2014)

Neighborhood activity occurred in several locations, namely setting around the local

streets in residential, yard, terrace, and home. The intensity of the use of space will depend on

the type and time of use. Activity is highly dependent neighbors gathered with the previous

activity. Mothers gathered after finished cooking by the time the morning with an hour of

cooking time 08:00 to 11:00 AM. This habit has been done in a long span of time, so that has

been entrenched in the community. Furthermore, they gathered at a neighbor's house that has

a space to hangout like: porch, under a tree on the side or front of the house, and the house

which has a place of business like a little shop. Utilization of time for the activity with adult

men and women mothers are similar at around 13:00 to 16:00 o'clock AM. As for the

children there are variations in time in accordance with the character of the age (see Figure

6.4).

98

Figure 6.4 Community activities base on neighborhood (Source: Author, 2014)

Formed social transformation through community activity occurs in various forms of

activities. Community-shaped small compositional activity involving community between 5-

10 units of home with a location adjacent to each other. Activities carried out in accordance

community interest that is affected by the location of the gathering place. Community activity

at the neighborhood level will be concentrated on a limited basis by type of activity, but is

open to the neighborhood people (see Figure 6.5). In a more concrete analysis, communal

activities take place via gathered together, with specific objectives, together with the daily

activities and play activities for children. This joint activity occurred outside the home or

around the house. Most activities can not be separated from the binder functions such as stalls,

street and terrace houses.

Power stalls so strong binder to form a common activity on the local roads in the

settlements, on a street corner, or directly on the road. The house has a shop facility will be a

point of gathering neighbors, not just for shopping, but the purpose of forming socialize

social interaction (see Figure 6.6). Role stall through the boundaries of social, cultural and

personal pleasure manifested in social interaction.

0

10

20

30

40

50

Father Mother Child: 1 -

5

Child: 5 -

12

Child: 12

- 17

Child: 17

- 23

Nu

mb

er p

f p

eop

le

People (age)

07.00 - 10.0010.00 - 13.0013.00 - 16.0016.00 - 18.00

99

010203040

Playing Sharing

information

Talking

about

something

Daily

activity

Num

ber

of

peo

ple

Activities

The highest activity

Father

Mother

Child: 1 - 5

Child: 5 - 12

Figure 6.5 Type and location of community activity (Source: Author, 2014)

Figure 6.6 Resident with the additional economic function location (Source: Author, 2014)

6.3.2 Local access in neighborhood unit

According to its function the street f as a transportation function. Habits by Bantik

community, the road has an important role because it serves as a public space in the context

traditional activity. Thus, created three close relations with the interplay between the

01020304050

Num

ber

of

peo

ple

Locations

Neighborhood people meeting

100

neighborhood units, namely: 1) The relationship road with the yard, 2) the relationship

between terrace with street, and 3) the relationship street with little house or called warung.

1) Relationship between street with yard.

Existing settlement patterns shaped grid. This pattern is very easy to access the relationship

between neighborhood units and facilitate the monitoring, especially in the interaction.

Roads and home pages together in the interests of society without being restricted by a

physical barrier such as a fence. It is created by the mutual interests between the owners of

the house with people who come from outside the home. The direct connection is created

through a public space into territory permeation neighborhood unit, then change the page

into a pattern that blends in with the road. Some sample of this analysis is shown in Figure

6.7.

2) Relationship between street with the little shop/ warung

Little shop or warung phenomenon is began to appear early in 2000. Warung present home

in front of the main building. In more concrete warung existence comes as an extra room

but has a role in the functioning of the economic support of the family. In the context of the

neighborhood unit, warung is that interaction space is a public space without boundaries, is

dominated by the activity of gathering with mixed age groups, as well as the uncertain time.

Location stalls scattered in the neighborhood spots. Based on the location, position

illustrates the warung spots service for the neighborhood unit as depicted in Figure 6.8. In a

public gathering activities, warung is a good binder functions associated with momentary

gathering activity in furtherance of shopping activity, as well as the interaction space with

the goal of socialization fellow neighbors. This is described in Figure 6.9.

101

Figure 6.7 Relationship between yard with street (Source: Author, 2014)

Min

an

ga s

tree

t

Yard without fence

Direct access

102

Figure 6.8 Little shop / warung location in the settlement

Figure 6.8 Little shop (warung) locations (Source: Author, 2014)

3) The relationship street with terrace

Linkage street with terraces can not be separated from the role of neighborhood activity.

Thus, terrace can not stand alone. During its development the terrace is an extra room that

started to develop since the early 1990s. In the process of development not only as a

terrace connecting space between the outer space with space inside, but it is also an

important area to support public activities as described in Figure 6.10. The terrace has a

direct relationship with warung and street activity as well as creating a public space for

support functions and semi-public activities supporting.

Manado Bay

103

CHAPTER 6

COMMUNITY REHABILITATION SCENARIO PLANNING

Figure 6.9 Relationship between little shop (warung) with street (Source: Author, 2014)

Min

anga

stre

et

Direct relationship with

the street in front of main

house

104

Figure 9.11 Relationship between terrace with street

Figure 6.10 Relationship between terrace with street (Source: Author 2014)

Neighborhood relationship is done through the local access that is created based on

family relationships and particular interests. Widening relationship occurs with longer

distances in a small group of neighborhood units. This relationship is implemented with open

access between multiple units. The safety factor is protected against open access to family

relationships within the group of house unit. There are three background reasons for the

creation of neighborhood relations unit, namely: 1) Family relationships, 2) proximity

neighborhood units, and 3) family interest as shown in Figure 12. Influence interest of

Minanga Street

Direct access

Support of the

warung as a

public space

Support of the

house as a

semi public

space

105

57.15% could be so strong, but still within the framework of family relationships as a

fundament open access occurs (see Figure 6.11).

Figure 6.11 Neighborhood interest aspects (Source: Author, 2014)

Neighborhood real interest does not stand alone, because in addition to family

relationships, it is not highly correlated with the presence of stalls around the neighborhood

so as to form groups of 3 units formations such relationships in Table 6.3 and Figures 6.12,

6.13, and 6.14.

Table 6.3 Neighborhood interest (Source: Author, 2014)

Factor Detail factor Type of

relationship

Pattern of

relationship growth

Neighborhood

Interests

Family relationship

Neighborhood relationship

Proximity location distance

Family needs::

Warung relationship with the family

needs

Open access for

1 direction

Linier

Open access for

two direction

Linier branched

Open access for

multi direction

Spread

0

5

10

15

20

Family

relationship

Proximity of

residential

Family interests

Fact

or

of

inte

rest

Number of family

53.57% 57.16% 46.43%

Neighborhood access

Aspect:

Family

Distance

Family interest

106

Figure 6.12 Open access for multi direction (four houses) (Source: Author, 2014)

Figure 6.13 Open access for 2 direction (three houses) (Source: Author, 2014

Min

an

ga s

tree

t

Entrance

Open access

Entrance

Alternative door

Connecting door

Connecting roof

Open access

Minanga street

107

Figure 6.14 Open access for one direction (two houses) (Source: Author, 2014)

6.4 APPROACH OF CULTURE HARITAGE ZONE PLANNING

6.4.1 Relationship between cultural spaces with the Bantik community

It is possible to improve the quality and position of the cultural heritage by improving the

connection between existing cultural heritage sites and the community. This can be achieved

by taking a more holistic planning approach and by promoting spatial planning methods that

strengthen the community‟s physical and social support structures. One of the obstacles

encountered in the planning, based on the above conditions, is the separation between cultural

heritage locations and the Bantik residential areas. The issue of spatial distance can be solved

by strengthening the relationships within Bantik society with the power of indigenous

organizations.

It would also be useful, at a later stage, to encourage the development of a close

relationship between the three planned zones, that is, the core zone with the promotion zone,

the core zone with the buffer zone, and the buffer zone with the promotion zone. This

relationship is created by spatial and social activities, which need to be strengthened by

addressing the issue of distance and the spatial characteristics of the location. This should lead

to an increase in local activity-based culture, and should lead to an improvement in the quality

of the physical objects. Overall, this increase should be based on local identity.

Entrance

Connecting door

Minaga street

108

6.4.3 Structure of the cultural heritage objects zones

The heritage sites are divided into several zones. These are: around the coast, near

residential locations, and apart from residential locations. An analysis of the cultural heritage

site positions and their distances from each other reveals that the Bantik cultural space is

created by individuals‟ activities, and, in particular, their physical and social relationships

(Higgins, 2007). A meaningful cultural space is created within distances of up to 200 m

because at this distance it is very likely that cultural activities will occur. Cultural spaces

beyond that distance are more defined by their physical heritage than their meaning, as there

is a much lower probability of cultural activities occurring more than 200 m from the largest

concentrations of Bantik people. This distance is better understood as cultural space with a

category and symbolic meaning, as shown in Table 6.4. What is needed is a close relationship

between the physical culture and the cultural activity because there are some physical objects

outside the zone of greatest concentration of the Bantik people in the settlements.

Table 6.4. Construction of culture heritage values (Source: Author, 2014)

Distance (m)

Cultural

Heritage

Spatial

Theme Cultural Social Old

Religion

<100

1

Cultural

promotion 10

6

11

2 Cultural basic

and

development 100-200 3

4

200-300 5

Hidden of

cultural 9

>300 7

8

Criteria

Good Has a strong relationship with the community

> 60% of the people know the object

Middle Has a regular relationship with the community

31-60% of people know that object

Low

Does not have a direct relationship with the community

Separated away from residential communities

<30% of the people know the object

109

Factors of space, time, and distance reduce the quality of family relationships in the

settlements, resulting in the cultural space becoming ambiguous. The distance between the

location of cultural heritage objects, the main road, and the concentration of dispersed

residential locations of the Bantik society affects the structure of cultural space zones. As

such, care must be taken when zoning cultural space, in particular by involving communities

and indigenous organizations to delineate the physical cultural heritage. Appropriate zoning

is needed to strengthen local identity and to improve the quality of relationships in the ethnic

community. Furthermore, to strengthen local identity, quality relationships are needed to

strengthen the relationship to cultural spaces. Based on questionnaires, 90.9% of individuals

chose Bantik field as being representative of cultural activity. These results are based on

activities that involve the whole Bantik community because the field is one of the focal

spaces of Bantik tribal life in Malalayang. Many activities can take place in Bantik field.

Furthermore, the court has publicly ruled that cultural activities are the right of the Bantik

settlements and that tribal communities have the right of permanent residence in this area.

However, based on a location analysis, the field is a public space and has a high value for

Bantik society. Based on these results, a field is a prestigious representation of Bantik

cultural space. Zoning of the cultural space extends northward from Minanga Street in an

area bounded by the coast. The location is the site most likely to serve as the core zone of

cultural space. Cultural spaces are also seeping into the southern settlements, especially

around the cemetery, although these have different services and activities associated with

them. The field is also used as the central unifying space for the Bantik communities in

Malalayang. In recent years, heritage has enjoyed increasing attention from policymakers and

is now seen as an important resource for economic growth (Vaz, 2011). Therefore, this

location has social importance and meets the basic needs of the settlement.

6.5 CUSTOM PLANNING APPROACH

6.5.1 Bantik’s philosophy as a as a unifying communit

Based on in-depth analysis has been done in the previous chapter with regard to

community participation found that Bantik philosophy are fundamental aspects that can affect

the respect and appreciation of traditional role-based. The most important component of the

Bantik community are customary tribal stakeholders, and Bantik society. Bantik tribe has a

110

philosophy are Hinggiridang, Hintakinang, and Hintalunang (H3) who has a sense of mutual

love, bad destiny, and help each other. In the social order of Bantik community, H3 are social

force that is capable of being a binder for the community in a variety of conditions

experienced. This is the basis of custom rules that bound in the spirit of community unity.

Compounding of H3 philosophy as shown in Figure. 6.15. Actually this philosophy has been

there from the past, but philosophy as missing and began to be revived in the end 1990s. This

revival was initiated by young people of Bantik community are becoming aware tendency of

loss of vigor and fellow public relations, began physically homeless and lost a role in social

life.

Figure 6.15. H3 Philosophy in Bantik community (Source: Author, 2014)

6.5.3 Custom activities

There are several types of Bantik custom activities owned by the community. Custom

packages are divided into several groups such as: arts, rituals, and rules that govern the lives

of Bantik people both joy and sorrow activity (see Figure 6.16). Low the Bantik community

composition affected the Bantik culture, so it tends to destroy the traditional habit (ed.al

Henley, 2010) so, there are mixing occurs between the traditional and modern culture.

H3 Philosophy

Community

Group / local

organization

Custom

activity

Cultural activity

Daily activity

Ceremony or

custom activity

Social activity

Religion activity

111

05

10152025303540

Lost of

traditional

activity

Lost of

Bantik

language

Cultural

event

Cultural

role

Lost of

Bantik

philosophy

Figure 6.16 Custom activities (Source: Author, 2014)

Custom activity is still visible in several cultural activities, although in its modern form

accordance with the city development. In social interaction more custom activities are

implemented in colossal art activities such as Mahamba dance or other similar arts attractions.

Based on the cultural aspect, indicating the Bantik community understanding and

appreciation of the custom activity is relatively low as described in Figure 6.17 and Table 6.5.

Figure 6.17 Bantik community responses to cultural aspects (Source: Author, 2014)

27.62% 35.24%

11.43%

5.71%

20.00 %

In summary questionnaire about

the public response to the

cultural aspect and it is not

appropriate to the present

context, because just as much as

35.24% of the Bantik people

know the language of Bantik.

Cultural events and traditional

role only be understood as

ceremonial activity.

Bantik‟s dance

Bantik people meeting

meeting Bantik‟s coordination

Yuyu and Yodo Bantik‟s

dance festival

112

Table 6.5 Characteristic of custom organization

Aspect Group base on

religion / group

worship

Group base on family / rukun Group base on

tribal

Member Bantik and non-Bantik

people

Limited member of

group (20 -30 family)

Bantik people base on family lineage

Unlimited members

All of the Bantik

community in the

settlement

Time of

meeting

Every week Every month Temporary

Location Neighborhood Not limited to a distance of residence Bantik settlement

Description Focus on religion

activities

More intensive meetings

Specific member

More privacy

Focus on the social, religious, and

family relationships

Wider activities

6.5.2.3 Strengthen of residents participation

Based on the analysis of the level of implementation shows that the role of participation

is still low. This is caused by the lack of public awareness as well as a lack of understanding

of the culture. All of this stems from the lack of public awareness of local sustainability for

community. Required internal reinforcement through family-based association called rukun.

While based on ethnic group is needed for a wider range, which is intended as an external

amplifier. In addition, this ethnic group has the potential to strengthen the cultural aspects

through education and promotion of culture as shown in Tables 6.6.

Table 6.6. Strengthen of community participation (Source: Author, 2014)

Aspects Community group

Group base on

tribal

Group base on family (rukun) Group base on

religion

Participati

on activity

Improvement

public participation

Strengthen of relationship

through family activity

Strengthen

collaboration

through religion

activities

Education Improvement

cultural activity

Improvement of family

sharing

Improvement of

relationship

People

attitude

Improvement of

people attitude

Improvement of people

attitude

Improvement of

people attitude

113

6.6 THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY REHABILITATION SCENARIO PLANNING

Community rehabilitation is a reference scenario planning concept for Bantik community

sustainability Community rehabilitation scenario planning concept is a blend of traditional

life, perception of Bantik community, communal space-based activities and culture heritage

site. Based on the analysis produced for community rehabilitation concept consist of: spatial

growth, social growth and cultural growth. Furthermore, this concept will be implemented in

scenario planning based on Bantik community needs. Scenario planning will refer to the

concept, resulting in a strategic plan for continuity of Bantik community. The concept of

community rehabilitation as described in Figure 6.18

Figure 6.18 Community rehabilitation concept (Source: Author, 2014)

In the Bantik community sustainability, strategic scenario planning is an integral part of

the concept of community rehabilitation. Compounding these two aspects will give birth to a

planning strategy that is rooted in community space, a custom activity and culture heritage

site. This plan will detail relating to the needs and perceptions Bantik community. Based on

the analysis of resident perception including community needs, concept of scenario planning

will lead to specific locations based on need assessment. Scenario planning concepts

described in Figure 6.19.

Community

rehabilitation

Traditional

activity

Culture

heritage

Community

space

Traditional

life

Neighborhood space

growth

Custom growth

Culture space growth

Continuity

of Bantik

community

Culture

heritage site

114

Figure 6.19 Construction of scenario planning (Source: Author, 2014)

6.7 COMMUNITY SPACE PLANNING

6.7.1 Neighborhood space planning

Based on the traditional life analysis with a family group location approach there are

three aspects planning technique based on the location of settlements, namely: family group,

neighborhood units, and neighborhood focus on activity space. Overall these aspects into

account local collaborate with potential cultural, historical and character Bantik local

community with an overview of the influence of city development, as described in Table 6.7

Community space

planning

Culture heritage

planning

Custom planning

Neighborhood

space planning

Custom space

planning

Terrace space

planning

Street space

planning

Field space

planning

Custom

relationship

planning

Pillar of custom

planning

Culture zone

planning

core zone

Buffer zone

Promotion zone

115

Table 6.7. Construction of family activity (Source: Author, 2014)

Family space aspect Space analysis Implication in the

community

Neighborhood unit

Relationship street with the yard

Structure of support

space

Relationship street with the terrace

Relationship street with the little

shop (Warung)

Neighborhood access Family access Connecting access

Commercial access

Neighborhood space

Type Location

Connecting space Neighborhood

gather

Street

Yard

Terrace

Commercial

gather

Little shop

Community gather Street

Field

Predominantly, family group concentrated on one location and then divide irregularly to

locations around the intersect between one group with another group based on lineage

relationships. Location family planning groups described in some localities Based on the

historical and familial ties that Minanga Street surrounding location (see Figure 6.20),

cemetery surrounding location (see Figure 6.21) and subgroups Street surrounding location

(see Figure 6.22) and family group outside settlements (see Figure 6.23).

116

Figure 6.20 Group family location in the Minanga Street surrounding (Source: Author, 2014)

Figure 6.21 Group family location in the cemetery street surrounding (Source: Author,

2014)

Limited family number

Spread to the other

location of family group.

Bantik family

in the spread

position.

Manado Bay

Limited household family /

small group

Have a clear boundary

location with a limited area

Have close family

relationships.

Sub-group family Important street

Historical location.

117

Figure 6.22 Group family location in the Krida Street surrounding (Source: Author, 2014)

Figure 6.23 Group family location in the outside in the settlement (Source: Author, 2014)

Group family in one location bound with sub-family group in that location then fused

with other locations in the settlement. There are some family who reside outside the study

site, then joined in the sub-group or family group. This process formed in a small capacity, so

the family is more inclined to merge freely with the larger group. By combining the locations

that are outside of the settlement, then the sub-group became a buffer group united by ties of

family-based culture. Minanga Street surrounding and Krida Street surrounding into the core

while the cemetery surrounding location serves as a buffer, as shown in Figure 6.24. The

Sub-group

Sub-group

Krida street

118

farther the distance from the family basic location, the smaller the influence of traditional life,

and so we need relationships in family-based aspects of culture (see Figure 6.25).

Figure 6.24 Neighborhood space planning based on location

Figure 6.25 Relationship planning based on family locations

Manado Bay

W. Mongisidi street

Minanga and Krida

Street surrounding: as

a basic family group

location

Cemetery

surrounding Support

for family group

location

Belt family

group location

119

6.7.2 Terrace surrounding planning

Based on the traditional role in the community Bantik, the terrace is a space within the

development provide a platform for transition activities, as well as support activities between

outside and inside activities. Therefore, the patio is not just a family meeting, but the meeting

space and the space of interaction among neighbors who are nearby. As a meeting room, a

terrace not stand alone, but is based on a series of activities. Therefore, the terrace is a

connecting space, a space of interaction and socialization spaces as described in Table 6.7.

Table 6.8 Terrace space planning

Planning Location Function Time use Space

character

Terrace space

planning

Terrace

Connecting space in the site.

Gathering space.

Interaction space

Tends to be

limited by

the interests

of the

family.

Semi public

Based on the analysis of the activity, the terrace has a role as a connecting space.

Therefore, as a connecting space at least terrace can be a connection between

neighborhood activities focus on the coastal environment. The terrace is a shared

space among several neighborhood units, then from the neighborhood gathering

space of this spread to the coastal location. Costal orientation is created through open

access between the neighborhood unit and the open space around the coast as

described in Figure 6.26.

House

Terrace

Yard

Little shop (warung)

Shoulder

120

Figure 6.26 Relationship terrace with the sea location

In creating wider access in the context of settlement, terrace will establish a

relationship with the main street through local access, so as to create a relationship

between the main street with the coast. This plan is based on the history of ethnic

community that has a direct connection with the coast through traditional activity.

This plan as described in Figure 6.27.

Figure 6.27 Relationship between terrace, main street, local street with sea location

Free space: gathering activity

Sea

Open access

Sea

Mai

n s

tree

t Open access

Free space: gathering activity

Local access

Lo

cal

stre

et

House

Terrace

Yard

Little shop (warung)

Legend:

House

Terrace

Yard

Little shop (warung)

Legend:

121

Street corner becomes a potential space for the neighborhood activity because it is

associated with the other function space such as little shop function. Warung has a range of

activities not only at the shop, but spread to the yard and the existing street in front of the

warung. Effect of stalls will reach some houses and the surrounding space, thus forming a

bubble chamber as described in Figure 6.28.

Figure 6.28 Neighborhood space planning influences of warung (Source: Author, 2014)

The neighborhood space planning is not separated from the development to the above

three aspects, namely terrace, yard and street, through development activities as described in

Table 6.9. Street activity is influenced by the presence of warung, and forming street corner

122

activity. While the neighborhood relationship focus on local access is also influenced by the

presence of warung role, so as to create local access among neighbors.

Table 6.9 Structure of neighborhood space planning (Source: Author, 2014)

Structure Planning Condition Application

House Human settlements Semi-permanent

Open space

Transition space

Formed by itself

(spontaneous)

Vegetation area

Small gardens for spices

Free space

Formed by itself

(spontaneous)

Street Circulation

Neighborhood street

Dirt street without pavement

Width: about 4m

Common space Gather on the street

Structure Planning Condition Application

House Human settlements Semi-permanent

Open space

Transition space

Formed by itself

(spontaneous)

Vegetation area

Small gardens for spices

Free space

Formed by itself

(spontaneous)

Street

Circulation Neighborhood street

Dirt street with pavement

Width: about 4m

Common space Gather on the shoulder

street

Structure Planning Condition Application

House Human settlements Permanent

Open space

Transition space

Created by owner

Vegetation area

Small gardens for spices

Small garden for flower

Yard Interaction space

Street

Median Circulation

Common space

Neighborhood street

Hot-mix asphalt

Width: about 6m

Shoulder Common space Gather on the street

Gather on the shoulder street

Interaction space

House

Open space

Street

Free space House

Open space

Street

Free space House

Open space

Street

Little shop

123

Existence of local streets that are in the settlements are not directly create social

relationships with the hierarchy of space that can be understood in the context of communal

cultural. Neighborhood planning relationship is translated in the neighborhood unit

comprising consist of: Family space, neighborhood space and custom space. Based on family

space, neighborhood space and custom space, the structure of the neighborhood relationship

of space planning and activities arranged by function: Shoulder street, street, yard, and

terrace are the trigger while the activity as described in Figures 6.29 and 6.30.

Figure 6.29 Neighborhood space and local activities (Source: Author, 2014)

Activity in the terrace location

Terrace

Residential Yard

Activity in the shoulder location

Activity in the yard location Activity in the street location

Activity in the terrace location

124

Str

eet

❹

❸

❷

House

Terrace

Yard

Little shop

(warung)

Shoulder

Street in the neighborhood

❶

Figure 6.30 Structure of neighborhood relationship space planning (Source: Author, 2014)

6.8 CULTURE HERITAGE SITE PLANNING

6.8.1 Relationship cultural heritage planning with the Bantik community

The notions of urban sustainability and “living cities” are characterized by their

possession of unique historic heritage (Vaz, 2011). Cultural frameworks and socio-economic

contexts provide an understanding of traditions, value systems, and symbols that are common

to a given society (Landman, 2009). This understanding is in contrast to the existing situation

in the local community. The development of the city has changed the collective local memory;

therefore, the existing cultural heritage has almost no meaning. In contrast, the cultural

heritage activities are themselves symbols that can be used to create an identity for local

communities. The wealth of cultural heritage is the dominant factor, and this is connected with

cultural planning. Therefore, coastal locations produce a grouping effect, acting as an

attraction for residents by possessing value associated with early historical settlements located

around the coast. The planning needs to be supported by local attitudes. The 1990s generation,

in particular, expressed poor attitudes (only 15% of respondents) toward viewing cultural

heritage as important. This contrasts with the older generation (aged 40 years and above), who

had fairly positive attitudes (45.7% of respondents) about cultural heritage. This shows that

there is still hope for developing higher levels of respect towards cultural heritage in the

125

younger generation through the optimization of existing indigenous organizations. These

include the “Young Generation of Bantik Tribes,” the “Institute of Indigenous Stakeholders of

the Bantik Minanga Tribe in Malalayang,” the “Alliance of the Bantik Tribal Society,” and the

“Social Organizations of the Bantik family” such as: Tontey family, Bangkang family,

Rumansi family, Rumansi family, Sege family, Pokatong family, Mongisidi family, None

family, and so on.

6.8.2 Zone of culture heritage site planning

Spatial planning is defined as a method used largely by the public sector to influence the

future distribution of activities on a landscape (European Commission, 1997). Several

problems underlie cultural planning in this context. These include a variety of cultural heritage

object types differentiated between the two locations that are separated by a main road and the

coastal areas that contain a high concentration of Bantik community members. Three zones

must be considered for planning cultural space in the Bantik settlement: (1) a promotion zone;

(2) a core zone; and (3) a buffer zone. The arrangement of space, especially with respect to the

stones object, is what causes low public awareness of cultural heritage sites. The distance from

the main street is an important factor when objects are positioned in the center of the

settlement. The conceptual distribution of spatial and physical objects needs to take into

account their distance from areas with the highest concentration of Bantik community

members and their distance from the main street, as show in Figure 6.31.

Planning details need to be adjusted to suit the characteristics of the location, in particular

the existing division of cultural space. Planning involves not only the physical arrangement of

space but also surrounding community activities, cultural activities, rules and policies, as well

as the maintenance of cultural heritage objects and the spaces around them. This is shown in

Table 6.9. The loss of cultural identity tends to be caused by the erosion of cultural activities,

the influence of W. Mongisidi Street, and the distances between objects that are located in

prime locations in relation to the Bantik settlements. Government cooperation and support are

essential for the establishment of zoning laws and to assist in the maintenance of the objects

and the area that surrounds them.

126

Figure 6.31 Conceptual distribution of zone considering the distance from the main street

6.8.3 Strengthen of cultural heritage zone planning

It is possible to improve the quality and position of the cultural heritage by improving the

connection between existing cultural heritage sites and the community. This can be achieved

by taking a more holistic planning approach and by promoting spatial planning methods that

strengthen the community‟s physical and social support structures. One of the obstacles

encountered in the planning, based on the above conditions, is the separation between cultural

heritage locations and the Bantik residential areas. The issue of spatial distance can be solved

by strengthening the relationships within Bantik society with the power of indigenous

organizations.

It would also be useful, at a later stage, to encourage the development of a close

relationship between the three planned zones, that is, the core zone with the promotion zone,

the core zone with the buffer zone, and the buffer zone with the promotion zone. This

relationship is created by spatial and social activities, which need to be strengthened by

addressing the issue of distance and the spatial characteristics of the location. This should lead

to an increase in local activity-based culture, and should lead to an improvement in the quality

❶

❼

❷ ❸

❹

❺

❻

❽

Manado Bay

❶~❽ : Heritage

site

: Core zone

: Buffer zone

: Promotion zone

127

of the physical objects, as shown in Figure. 6.32. Overall, this increase should be based on

local identity.

Fig. 6.32 Character improvement of cultural heritage

6.9 CUSTOM PLANNING

Traditional life of Bantik community brought under the influence of urban development

so, that confidence in the traditional life almost difficult to be grown back. Referring to the

community localization that is predominantly concentrated or dispersed in another location,

at least need to find a frame-based culture as the foundation. The implications of this

framework will be realized in the socio-cultural activities are free with the coordination of the

family or family group locations both within and outside the residential location shown in the

Figure 6.33.

Cultural heritage improvement

Core zone

Buffer zone

Core zone

Promotion zone

Buffer zone

Promotion zone

Create relationship of cultural heritage site

Unity of cultural heritage

Character improvement:

Spatial improvement

Activity improvement

Quality physic improvement

Strengthen local people

128

Figure 6.33 Construction philosophy in the activities implementation.

Custom activity planning stems from the pillar of sustainable consisting of three main

pillars: traditional activity, cultural activity and neighborhood activity sustainable. These

three pillars will collaborate with the community's internal capabilities, external influences,

and time. This combination determines the attitude of the community in the face of a

situation like that shown in Figure 6.34

Figure 6.34 Bantik community attitude planning

Activity

Bantik people

In the settlement area

area

Family

Custom

organization

Outside of settlement

area

Non-family

Group-family

Mutual aid

(Mapalus)

Bantik’s sloganphylosophi:

Hintakinang,

(love each other)

Hintalunang,

(mutual aid)

Hinggiridang

(a feeling of

togetherness)

Base on residential location Base on activity Base on philosophy

Traditional activity sustainable

Culture activity sustainable Neighborhood activity sustainable

Attitude

adaptation

129

6.9.1 Ethnic community participation planning

Based on the analysis of the level of implementation shows that the role of participation

is still low due to the lack of a clear vision of the group so that the group it flow, and lack of

cultural understanding by the public. All of this stems from the lack of public awareness of

Bantik community sustainability. Required internal reinforcement through the rukun to the

Bantik community, while the base on tribal group to a wider range aimed as external

reinforcement while the tribal groups on the base for a wider range of geared as external

reinforcement. In addition this group has potential to strengthening the cultural aspect

through cultural education and promotion as shown and the model of community

participation as shown in Figure. 6.35.

Figure 6.35 Model of community participation

6.9.2. Group custom planning

Planning a custom group technique through participation can not be separated from an

understanding of hintakinang, hintarunang, and hinggiridang as the communities Bantik

philosophy rate even in this condition Bantik less appreciated by the public. In a basket less

than 30 years, as a cultural association norms embodied in activity, social interaction and

implementation of activities with reduced spatial orientation gray hair. Family as the basic

organization of the smallest are less able to counter this, so widening the existing custom

group in the settlements. It is weakened by the spread of off-site public housing, there tends

Improvement

awareness

Appreciate of local

heritage site

Strengthen of basic group

community

Strengthen of internal

relationship

Development of

community cultural

promotion

Ethnic

community

sustainable

130

to be considerable differences in perspective between people inside and outside the

settlements.

To strengthen the socio-cultural power of a community-based, required a custom required

technical dimensions maintain orientation, and awareness to reduce internal friction due to

differences of opinion.

Implementation of custom activities that need to be prepared considering the presence of

a variety of cultural activities such as a variety of attractions such as dance mahamba dance,

dance colossal war conducted in the form of cultural events, and has culture elements that

still exist in society. The development of participatory techniques through local community

involvement, empowerment custom and community-based organizations are expected to

further solidify the existence of a custom is not only limited to the organization but extends to

tribal-based local community group (see Table 6.9)

Table 6.10 Custom group participation planning

Inform Involve Collaborate Empower

Culture calendar

event

Brochure publication

Sign and billboard

Cultural gate

All Bantik member

Custom organization

Family group

City government

Independent donors

Culture foundation

Independent culture

education

Culture event

management

Empower custom

organization

Custom management

By combining Custom participatory planning mechanism, custom technic group

participation, and planning based strategy that has been previously the custom group

participation planning described by 3 identity include: Social identity, culture, identity, and

spatial identity as described in Figure 6.33

131

Figure 6.36 Custom participation planning

6.9.3 Custom participation planning

Community planning is a perception among Bantik compounding needs participatory

planning and community planning. Community perception develops joint planning between

community interaction is encouraged by setting the physical environment and external

influences. This plan involves the local community to the fullest so that not only subjectively

rooted in the desire of the local community that is rooted in the cultural and social context of

the local character. Community planning perception displayed image (see Figure 6.37).

Custom participation

Culture

identity

Daily activity

Group

organization

Neighborhood unit

location

Culture orientation

Culture element in the

settlement lay out Culture aspects:

Tribal philosophy

Community attitude

Strengthen of culture element

132

Figure 6.37 Bantik custom planning

6.10 CONCLUSION

Community rehabilitation scenario planning is rooted in the local community conditions

that pivots on a family activity then transcend social, cultural and physical. While the

perspective of social relationships is a referral strategy that will unite the community in

carrying the effectiveness of traditional planning counter in keeping the local community.

There are three reasons that the background for the creation of neighborhood relations unit,

namely: 1) family relationships, 2) proximity environment, and 3) family interest.

Street, yard, patio and stalls form a very close relationship through the boundaries of

space, time and activity. Location traditional meeting space, as well as connect to the social

and cultural access through communal interaction and time with no age limit. While public

relations will be maximized by the role of the cultural pillars through community perception,

community participation and the role of organizational culture. Minanga Street and

surrounding the core zone with environmental groups as the basic unit of social interaction

and culture acquired through distance <100m as environmental zones, 250-500 as a public

zone, and> 500 as a custom zone. Growth applying traditional life outside through a

Continuity

Condition

Adaptation

Implementation

Identity

Attitude

External

influences

Internal

capabilities

Residents

perception Culture Community

space

133

connecting activity. Street, yard and patio is a communal space that is bound by family ties

and culture as a unifier.

There are three important aspects of scenario planning related to community

rehabilitation, namely: 1) Spatial location that focuses on family planning group. This

scenario planning will focus on traditional life echoes influenced by the jerk. The farther jerk

settlements with settlement core, the less traditional life that may have formed. Therefore, the

role of relationships and culture will be increasingly necessary belt 2) Scenario-based

planning culture heritage site. Core zone located around the road Minanga locations that have

historical value, while the Road subgroups as developing core zone that is affected by

compositional Bantik family. Buffer zone is a culture heritage site locations around the

cemetery and settlement site beyond the reach of jerk in the neighborhood zone, 3)

Community perception. Pillars of culture, internal upon ability, and the effect of external

factors that affect a community perception. Therefore, through an attitude adjustment and

internal capabilities, which will be pursed to form the identity of the local community

continuity strategy.

134

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Traditional life changes experienced by the Bantik tribal communities in Malalayang,

Indonesia is difficult to avoid because it has a close relation with the development of the city,

the high number of immigrants in the residential location and proximity to the city's

commercial district. Degradation of spatial, social, and cultural is negative impact

experienced by the people, although in terms of economic opportunity additional income

through additional commercial functions in residences is considered a positive opportunity

captured by the community.

Community degradation are felt mainly on traditional activity, and tribal perspective

because the mixing of non-Bantik in settlements either through intermarriage and the influx

of immigrants who live permanently in the settlement. Especially physical characteristics of

settlement houses are very difficult to find, because it changes the function of the building, so

it is quite possible to do that is through family activity approach.

Find continuity in local community, then community rehabilitation becomes an entry

point in the scenario planning strategy to find the local community. Scenario planning as

developing through certain aspects of the unique character of the local community-based

lifestyle through the development of family activities include a terrace and the surrounding

area.

An analysis of 62.86% of the people agree with the changes, and about 20% undecided.

The decision to choose a more hesitant attitude tends to be interpreted in the affiliate agrees

as social-culture perception, reinforced with lace percentage of people who do not agree

below the 10% level. Behind resignation public attitudes towards existing conditions, people

actually still have the desire to maintain traditional life through the physical setting and

traditional activity. Amounting to 79.05% of the people want to retain the layout of

settlements based on culture heritage owned. Thus the attitude of social adjustment, culture,

and spatial is absolutely a must Bantik held by the public.

135

Minanga street surrounding a core zone includes both culture heritage site, traditional

activity, and historical settlement. Krida Street is followed by a buffer zone surrounding

cemetery.

Community rehabilitation rooted in neighborhood planning units through the boundaries

of social, cultural and physical. While social relations perspective is a referral strategy that

will unite the community as a counter traditional planning effectiveness in maintaining local

community. There are three reasons that background the creation of neighborhood relations

unit: 1) Family relationships, 2) proximity neighborhood units, and 3) family interest. Street,

yard, terrace and little shop/warung form a very close relationship through the boundaries of

space, time and activity, for a gathering space, as well as connecting to the social and cultural

access through communal interaction without being limited to age and time.

In detail, community rehabilitation scenario planning can be described as follows:

1). Keep the ethnic community through social planning, activity planning and culture

heritage site planning base on local population by using street development strategy, house

development process strategy, family activity strategy and community perception strategy.

2). Scenario planning is achieved through the aspect of unity between the community

condition, residential surrounding, and commercial function. Through the movement steps of

non-Bantik resident that come into the settlement location, the perception of the local society

is changing. Hence, there is a function unity between residential and commercial, not only to

the main street but penetrates the residential surrounding with the focus on family activity.

3). In the relation with the community and social interaction, scenario planning is

directed to the inter neighborhood unit distance in the settlement with classification: Inter

neighborhood unit distance < 250 m as a neighborhood zone, 250–500 m as a community

zone, and >500 m as a custom zone.

4). Community rehabilitation scenario planning is made through the relation with the

culture heritage site with the classification: a) Core zone historical-base of the Minanga Street

surrounding location, b) Core zone community-base of the Krida Street surrounding location,

c) buffer zone of the out of Minanga and Krida Street surrounding location and d) promotion

zone in the location of the main street of Wolter Mongisidi Street.

136

5). Related to the community-base, scenario planning is directed to the local

community‟s support to appreciate more to the local culture towards attitudes and also to

group community organization based on family group location, local organization, and

custom with the spirit of Bantik philosophy.

The conclusion that scenario planning is a strategy that is needed in maintaining the

continuity of local community through the community rehabilitation with the concept of

custom activities, cultural zone, and neighborhood space continuity. Community

rehabilitation scenario planning to be very useful for Bantik ethnic community. Although

scenario planning may be can not applied to the other ethnic community because limitation

only one ethnic community for case study, and different characteristic of each ethnic

community, but through its analysis this method can be applied to the other community that

has same problem.

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