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Creating an effectiv
crack management
programme
Page 34
ISSUE 26 | DECEMBER 2
Investigating pipeline
airborne leak
detection
Page 14
Cover story:
Record pipelaying in the
Norwegian Sea
Page 42
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www.ndt-global.com
Canada | Germany | Malaysia | Mexico | Russia | Singapore | Spain | U.A.E | USA
Protecting your assets, preserving the beauty.
Nature is our greatest asset. It needs to be preserved and
protected as pipeline networks grow and operational effi ciency
becomes a key requirement.
NDT Global provides pipeline inspections with a top first run
success rate, superior data quality and rapid inspection report
delivery to protect your assets and to preserve nature in all
its wilderness and beauty.
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| Pipelines International | December 2015 www.pipelinesi nternational.co m
ONTENTS
ssue 26 | December 2015
Read Pipelines International
on your device!
To view the digital
edition on your
device, scan the QR
code or go to
pipelinesinternational.com
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ibility for any claims made by advertisers.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise in writing, by providing editorial material to Great Southern Press (GSP), including text and images, you areproviding permission for that material to be subsequently used by GSP, whole or in part, edited or unchanged, alone or in combination withother material in any publication or format in print or online or howsoever distributed, whether produced by GSP and its agents and associates oranother party to whom GSP has provided permission.
Cr eat ing an effec tiv e c rack management programme
Page 34
ISSUE 26 | DECEMBER 2 0 15
Inv esti gat ing pipeline air bor ne leak d etect ion
P a ge 14
C o v e r s t o ry : Re cor d pipe lay ing in the Norwe gi an S eaP age 42
EGULARS
om the editor 4
orld wrap 6
ws in brief 8
ents 58
vertisers’ index 60
NDUSTRY NEWS
peline postcards 10
ung pipeliners lead the way 12
EW TECHNOLOGY
quid pipeline leak detection from airborneatforms 14
al-time demand for a gas pipeline design:aling with modern challenges 18
CADA virtualisation 22
IPELAYERS AND SIDEBOOMS
hoosing the right pipelayer for your needs 26
GEING PIPELINES
eing Pipelines Conference is a hitBelgium 30
INSPECTION
Effective implementation of a crack in-lineinspection programme 34
Unpiggable Forum offers solutions for theindustry 38
INTERVIEW
Interview with Professor Andrew Palmer 40
PROJECTS
Record-breaking Polarled Pipeline opens upnew gas route 42
INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
Cased pipeline integrity management 46
RISK MANAGEMENT
Certifications: The Leaning Tree Incident 48
UPCOMING EVENTS
How to get the most out of the 2016 PPIMConference and Exhibition 50
PPIM Exhibitors 52
PPIM Conference Programme 54
Pipeline industry experts to meet in Bahrainas region prepares for pipeline development 56
AWARD WINNING INNOVATION.
We invest over 15% of our revenue in Research and Development to deliver
superior, innovative solutions for the challenges you face today and tomorrow.
www.rosen-group.com
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From the editor
Remember to email your news,
views and article ideas [email protected]
Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines
Like us on Facebookwww.facebook.com/PipelinesInternational
| Pipelines International | December 2015 www.pipelinesi nternational.co m
ROM THE EDITOR
FREE Pipelines Internationale-newsletter
The latest news, project and technology
information emailed fortnightly
SUBSCRIBE NOWwww.pipelinesinternational.com
Creating an effectivecrack managementprogramme
Page 34
ISSUE 26 | DECEMBER 2015
Investigating pipelineairborne leakdetection
Page 14
story:
pipelaying in theian Sea
Pipe storage at the
recently completed
Polarled Pipeline project,
which set new records
on the Norwegian
continental shelf.
Source: Statoil
ditor-in-Chief John Tiratsoo
anaging Editor Lyndsie Clark
sociate Editor Josie Emanuel
les Director Julie McConachy
les Manager Tim Thompson
nior Account Manager David Marsh
les Representative Megan Lehn
sign Managers Bianca Botter
Katrina Rolfe
ents Manager Luke Rowohlt
ata Manager/Analyst Gareth Weaver
blisher Zelda Tupicoff
In our September issue, Pipelines International
published an important article from the
American Petroleum Institute (API) announcing
the publication of its new Recommended Practice
(RP) 1173 – entitled Pipeline safety management
systems – which is intended to ‘achieve zero pipeline
incidents’. The RP is the result of two years of
collaboration between the industry, the United
States’ National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB), and the country’s Pipeline Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Public
stakeholders and academia were also a part of the
RP’s development and approval.
The new RP takes important ideas from other
industries in order to address pipelines specically. A
key component is the requirement for operators to
have an ‘evergreen’ system, the core principle of
which is the ‘plan-do-check-act’ cycle, which
necessitates companies to determine the steps
needing to be taken, complete these, periodically
review them, and then enact any necessary changesor improvements. Ultimately, the API intends that
this requirement will drive the industry toward its
zero incident goal by ensuring that the various
components of the safety management system (SMS
– not to be confused with ‘short message service’) are
regularly reviewed and continually evolve.
In its article, the API points out that this RP
differs from its other publications because of the
performance-based nature of its approach. Where
many standards are prescriptive and provide a
detailed checklist that has to be completed, this RP
allows operators to determine what specic tactics
are needed to ensure success in their SMS’s
implementation. Periodic checks of the process will
be required, ensuring the company is constantly
evaluating and improving, leading to an effective
safety culture.
In late October, the NTSB announced that RP
1173 ‘exceeded the Safety Board’s recommendation
to facilitate the development of a safety
management system standard specic to the pipeline
industry.’
The NTSB issued its recommendation that gave
rise to the API’s decision to prepare RP 1173 as a
result of its investigation of the July 2010 rupture ofa 30 inch diameter pipeline owned and operated by
Enbridge Incorporated which released more than
840,000 gallons of crude oil into nearby wetlands
and a creek that owed into the Kalamazoo River in
Marshall, Michigan. Unaware that the pipeline had
ruptured, the operator’s staff continued pumping oil
into the ruptured pipeline for 17 hours until a local
utility worker discovered the oil and contacted the
company.
The rupture was caused by fatigue cracks that
grew and coalesced from crack and corrosion defects
under the disbonded polyethylene tape coating. The
NTSB found that contributing to the accident were
weak regulations for assessing and repairing crack
indications, as well as ineffective oversight of
pipeline integrity management programmes, weak
pipeline control centre procedures, and a low level
of public awareness.
To address this recommendation, the API formed
its multi-stakeholder group which met monthly,
surveyed the public, and created this important new
framework for the pipeline industry’s goal of
continuous safety improvement. As the NTSB points
out, the API RP 1173 establishes a pipeline safety
management system framework for organisations
that operate hazardous liquid and gas pipelines that
fall under the jurisdiction of the US’ Department of
Transportation.
“Improving safety is a collaborative effort,” the
NTSB’s Chairman Christopher Hart said recently.“API’s broad and inclusive approach to addressing our
safety recommendation shows [its] commitment to
increasing safety in the pipeline industry.” He went on
to thank the API and all the participants who assisted
in developing the new document. “We call upon the
industry for a widespread adoption of these
Recommended Practices, from the largest international
pipeline operating companies to the smallest
municipalities, to ensure continuous improvement and
safety in pipeline operations,” he said.
As a result of the accident investigation, the
NTSB issued 19 safety recommendations to seven
entities. Action has been successfully completed on
nine of these recommendations, including the API
recommended practice; work is progressing on the
remaining ten recommendations.
Bearing in mind the increasing signicance of
cracks to the pipeline industry, the forthcoming
edition of the Pipeline Pigging and Integrity
Management (PPIM) conference will have a specic
session in which issues involving locating and
identifying cracks in pipeline walls, and assessing
their severity, will be discussed. Technologies are
rapidly emerging and being evaluated for this
specic task. Full details of this session and theprogramme for the overall event (being held in
Houston on 8-11 February) can be found on page
54 or at www.clarion.org.
John Tiratsoo
Editor-in-Chief
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| Pipelines International | December 2015 www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com December 2015 | Pipelines Inter
WOORLD WRAP
Read more about
this record-breaking
project on page 42.
AP awards onshore line pipe
ontract
ans Adriatic Pipeline AG (TAP)s awarded a contract award forproximately 170,000 tonnes of
e pipe to Salzgitter Mannesmannternational GmbH, part of thelzgitter AG Group. The contractmprises supply of approximately0 km of the onshore 48 inch line pipe.
he company will provide 48 inch linepes and bends for the onshore sectionsthe pipeline in Albania, Greece, andly, and 36 inch bends for the offshore
ction across the Adriatic. The award
offshore 36 inch line pipe and themainder of the 48 inch onshore linepe will be announced in the near future.AP will transport natural gas from the
ant Shah Deniz II eld in Azerbaijan to
rope. The 878 km pipeline will connectth the Trans Anatolian Pipeline at theurkish-Greek border at Kipoi, crossreece and Albania and the Adriatic Sea,
fore coming ashore in Southern Italy.
Research commences into potential Iran-Oman
pipeline
Head of the National Iranian Gas Export Company (NIGEC) Alire
has announced that contracts have been signed with two Iranian gato study construction of a pipeline that would export gas to Oman. Offshore Engineering and Construction Company (IOEC) has beenconducting studies on the offshore section of the pipeline. The contsigned by the managing directors of the NIGEC and IOEC, as well
General of Planning and Projects Evaluation of the Omani Ministrand GasSaif Bin Hamad Al Salmani. The studies on the onshore sethe pipeline have been undertaken by Pars Consulting Engineers. Aa previously signed agreement to nalise the construction of the pipwill export 28 MMm3/d of gas to Oman for 15 years. Earlier this yeTabrizi, a senior ofcial with the IOEC, announced that the compaconstruct a pipeline for exporting gas from Iran to Oman.
Russia, Pakistan sign agreement for p
The governments of Russia and Pakistan have signedto construct a 1,100 km gas pipeline from Karachi to
will be built, owned and operated by Russia’s RT-GloThe project, known as the North – South pipeline, is have a capacity of 12.4 Bm3/a of gas, and will conneterminals in the port of Karachi in the south of Pakiof Lahore in the country’s north. The Pakistani Gove
plans for large-scale development of the country’s eneRegasication terminals for LNG are currently underin the city of Karachi, and power plants are planned the country’s north which would be supplied via the NPipeline. The agreement was signed by Russia’s Ener
Alexander Novak, and Pakistani Petroleum and NatuMinister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi.
550 km Horn of Africa Pipeline agreements signed
The Ethiopia and Dj ibouti governments have signed framework
agreements for the construction of the US$1.55 billion Horn of AfricaPipeline, which will transport rened oil products between the twocountries. Ethiopia and Djibouti signed framework agreements for thepipeline’s construction with the pipeline joint venture partners BlackRhino Group and Mining, Oil & Gas Services. The 20 inch diameter,
550 km pipeline will transport diesel, gasoline and jet fuel from portaccess in Djibouti to central Ethiopia. T he pipeline will have a capacity
of 240,000 bbl/d of fuel. The project also includes an import facilityand 950,000 bbl/d of storage capacity in Damerjog, Djibouti, linkedto a storage terminal in Awash, Ethiopia, near Addis Ababa. A nal
investment decision on the project is expected in 2016, with constructionto be completed two years later. The pipeline is expected to be fullyoperational by the end of 2018.
C gas pipeline project gets Oil and Gas Commission
o ahead
ansCanada Corporation has received nal permits from the BC Oil and Gasommission (BCOGC), giving regulatory approval for the construction and
eration of the Prince Rupert Gas Transmission Pipeline Project (PRGT) inrthern British Columbia, Canada. The PRGT Project - approximately0 km of land pipeline and 110 km of marine pipeline - will connect the naturals production in the Montney elds of northeastern British Columbia with theoposed Pacic NorthWest (PNW) LNG liquefaction facility on Lelu Island. The
COGC permits cover the entire 900 km route from just north of Hudson’s Hope,itish Columbia, to Lelu Island, off the coast of Port Edward, near Prince Rupert.
he permits also approve construction of three compressor stations and a metertion where the gas is to be delivered to the PNW LNG facility. In order for PRGTproceed with construction, PNW LNG must receive a positive decision from the
deral government under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012.
Welding begins on 2,050 km GAIL gas
pipeline
Pipeline welding has commenced on the rst phaseof GAIL (India) Limited’s 2,050 km Jagdishpur –
Haldia natural gas pipeline. The rst phase of theproject includes constructing a 341 km trunk pipelinefrom Phulpur (Allahabad) to Dobhi (Gaya), and a228 km spur pipeline to Barauni and Patna fromDobhi. Welding commenced on a 12 inch pipeline
connecting the Hindustan Fertiliser Corporation’sBarauni fertiliser plant to Indian Oil Corporation’sBarauni renery. The entire Rs 10,000 crores (overUS$2 billion) Jagdishpur – Phulpur – Haldia Pipelineproject will be 2,050 km and plans to connect
eastern India to the national gas grid by transportingnatural gas to West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, andUttar Pradesh. The pipeline will consist of a 36 inch
diameter, 922 km mainline, and 1,128 km of spurlines and feeder lines of between 12 and 30 inches
diameter. The rst phase of the pi peline will have acapacity of 16 MMm3/d, which would be augmentedto 32 MMm3/d in the second phase of the project’sdevelopment.
Record-breaking Polarled Pipeline comes in under budget
The nal pipe has been laid in the Polarled Pipeline, which will open up a new highway for gasfrom the Norwegian Sea to Europe. The 482.4 km, 36 inch pipeline was laid at a depth of1,260 m and is the rst pipeline on the Norwegian continental shelf that crosses the Arctic Circle,as well as the deepest pipeline on the Norwegian continental shelf. The pipeline extends from
Nyhamna in Møre og Romsdal, western Norway, to the Aasta Hansteen eld in the NorwegianSea, and was laid by the world’s largest pipelaying vessel, ‘Solitaire’ from Allseas. It is the rst timethat a 36 inch pipe has been laid at such a depth. The pipelaying work commenced in Marchthis year and consists of more than 40,000 pipes, each of which is 12 m in length. The pipeline’scapacity will be up to 70 MMm 3/d of gas.
Gazprom to reduce TurkStream capacity in favour of Nord
Gazprom has said it will reduce the planned capacity of i ts proposed TurkStream gproject in favour of expanding the existing Nord Stream gas pipeline. The capacityTurkStream pipeline is now expected to be 32 Bm3/a of gas. Proposed as an alternRussia’s South Stream Pipeline project, which was cancelled due to opposition from
Union, the TurkStream project initially planned to carry 63 Bm3/a of gas from Ruvia Turkey. Turkey is expected to use 16 Bm 3/a to meet domestic needs, while the r
be transported to Europe. The project is estimated to cost approximately €11.4 billi(US$12.5 billion). Gazprom has said that 660 km of the offshore pipeline route willwithin the old corridor of the South Stream pipeline, and 250 km within a new pip
toward the European part of Turkey. The offshore pipeline will run across the Blacthe Russkaya compressor station near Anapa to Kiy ikoy village in the European paThe 180 km onshore section of the pipeline will run to Ipsala on the border b etweeGreece via Luleburgaz. The rst pipeline section is expected to be complete by Dec
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| Pipelines International | December 2015 www.pipelinesi nternational.co m
NEWEWS IN BRIEF
IN BRIEF
Keystone XL pe
deniedUS President Barack Ob
denied a Presidential Permit t
proposed 1,897 km, 36 inch dKeystone XL Pipeline.
TransCanada Corporatioagged the option of ling aapplication for a cross borde
pipeline from Canada to the
Notice somethin
new? Pipelines International h
new look! Tell us what you thdon’t forget to send your newand article ideas to
query@pipelinesinternati
OMV to divest g
pipeline subsid Austrian oil and gascompGroup plans to sell a stake ofper cent in its wholly-owned s
Gas Connect Austria, which and operates high-pressure npipelines in Austria.
Get social Pipelines International is
Facebook! Join your industryconnecting with us at www.f
com/PipelinesInternation
TransCanada to
gas pipeline staTransCanada Corporatio
entered into an agreement t
a 49.9 per cent interest in Po
Natural Gas Limited Partnerits master limited partnershipPipeLines, for a purchase priUS$223 million.
www.pipelinesi nternational. com December 2015 | Pipelines Inter
Signature pipeline
inspection system
hits 1,000 successful
runsPII Pipeline Solutions (PII) recently
celebrated 1,000 successful pipelineinspection runs of its next generationMagneScan inspection tool for assessingmetal loss features, deformation, and
geometry, as well as advanced integrity
assessments in oil and gas pipelines.Using high resolution magnetic
ux leakage technology (MFL), PII’ssignature inspection system has
distilled and enhanced the capabilityof all multiple legacy MFL, caliper,and inertial measurement unit (IMU)
mapping systems into a single system,reducing the number of runs requiredto meet a specication.
Launched in 2009, the inspectiontool has delivered over six years of year on year growth in numbers of
runs. This super-high resolution, multimission tool has provided increasinglyhigh levels of rst run success andreliability to customers across the globeand offers a higher specication of
data than previously available from asingle run.
The tools have completed more than50,000 km of inspections in pipelines from6-36 inches, with a longest run of 560 km
since launch. The tools achieved 95 percent rst run success in 2013, 2014, and in2015, at the time of publication.
Fast-track delivery meets Middle East pipeline
isolation demandSTATS Group were recently retained
by a major oil producer in Qatar to provide
fast-track delivery of a high-pressure isolationtool to facilitate safe and reliable isolation ofa 24 inch pressurised gas line. With a verieddouble block and bleed isolation in place,valve replacement and maintenance work was
successfully carried out.
Conventional repairs of this type wouldtypically require the entire pipeline to be
completely hydrocarbon free and nitrogenpurged to enable a safe intervention. STATSDNV-type approved Tecno Plugs provideleak-tight double block and bleed isolation that
minimise system downtime, reducing costs and
environmental impact.
JIP to improve non-destructive tests of pipeline
propertiesDNV GL is currently conducting a jointindustry project (JIP) that is intended tofurther develop the ability to non-destructivelydetermine the mechanical properties of
operating steel pipelines.A recently completed JIP conducted by
DNV GL successfully demonstrated the validityof the procedure describ ed in ASME reportCRTD Vol. 91 for determining pipeline yield
strength based on the results of hardness testing.The current JIP builds upon those results by
using in-situ, non-destructive determinations
of hardness, chemical composition, andmicrostructure to improve estimates of yield
strength for both the pipe base metal and forERW seams and ash weld seams. The projectwill also determine if the combination of thosethree datasets can be used to estimate likelyranges for base metal and seam toughness.
Good estimates of mechanical propertiesare important for accurate fatigue analysisand aw assessments, and for supporting thehistorical determinations of maximum allowableoperating pressure. Project results have already
demonstrated the ability to detect signicantdifferences in properties between base metal andseams using in-situ analyses.
Rosen Group introduces new in-line inspection
servicesRosen USA has unveiled a new conceptfor in-line inspection services in the oil and gas
industry, its new R³ Service.At the ofcial unveiling in Houston, Texas,
a mobile diagnostic unit was onsite for viewing,as well as inspection tools specically designedand allocated to accomplish R³ services.
Rosen also presented a new approach to
data evaluation that allows for access to reportsonsite, thereby allowing oil and gas pipeline
operators to respond in a more timely mannerto areas of concern regarding pipeline integrity.
Attendees at the unveiling representedpipeline operators around the US andwere able to provide feedback regarding its
utilisation.
PRCI elects new Chair and board members At its recent meeting, the Executive
Assembly of Pipeline Research CouncilInternational (PRCI) elected Phillip H.DePriest as Chair for a two-year term endingin September 2017. Mr DePriest is Managerof Integrity, Damage Prevention & Risk
Management at Marathon Pipe Line LLC, andreplaces Christophe Renier, Industrial AssetsPrograms Vice President at France-based Engie,
who will continue serving on the Executive
Assembly and Executive Board as Past Chair.
The Executive Assembly also elected JeffWhitworth, Manager, Reliability & Integrity- Americas at Shell Pipeline Company, asVice Chair. The Board also seated three
new members on the Executive Board:Gary Buchler, Vice President, Operations
& Engineering with Kinder Morgan; JohnHaldiman, Director - Energy Management &
Technical Services with Plains All AmericanPipeline; and Phu Phan, Regional Director,Western NGL Pipelines & Terminals; withEnterprise Products.
PRCI is a non-prot research organisationthat is comprised of energy pipeline operatingcompanies located in the United States,Canada, Europe, China, South America,Australia, Africa, and the Middle East.
Augmenting the pipeline membership areassociate members drawn from companies inthe United States, Canada, Europe, China,Mexico, Japan, and Australia that serve theindustry as pipe and equipment manufacturers,
service providers, and vendors.
ABOVE: Rosen’s mobile diagnostic unit was onsite for viewing at the unveiling of the company’s new R³ Service.ABOVE: STATS Group completed isolation of a 24 inch pressurised gas line in Qatar.
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NDUSTRY NEWS
Pipelines International ’s readers are a well-
travelled bunch! Our much-loved ‘I ♥
pipelines’ stickers have been all over theworld of late – where will they go next?
Pipelinepostcards
Share your snaps
Take a photo featuring your ‘I ♥ pipelines’ stickerand send it to [email protected] your picture could appear in the next editionof the magazine! Don’t forget to share on oursocial media channels too:
@Pipelines
www.facebook.com/PipelinesInternationalake District, UK.
TDW UK’s Samantha onoliday in Santorini, Greece.
Want some stickers of your own?
Email [email protected]
to join in the fun!
Asakusa district, Tokyo, Japan. Disneyland, Tokyo, Japan.
Pipelines International ’s Associate Editor
at Nara Deer Park, Nara, Japan.
Senso-ji temple, Tokyo, Japan.
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Senior Executive of Dynamic Risk
Assessments USA, Patrick Vieth, saw an
opportunity to create an avenue for young
professionals to acquire the skills and knowledge
they needed, and called on his industry colleagues
for support.
THE YPP IS FORMEDIn March 2015, with the support of Vieth and
the other senior advisors, more than 25 pipeline
industry professionals, all under the age of 35,
were brought together to form what is now the
USA Young Pipeline Professionals (YPP)
organisation.
The YPP, led by Chair Tara McMahan of
DNV GL, has the following objectives: edu cating
young professionals about the pipeline industry,
creating leadership opportunities for the next
generation of professionals w ithin the YPP, and
fostering relationships and building a network for
the betterment of the industry.
The founding members have built several
working groups within the organisation, each of
which assist the YPP in achieving its objectives.
These working groups include Chapter
Development, Education, Volunteerism, and
Event Planning, to name a few.
The YPP made its rst public appearance at its
launch at the Southern Gas Association (SGA)
Operating Conference in Houston, Texas, in July.There, the YPP had a booth in the exhibitor area,
and was given the opportunity to host a breakout
session to promote themselves as well as get
feedback on what people would expect from the
organisation if either they or their employees
joined.
The YPP has since hosted several events for its
members, including a site visit to the Pipeline
Research Council International (PRCI) facility in
Houston, happy hour networking events in the
Houston area, and two technical training
webinars. The webinars to date have been hosted
by leading industry professionals Bryon Winget of
Pacic Gas and Electric, and Dr Keith Leewis of
Dynamic Risk Assessments.
MEMBERSHIP OPTIONSTwo types of memberships are offered within
the YPP organisation: Student Membership,
which is free to students interested in the pipeline
industry, and Standard Membership.
The YPP is actively seeking partnerships with
universities across the country to encourage their
students to join the organisation. The YPP has
also partnered with s everal long-standing pipelineassociations such as the American Society for
Mechanical Engineers, SGA, PRCI, and the
Interstate Natural Gas Association of America to
promote leadership and encourage their young
employees to join.
As the YPP membership pool expands, the
YPP has plans to formulate local chapters across
the nation and continue its education and
networking efforts.
With the baby boomer generation heading towards retirement within the next decade, leaders of the pipelinedustry have recognised the need to transfer the wealth of knowledge to the younger generations, so that theyay accept the duty of care for the pipeline industry.
y Eric Alvarado, Pacific Gas & Electric Company, San Ramon, CA, USA
NDUSTRY NEWS
Young pipeliners lead the way
LOW LEFT: YPP USA meeting in March 2015.
LOW RIGHT: YPP USA networking happy hour inuston, Texas.
For more information on the YPP andits activities, contact Tara McMahan [email protected]
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NEW TEC
These methods rely on changes in ow
parameters, such as pressure, volumetric
or mass ow, to identify potential
pipeline leaks. To date, airborne leak detection
systems have generally been used to monitor gas
pipelines. The overarching goal of the currentwork being done by industry is to determine
which of these technologies is best suited to detect
small uid leaks from pipelines carrying liquid
hydrocarbon products.
NATURAL GAS VS LIQUID PIPELINE
LEAKSTraditionally, liquid pipeline leaks are detected
through CPM systems which compare computer
models of the ow parameters to measured ow
characteristics such as pressure, temperature,
density and ow rate to identify irregularities that
might be associated with leaks. These systems are
typically limited to detecting leaks greater than
approximately one per cent of the total pipelineow, due to the sensitivity of the instr umentation
used and the ability of the models to predict the
ow parameters over the full range of operating
conditions in the pipeline.
To complement these systems, operators have
used a variety of pipeline leak detection
technologies, ranging from in situ sensors such as
bre-optic sensing cables, to visual aerial patrols
and aircraft mounted sensors that periodically
he pipeline industry is investigating the implementation of airborne leak detection surveys that utilisearious sensor technologies in an effort to identify pipeline leaks that may be lower than the detection limits ofaditional CPM (computational pipeline monitoring) methods.
y Corey Drake and Tyler Johnson, C-FER Technologies (1999) Inc.,
dmonton, AB, Canada
EW TECHNOLOGY
Liquid pipeline leak detection from airborne platforms
monitor a pipeline right-of-way (ROW). The
primary focus of aircraft mounted leak detection
sensors has been on natural gas pipelines.
Unintended releases from natural gas pipelines
produce methane plumes, which are easier to
detect due to the distinct absorption spectrum
characteristics of methane, the short time for the
gas to reach the surface of the ground, and the
Joule-Thompson cooling effect produced at the
leak location as the gas expands.
Leaks from liquid p ipelines, however, produce
very different signatures, with the leaked liquid
following the path of highest permeability, until it
ultimately reaches surface. The goal is to detect
these pipeline leaks before the liquid reaches
surface. Sensor manufacturers have been adapting
and developing sensors used in other applications
for this purpose.
AIRBORNE LEAK DETECTION
SENSORS
Through a comprehensive market s urvey, it wasdetermined that the majority of airborne leak
detection sensors that are commercially available
fall into the following categories:
Laser Absorption: This technology is based
on the principle that each individual gas species
absorbs electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at
different wavelengths. A laser is tuned to the
wavelength of the gas of interest. When the laser
light passes through a gas plume of interest, the
gas absorbs some of the beam’s energy, thereby
weakening the reected signal. By measuring this
energy change, the sensor can determine the
presence and concentration of gas along the path
of the laser.
Gas Filter Correlation Radiometry: A
band pass lter is used to select the excitation
frequency of the gas of interest from ambient light
(i.e. sunlight). This ltered EMR is passed through
two gas cells. The correlation cell contains the gas
of interest, whereas the reference cell is evacuated.
When sunlight passes through a plume of interest
and then into the cells, the reference signal from
the evacuated cell will decrease from the energy
absorbed in the plume, but the correlation cell
signal will remain unchanged. The difference
between the two cells’ signals allows the sensor to
identify the presence of the gas of interest.
Thermal Imaging: This method uses a
camera to measure the EMR emitted in the
infrared range (i.e. thermal energy) of all objects
in the eld of v iew. The leaking products areusually at different temperatures than the
surrounding air and soil due to the thermal
signature of leaking uids, evaporative processes
that cool the leaked product, or frictional heating
as the product passes through the small hole or
crack in the pipeline. This technology is often
used to detect fugitive gas emissions from oil and
gas facilities. This method’s biggest advantage is
that it can optically locate the leak.
Flame Ionisation: As the sen
through a gas plume, a portion of
is collected and burned in a hydrog
process generates ions, which are p
the number of carbon atoms prese
sample or the hydrocarbon concen
Visual Inspection: High den
equipment, such as still and/or vid
are often used to record the condi
pipeline right-of-way. The images
reviewed by an operator trained in
inspection, but new automated me
developed to identify signs of leak
disturbance of the ground surface
stress on vegetation overlying the p
To increase the accuracy of thei
to avoid false positives, most techn
use a combination of the above te
However, there are currently no st
verify the ability of these technolo
sub-surface liquid hydrocarbon leait is imperative that these sensors b
independently tested to evaluate th
performance on simulated subsurf
pipeline leaks and to determine th
lower detection limits, which will a
operators in selecting appropriate
LEAKAGE INDICATORSTo evaluate these t echnologies e
C-FER Technologies and Alberta
Technology Futures (AITF), with s
Enbridge, TransCanada, Kinder M
(Canada) and government agencie
laboratory testing and numerical m
gain a better understanding of pos
indicators produced from a liquid p
These indicators include temperat
differentials, volatile organic comp
concentrations, and induced groun
displacement. The numerical mod
upon subsurface liquid hydrocarbo
behaviour and provided informati
the dispersion and evolution of VO
from the leakage point through the
ground surface.Once the VOCs breached the su
acquired were used to develop atm
dispersion models to predict the V
characteristics at several elevations
atmosphere in the vicinity of the
location. A variety of wind conditi
altitudes were analysed to fully cha
gas plume. In addition to VOC m
also numerically modelled the uidOverhead view of the ELDER Test Apparatus.
Isolation Flux Chambers installed on ground surface inELDER Apparatus.
A B
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T
echnology development has improved
dramatically, and nowadays the gas
pipeline designer must respond very
quickly to management demands whereverthey are is and whenever required. In addition,
CEOs are more deeply involved in envisioning
new business opportunities and want to check
for themselves the feasibility of a prosp ective
project and then lead the process from the start
to the end, promoting interaction between all
departments involved in the decision making
process of a gas pipeline project.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
At Work Rio has designed a resourceful and
innovative mobile application that provides
CEOs, managers, and designers with the means
to face the challenges of the ongoing business
environment in the context of gas pipeline design.
The application is designed to work on iPhonesand similar hand-held devices, and comprises:
» GasPipelineDesign:performs cost
estimates, feasibility studies with J-curves,
and thermo-hydraulic simulations, and
produces an executive report, a technical
report, XML les (thermo-hydraulic
model), and a data le for export to
GasPipelineExpansion.
» GasPipelineExpansion:performs cost
estimate for a gas pipeline expansion,
adds compressor stations to an existing
project, does capacity ramp-up and
availability studies, and works with GIS
information and elevation proles.
» CompressorStationDesign:performs
the calculation for a compressor station
design and produces a report with the
technical information necessary to specify
the compressor station units, drivers, and
aftercoolers.
» CompressorPerformance:performs
the detailed and accurate calculation for
an existing compressor unit and supports
operation with a technical and economic
tool to decide if and/or when amaintenance intervention will be required
to re-establish the optimum efciency of
the compressor unit.
These mobile applications have been developed
by Sidney Santos, who retired from Petrobras in
2012 after working for more than 25 years as a
senior consultant and a gas pipeline design
engineer. Using his extensive knowledge of the
technology of pipeline design, as well as
here were the days, decades ago, when a gas pipeline designer would punch some cards and go to anotherom of his company, or even to an outside office, to run a gas pipeline de sign configuration, and then returna scheduled time to get the results. Since then, pipeline design has developed signficantly.
y Sidney Santos, At Work Rio Solutions Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Real-time demand for a gaspipeline design: dealing withmodern challenges
EW TECHNOLOGY
LOW: Laptop computer applications for gas pipelineign.
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ogramming on spreadsheets, Visual Basic, and
#, Mr Santos has worked with qualied
ftware developers to perfect his applications.
s most recent projects at Petrobras prior to
iring were the design of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas
peline (GASBOL), and the expansion of the gas
peline network in Brazil. Mr Santos has also
d key participation in many prospective
ojects such as the Venezuela-Brazil gas pipeline
ASVEN) and the Integration gas pipeline
ASIN). He has also provided consulting
istance to KazTransGas and Intergas Central
ia for the Kazakhstan section of the Trans-Asia
as Pipeline.
RIVING PRINCIPLE
At Work Rio’s applications rely on these key
vers:
» Must be practical and speedy
» Must be simple » Does not require any tr aining.
The application has therefore been designed so
at managers, planners, and engineers can start
ng the application immediately and will take
vantage of it. It is practical, in that it supports
e complete design process for a gas pipeline
ile substantially reducing the working time
rmally required for a conceptual design.
peline modelling is done for each c onguration
the case of GasPipelineDesign and
asPipelineExpansion and does not require any
ditional work, saving time and resources.
It is rapid and has been designed and optimised
run hundreds to thousands of simulations in a
ry efcient way to get the results, including the
ports, within seconds, depending only on the
ality of the internet connection.
HALLENGING SCENARIO
Imagine yourself at a meeting, a restaurant, or
en playing golf, and a fellow CEO asks you
out a new gas pipeline or a branch expansion
– but they only know basic information such as
capacity and length. Then what? Do you quickly
call your commercial, planning or engineering
department, or do you take your smart phone or
tablet and run the case? By using
GasPipelineDesign you can get results by yourself
right away, and can then provide your fellow
CEO with reliable information that may start a
promising business case.
INNOVATIVE MOBILE PRODUCTS
With At Work Rio’s GasPipelineDesign mobile
application, you only need your smart phone,
tablet, or notebook, and a couple of minutes.
With a user-friendly interface that allows access to
a solid and well-designed application ru nning on
a certied environment, a feasibility study in an
executive report – containing the ve best
alternatives for the gas pipeline project with cost
breakdowns and a very handy J-curve – can beobtained in just a moment.
GasPipelineDesign also provides a technical
report containing detailed thermo-hydraulic
information including diameter, ows,
temperatures, number of compressor stations
required, compressor-station spacing, power
requirements, and fuel-gas demand that denes
the conguration of each of the best ve
alternatives. It can also export the thermo-
hydraulic models to third-party gas pipeline
simulator software if required.
At Work Rio’s GasPipelineExpansion mobile
application has two functionalities: (i) a
supplement to GasPipelineDesign; and (ii) an
independent application. It works with the
elevation prole and GIS information on the
route and supports capacity expansion studies for
an existing gas pipeline and capacity ramp-up for
new ones. It also precisely locates compressor
stations along the pipeline’s route. The
application undertakes both technical and
economic evaluations, and runs detailed
thermo-hydraulic simulations for steady-state gas
ows. It uses a responsive, user friendly, and
exible interface to run on a variety of mobile
devices and platforms. It evaluates CAPEX and
OPEX for the gas pipeline conguration, and
thereby helps selection of the best economic and
strategic alternative for a capacity expansion.
Compressor stations for the project can be
allocated with accurate spacing and detailed
capacity, power, and fuel requirements. Detailed
information from conceptual, basic, and executive
design – such as diameter changes, class locations
and their impacts on pipeline wall thickness, gas
supplies, and deliveries – can be incorporated
easily in the gas pipeline model to update the
project. Both executive and technical reports are
produced, with exportable XML les for the
detailed thermo-hydraulic model and a KML le
for Google Earth visualisation of the project.
CONCLUSION
This innovative technology is designed to
improve the design process of a gas pipeline. It is
multiplatform (Mac OSX, Windows, Linux, iOS,
Android) based on mobile devices (smart phone,
tablets, and notebooks), as well as being able to be
run through the web by simply using a web
browser. Following the concept s ummarised by
Harvard’s Michael Porter that “Companies
achieve competitive advantage through acts of
innovation” [1], At Work Rio’s focus is to provide
its clients with state-of-the-art, innovative, and
mobile applications that will improve their
productivity in gas pipeline conceptual designs
and feasibility studies through the use of simple,
practical, accurate, and rapid solutions.
Reference1. Michael E. Porter, 1990. The competitive
advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review,
March, https://hbr.org/1990/03/the-
competitive-advantage-of-nations/ar/1
EW TECHNOLOGY
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These factors, and more, compound
the IT challenges of modern SCADA
systems used to monitor and control
remote critical infrastructures. Virtualisation
offers an efcient opportunity to overcome those
challenges, as well as additional opportunities forSCADA users.
LIMITED EARLY ADOPTIONAs SCADA systems are relied on extensively for
critical architectures, the command and control
sector has to be very cautious about adopting any
new technologies, including the application of
virtualisation.
Early adopters in the SCADA eld
experimented with partial visualisation,
virtualising the less vital components of the
overall architecture such as test and development
systems, decision support systems, and
engineering systems, leaving the production
(polling servers) on their native physical machines.
After learning about virtu alisation technology,
and seeing how well it worked in practice, more
and more companies have extended the
integration of virtualisation into their SCADA
architectures, to the point where the entire system
platform is virtualised, including the production
servers.
Virtualisation of a company’s SCADA systems
can address:
»
Server consolidation For example, a control room could reduce
its server footprint from 12 to two because
the SCADA physical infrastructure is
virtualised as guest virtual machines and
put on two redundant host servers.
» Test and development optimisation
With virtualisation it is easier to maintain
a more complete test system with all
components of the production system
represented (a complete copy of all the
production servers).
» Disaster recovery
Because of the easy relocation, virtual
machines can be very effective in disaster
recovery scenarios and control roomrelocations.
» Online platform upgrades
Virtualisation can play an important role
during a SCADA upgrade process by
virtualising the current system and
moving it to a newer hardware platform,
increasing performance until the new
system is ready.
SCADA’S OPERATIONAL ROOTS
With a typical SCADA architecture it is not
uncommon to have upwards of twenty servers
associated with its operations, not including the
human machine interfaces and remote clients.
With the advent of virtualisation, it is p ossible
to replace the majority of those physical servers.
You can take each of the servers and virtualise
them using a relatively straightforward process.
Here’s how that’s possible: to create a new
virtual machine you are guided through the
process by a wizard that asks which operating
system you’ll be installing. The wizard will then
choose the appropriate defaults for your operating
system of choice, capture all of the hardware
functions of the existing system, and convert itinto a software le. The le is the quest virtual
machine that is placed on a higher performance
server known as the host.
You place several virtual les on just one server
to create the SCADA architecture. To provide the
redundancy needed for high availability, you
would place the backup servers as virtual les on
a second physical server. In the end you have
achieved a major footprint reduction by cutting
n the past several years, virtualisation has been transforming the information technology world. Organisationse faced with ongoing challenge of IT budget reductions, stricter regulatory requirements and the need topport changing business initiatives and drivers.
y Kelly Doran, Schneider Electric, Calgary, AB, Canada
EW TECHNOLOGY
SCADA virtualisation
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e number of servers to two per site, which is a
ajor server consolidation.
HE VIRTUALISATION
EVOLUTIONOn older systems, if a CPU is running close to
capacity, there is some risk it could slow down
mputing to an unacceptable level or lock up
d result in a failover to another server.
In some cases, through virtualisation, a
ADA system could gain as much as a 75 per
nt boost in performance based on increased
mputing power of the newer, more powerful
st servers.
By providing a system where the CPU
lisation is signicantly reduced, it clearly
pacts the computing performance. Lower CPU
mbers result in faster and safer systems and a
tter user experience for all users.
Virtualisation is a business strategy that can
duce costs, strengthen resiliency of the SCADAtem, and enhance capacity for more robust
d advanced IT analysis.
EW TECHNOLOGY
ABOVE: A SCADA control room.
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When selecting a pipelayer or sideboom
for a pipeline construction project,
there are many considerations to take
into account. A pipelayer will be selected based
on the size and weight of the pipe to be installed
and topography of the construction site. These
considerations impact on the lifting capacity of
the pipelayer, transportability and ease of service
required for the project.
“Boom length and machine visibility are two
important factors when selecting pipelayer
equipment. The shorter booms are easier to
handle when moving pipe in slope applications,”
PipeLine Machinery International’s (PLM) Dawn
Rivera says.
“Visibility is just as important, because the
operator needs to be able to see what is going on
around them. Visibility is key for all operations
pelayers and sidebooms are a key piece of machinery on any pipeline construction site. With a wide varietyf machines currently available, and issues such as safety and the environment driving further developmentsithin the industry, Pipelines International outlines key considerations for selecting the equipment that best suitsour needs.
Choosing the right pipelayer for your needs
PELAYERS AND SIDEBOOMS
OVE: The 71H pipelayer offers the pipeline industryolution for a utility-capacity machine in the Tier 4erim/EU Stage IIIB class, designed for lifting 27,200 kg000 pounds).
The all-new Cat® PL83 pipelayer is purpose-built to meet your unique demands providing increased lift capacity,
enhanced slope capability, ease of operation, performance and transportability. The Cat C15 ACERT™ engine meets
global emission standards for U.S. EPA Tier 4 Final/EU Stage IV or Tier 3/Stage IIIA equivalent emission standards,
depending on your region. And like every Cat machine, the PL83 pipelayer is designed for long life, serviceability and
rebuild capability to help keep your owning and operating costs low.
PipeLine Machinery International (PLM) is your global Cat dealer for the pipeline construction industry and
delivers maximum performance through quality machinery, solutions and people – we’re ready to go to work for you.
Lift Capacity at Tipping Point (ISO 8813): 77 111 kg 170,000 lbs.
Operating Weight: 50 492 kg 111,316 lbs.
Net Power (ISO 9249, Tier 4 Final/EU Stage IV): 238 kW 319 hp
Net Power (ISO 9249, Tier 3/EU Stage IIIA Equiv.): 245 kW 329 hp
www.plmcat.com
PIPELAYER SPECIFICATIONS
USA: +1-713-939-0007
Canada: +1-780-377-0336
China: +1-86-10-5960-1509
Netherlands: +31-70-353-8279
Australia: +61-423-394-730
© 2015 Caterpillar. All Rights Reserved. CAT, CATERPILLAR, BUILT FOR IT, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow,” the “Power Edge” trade dress as well ascorporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.
Your Global Partner for Pipeline Solutions
PERFORMANCEAT WORK.
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d is a feature Caterpillar has worked diligently
increase on its newer model pipelayer machines
safety.”
If limited access to the right-of-way is
countered, transporting the pipelayer to site
n be an issue.
Contractors can consider using machines with
ower lift capacity, but use more of them to lift a
ction of pipe. On remote access pipelines or
ojects with tight completion timelines, ease of
vice can be a crucial consideration.
The contractor could also choose to purchase a
ge pipelayer machine with the ability tof-disassemble.
“The Cat® PL series pipelayers have been
gineered to be user friendly for variations, such
the draw-works now being pinned on, in
r-down for transport,” Ms Rivera says.
TABILITYMachine stability remains a known issue with
pelayer and sideboom machinery.
According to Caterpillar distributor PLM,
“Intense scrutiny of the Cat PL models has
proven that the high drive is every bit as stable, if
not more so, than the low drive of the older
machines. Courtesy of extensive engineering
changes, the new Cat pipelayers maintain their
centre of gravity.”
“In addition, the track roller frame length
remains extended, with rear idler positioned
downward, resulting in more track on the ground
to enhance machine stability, especially in slope
applications.”
SAFETYSafety improvements are continually being
made within the pipelayer/sideboom industr y.
Caterpillar pipelayers have a number of
features that have been adapted with safety in
mind.
Ms Rivera says Caterpillar has engineered the
application Roll Over Protective Structure
(ROPS) for each specic PL model pipelayer, as
well as the introduction of mirrors, see-through
points in the cab and shorter blocks, giving better
visibility to the boom.
“New models promise to have a host of safety
features not commonly seen on pipelayers,” she
says.
In addition to built-in safety features or
mechanisms, adequate training is imperative to
ensure safety on the construction site, and this
includes knowing how to properly operate
pipelayer and sideboom equipment. Well-trained
operators and well-maintained equipment are
both crucial to safe pipe laying operations.
“Proper operator education, daily inspections,
and a good general understanding of the generalcapabilities of t he machine leads to a healthier
tractor,” Ms Rivera says.
THE ENVIRONMENTThe pipeline industry is becoming increasingly
mindful of reducing the carbon footprint of
pipeline construction projects. Companies that
manufacture and distribute pipelayer and
sideboom equipment are responding by
developing pipelayers with engines that have
lower emissions.
Ms Rivera notes that Caterpillar meets or
exceeds in every jurisdiction and region of the
globe for emissions standards in all applications
required.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTSEach pipeline construction spread is different,
requiring contractors to think carefully about the
machinery that would best suit the project.
Pipelayer and sideboom manufacturers offer
many different options for pipeline p rojects, while
taking key issues such as safety and the
environment into consideration.
In addition, pipelayer and sideboom machineryis continually developing. The industry continues
to improve the transportability of the equipment,
develop accessories to improve operator comfort
and efciency, and to engineer machinery
required for new trends in the pipeline industry.
“PLM is heavily involved in the r egulatory and
the industry associations as it walks its way into an
ever-changing world of safety and quality,” Ms
Rivera says.
PELAYERS AND SIDEBOOMS
LEFT: The new Cat® PL87 pipelayer is designed to meetthe demands of the pipeline industry for increased liftcapacity, 97,976 kg (216,000 pounds), and meets Tier4-Final/EU Stage IV or Tier 3/Stage IIIA equivalentemissions standards, depending on your region.
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collaborative project that has begun in the UK to
develop a robotic system for inspection of
buried pipework.
MAINTAINING FITNESS-FOR-
SERVICEThe next session of the conference started to
focus delegates’ interest on how to deal with the
ageing infrastructure itself, and the decisions that
are required to maintain long-term integrity and
tness-for-service. Both Dr Brian Leis (of his
consultancy BN Leis Consultants, based in
Worthington, Ohio) and Bill Amend of DNV GL
in Dublin, Ohio, gave their views of the
challenges faced by North American pipeline
operators, and suggested some solutions. Chuck
Harris, of T.D. Williamson in Houston, then
looked at the issue of missing data, which is often
discussed when operators gather together, and for
which there are emerging solutions.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
The second day of the conference had a more
scientic focus, with various presentations on
research projects that are both completed or
underway. Among these, Ton van Wingerden and
his co-authors of DNV GL in Netherlands
discussed dealing with ageing gas pipeline assets;
Paul Roovers of Fluxys, Belgium, and his
co-authors introduced European Pipeline
Research Group project 177/2014 on the
assessment of corrosion associated with girth or
long-seam welds in vintage pipelines; and one of
the event’s co-organisers, Prof. Stijn Hertelé of
the Soete Laboratory, University of Gent, and his
co-authors described the development of collapse
equations for corroded girth welds in vintage
pipelines.
Further equations appeared on the screen in the
presentation by Kamel Tahir of MACAW
Engineering in the UK, with his detailed
presentation of pipeline reliability analysis based
on corrosion-rate updating using Bayesian
inference; and in the presentation by Tobias
Fletcher (of Origin Integrity Management in the
UK) and his co-authors on the application of
inverse advanced defect assessment methodologies.
‘DESIGN LIFE’ AND PIPEL
FATIGUEDr Andrew Cosham, of Atkins
reviewed issues concerning ‘fatigu
co-authored with Dr Phil Hopkins
Cosham pointed out, the ‘design li
is often an arbitrary quantity and d
the true life of a pipeline, and such
to design life does not accommoda
AGEING
ntegrity management plans for ageing pipelines will
eed to place an increasing emphasis on monitoring
atigue due to pressure cycling.
D
C
B
Organised by the Soete Laboratory of
the University of Gent, Belgium, and
Tiratsoo Technical, a division of Great
Southern Press, UK, and in association with
Clarion Technical Conferences of Houston, the
event attracted 110 delegates to its programme
of 30 papers and presentations. We hope here to
give a avour of the topics discussed: sadly, thereis not space to cover each of the papers in detail.
‘AGEING’ VS ‘ OLD’Dr Phil Hopkins of his UK-based company
PHL set the scene with a keynote address that
discussed not only issues of ageing, but also of
competence and the importance (in increasing
order) of training, monitoring, and experience in
achieving this.
As far as ageing infrastructure is concerned, he
pointed out that “ageing is about a plant’s
condition, not about how old the equipment is.
This means that ‘old’ does not necessarily mean
that there is signicant deterioration or damage,
and ‘ageing’ is not directly related to
chronological age.”Continuing this argument, Dr Hopkins said
that ageing assets are often described as ‘old’, and
this word infers s ubstandard; however, ‘old’
simply represents a system that has not been
designed and constructed using contemporary
standards. ‘Substandard’, however, refers to a
system that does not comply with its original
fabrication standards. Therefore, ‘old’ does not
mean substandard. The USA’s National
Transportation Safety Board concurs, with the proviso
that “Although age alone does not indicate that a
pipeline is unsafe, it does make determining the
integrity of pipelines increasingly important”.
NEW TECHNOLOGIESPapers that followed from the rst session of the
conference covered various new and emergingtechnologies that can help operators in inspecting
and identifying issues to do with ageing in their
infrastructure. These included a description, by
Michael Tarkanian of Massachusetts Materials
Technology, of an exciting new concept for
in-the-ditch measurement of the mechanical
properties of steel pipelines with a portable NDT
device, and the use of optical emission spectrometry
for analysing low-carbon steel, described by Otto
Jan Huising of Nederlandse Gasunie.
Robotic internal inspection devices were
introduced by Alexandre Reiss of Inspector
Systems of Germany, following which Gary
Senior, of Pipeline Integrity Engineers of the
UK, described ‘Project GRAID’ (Gas Robotic
Agile Inspection Device), an interesting
he first-ever conference to discuss issues concerning ageing high-pressure oil and gas pipelines was held instend, Belgium, on 5-9 October.
y John Tiratsoo, Editor-in-Chief, Pipelines International
Ageing Pipelines Conference s a hit in Belgium
GEING PIPELINES
A
Delegates enjoyed the networking opportunities offered
he conference.Delegates listen intently to Bill Bruce’s presentation atAgeing Pipelines Conference.
Part of the value of attending conferences such as this is the opportunity to network. The conference dinner
s attended by many delegates and speakers, includingorganizers Prof. Rudi Denys (fifth from left) and Prof.n Hertelé (4th from right).
A social function was held at the end of the second day.tured here (facing the camera) are Bill Bruce (left) andliam Mohr (right), both of whom gave presentations atevent.
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GEING PIPELINES
me-dependent degradation mechanisms:
rrosion and fatigue. This qualitative approach is
rtly due to relatively few pipeline failures
ving been attributed to fatigue. However, as
pelines age, this might change, and it is worth
ting that two of the most serious pipeline
lures in recent years in North America have
en partly blamed on fatigue.
Dr Cosham went on to show that the fatigue
of a pipeline subjected to in-service pressure
cling can be estimated using S-N curves, or
igue-crack-growth calculations using fracture
chanics. The similarities and differences, and
e advantages and disadvantages, of these t wo
thods were discussed, and the presentation
tlined the common pitfalls in fatigue
culations, including the reliance on software
e ‘black box’ approach), the paucity of
ughness data, and the limited understanding of
e rates of fatigue crack growth in a pipeline.
This paper concludes that integrityanagement plans for ageing pipelines will need
place an increasing emphasis on monitoring
igue due to pressu re cycling. Recording and
retaining pressure cycling data is important and,
particularly in the absence of data, crack
detection tools will play an increasingly important
role.
CASE STUDIESThe nal session of the conference included
two case studies. Dr Bob Andrews of MACAW
Engineering reviewed an onshore pipeline failure
investigation in which a 26 inch gas pipeline
constructed in 1972 failed in 2012: after a
detailed investigation, repeated ductile tearing
from large pressure changes was considered the
most likely cause. Moving offshore, Hugo van
Merrienboer of Netherlands’-based TAQA
Energy then considered the use of a negative
exponential expression to predict the failure
frequency of a exible pipeline from casuistic
failure data, and how this process can dene
preventative maintenance challenges.
EXTREME-VALUE THEORY
The event’s nal paper was a second
presentation by Tobias Fletcher, describing the
application of extreme-value theory to pip eline
integrity analyses. As he says in the paper, few
methods exist for estimating failure probabilities,
partly due to the fact that pipeline corrosion-
related failures are rare events. Extreme-value
theory is a branch of statistics that can be used to
estimate the probabilities of the occurrence of
rare events, and the objective of this paper is to
demonstrate how these techniques may be
applied to pipeline integrity assessments to rene
failure predictions and save operator costs.
LOOKING AHEAD
Despite the problems raised by the increasing
age of the pipeline infrastructure (and, maybe, of
those who operate it), comfort can be taken from
the fact that failures do not occur as a
consequence of age alone. This event, which it is
hoped will develop into a series, showed that there
are processes and solutions available for many of
the issues involved and, with care and diligence,there is no reason why the infrastructure should
not continue operating safely for many decades
to come.
June 7-9, 2016 | Calgary, Alberta, Canada
YOUR INDUSTRY
Exclusive exhibit, sponsorship and advertisingopportunities are available.
@petroleumshow
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advancements, crack ILI technology had evolved
considerably since 2007. Following the 2012
release, the pipeline was also re-inspected using a
newer generation tool. This allowed both an
updated condition assessment of the line, and an
opportunity to assess the capabilities of a recently
developed tool.
2012 CRACK ILI RESULTS
Based on the 2012 ILI run, 323 excavations
were conducted on Line 14 to investigate 602
ILI-reported features. These excavations found:
» 113 crack-related true positives (ILI-
reported features that were eld veried),
with corresponding eld measured depths.
» 481 true positives that were not crack-
related. » 8 false positives (ILI-reported features that
did not have a corresponding eld
indication).
» 0 false negatives (features that should have
been detected by ILI but were not).
To support identication of false negatives,
pipe joints targeted for excavation were
completely exposed, with all welds being
inspected. 396 features identied and measured in
the eld were unreported by ILI. However, all of
these were below tool reporting thresholds, and
thus none were classied as false negatives.
The ILI validation process showed that:
» Approximately 95 per cent of ILI-
reported features had eld-measured
depths within +1 tolerance or shallower
(more conservative) than that reported by
the tool. A comparison of ILI and eld
depth measurements is shown in Figure 3.
» Approximately 95 per cent of true
positives with eld-measured depths had
eld predicted failure pressures higher
than that calculated using the tool.
Root cause analysis was conducted on ILI
outliers to understand variances, and the data wascalibrated in accordance with those outliers.
Completion of the 2012 crack management
programme signied that Line 14 was deemed
safe to operate. The ability to make this
assessment was based on having a statistically
relevant quantity of data obtained t hrough
extensive eld correlation with ILI results. This
enabled a thorough understanding of the
detection capabilities of the ILI tool.
Extensive eld validation is crucial to assess
ILI tool performance. In some cases,
re-analysis of raw data is required to
learn from and mitigate ILI miscalls identied in
previous ILI reports. Multiple ILI runs may also be
necessary to establish required levels of certainty.
This article examines a liquids transmission
line that underwent such a programme. Following
a release, previous ILI data was re-analysed, and
the line was re-inspected with a crack ILI tool.
After completion of an extensive excavation
programme, the associated eld non-destructive
examination (NDE)-ILI correlations were used to
validate the ILI. A hydrostatic test was then
completed, and its successful outcome conrmed
the effectiveness of the crack management
programme for the pipeline.
2012 LINE 14 FAILURE
Enbridge’s Line 14 is a 740 km (460 mile)
liquids transmission line located in the USA
(Figure 1). It has a high-frequency electric
resistance welded (ERW) long seam and wall
thicknesses ranging from 0.33 to 0.5 inches.
In 2012, a release occurred under normaloperating conditions (Figure 2), and post-incident
investigations revealed the following:
» The failure was caused by a pre-existing
lack of fusion manufacturing defect
within the ERW seam, which then grew
in-service by fatigue crack growth.
» The pipeline was inspected with an
ultrasonic crack ILI tool in 2007, and an
anomaly had been detected at the failure
location. However, it was not included in
the ILI report.
2007 AND 2012 FEATURE
ASSESSMENT COMPARISON
Following the 2012 release, the 2007 crack ILI
data was reviewed to better understand why the
defect associated with the failure was not
reported. The review found that the ILI tool had
interpreted the anomaly as a benign
manufacturing feature, with the characteristics
identied being below required reporting
thresholds.
These ndings were assessed against current
crack ILI analytical approaches to understand
potential consequences and requirements for
change. From 2007 to 2012, Enbridge’s crack
management programme had evolved considerably:
» The ILI vendor had improved the
precision of its analysis algorithms when
classifying anomalies.
» Enbridge had improved its crack ILI
excavation criteria to better account for
tool uncertainty when assessing feature
failure pressures.The post-incident review found that given the
above changes, the defect attributed to the failure
would have been targeted for excavation under
2012 crack management criteria. This is
summarised in Table 1.
As a result of these ndings, the entire 2007
data set was re-analysed, and subsequent
excavations were carried out.
In addition to the aforementioned analytical
rack in-line inspection (ILI) technology plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of a pipeline.owever, a robust crack management programme requires a safety management system approach, utilising a
omprehensive suite of tools.
y John Munro, Millan Sen and Larry Heise, Enbridge Pipelines Inc.,
dmonton, AB, Canada
IN
Effective implementation of acrack in-line inspectionprogramme
NSPECTION
Crack Assessment
Year
Maximum
Operating Pressure
(MOP) (psi)
Calculated Failure
Pressure (psi)
Met Exc
Criteria
2007 approach 1378 2032 No
2012 approach 1378 1698 Yes
FIGURE 1: Location of Line 14.
TABLE 1: Assessment of Failure Defect (2007 vs. 2012 Crack Management Criteria).
Advancements in analytics need to be retroac
applied to previous data. This may involve
re-calibration of ILI data, or necessitate re-ins
using newer crack ILI technology.
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LESSONS LEARNED AND THE
EVOLVING APPROACH TO CRACK
MANAGEMENT
Maintaining the integrity of a pipeline requires
a safety management system approach and
multiple layers of protection. Learnings from the
2012 incident have been applied throughout
Enbridge’s programmes, with three areas being
highlighted as critical to effective crack
management:
Effective management of changeAdvancements in analytics need to be
retroactively applied to previous data. This may
involve re-calibration of ILI data, or necessitate
re-inspection using newer crack ILI technology.
A robust management of change process needs to
be in place to ensure this is successfully achieved.
The post-incident review found that
modernised approaches to crack management
would have identied the feature, but the 2007data was not re-assessed prior to the incident.
Enbridge now updates historical ILI data using
the newest analytics, and also examines the
impact that modern techniques would have had
on past incidents in a retroactive manner.
Extensive eld validation of ILI results
The strong condence in the performance of
the 2012 crack management programme was a
result of extensive eld data correlation with ILI
results. API 1163, which outlines ILI qualication
guidelines, reinforces the need to calibrate ILI
technology with statistically relevant quantities of
eld data. The volume of data understood to be
required to achieve this increased signicantly
from 2007 to 2012. Furthermore, in 2012 greater
emphasis was placed on ILI outliers and analysis
of their root c auses. These developments allowed
a much higher level of certainty regarding the
integrity of the line prior to hydrostatic testing
than would have been possible in 2007.
It should be noted that API 1163 was revised in
2013 to reect industry learnings since the
original 2005 edition, and it contains signicantupdates on areas such as feature characterisation,
quality of eld non-destructive examination, and
ILI vendor engagement regarding missed defects.
A data-driven reliability approachUse of a data-driven integrity management
model enables the application of reliability
science principles, which provides a quantitative
assessment of ILI performance and uncertainty in
a line. It is this modernised reliability engineering
approach that allowed hydrostatic testing to b e
considered as an additional form of validation,
rather than a necessity. Hydrostatic testing is a
tool that may be leveraged in necessary cases
within a crack management programme;
however, a safe and effective integrity programme
can be achieved without expending the signicant
resources required for this measure.
CONCLUSION
Crack ILI tools have been in use in North
America for over 20 years, and throughout that
timeframe there have been considerable
enhancements in crack detection and sizing
capabilities, data analysis techniques, and overall
execution of integrity management programmes.
The 2012 failure on Line 14 revealed that the
2007 crack management programme was
insufcient for establishing the integrity of the line.
It is only through implementing a comprehensive
crack management programme, in which safety
management principles are incorporated, that
crack ILI technology can be truly effective.
This case study highlights the criticality of:
» Retroactively applying advancements in
analytics to previous ILI data to ensure
anomalies are appropriately identied.
» Validating ILI tool perform
extensive eld data correla
outlined in API 1163.
» Embracing a data-driven i
management model, which
application of a reliability
approach (this also position
testing as an additional too
necessity).
It is important that operators cocrack management programme pe
also share experiences and learnin
communication and collaboration
industry, as part of ongoing effort
pipeline safety.
Disclaimer Any information or data pertaining to
Services Canada Inc., or its afliates, cont
was provided to the authors with the expre
Enbridge Employee Services Canada Inc.
Enbridge Employee Services Canada Inc.
and their respective employees, ofcers, dire
shall not be liable for any claims for loss,
any kind whatsoever, arising from any erro
incompleteness of the information and dat
article or for any loss, damage or costs that
the use or interpretation of this article.
VALIDATION OF PROGRAMME
PERFORMANCE THROUGH
HYDROSTATIC TESTING
Following completion of the 2012 crack
management programme, hydrostatic testing was
conducted. Enbridge routinely undertakes these
tests upon completion of new construction
projects to verify readiness for operation.
However, once pipelines are in service, hydrostatic
testing is primarily used for scenarios where ILI
tool passage is not possible or an ILI technology
suited for the threat is either not available or not
deemed sufciently reliable. For the case of Line
14, hydrostatic testing was used as an additional
validation of the crack management programme’s
performance.
Based on an assessment of the portions of Line
14 that were susceptible to fatigue related failure,
approximately 317 km (197 miles) or 43 per cent
of the p ipeline were tested. The hydrostatic test
was successfully completed without any leaks orruptures, conrming the effectiveness of the prior
crack management programme.
INNSPECTION
This article is the second in a series of three to be published in Pipelines Internation
Enbridge’s experience with best-in-class inspection technology and associated anapproaches. Details of the third article in the series, to be published in the Marchedition, are below:
Reliability engineering: a target-driven approach to integrity managIn the past several years, Enbridge has gathered an extensive amount of data frominvestigative excavations, pipe replacements and hydrostatic tests. This collation oand the analytics that have followed, have resulted in a ‘data-driven’ model usingof reliability engineering to advance pipeline safety.
This methodology allows pipeline conditions to be objectively assessed in terms oof remaining uncertainty by usi ng probability statistics, which are benchmarked historical incident data. The effectiveness of additional measures such as hydrostcan be quantied, allowing operators to determine actions within an overall integmanagement programme decision framework in order to meet required threshol
GURE 2: 2012 failed pipe section.
GURE 3: 2012 ILI Tool Depth Trending.
API 1163, which outlines ILI qualication gui
reinforces the need to calibrate ILI technology
statistically relevant quantities of eld data.
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» Can we solicit an example to help me
condently pig offshore deep water single
ow-line oil tie back?
» How do I know if the line is clean
enough?
» Are EMATs better than laser for IC
prole development?
» Are there checklists that could help choose
what records to retain?
Since the presentations had already been
prepared, the authors were asked to keep these
questions in mind and, where appropriate, add
comments to help address these needs. This
programme arrangement appeared to be an
improvement over the prior Forum in which three
breakout sessions were organised with the aim of
encouraging smaller groups and lively discussions
before coming back and reporting to all.The presentations during the Forum reported
multiple successful ILIs with different tools and
successful inspections in difcult sections of pipe.
Among topics discussed were:
» Robotic tools for inspection of onshore gas
and oil facilities: one paper showed how a
tool was developed to navigate around
large dents and provide three-dimensional
proles for analysis; another showed how
headers were inspected in a pump station
after cleaning and adding access.
» Multiple case studies of on- and offshore
distribution pipelines provided helpful
practical successful examples.
» Planning, scoping, and execution
experiences were discussed in the context
of a non-traditional ILI programme for
the inspection of pre-WWII pipelines and
other vintage onshore pipeline facilities.
» Tool requirements for navigating telescoping
diameters and tight bends, as well as
addressing unique mechanical blockages
with alternate inspection technologies.
» Planning experiences for small-diameter
(NPS 4 and NPS 8) offshore pipelines
between the subsea manifold and the
platform, including cleaning, tight bends,heavy wall segments, pumps for bi-
directional movement, storage tanks for
solvents, water, and dewatering liquids,
lters, temporary launchers and receivers.
» New promising prototypes, including one
portable unit capable of measuring
mechanical properties across ERW and
other seam welds.
» Alternate guided-wave tool experiences
for external inspection on-
» Eddy-current inspection o
buried offshore pipe.
» ‘Computed tomography’, w
a C-Scan of the p ipe, pipe
their contents, such as scal
blockages.
» Multi-disciplinary approac
offshore inspections.
» Fracture mechanics to det
detection criteria and a rev
volumetric wall loss and cr
technology improvements.
» Alternatives to ILI for insp
risers and pipelines.
The 2017 Unpiggable Pipeline S
Forum (UPSF) is coming and new
solve difcult problems are alwaysinstruction and discussion.
Each UPSF programme offers a
unique solutions and can help dete
problem is, address unique constru
and envision alternate solutions. M
inspection tools travel on the insid
like pigs, but not all are internal. T
the box’ and consider placing the i
on the outside of the pipe.
Operators routinely use in-line inspection
(ILI) to monitor the integrity of their
pipelines. They all track internal
and external corrosion threats plus mechanical
deformation, but it is possible to address other
threats with ILI.
The rst day of the Forum included a Q & A
session which allowed discussion of questions that
had been submitted in the registrationquestionnaire and enabling participants orally to
articulate, or email (or tweet), some of their needs
and expectations to the moderator on stage.
A number of needs and desires were raised.
One question was to change the name from
‘unpiggable’ to ‘challenging to inspect’. Those
present thought unpiggable in the event’s main
title was apt; however, in recognition that all lines
are piggable, the organisers suggested the phrase
‘non-traditional approaches for internal
inspection of any p ipeline’ would be a more
accurate description of the succes s presented over
both days.
The discussion raised considerably more
offshore-related questions than expected:
» Can we provide examples of cost effective
external inspections?
»
Can we pig smaller-diameter NPS6 toNPS18 pipe, for 25 miles (40 km)?
» We used sonar bathymetry but really need
a better way to determine wall thickness.
» Spot checks by divers and ROVs are a
start but we need a full UT survey for
integrity.
» Eddy current works well for clad steels but
how can we nd the pits? Do we have to
X-ray?
he Unpiggable Pipeline Solutions Forum (organised by Clarion Technical Conferences and Tiratsooechnical on 12-13 May) aims to present a range of practical and proven solutions that could provide somespiration when thinking about how to tackle a unique inspection difficulty, whether it is on- or offshore, orund in a pipeline or a related facility.
r Keith Leewis reports on the May 2015 event held in Houston, Texas
IN
Unpiggable Forum offers solutionsfor the industry
NSPECTION
Each UPSF programme offers additional unique solutions and can help
determine what the problem is, address unique construction obstacles, an
envision alternate solutions.
Dr Keith Leewis (right) chaired the session at whichrvey Haines gave his presentation.
Exhibitors found an audience who had an enthusiasticerest in their technologies and services, as seen on
tinum Sponsor Quest’s stand.
Dr Keith Leewis opens the Forum.
A B C
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for some reason go on calling Mandarin. It is
certainly a challenge: the grammar is
extraordinarily simple, with no genders, no
singular and plural, no tenses, no conjugations,
but on the other hand I nd the characters hard
to remember and the four tones difcult to get
right, especially for someone like me: completely
nonmusical. I am doing it for fun, not really
because I need it, because almost everyone in
Singapore speaks some English.
As for other languages, I did French and
Spanish at school, German hitch-hiking, in
workcamps, and because of a girl with a beautiful
smile (now a very old lady, I fear), Dutch, because
I didn’t want to live somewhere and not belongand be able to talk to my neighbours and
colleagues, and Russian for my research, so that I
can read theorems in applied mechanics but nd
it difcult to order a glass of beer.
JT: As well as your pipeline engineering
consultancy work, you are also well
known for your Subsea Pipeline
Engineering course that you have
developed with Dr Roger King and
which has been made into an
eponymously titled textbook, now in its
second edition. How did this training
course originate, and how did you get
to know Dr King in this context?
AP: Roger King and I were both working at
UMIST (the University of Manchester Institute
for Science and Technology), and it was
encouraging academic staff to put on short
courses. We tried it, thinking we might run the
course once or twice and then the market would
be used up. Thirty years later we are still doing
it, though the course has changed a great deal
and we are constantly trying new things.
JT: What are your views about the
importance of training and mentoring
in the pipeline industry? Other than
degree or post-degree academic
courses, are ‘conventional’ training
courses such as your own one the best
way of helping those in the industry to
improve their knowledge, or do you see
a better way of doing this in the future?
AP: Education is hugely important, and the
industry needs to take it more seriously. I think it
is best done by a combination of trad itional
courses in core areas such as hydrodynamics and
structures, concentrated short courses on
specialised bits of the subject, and most of all
hands-on experience in design and construction.
Online courses certainly have a role.
JT: Many of your subsea pipeline
engineering designs and solutions have
resulted in developments that were
previously unfeasible, and you have
published many papers featuring
elegant engineering solutions todifficult problems, among which has
been your work on icebergs and their
seabed-scour potential. Which of these
do you see as your greatest
achievement, and why?
AP: It is for other people to judge achievement.
The areas I have most enjoyed are buckle
propagation, Arctic pipeline construction (with
Bob Brown), ploughs (with Allan Reece), and ice
forces on offshore structures.
JT: What challenges does the subsea
pipeline industry have yet to meet, and
will it be able to conquer them?
AP: The challenge is to do things faster and
more cheaply.
In 1944 there was a requirement to construct
small-diameter pipelines across the sea between
England and France, some 100 km wide and up
to 100 m deep, in order to supply the Allied
armies with gasoline. A pipeline had to be
constructed in a single night. The engineers
assigned to the problem came up with two
original and radically different ideas. The rst
trial was a week after the rst meeting. Twentypipelines were built over the following year.
None of that could be done in 2016, more than
70 years later: is it because we know so much
more about it? I think we need to nd ways of
thinking adventurously, and to encourage
innovation rather than discouraging it. But
perhaps that is a subject for another day?
IN
Education is hugely important, and the industry
needs to take it more seriously.
Professor Andrew Pa
Professor Andrew Palmer is knhis contributions to pipelines anoffshore industry, his work as aof engineering, and his successengineering consulting.
Prof. Palmer earned his Bachelin engineering from Cambridgin the UK in 1961 and his doctengineering from Brown UniveUSA in 1965. He spent the nexin research and teaching at the
of Liverpool and Cambridge. Ihe became interested in pipelin
differential settlement induced permafrost as part of design stuthe Alaska Pipeline, and later instructural questions that arose iconstruction of the Forties PipNorth Sea.
In 1975, Prof. Palmer joined Rand Associates, the leading con
in underwater pipelines. He wounderwater ploughs, pipeline cand new techniques for Arctic pHe was the project manager foArctic offshore pipeline, built oof Melville Island in Canada.
In 1985 Prof. Palmer founded APalmer and Associates, a compconsulting engineers specialisinpipelines. It became engaged inprojects on every continent. Afhis company in 1993, he remaitechnical director until he retur
university teaching as Jafar ResProfessor of Petroleum EngineCambridge University in 1996a visiting professor in the DivisEngineering and Applied ScienHarvard University in 2002-20Palmer retired from Cambridgeand became Keppel Chair Pro
the Department of Civil Enginthe National University of Singretired again in 2015.
Prof. Palmer is a Fellow of the Society, a Fellow of the Royal Aof Engineering, a Fellow of theof Civil Engineers, a Charteredand a member of the Society oEngineers. He is the author of and more than 270 papers on poffshore engineering, geotechn
T: Your name is synonymous with the
ell-known pipeline engineering
onsultancy that has now become part
the Penspen group. You formed youronsultancy in 1985: how did this come
bout?
P: It is not complicated! I was pushed out of
J. Brown and Associates. My respect and
miration for Bob Brown did not falter, but
her people were involved. I talked to two or
ee other consultants, but I decided that this
s the right moment to try being a consultant
my own.
T: What sparked your original interest
subsea pipeline engineering? How
d you and Bob Brown, and the other
arly pioneers of subsea pipeline
ngineering, get together?
P: That is a more complicated question, and it
cludes many elements of luck. I had done a
D at Brown University (no relation!) in the
SA. That was on the application of plasticity
eory in geotechnics, nothing to do with
pelines, but as a sideline I did some research
frozen soil, which is a way of getting at the
ermodynamics of soil/water interaction. Five
ars later Brown Univers ity wrote to me. It had
me money to support research onvironmental aspects of geotechnics,
membered that I had worked on frozen soil,
d knew that the Alaska pipeline was much in
e news.
If I could somehow put that together, the
iversity could support me for a summer. I was
en to go, so I networked with contacts in
mbridge and went to see BP’s pipeline
gineers in London. I told them that I was not
oking for money but that I was looking for an
interesting problem. Impressed by my naïve
approach, they told me about differential
settlement on thawing permafrost, and said that
they would be interested if I had any results.After a month I had made a little progress, and
went with the BP group to the project team in
Houston. A year later they called me again, a
phone call that changed my life. “We have some
problems with underwater pipelines”, they said.
“That sounds awfully interesting”, I replied, “but
I don’t know anything about underwater lines.”
“We think that’s an advantage, you’ll bring a
fresh mind to it. Come up here tomorrow!”
I knew nothing, so they had to start off by
telling me what a laybarge is. There were two
urgent problems, one the mechanics of laybarge
pipelaying and the other buckle propagation. I
was able to contribute something, and we went
on from there.
Four years after that, I was tired of university
teaching, and I thought that pipelines had given
me an opportunity to move into engineering
practice, and so I wrote to R.J. Brown and
Associates.
JT: After you and Andrew Palmer &
Associates had parted company, you
became the Jafar Research Professor of
Petroleum Engineering, and a Fellow of
Churchill College, at Cambridge
University in the UK. Had you always
been involved in petroleum engineering
as well as in pipelines, and how did
these two interests combine at the
University?
AP: Andrew Palmer & Associates and I had
parted company on good terms. I had built the
company from one person in a back bedroom to
55 people in three ofces, I had sold it to SAIC,
and it was time to move on. One cannot work in
pipelines without becoming interested in other
aspects of the industry. It would be foolish to try
to be an expert in everything, but Cambridgewas trying to expand its engagement with
petroleum, several other departments were
working on it, and Hamid Jafar was keen and
generously supported my professorship.
JT: You subsequently were appointed
Professor in the Center for Offshore
Research and Engineering of the
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at the National University
of Singapore, which appears to be
another change of academic discipline.
In your time at this University, were
you able to pursue all your previous
interests in pipelines and petroleum
engineering, or did one or other of
them have to take a back seat?
AP: NUS let me do what I wanted. Pipelines
were a starting point, and I initiated a course
and got some truly excellent research students.
I picked up research on gas hydrates from
another professor who had left, and broadened
from that to start courses on petroleum, in a
stimulating collaboration with geologists.
JT: While at the University in Singapore,
and also now that you are living there
having retired from the University, you
are learning Cantonese. Is this an
enjoyable challenge for you, or are you
learning this language for other
reasons? Have you similarly challenged
yourself with learning other languages?
AP: Not Cantonese but standard Chinese, what
they call ‘putonghua’ (‘common speech’) and we
pelines International Editor-in-Chief John Tiratsoo hade recent privilege of sitting down with pipeline veteran
rofessor Andrew Palmer. Professor Palmer has beenstrumental in subsea pipeline engineering design andlutions and is the author of an impressive body ofork of pipeline literature.
Interview with ProfessorAndrew Palmer
NTERVIEW
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Statoil will be tapping into the rich resources
in the Norwegian continental shelf and
transporting the gas via a subsea gas
pipeline to the shore of Norway, in the world’s
deepest laying operation for the size of pipe.
The 482.4 km, 36 inch pipeline was laid at a
depth of 1,260 m and lays claim to a host of
record achievements.
The Polarled Pipeline extends from Aasta
Hansteen to Nyhamna, north of Bergen in
southern Norway. The pipeline will facilitate the
development of Aasta Hansteen and other elds
in the Norwegian Sea.
The pipeline is the rst on the Norwegian
continental shelf that crosses the Arctic Circle,
and will also be the deepest pipeline on the
Norwegian continental shelf – by the Aasta
Hansteen eld the water depth is 1,260 m.
According to Statoil, it will be the rst time a 36
inch pipe is laid in such deep waters anywhere in
the world.
The project includes expansion of the
Shell-operated gas plant at Nyhamna. A separate
pipeline between Polarled and the Kristinplatform will connect new infrastructure to
existing infrastructure on Haltenbanken (Åsgard
Transportation). In addition, preparations will be
made for the tie-in of existing and futu re
discoveries in the area.
FIELD DEVELOPMENTThe Aasta Hansteen eld will be run from
Harstad, Statoil’s new Operations North organisation.
The supply base will be located in Sa
the helicopter base in Brønnøysund.
Field development includes a SP
the rst such installation on the No
continental shelf. SPAR is a oatin
consisting of a vertical column mo
seabed. The installation features co
topsides with processing facilities.
transporting the gas from the seab
platform and further to Polarled w
which will be rst of its kind on th
continental shelf. The hull will be
storage for condensate, and the co
loaded to shuttle tankers at the el
ACHIEVEMENT IN THE AR
CIRCLEIn August, the gas pipeline cons
reported crossing 66 degrees and 3
north of the equator, becoming th
to take Norwegian gas infrastructu
Arctic Circle, opening a new gas h
the Norwegian Sea to Europe.
“With this pipeline, we open upgas to Europe from a completely n
Polarled development Project Dire
Ivarjord said.
RECORD PIPELAYINGAdding to the impressive scale o
the Polarled Pipeline was laid by th
largest pipelaying vessel, ‘Solitaire
installation contractor Allseas.
Record-breakingPolarled Pipeline opens up new gas rou
ROJECTS
The final pipe was recently laid in the Statoil-operated Polarledwhich will open up a new highway for gas from the Norwegian
Europe.
LEFT: The pipeline was laid by the world’s largestpipelaying vessel, ‘Solitaire’ from Allseas.All images source: Statoil.
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The pipelaying work commenced in March this
ar and consists of more than 40,000 pipes, eachwhich is 12 m in length. The pipeline’s
pacity will be up to 70 MMm3/d of gas.
During the start-up in March the pipeline was
lled in to Nyhamna and during September,
ived at the Aasta Hansteen eld.
EVELOPING THE NORWEGIAN
AS INDUSTRY
In late 2012 Statoil, together with the other
partners in Polarled, submitted the plan for the
pipeline’s installation and operation to theMinistry of Petroleum and Energy. The
investment for the Polarled development is
estimated at US$4.38 billion.
Initially, only gas from Aasta Hansteen will be
transported through Polarled, however the
pipeline has space for more.
“We have therefore installed six connection
points or future slip roads to the new gas
highway,” said Mr Ivarjord.
“Polarled will open up for gas export to Europe
from a completely new gas province, and with theinfrastructure in place it will also be more
attractive to explore the surrounding area.”
ROJECTS
A: Welding on the Polarled project.
B AND C: During operations, it took six boats in shuttletraffic to keep the two cranes on Solitaire supplied withpipe around the clock. Each pipe is 12.2 m long and weighs12–15 tonnes and the pipelaying vessel laid around 4 kmof pipes a day. This meant that it needed a supply of morethan 300 pipes a day, filling two to three boats every day.
D: Pipe with this diameter has never before been laid thisdeep. Polarled will also be the deepest pipeline on theNorwegian continental shelf.
DC
A B
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The sampling rate for each ISO-Group is then
determined. We chose to use the approach set out
in ISO 2059, which imposes a sampling rate of
between zero per cent for ISO-Groups with very
low potential of failure, to 100 per cent for
ISO-Groups with a very high risk level.
In practice, for the TIGF network, this
produces a zero rate for just under half the
network and inspection rates of between twoand nine per cent for the bulk of the
remainder.
This sampling rate should provide the
condence that the model reects the condition
of the network. If initial samples do not conrm
this then the model can be recalibrated by
adjusting the threshold risk levels or KPIs, which
will feed through to a higher, or lower, targeted
inspection campaign rate.
CAPTURING INSPECTION DATAWe are still working on ways to capture and feed
back the inspection data, and, as the data collection
continues across the system, we expect to modify
the model. This is one benet of the system; that it
is alive and can change as data changes. The heart
of the model is the correct assessment of risk and
the identication of each section of pipe and its
environment so that it is placed in the appropriateISO-Group. The model and system has been
developed for TIGF but its principles are equally
applicable to other networks, other databases, and
other regulatory environments.
The ISO-Group system will deliver condence
for both operator and regulator that the integrity
of cased pipelines is being managed effectively
while delivering an optimum allocation of
inspection resources.
Cased pipelines present operators with
a particular problem for asset integritymanagement. They are safe and
otected by their casings, and so should have
extremely low failure rate. At the same time,
wever, the casing makes inspection and repair
pensive and consumes a lot of resources.
here have been occasional incidents of cased
pe failure, so they cannot be ignored. The
oblem operators and regulators face is to nd
roportional and pragmatic way to allocate
pection resources so that potential failures of
ed sections of pipeline are found before they
come a problem, while not wasting inspection
ources.
The answer lies in a risk-based approach which
nties different types of cased pipeline and
ferent threat environments, categorises them
o corrosion families with the same corrosion
haviour, then uses a Bayesian approach to
velop a smart sampling rate. Enough sections
cased pipe of each type have to be opened up
inspection to give a reasonable certainty that
ey present a statistically valid picture of the
ndition of the whole family, but no more
an that.
SK-BASED APPROACHTIGF, a gas transmission operator with an
tensive pipeline network in France, decided to
ild an integrity system for its network and chose
reau Veritas as its partner to develop its
k-based approach since 2006. Specic work
out cased pipelines began in 2014 and the
seline data gathering for the integrity system
plementation is currently underway.
A cased pipeline is a section of pipe protected
by a casing that acts as a mechanical barrier.These usually appear at crossing points with road
or rail and the sheathing material may be
concrete, steel, or, in exceptional cases, some
other material. Some of these sections of cased
pipe may be inspectable by pigging, but many are
not tted to this type of inspection method due to
shape, size or uid conditions.
ECDA (External Corrosion Direct Assessment)
can give a one shot picture of pipeline condition,
and other methods such as endoscopy and guided
waves can be used to assess some sections or parts
of them. Unfortunately, none of these methods
give a full, reliable and ongoing picture of the
condition of the entirety of the cased pipes. The
only way to do that is to dig them up, open the
casing and physically inspect the pipeline.
Opening casings is expensive and time
consuming, but international best practices based on
risk-based methods are acceptable. These can be
coupled with a sampling regime that means only a
limited number of cased pipes need to be opened to
give condence in the integrity of the network.
A correctly-congured system will include a
self-feedback mechanism which incorporates the
results of sampling and inspection to adjust therisk levels of each c orrosion family, and so in turn
adjust the inspection rates. The model innovates
itself constantly as inspection results reinforce
condence in the model or are used to adjust the
model to what is discovered on the ground.
DATA COLLECTIONBuilding the asset integrity system for cased
pipes begins with collecting the data on all the
different types of cased pipe within the system,
and building risk trees showing the threats to each
type. Age, the presence of water table, and
coating type are some of many determinants of
risk level.
A good database is needed to collate the data
and threat types that can then be analysed to
divide the cased pipelines into families, which we
call ISO-Groups. Each ISO-Group gathers
different systems with similar corrosion behaviour
and characteristics and similar criticality offailure. We set ve different threshold levels of
corrosion behaviour to enable us to divide the full
system into manageable ISO-Groups with
statistically similar potential of failure. Setting the
correct threshold corrosion levels or KPIs is vital,
as these are correlated with other characteristics
such as age and presence of water to determine
into which ISO-Group each section of cased pipe
should fall.
rance’s Bureau Veritas and TIGF have developed a smart samplingpproach which delivers better allocation of inspection resources for thetegrity management of cased pipelines.
y Murielle Bouchardy and Karine Kutrowski, Bureau
eritas, Paris, France; and Anne Chauvancy and
hristophe Drevond, TIGF, Pau, France
Cased pipelineintegritymanagement
INTEGRITY MANNTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
Bureau Veritas is a world leadtesting, inspection, and certiservices. It delivers a wide ranrisk-based asset integrity mansolutions for O&G operators.
For more information go to www.bureauveritas.com
TIGF is a natural gas storagegas transport company operaunderground storage tanks anthan 5,000 km of pipelines in
For more information go to www.tigf.fr
A: Opening a cased pipeline is time consu
B: Excavations may be required.
C: Inspecting a cased pipeline.
A
B
C
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risk estimation by assuming perfect information
inputs allows a better evaluation of the
appropriateness and capability of the risk
estimation itself. The role of data accuracy is very
important but confuses the evaluation of other
components.
COMPLETENESS
It is not practical to capture all possible risk
issues in a certication or ‘test’ dataset. Therefore,
a test using a provided dataset will likely not prove
model performance against all possible risk issues.
Think again about our ‘leaning tree incident’.
At rst glance, it is tempting to say that missing a
‘one-in-a-million’ threat like that is not as ser ious
as missing a m ore frequent threat. However, what
is generally a miniscule threat when viewing
thousands of miles of pipe over many years can
be the primary threat for a specic location at a
specic time. The ‘one-in-a-million’ scenario is
only appropriately ignored when it truly is that
low everywhere (and will not become signicant
when aggregated).
OPPORTUNITY FOR
COMPLETENESS
For certication purposes, we make a
distinction between actually recording the threat
versus having the opportunity to record the
threat. If we s ee the dead tree leaning over the
marker post directly over the pipeline, but have
no way to capture this in the risk assessment, therisk assessment is awed. On the other hand, a
risk assessment that is ready to capture and assess
this obscure scenario meets minimum
requirements, even if that threat was not input.
Falling objects should already be a consideration,
and this particular scenario should be additive to
all similar scenarios – e.g. falling buildings, utility
poles, rockslides, etc. All threats are analysed via
independent evaluations of the exposure,
mitigation, and resistance elements
(see previous articles).
ACCURACY
So, a certication-seeker has produced risk
estimates using their risk estimation processes on
the test data. What if their risk estimates differ
signicantly from the benchmark results? Without
agreement on ‘true’ risk estimates, how can
certication be accomplished? The answer is that
‘correct’ risk assessments can produce a wide
range of risk estimates for exactly the same
scenario, depending on factors such as:
» assumptions employed when information
is missing or weak
» target level of conservatism desired.
Furthermore, since our risk estimates must
contain elements of probability, we will usually
not know their true accuracy for decades, soinsistence on matching certain numeric values is
not appropriate. For certication purposes, as for
many other uses, the risk prole is the key. The
prole is often the most useful output of the risk
assessment. This means it is also a central element
of a certication.
A prole shows changes in risk along the
pipeline route and demonstrates aspects central to
acceptability of risk estimation:
» locations of directional chan
» magnitudes of changes
» drivers of changes
» aggregations of multiple is
same location
» comparisons between any
» comparisons between simi
(e.g., perhaps identical rou
different products or opera
characteristics).
All of these prole-demonstrate
should be fully consistent with the
science and engineering of the pip
potential. That is what makes the
process acceptable and worthy of
Matching exact numerical estimat
not necessary – other objective crit
for numerical differences can be em
GAINING CERTIFICATIONTo conclude this initial discussio
recognise that 1) growing stakehol
can be at least partially addressed
evaluation of pipeline risk manage
and 2) producing a fair and useful
risk management processes require
and planning. As described here, t
underway!
RISK MAN
What is generally a miniscule threat when vie
thousands of miles of pipe over many years c
the primary threat for a specic location at a
time.
CERTIFICATION
With growth in both the number of pipelines
and their neighbouring receptors, there is more at
stake from pipeline failures. Formal pipeline risk
management is now an essential aspect of owning
and operating pipeline facilities. Stakeholders are
requiring increasing levels of assurance t hat the
risk management programme is truly effective.
This article begins a discussion on certication of
risk management processes, i.e., gaining
assurances for stakeholders that currently used
processes are at least appropriate, if not robust
and optimum.
Terms like validation, verication, and
calibration, while not universally dened, logically
seem intertwined. Let’s adopt the term certication
to cover all and say that a certied process is one
that meets or exceeds minimum acceptability
requirements. More on that in a later article.
FOCUS ON RISK ESTIMATIONUntil a long track record demonstrates how
well risk management was done, a programme’s
effectiveness is best evaluated in terms of its
components. First and foremost, good risk
management requires good risk assessment. If the
risk is not well understood, how can management
of risk be effective? So, assurance of good risk
management logically begins with an examination
of the embedded risk assessment process.
Risk assessment involves the general steps of
data collection, data integration, assignment of
values for missing information, and production of
risk estimates. As a rst step in certifying an
overall risk assessment, it makes sense to begin
with the last task – producing risk estimates.
Why focus on risk estimation, i.e., the risk
models, rst? Two compelling reasons include
that 1) it is a current area of US regulator
concern and 2) good risk estimation offers some
assurance of effective ‘downstream’ processes.
The rst general question in the certication
effort is: Can the risk assessment model produce
true risk values? That is our topic now. For future
certication steps, the words ‘does’ and ‘will’
replace ‘can’ in the same question. Answering this
requires subsequent evaluation of the other parts
of the overall risk management process – again, a
future topic.Ideally, subjectivity will be largely removed
from the certication process. In this rst
certication step, objectivity is achieved by having
certication-seekers produce risk estimates from a
set of information for which the risk issues are
well known. That is, perform a risk assessment
with a standardised, assumed-accurate dataset
and compare results with the previously-
determined risks. Isolating the mechanics of the
n operator recently experienced damage to theirpeline when a metal pipeline marker post was drivento the ground by a falling tree – the ‘leaning tree
cident’. This is certainly not a common pipeline failureenario. How much criticism against a risk assessment isarranted if this obscure event is missed?
y W. Kent Muhlbauer, WKM
onsulting, Austin, TX, USA
Certifcations: The Leaning Tree Incident
ISK MANAGEMENT
For more information visitwww.pipelinerisk.net
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» Defect Assessment in Pipelines
» Pipeline Integrity Management
» Pigging and In-line Inspection (ILI)
» Advanced Pipeline Risk Management
»
DOT Pipeline Safety Regulations –overview and guidelines for compliance
» Introduction to Excavation Inspection
and Applied NDE for Pipeline Integrity
Assessment
» Defect Assessment Calculations Workshop
» Pipeline Repair Methods, Hot Tapping
and In-service Welding
» Managing Cracks and Seam Weld
Anomalies on Pipelines.
Full details of the courses, including the
syllabuses and information on course presenters,
can be found at www.ppimhouston.com
TIP 2: PLAN YOUR CONFERENCE
SESSIONS AHEAD OF TIMEPPIM’s strong history ensures the conference
attracts the industry’s best speakers to its
programme. Technical papers will cover utility
tools and new applications, ILI interpretation,
cracks and their identication, welds andmaterials, offshore issues, risk assessment, ILI data
assessment, and a number of case studies.
This year, the PPIM conference programme
will again include a two-stream section on Day 2.
Make sure to carefully review the papers in each
so you don’t miss out on your topic of choice.
See the draft conference programme on pages
54 to 55. Updates will also be available on
Clarion’s website leading up to the event.
TIP 3: REVIEW THE EXHIBFLOORPLAN AND HIGHL
COMPANIES OF INTERESThe sold-out exhibition is an ex
to see the latest products rst hand
one-on-one with company represe
can provide tailored advice to spec
In 2015, over 100 of the world’s
of pigging, ILI, and integrity man
services will be represented, so it is
you know where the companies yo
in are located.
See the oorplan on pages 52 an
TIP 4: TAKE ADVANTAGE
NETWORKING OPPORTU
The exhibition is also a great pl
networking opportunities not only
day, but also at evening networking
Don’t miss out on your chance t
with management and eld operat
from transmission companies conc
improved operations and integrity
product and service providers, and
and developers leading the way in
innovations for the industr y.
HOW TO REGISTERRegistrations are available now
website: www.ppimhouston.com
Make sure you start 2015 inform
practices and products shaping the
in-line management industry – reg
4 January 2016 for the PPIM Con
bird discount.
Held annually in Houston, Texas, USA,
the PPIM Conference and Exhibition
is the world’s only forum devoted
exclusively to pigging for maintenance and
inspection, and pipeline integrity evaluation and
repair.
The event is supported widely by the industry,
including major event sponsors ROSEN, RCS
NDE Specialists, Precision Pigging, SGS, NDT
Global, Integrity Solutions NDE, A.Hak,N-SPEC Pipeline Services, T.D. Williamson, and
RSH Energy.
The event draws engineering management and
eld operating personnel from both transmission
and distribution companies concerned with
improved operations and integrity management.
Organised by long-standing pipeline industry
training and conference providers Clarion
Technical Conferences and Tiratsoo Technical,
the event is designed to provide attendees with the
opportunity to tailor a programme to meet their
needs – whether interested in in-depth learning,
industry and technology overviews, or hands-on
discussions about the latest products and services.
TIP 1: UPGRADE YOUR SKILLS TO
INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICEA range of technical training courses will
precede the PPIM conference, allowing delegatesthe opportunity to upgrade their skills to industry
best practice.
In an industry driven by innovation, keeping
your skills up-to-date is crucial. The technical
training courses are an excellent opportunity to
make sure that your industry capabilities are
taken to the next level.
The courses will run from 8-9 February and
will include:
ow in its 28th year, the Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management (PPIM) Conference and Exhibition, beingeld on 8-11 February, attracts over 2,000 attendees active in the pipeline integrity sector from around theorld. As official media partner of the event, Pipelines International provides you with some tips to get the mostut of the four-day event.
UPCOMIN
How to get the most out of the2016 PPIM Conference andExhibition
PCOMING EVENTS
A: Delegates at the 2015 PPIM Conference.
B: The exhibition hall provides a great opportunity tonetwork with other industry professionals.
C: Delegates the latest products with PPIM exhibitors.
D: Technical papers at the conference will cover a variety oftopics. Turn to page 54 for more information.
A B
C
Save the date
8–11 February 2016,Marriott Westchase Hotel,Houston, TX, USA
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135133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126
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UPCOMIN
PPIM ExhibitorsPCOMING EVENTS
heck out the latest technology, products and services at the PPIMxhibition. Over 100 of the world’s top providers of pigging, in-linespection, and integrity management services will be represented. Here,pelines International highlights its key supporters in attendance, and the
vent’s major sponsors.
PLATINUM SPONSORPrecision Pigging is pleased to be a Platinum Sponsor of PPIM 2016. Providing high-resolution geometry/deformation services to the pipeline industry for over 15 years, Precision Pigging continues to experience anextraordinary rate of growth. State-of-the-art technology, ongoing research and development, and commitment toproviding the highest level of customer s ervice distinguish Precision Pigging’s approach to integrity management.
Rapid onsite deployment capabilities with single-contact project management allows Precision Pigging to meet the schedule-dependent needs of their clients with ease. 2016 will mark a new era of further growth for Precision Pigging.Visit Precision Pigging at booths 117, 119, 128 and 129.
Champion Process Inc. (CPI) is a global leader in ltration and process equipment. Whether a projethe removal of pipe scale, or dirt or debris to prevedownstream equipment, CPI has the solution.
Visit CPI at booths 503 and 505.
Power Associates International, Isingle source for a complete line otesting equipment and supplies. M
its equipment is also available for rental and export. The com30 years in the business, serving the needs of the pipeline indis in a unique position to assist in solving your problems quiccost effectively. The company utilises its engineering and techexpertise, as well as practical experience derived on-site, to delsolution that provides all equipment and supplies for pipeline t
Visit Power Associates International at booth 411.
PLATINUM ELITE SPONSORRosen is a leading, privately-owned, company providing innovative product andservice solutions for the inspection, integrity and rehabilitation of complex oil
and gas infrastructures. For over 30 years, the company has provided the industry with advancedinspection solutions to ensure safe and economical operation of a wide range of assets and facilities.The Rosen Group operates in more than 100 countries and employs over 2,000 people.Visit Rosen at booths 201 and 300.
Pigs Unlimited International, Inc. has been a trusted manufacturer of pipeline pigsfor over 20 years, but as its ‘unlimited’ name suggests, the company offers much more.Stop by Pigs Unlimited’s booth to check out its full line of innovative pigging productswhich include several styles of closures, launcher/receivers, pig detectors, revolutionarytransmitters and receivers as well as the company’s new disposable transmitters,
featuring industry leading run-time and a completely sealed body at a reasonable price.Visit Pigs Unlimited at booths 316 and 217.
L I I E LI E E E / EF I E E I CE
Precision Pigging,LLC
Clock Spring will be exhibiting several products at PPIM 2016. As always, the original ClockSpring for pipeline repairs and reinforcement will be the focal point, in addition to severalderivative products. New to the Clock Spring booth this year will be the demonstration of
the Conformable Eddy Current Array. The array is a corrosion mapping tool used t o create a ‘digital rubbing’ of corrosionon a pipeline. The device can quickly scan, map, and calculate maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) in a matterof seconds, and the les can be easily emailed from a laptop computer that is used in the eld. The array is es sential toconrming in-line inspection data and MAOP verication.Visit Clock Spring at booth 218.
Quest Integrity Group provides turnkey pipeline integrity management services, including highly
accurate, technology-enabled inspection and advanced assessment solutions focused on unpiggableand difcult to inspect pipelines, as well as project management and in-line inspection support.InVistaTM is an ultrasonic in-line inspection technology that accommodates 3–24 inch diameters,
is bi-directional and provides 100 per cent overlapping coverage of geometry and metal-loss features in a single pass.LifeQuestTM Pipeline software provides advanced tness-for-service assessment using 100 per cent of the inspectiondata. The advanced inspection and assessment solution provides maximum allowable operating pressure for the entirepipe length and follows API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 local thinning assessment methodology. Quest Integrity Group is aTEAM Industrial Services company.Visit Quest Integrity Group at booths 132 and 133.
SILVERAttending PPIM 2016 next February? If so, you probably know that thinternational exhibition and conference provides attending operators wexceptional technical presentations and hands-on opportunities. H owalso know that this year’s attendees will benet from several new oppo
further their professional development, increase the throughput of their systems, anthe long-term integrity of their assets? Global pipeline service provider T.D. Williamin attendance as an event Silver sponsor to present topics such as acquiring actionabinspection data in low-pressure, low-ow c onditions, as well as to provide one-on-onrevenue-driving technologies, such as automated pig launching and receiving. Schedadvance with a TDW expert: [email protected]
Visit TDW at booths 120, 122 and 124.
GOLDNDT Global provides in-line inspections (ILIs) operating with a grouskilled pipeline specialists. For offshore and onshore ILI, NDT offersresolution magnetic-ux leakage and ultrasonic wall-thickness and cr
tools. NDT also provides sophisticated mapping, data- integration and data-managcapabilities.
Visit NDT Global at booths 114 and 116.
Enduro is a ‘vertically integrated’ manufacturer/supplietypes of pipeline scraper – metal body, uni-body (all ueruni-directional and bi-directional applications – used tomaintain pipe international surfaces, complete line of at
offered to accomplish all pigging applications and uses. Visit Enduro Pipeline Services at booths 211, 213, 215, 310, 312 and 314
STATS Group is a specialist engineering company and service providoperates in the eld of piping and pipeline integrity and maintenancprovides full-service capability for the maintenance, repair and modioil and gas installations and pipelines, on- and offshore. Its range of pservices enables piping and pipeline isolation, intervention, inspection
connection, and testing work scopes. Visit STATS Group at booths 109 and 111.
Girard Industrieshas been a leadingmanufacturer of
pipeline pigs since 1968 and continuesto manufacture a full line of pipeline
cleaning pigs including steel-mandrelpigs, polyurethane spheres, polly-pigs,soli-cast polyurethane Turbo Pigs, as wellas replacement cups and discs for any pigon the market. Girard’s product line alsoincludes spheres cups and discs in bothneoprene and nitrile, pig detectors, pigtracking equipment, and other pigging-related products.
Visit Girard Industries at booth 705.
Halfwave is a global leader in inspection services based on acoustic resonance technoland gas industry. The company’s Pipeline and Subsea Inspection division offers servicthe ART Gas Scanner and other services under development.
Visit Halfwave at booth 410.
GOLD SPONSOR
GOLD SPONSOR
SILVER SPONSOR
SILVER SPONSOR
SILVER SPONSOR
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UPCOMIN
PPIM Conference Programme
PCOMING EVENTS
echnical papers at the PPIM Conference will cover utility tools and new applications, ILI interpretation,acks and their identification, welds and materials, offshore issues, risk assessment, ILI data assessment, and aumber of case studies. See below for the event’s draft programme at the time of print. Visit the PPIM websiter updates closer to the event, www.ppimhouston.com
Register now at www.ppimhouston.com
uesday 9 February
Exhibition opens, 5:00 pm – Reception in Exhibition
Wednesday 10 February
:30 Introduction
:45 [1] ‘Competency’ in engineering by Michelle Unger, Rosen Group, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, and Dr Phil H opkins, Phil Hopkins Ltd, Whitley Bay, UK
:15 [2] Benets of automated pigging by Roxy Mounter, WeldFit Energy Group, USA, and David Wint, Audub on Field Solutions, USA
:45 [3] Automated pigging systems: what are the real benets?by Abdel M. Zellou and Dr Mike Kirkwood, T.D. Williamson, Abu Dhabi, UAE, and P.J. Robinson, T.D. Williamson, Tulsa, OK, USA
0:15 Coffee
1:00 [4] Hydrotesting and ILI: now and the futureby Dr Mike Kirkwood, T.D. Williamson, Abu Dhabi, UAE, and Jerry Rau, RCP, Houston, TX, USA
1:30 [5] Rational test pressure levels for mitigating the pipe manufacturing defect integrity threat in natural-gas pipelinesby Michael Rosenfeld and Jing Ma, Kiefner/Applus-RTD, Columbus, OH, USA
2:00 [6] A predictive model for optimizing hydrostatic test pressures in seam-welded pipelinesby Dr Ted Anderson, Team Industrial Services, Denver, CO, USA
2:30 Lunch
30 Offshore topics
[7] Preparing for successful ILI runs: a case studyby P.J. Robinson, T.D. Williamson, Tulsa. OK, USA
[13] Caliper ILI experience in deep water: the Brazil pre-salt areaby Vinicius Lima, Jose Augusto da Silva, and Rodrigo Antunes,PipeWay Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
:0 0 [ 8] A ca se s tudy o n i nt el li ge nt p ig gi ng at CB/O S2by Satish Jami, Cairn India Ltd, India
[14] Implementing a pipeline-integrity-management system for lifeextension of the mature offshore NW Java eldby DedyIskandar, PT Pertamina Hulu Energi, Indonesia
:30 [9] Robotic ILI of a Transco pipel ine in an urban areaby Casey Lajaunie, Williams, USA, and Jonny Minder, Diakont,USA
[15] ILI concept studies for challenging offshore systemsby Michael Schorr, Rosen Technology & Research Centre, Lingen,Germany
:00 Coffee
:30 [10] Better data: methodologies and best-practices for achievinghigher-quality inspection resultsby Ron Maurier, Quest Integrity, Denver, CO, USA
Panel SessionIn-Ditch NDE Technologies for Detecting and Sizing Cracks
and Seam-Weld Anomalies
Moderator: Sergio Límon, Stress Engineering ServicesPanelists:
Stephen Cox, SGS Pipeline Integrity Assured SolutionsHarvey Haines, Applus RTD / IWEXShayan Haque, JENTEK SensorsSean Riccardelli, Riccardelli Consulting Services (RCS)Greg Schow, Athena Industrial Services/ECHO 3DMartin Theriault, Eddy
:00 [11] A val idated asses sment methodology for dent fa tigueby Aaron Lockey, Penspen, Newcastle up on Tyne, UK
:30 [12] Risk maturity: moving towards risk as a competit ive advantageby Matthew Hastings and Matt Bayne, Williams, Oklahoma City,OK, USA
:00 End o f d ay : R ec ep ti on i n e xhib it io n
Thursday 11 February
Crack topics Data topics
8 :0 0 [ 16 ] L es so ns le arne d f ro m ILI -to- e ld datacomparisonsby Dr Tom Bubenik, Matt Ellinger, andPamela Moreno, DNV GL, Dublin, OH,USA
[23] Successful management of the pip elinecracking threat using an ultrasonic ILI tool:a case study
by Millan Sen, Enbridge Pipelines,Edmonton, AB, Canada
[30] Big-data analytics appliedmanagement
Mauricio Palomino, GE Oil anMatt Nicholson, Columbia PipUSA, and Elaine Horn, Accen
8 :3 0 [ 17 ] Ut il iz in g spra y- pi g te ch no lo gy to trea ttop-of-the-line corrosionby Stephen Miska, Woody Smith, and EricFreeman, T.D. Williamson, Tulsa, OK, USA
[24] Detection and depth sizing ofstress-corrosion cracking in pipelines usingtangential-eddy-current array
by Joël Crépeau, Eddy NDT Inc, Canada
[31] Utilizing modern data anfor pipeline risk assessmentby David Mangold and Ryan Integrity Plus, USA
9 :0 0 [ 18 ] Sen so rs on everythi ng : a ne w s trat eg yfor pipeline inspectionby Steve Banks, i2i Pipelines Ltd, UK
[25] Deterministic and probabilisticapproaches for scheduling mitigations ofcrack-like anomaliesby Jing Ma and Michael Rosenfeld, Kiefner/Applus-RTD, Columbus, OH, USA
[32] Overcoming missing or inpipeline data in ageing assetsby Chuck Har ris, T.D. WilliamTX, USA
9:30 Coffee
10:15 Materials topics
[19] Effect of calibration of measurementson integrity reliability analysisby Karmun Cheng, Mona Abdolrazaghi,Sherif Hassanien, and Alex Nemeth,
Enbridge Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB,Canada
[26] Detection of crack initiation based onrepeat ILIsby Michael Palmer and Christopher Davies,MACAW Engineering, Newcastle upon
Tyne, UK, and Markus Ginten, RosenTechnolgy & Research Centre, Lingen,Germany
[33] Comparison of in-situ, nprocedures for determining thstation piping and ttingsby Bill Amend, DNV GL, Dub
USA, and Troy Rovella, PaciElectric Co, USA
1 0: 45 [ 20 ] Usi ng he li ca l- e ld EMAT tocharacterize stress-corrosion cracking by Shanker Shrestha, Adrian Belanger, andRobert Meyers, T.D. Williamson, Tulsa,OK, USA
[27] A study of crack-detection ultrasoniccalls relating to the different types ofcracking discovered in pipelines when usingCD ILIby Geoffrey Foreman, Jeff Sutherland, andPetra Senf, PII Pipeline Solutions, Calgary,AB, Canada
[34] Effect of truncating pipe distributions on reliability resuby Charles Watt, Stephen BottHaider, Enbridge Liquids PipeEdmonton, AB, Canada
1 1: 15 [ 21 ] How th e l at es t e nh an ce me nt s i nultrasonic-wall-measurement ILI technology
benet engineering-criticality assessments: acase study
by Stephan Tappert, Albrecht Schmid,Irinya Lachtchouk, and Jane Dawson, PIIPipeline Solutions, Calgary, AB, Canada,and Amanda Kulhawy and Stpehen Bott,Enbridge Liquid Pipelines, Edmonton, AB,Canada
[28] Applications of relative calibration ofcrack and corrosion ILI databy Mona Abdolrazaghi, Sherif Hassanien,and Janine Woo, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB,Canada
[35] A portable NDT device fproperties of pipelines during by Michael Tarkanian, StevenBrendon Willey, Kotaro TanigSimon Bellemare, MassachuseTechnology, Cambridge, MA,
1 1: 45 [ 22 ] Aspec ts a nd deni ti on of IL I a no ma lysizing accuracyby Johannes Palmer, Rosen Technology &Research Centre, Lingen, Germany
[29] Continuous depth sizing of ILIultrasonic crack detectionby Marius Grigat, Abdullahi Atto, and JensVos, Rosen Technology & Research Centre,Lingen, Germany
[36] Exploration of physical aproperties of steel of aging pipestimation of their remaining by Yuriy Lisin, Transneft Resefor Oil and Oil Products TranMoscow, Russia
12:15 Lunch
1:30 [37] Correlating ILI with direct examination: comparing apples to apples
by Richard Desaulnier, Lake Superior Consulting, Bloomington, MN, USA2:00 [38] Predicting the future: applying corrosion-growth rates derived from repeat ILI runs
by Jane Dawson, PII Pipeline Solutions, Cramlington, UK, and Lautaro Ganim, PII Pipeline Solutions, Buenos A ires, Argen
2:30 [39] A new way of meeting the t iming requirements o f the HCA IMP with ILIby Bryce Brown, Rosen USA Inc, Houston, USA
3:00 Coffee
3:15 [40] Retrotting pigging functionality in unpiggable pipelines: using type-approved double-block-and-bleed isolation plugsby Dale Millward, STATS Group, Aberdeen, UK
3:45 [41] Asset integrity management of a high-pressure natural-gas pipelineby Bhanu Dhiman, Manish Tyagi, Pavan Sharma, and Prateek Wate, Shell India, Hazira, India
4:15 End of conference
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The third in a series of international
technical events for the pipeline industr y,
the multi-track Pipeline Operations and
anagement Middle East (POMME) Conference
d Exhibition will be held in Bahrain from 11 toApril 2016.
The three-and- a-half-day conference –
ganised by Tiratsoo Technical (a division of
eat Southern Press) and Clarion Technical
nferences, in association with Global Webb
ergy Consultants – will be held at the Gulf
ernational Convention & Exhibition Centre.
Established now as the Gulf region’s denitive,
ential congress on pipeline technology and
anagement, the event has drawn more than
00 industry professionals from 33 countries.
HY THE EVENT IS A MUST-
TTEND FOR THE INDUSTRY
This major conference brings together experts
m within and outside the region to discuss the
est technologies and concepts for maintaining
d operating oil and gas pipelines in the most
cient, cost-effective, and professional manner,
ile taking account of environmental and other
ncerns of the communities through which they
ss.
These issues will be discussed against the
ckground of a new 115 km, 350,000 bbl/d oil
peline project between Saudi Arabia andhrain. The pipeline will replace an ageing
0,000 bbl/d pipeline and enable Bahrain
troleum Company (Bapco) to expand the
ocessing capacity of its 267,000 bbl/d Sitra
nery. The pipeline is to be operational
2018.
Saudi Aramco Pipelines Department’s general
anager Mohammad Sultan Al-Qahtani says the
ent provides “a great opportunity for us
pipeliners to gather and share knowledge. Thereare many challenges we ought to overcome and it
will help a great deal if we can solve them
collaboratively.”
The event will be held under the patronage of
His Excellency Dr Abdul Hussain bin Ali Mirza,
Bahrain’s Minister of Energy.
The event is also supported by Platinum Elite
Sponsor Saudi Aramco, and Silver Sponsors
Rosen, ClockSpring and Bapco.
KEY I NDUSTRY TOPICS ON THE
AGENDAThe conference will begin on 11 April 2016
with ve topical workshops. Dr Abdul Hussain
bin Ali Mirza will formally open the maintechnical sessions at the Plenary Session on
12 April, and will be accompanied by a major
exhibition reecting the widest interests of the
pipeline industry.
The simultaneous tracks for the technical
programme of the event will include:
» planning, design, construction and
materials
» operations and maintenance best
practices, repair and rehabilitation
» asset integrity management, inspection
and cathodic protection
» automation and control, leak detection.
PREVIEW THE LATEST PIPELINE
OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGYAn associated technical exhibition will be
conveniently situated parallel to where the
technical papers are presented. The exhibition
will feature the leading providers of s olutions for
best practices in pipeline operations and
management.
The exhibition hall will open at 9.00am on
Tuesday 12 April after the plenary session, andclose at 1.30pm on 14 April, and will host the
latest developments in the oil and gas sector with
leading industry professionals.
nternational pipeline industry experts will meet in Bahrain in April to discuss pipeline management,chnologies, and operating developments and issues, as Saudi Arabia and Bahrain prepare for the developmentf a new oil pipeline between the two countries.
UPCOMIN
Pipeline industry expertsto meet in Bahrain as regionprepares for pipeline development
PCOMING EVENTS
To register, or view a full list of exhibitorsand the conference programme, visit www.pipelineconf.com
A: Delegates listen intently at the opening plenary session at the2013 conference.
B: HE Shaikh Ahmed Bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, Minister inCharge of Oil and Gas Affairs for the Kingdom of Bahrain, cutsthe ribbon at the opening of the exhibition at the 2013 conference,flanked on his right by Abdulrahman Al-Wuhaib, Senior VicePresident – Downstream for Saudi Aramco, and AbdulhakimAl-Gouhi, General Manager of Saudi Aramco’s PipelinesDepartment.
C: Delegates at one of the conference sessions.
D: HE Shaikh Ahmed Bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, Minister inCharge of Oil and Gas Affairs for the Kingdom of Bahrain.
E: Shawn Laughlin, of event Silver Sponsor ClockSpring, discusseshis company’s activities with the Minister and other dignitaries atthe 2013 exhibition.
F: Dignitaries and other VIPs at the exhibition opening in2013, including HE Shaikh Ahmed Bin Mohammed Al Khalifa(fourth from left), Abdulrahman Al-Wuhaib (third from left), andAbdulhakim Al-Gouhi (second from left).
A
C D
E
B
F
This major conference
brings together experts
from within and outside
the region to discuss the
latest technologies and
concepts for maintaining
and operating oil and gas
pipelines in the most
efcient, cost-effective,
and professional
manner, while taking
account of environmental
and other concerns of the
communities through
which they pass.
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| Pipelines International | December 2015 www.pipelinesi nternational.co m
VENTS
®
®
Don’t forget these events
for 2015/16:
PUMPS, VALVES, PIPES & COMPRESSORS
EXPO MIDDLE EAST 15–17 DECEMBER 2015
Abu Dhabi, Middle Eastwww.pvpcexpo.ae/wp/
28TH PIPELINE PIGGING & INTEGRITY
MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE 8–11 FEBRUARY 2016
Houston, TX, USA
www.clarion.org
ONSHORE PIPELINE
ENGINEERING
COURSE 29 FEBRUARY–4 MARCH 2016
Newcastle, UK www.tiratsootechnical.com
PIPELINE DEFECT ASSESSMENT
COURSE 1–3 MARCH 20165
Newcastle, UK www.tiratsootechnical.com
PIPELINE OPERATIONS &
MANAGEMENT MIDDLE EAST 2016 11–14 APRIL 2016
Manama, Bahrainwww.clarion.org
LNG 18 CONFERENCE &
EXHIBITION 11–15 APRIL 2016
Perth, WA, Australia
www.lng18.org
GLOBAL PETROLEUM SHOW 2016 7–9 JUNE 2016
Calgary, AB, Canada
www.globalpetroleumshow.com
INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE
CONFERENCE AND
EXPOSITION 26–30 SEPTEMBER 2016
Calgary, AB, Canadawww.ipcyyc.com
Register today | www.clarion.org
February 8–11, 2016, Houston
28 YEAR
2 0 1 6
th
Exhibition space available
www.pipelineconf.com
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60 | Pipelines International | December 2015 www.pipelinesinternational.co
ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
American Augers 21
Baker Hughes 19
Enduro Pipeline Services OBC
Girard Pipeline Pigs 32
Global Petroleum Show 33
IPC 2016 29LNG 18 25
Maats B.V. 23
McConnell Dowell 11
Nacap Australia Pty Ltd 1
NDT Global IFC
Pigs Unlimited 24
PipeLine Machinery International 27Power Associates International Inc 20
Quest Integrity Group 13
Romstar Sdn Bhd 17
Rosen Technology And Research
Center Gmbh 3
STATS Group 5
Worldwide Machinery 16
In the next edition of
THE MIDDLE EAST ISSUE
ALSO FEATURED
We gear up for the Gulf region’s denitive congress on pipelinetechnology and management
For editorial enquiries contact Josie Emanuel: [email protected]
For sales enquiries contact Megan Lehn: [email protected]
API 1176
RP for Assessment andManagement of Cracking inPipelines
Pipeline isolation
Isolation of a 24 inch pressurisedgas line in Qatar
ILI
Final instalment of the Enbridgecase study
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