i

A Final Report

ii

Pilot Urban Risk Disaster Study Project: A Final Report

Palang Merah Indonesia – PMI

Prepared by:

Bevita Dwi M (PMI NHQ) with Rano Sumarno (PMI West Jakarta Branch, Ahmad Fadhli (PMI

East Jakarta Branch), and Oktariadi (PMI DKI Jakarta Province).

Supported by:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and Iranian Red Crescent

(Some project activities were in collaboration with American Red Cross.)

Cover photo: Elementary students are playing snake and ladder game about disasters in

Bidara Cina Urban Village, Jakarta Timur (documentation of PMI East Jakarta Branch).

© 2015

iii

Contents

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. iv Definitions & Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ v

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ vii

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

Background .................................................................................................................................... 1

Context ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 4

2. Key Findings: Desk Review .......................................................................................................... 5

2.1 PMI ARC Urban Desk Study ................................................................................................... 5

2.2 EMI Research .......................................................................................................................... 8

3. Key Findings: Fieldwork ............................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Community Level ................................................................................................................. 10

3.1.1. Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCA) .................................................... 10 3.1.2. GIS Mapping ................................................................................................................ 13 3.1.3. Public Awareness Public Education ........................................................................ 15 3.1.4. Contingency Plan (CP) & Table Top Exercise (TTX) ............................................ 18

3.2 City Level .............................................................................................................................. 20

3.2.1. ITB‘s Research on Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change

Impact along the Ciliwung River ............................................................................ 20 3.2.2. Advocacy Research .................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3. BBC Media Action Research ..................................................................................... 25

4. Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 28

4.1 Analysis of RCRC tools for Urban Disaster Risk Reduction ........................................... 28

4.2 Relevant External Tools in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction .......................................... 31

4.3 Summary of Key Gaps in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction Programmes

and Activities ....................................................................................................................... 32

5. Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................................... 33

5.1 DRR & DM in Urban Context ............................................................................................... 33

5.2 Lesson learnt ........................................................................................................................ 33

5.3 Strategies and Practical Recommendations ................................................................... 36

Tables ................................................................................................................................................... 38

Figures .................................................................................................................................................. 38

References ........................................................................................................................................... 39

Annexes ................................................................................................................................................ 40

(1) Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCA).............................................................. 40

(2) Bidara Cina Urban Village – Jatinegara Sub-district, East Jakarta, 2014 ................. 40

(3) Kedoya Utara Urban Village West Jakarta, 2014 .......................................................... 44

iv

Acknowledgements

This pilot project was made possible due to the cooperation and support of the IFRC, Iranian Red Crescent and National Societies, as well as other organizations hereby acknowledged: Red Cross & Red Crescent International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) Indonesian Red Cross Society or Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) Iranian Red Crescent American Red Cross Australian Red Cross Society German Red Cross Netherland Red Cross PMI North Jakarta Branch PMI East Jakarta Branch PMI West Jakarta Branch PMI Bogor Branch PMI Depok Branch PMI DKI Jakarta Province PMI West Java Province External Organizations BBC Media Action

CBAT – Community-based Action Team

Institute for Development and Economic Analysis (IDEA)

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) or Bandung Technology Institute

Other projects that support:

Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction - Greater Jakarta Project

Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction – Climate Change Project

v

Definitions & Abbreviations

Definitions

Urban:

It is in, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city. It also describes other processes

around the concentration and density of goods, services, infrastructure, population and

utilities present in urban areas. Urban populations are heavily dependent on markets for

their daily goods and access to services provided by authorities.

Resilience:

The IFRC defines resilience as, ―the ability of individuals, communities, organizations or

countries exposed to disasters, crises and underlying vulnerabilities to anticipate,

prepare for, reduce the impact of, cope with and recover from the effects of shocks and

stresses without compromising their long-term prospects”.

The definition recognizes that resilience can be observed and strengthened at multiple

levels:

Individual level: a resilient individual is healthy; has the knowledge, skills,

competencies and mind-set to adapt to new situations and improve her/his life,

and those of her/his family, friends and community. A resilient person is

empowered.

Household level: a resilient household has members who are themselves resilient.

Community level: a resilient community strengthens the resilience of its

constituent individuals and households.

Local government: can either strengthen or weaken resilience at the individual,

household and community levels as it is responsible for infrastructure

development, maintenance, social services and applying the rule of law.

National government: resilience at this level deals with policy, social protection

systems, infrastructure, laws and governance issues and can profoundly impact

community resilience.

Organizations, like National Societies including their branches and volunteers:

make contributions that are integral to resilience at all levels.

Regional and Global levels: the impacts of conflicts, violence and insecurity;

hunger; mass migration; economic recession and prosperity; pandemics; pollution

and climate change; positive and negative effects of globalization and new

technology all offer examples of the inter-connectedness of the levels and how

actions at one level can negatively or positively impact the other levels.

vi

Abbreviations

ARC

ACCCRN

AIFDR

APEKSI

BBC

BPBD

BPDAS

CBAT

CCA

CP

Dasawisma

DKI

DM

DRR

EMI

EWEA

GIS

HOT

HRCV

ICBRR

ICBRR-CC

ICLEI

IDEA

IFRC

JOSM

Jumantik

: Australian Red Cross

: Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network

: Australia-Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction

: Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota Seluruh Indonesia

: British Broadcasting Corporation

: Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah or District Disaster

Management Agency

: Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai or Waterhsed

Management Agency

: Community Based Action Team

: Climate Change Adaptation

: Contingency Plan

: A women group consisting of 10 households in one neighbourhood in order

to smoothen any program implementation.

: Daerah Khusus Ibukota or Special Capital Region

: Disaster Management

: Disaster Risk Reduction

: Earthquake and Megacities Initiatives

: Early Warning Early Action

: Geographic Information System

: Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team

: Hazard, Risk, Capacity, and Vulnerability

: Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction

: Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction - Climate Change

: International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives

: Institute for Development and Economic Analysis

: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescents Societies

: Java Openstreet Map

: Juru Pemantau Jentik or Larvae Monitoring Person

KSR

LAP

: Korps Sukarela or Volunteer Corps

: Local Action Plan

LTDP

MTDP

NAP

NGO

NS

PAPE

PKK

PMI

POKMAS

POSYANDU

QGIS

RCRC

Satgana

TTX

UNISDR

VCA

WATSAN

WDR

WG

: Long Term Development Plan

: Medium Term Development Plan

: National Action Plan

: Non-Government Organization

: National Society

: Public Awareness Public Education

: Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga or Development of Family Welfare

: Palang Merah Indonesia or Indonesian Red Cross

: Kelompok Masyarakat or Community Group

: Pos Pelayanan Terpadu or Community Clinic

: Quantum Geographic Information System

: Red Cross and Red Crescent

: Satuan Siaga Penanganan Bencana or Rapid Response Team

: Table Top Exercise

: The United Nations Officer for Disaster Risk Reduction

: Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment

: Water and Sanitation

: World Disaster Report

: Working Group

vii

Executive Summary

More than a hundred thousand people moved to slum in the developing world every day.

These people had been living in informal settlements and slums without adequate access

to healthcare, clean water, and sanitation. Even in the developed countries, they were

not totally immune against the urban disaster risks. To respond to the growing concerns

over urban risk and support building the capacities of Red Cross and Red Crescent (RCRC)

for effective urban risk reduction and management, the International Federation of Red

Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) partnerships on urban Disaster Risk Reduction

(DRR) and Disaster Management (DM) was initiated in May 2013 with the contribution of

the Iranian Red Crescent.

The pilot urban risk reduction study project was conducted in five selected cities

worldwide: Nairobi, Kenya; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Yerevan, Armenia; Teheran, Iran; and

Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was implemented from October 2013 to August 2014.

The main difference between urban and rural context was that urban areas have a more

dense population in comparison to rural area. Consequently, they required different ways

to respond to and prepare for disaster. It was therefore important to build the

communities‘ capacity to respond and prepare to urban disasters in Indonesia.

In Indonesia, the pilot city study was implemented in two municipalities (West Jakarta and

East Jakarta) that have the experience of working on Integrated Community Based Risk

Reduction (ICBRR) approach. Two projects had been implemented in the project locations:

the ICBRR-Greater Jakarta Project funded by American Red Cross and the ICBRR-Climate

Change project funded by Netherland Red Cross, German Red Cross and IFRC. In addition,

they also had skilled trainers and community volunteers for DRR technical areas. These

two locations have narrow territories but dense population.

The project conducted the desk research, such as reviewing the documents of PMI-

Australian Red Cross Urban Desk Study and Earthquake Megacities Initiative Research.

Meanwhile, the researches at the field were conducted on community and city levels. In

the community, this project updated the vulnerability and capacity assessment (VCA)

documents, using the Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping (including InaSAFE),

conducting public awareness public education, as well as conducting the contingency plan

development and table top exercise at municipality level. In addition to that, at the city

level, this project took the benefits of the ITB research on vulnerability assessment of

climate change impact along the Ciliwung River, the advocacy research by IDEA and the

BBC Media Action Research on Climate Change Adaptation in Ciliwung Watershed.

The general findings on the VCA tools that there were couple of tools used such as

seasonal calendar (common diseases found: diarrhea, cikungunya, leptospirosis, and

dengue fever), history of disaster and disease, spot mapping and transect mapping,

stakeholder capacity analysis, as well as the trend analysis. Those tools were used in the

rural context but then adjusted to the urban context. Also external tools such as GIS and

InaSAFE are considered important to manage the data become the advocacy level at urban

context. On the other hand, in the public awareness and public education activities, the

project realized that it was important to have all relevant stakeholders involved. Also,

involving the university students in this specific activity has also benefited to reach the

objective of the project.

viii

At the city level, the research found that the Indonesia City Government Association

(Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota Seluruh Indonesia/APEKSI) was important to be leading the

cooperation in management of Ciliwung Watershed in term of climate change. Also, the

BBC Media Action research has found that only two per cent of communities listened to

the weather forecast, only 21 per cent of them having emergency plan, and only 41 per

cent of them have subscribed to the early warning system. Thus, the PMI could take the

opportunity to improve the percentage by conducting raising awareness event as PMI has

the communities trust.

Through this research, we found that the PMI‘s existence had been increasingly

acknowledged by various stakeholders and its capacity or skill had been improving. This

project has been in line with the ICBRR approach. Further, this project aimed to the multi

sectors local government, BPBD, to pay attention. Thus, BPBD would take over the

program continuation by the end of the project. It was considered important because the

risk in urban areas has become greater.

1

1. Introduction

Background

Every day, more than 100,000 people moved to slum in the developing world. Nearly 1.5

billion people currently live in informal settlements and slums without adequate access to

healthcare, clean water, and sanitation. Developed countries were not totally safe and

immune against the urban disaster risks. In the rapidly growing urban risk environment,

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the responsibility of everyone.

Urban disaster risk reduction and management contributed greatly to achieve the three

strategic aims of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)‘s

Strategy 2020, which were:

Save lives, protect livelihoods, and strengthen recovery from disasters and crises;

Enable healthy and safe living; and

Promote social inclusion and a culture of non-violence and peace.

In addition to that, there was a turning point in IFRC strategic engagement in urban

disaster risk reduction in the World Disaster Report (WDR) of 2010. It was dedicated to

urban risk. WDR 2010 echoed the global and local concerns over urban disaster risk and

called for effective action for risk reduction in urban areas.

There were global efforts toward Urban Disaster Risk Reduction such as The United Nations

Officer for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) resilient cities campaign; Global Platform for

Disaster Risk Reduction; World Urban Forum 6 in 2012; and Housing and Habitat Forum in

Asia Pacific, America, Europe and Central Asia. Meanwhile, the IFRC took a number of

major initiatives included researches and a number of regional workshops. Also, there

have been urban DRR & Disaster Management (DM) projects that engaged several national

societies. The projects varied from urban risk assessment initiatives (such as risk mapping)

to health, water and sanitation service deliveries to the people in slums and informal

settlements.

However, gaps still existed though major initiatives and projects that have been taken.

They are as follows:

Most of the IFRC guidelines and training materials have been designed for rural

communities, thus it is difficult of National Societies (NS) adapting it to their local

contexts;

IFRC has limited and inadequate global guidance on Red Cross and Red Crescent

(RCRC) programming in urban areas;

Most of the DRR programmes and approaches have been designed for rural

communities or adapted from rural experiences;

NS has limited experience in establishing systematic processes that access, gather

and integrate information on city-level hazard, vulnerability and risk into

programmes and policy formulation; and

NS has limited experience in working with local authorities, professional

organization, private sector, academia, and other local urban actors.

2

Thus, to respond to the growing concerns over urban risk and support building the

capacities of RCRC for effective urban risk reduction and management, the IFRC

partnerships on Urban DRR and DM was initiated in May 2013 with the contribution of the

Iranian Red Crescent. The objectives were to scale up RCRC‘s activities to reduce urban

disaster risks and vulnerability, including through advocacy to local government, and to

strengthen RCRC‘s capacities to effectively respond to urban disasters.

The pilot urban risk reduction study project was conducted in five selected cities from

different zones: Nairobi, Kenya; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Yerevan, Armenia; Teheran, Iran;

and Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was implemented from October 2013 to August 2014.

Context

Referring to the Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) – Australian Red Cross (ARC) Urban Desk

Study (2014, page 22), there were seven cities in Indonesia that were considered as

densest cities. The seven cities can be seen in the table below. The pilot city study was

implemented in two municipalities (West Jakarta and East Jakarta) that have the

experience of working on Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) approach

and skilled trainers and community volunteers for DRR technical areas. These two

locations have narrow territories but dense population: West Jakarta‘s territory was

129.54 kilometers square with the population of 18,338 people while the East Jakarta‘s

territory was 188.03 kilometers square with the population of 14,745 people.

City Province Population

Density

(pop/km2)

Likely Hazard

West Jakarta Jakarta 18,338 Flood, earthquake, fire,

technology failure

Central Jakarta Jakarta 17,239 Flood, earthquake, fire,

technology failure

East Jakarta Jakarta 14,745 Flood, earthquake, fire,

technology failure

Bandung West Java 14,283 Flood, earthquake, technology

failure

South Jakarta Jakarta 13,363 Flood, earthquake, fire,

technology failure

Yogyakarta Yogyakarta 11,957 Earthquake, volcano, forest fire,

technology failure

Tangerang Banten 11,685 Earthquake, flood, fire,

technology failure

Table 1 | Source: PBS adapted from PMI-ARC Urban Desk Study

3

The RCRC has recognized that one of the key methods for coping with and adapting to

increasing climate risk was utilizing ‗Early Warning, Early Action‘ (EWEA) strategies. Such

strategies used available information before a humanitarian emergency occurs, with the

goal of systematically triggering action to improve preparedness and response at various

levels; including community level preparedness, national contingency planning based on

scenarios, as well as mobilizing human and financial resources ahead of a disaster.

Therefore this pilot city study focused on strengthening the Disaster Preparedness

(DP)/Disaster Response (DR) System at community level by developing Risk Mapping,

Contingency Plan and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP); including conducting an

emergency drill.

To support behavior change of the community, the project also aimed to develop Public

Awareness Public Education strategy. This initiative has also included the adaptation of

selected key messages for family/household disaster prevention in coordination with

credible information providers. Aside to this, awareness raising events has also been

conducted to community and schools, based on the risk priority.

Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction - Greater Jakarta Project, supported by

American Red Cross

This pilot study project has also benefited from the on-going Greater Jakarta Project,

supported by American Red Cross. This Greater Jakarta Project has been conducted since

2012, targeting 11 villages in 3 district/municipalities in urban areas e.g. North Jakarta

Municipality in DKI Jakarta Province, Depok Municipality and Bogor District in West Java

Province. The project aimed to strengthen urban communities‘ resilience to potential

disaster risks and impacts posed by climate change and environmental degradation

through building the capacity of the Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) and strengthening its

linkage with government, private sector, as well as in the targeted communities.

In 2013-2014, the American Red Cross and PMI have established collaboration with

Bandung Technology Institute (Institut Teknologi Bandung/ITB) for conducting

Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change Impact along the Ciliwung River flowing

through Bogor, Depok, and North Jakarta. In collaboration with American Red Cross, this

pilot study project has followed up this ITB research through two activities: (1) Advocacy

research conducted by consultant to identify policy and stakeholder mapping on the

Ciliwung River watershed; and (2) Communication research to identify communication

strategy addressed to community members, government, and related stakeholder along

the Ciliwung River, based on the adaption of the research methods, tools and

questionnaire utilized on the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Media Action project-

Climate Asia in 2012.

Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction – Climate Change (ICBRR-CC) Project,

supported by Netherland Red Cross, German Red Cross and IFRC

The ICBRR-CC Project supported by Netherland Red Cross, German Red Cross and IFRC has

been conducted since 2007, benefited eight urban villages in West Jakarta and East

Jakarta Municipalities. This pilot project aimed to develop and strengthen the capacities

of PMI West Jakarta and East Jakarta Branches to undertake integrated community-based

risk reduction activities (including climate change adaptation). In addition to this, this

pilot project also aimed to learn about integrating risk reduction, climate change

adaptation and micro finance in one holistic project.

4

In practice, the Community Based Action Teams (CBAT) from eight urban villages have

played important roles to support the existing urban villages government on the

emergency response activities. Based on the flood experiences in 2007 and 2013, the CBAT

was actively involved on the early warning dissemination, emergency rapid assessment,

facilitated evacuation and set up field kitchen. In order to reduce health risks, as result of

flood, those CBAT members have also conducting health promotion activities in

coordination with community health center and district health office.

Considering the important role of CBAT, which was based on the experiences from East

and West Jakarta Branch, the PMI National Head Quarter (NHQ) has encourages other PMI

Branches to initiate the establishment of CBAT at urban village level in order to bridge

between PMI and community in conducting disaster management activities.

Methodology

PMI has based the study on the IFRC‘s concept of community resilience. As it was the main

foundation and scope for the objective, planning and implementation of the pilot city

study, which was further defined for urban context. In terms of DRR and DM, this study

addressed the full cycle and components of DRR/DM; including DRR, disaster

preparedness, disaster response and recovery.

In urban context, the risks faced by the communities included hurricanes, cyclones, flood,

earthquake, epidemics, crime, fires, and industrial accidents. Thus this pilot study took

into consideration all actual and potential hazards in the city.

This study has also included research into relevant laws and regulations relating to safety

in the city, identified and addressed the linkage with all other relevant sectors such as the

government, academia, as well as media.

At the end, this pilot city study applied an analytical approach by reviewing the existing

tools and identifying needs and priorities for PMI engagement in urban DRR and DM.

5

2. Key Findings: Desk Review

2.1 PMI ARC Urban Desk Study

In 2012; a desk review was conducted by the PMI, supported by the ARC. The background

of the desk review was about the expectations and needs to shift PMI‘s position from

disaster response organization to engage at all stages of the disaster management cycle,

including preparedness and risk reduction. The study aimed to provide guidance to PMI on

best practice in urban response.

The general findings of the study were as follows:

PMI has a strong position to take more active role in disaster preparedness, risk

reduction, and contingency plan as Indonesia‘s largest and most trusted

humanitarian response agency that present in all Indonesia‘s dense urban areas;

PMI has developed a national recovery curriculum, however it should ideally

include specific issues for response in dense urban areas; and

PMI should consider to develop and strengthen agreements with companies that

could provide transport and rubble clearance equipments during times of disaster

response, as well as rubble clearance and debris management training, since urban

communities remain dependent on the transportation of goods and sources of

income to buy goods, thus rapid restoration of access and livelihood emerge as key

features of urban recovery.

In the meantime, PMI is one of the strong national actors in a range of sectors. This review

found specific findings based on the sectors that PMI works in, namely: WATSAN, Shelter,

Health and Psychosocial.

Sector Fact Show case Suggestion

WATSAN In a dense

environment, post

disaster water

supply, sanitation

and hygiene

promotion are

indentified as

priority activities.

It was in 2010 Mount

Merapi response,

PMI demonstrated

its capacity in water

supply and hygiene

promotion. But, it is

very different if the

disaster hits urban

area. Thus, PMI

needed to improve

their capacity to

provide proper post

disaster sanitation

facilities.

PMI could build

their capacity in

repairing and

supplementing

centralized water

infrastructure.

Shelter PMI needed to

enhance and

diversify the range

of interventions

that it has to be an

The Community

Group (Kelompok

Masyarakat/PokMas)

based temporary

housing model that

More options should

be considered in

shelter provision

such as solution for

affected families

6

effective shelter

provider in dense

urban response.

PMI used was

successful in rural

disasters such as

West Sumatra, West

Java and

Yogyakarta. But, it

was proved less

successful in the

high density

affected areas such

as southern

Yogyakarta City and

Padang City.

living with host

families, Collective

Centers, permanent

relocation, or

houses renovation

and repair. At the

same time, this

opportunity could

explore other

programmes such as

cash programming,

direct

implementation,

subcontracting

along with

community based

reconstruction.

Health Community and

government have

considered PMI

activities such as

Blood Donor and

First Aid

programmes as

important

contributions to

disaster response.

After a disaster hit

an urban area, the

risk of collapsed

health facilities and

the probability of

disease outbreak in

this area make

these activities

more important.

-none-

The possibility of

disease outbreak as

a secondary hazard

should be included

in the contingency

plan.

Psychosocial PMI has a

significant record in

the provision of

Psychosocial

programmes.

A lack of clear

indicators for

measuring the

success or failure of

psychosocial

programming in

recovery response

hampered the

ability to evaluate

the effectiveness of

such responses.

Each urban

population has

different

characteristics in

term of their

experience and

reaction to the

impact of hazards,

therefore it

required different

methodology of

7

psychosocial

assistance

programme. This

sector needed to

work with health

cluster and

department of

health to develop

clear measurable

indicators for

measuring

psychosocial trauma

and strategies to

assist communities

with it; need to

deploy based on

indicators rather

than a mass

reaction; and need

to emphasize

psychosocial aspects

of general recovery

programmes within

programme plans

and activities.

Table 2

This study has also showed that it was important for PMI to consider broadening its areas

of operation to better match the needs of dense urban areas. There might be potential

new areas of operations to be included such as livelihood, rubble clearance and debris

management, and early recovery.

The rapidly displaced communities needed effective sheltering in limited space so it would

be more effective when communal facilities have been pre-identified and prepared for a

rapid influx. These activities needed cross-sectors coordination. Considering multiple

actors responding good solutions in a limited area, this could enhance potential conflicts

because of gaps, overlaps, or quality differences in assistance. Thus, it was important to

build good communications and coordination amongst actors in all sectors.

This review has also concluded that:

Potential for major disasters to occur in Indonesia‘s dense urban areas was

growing;

Since the dense of urban environments were complex, the levels of vulnerability,

coping capacity, and risk vary across the urban landscape;

Density also enhanced the potential of secondary hazards, such as social conflict,

disease proliferation and access issues; and

Disaster preparedness and coordination became vitally important in these complex

environments.

8

As the largest non-government humanitarian agency, PMI would be increasingly called

upon to assist and respond to dense urban disaster. Thus, PMI needed to strengthen and

broaden its existing sectoral capacities, particularly in WATSAN and Shelter. Also, it was

an opportunity to build new capacities in such areas as Livelihoods, Rubble Clearance and

Debris Management as well as Early Recovery programming.

2.2 EMI Research

In developing this pilot project, the PMI has also referred to the Earthquake and

Megacities Initiative (EMI) research, which was completed in October 2011 up to April 2012

by EMI team specialists in urban DRR research, disaster risk management programming,

social participation and knowledge management. This was a research and analysis on the

exercise that inherently considered key elements such as climate change, preparedness,

mitigation, response and early recovery.

To EMI, the urban risk reduction is a long-term, low-visibility process, with little guarantee

of immediate and tangible rewards. Thus, sustainable strategic actions have been proven

to provide new opportunities for investing in and improving the living and livelihood

conditions within at risk communities.

Other key events that contributed to the urbanizations of disasters were increasing

frequency of hydro-meteorological disaster events, extremely dense and unsafely-built

environment, inadequate infrastructures and inefficiency of local governance system.

In this research, IFRC has encouraged the NS, including PMI, to build greater capacities in

urban risk reduction and to initiate resilience-building activities for at-risk urban

communities. The objectives of the research were:

To analyze the urban context, existing knowledge and resources relevant to the

overall purpose of this study through a comprehensive desk study, key informants

interview and workshops with stakeholders;

To develop a guidance document that would help the IFRC to determine a place for

the RCRC services in urban DRR and response.

Thus, this research has proposed several strategies that could address the gaps and build

on RCRC strengths in their programmatic roadmap. The proposed strategies, roles and

values propositions could be read in the following table.

Strategy RCRC Roles in Urban Disaster

Risk Reduction

Value Propositions

Multi-stakeholders

Partnership: Adopt a

participatory and inclusive

approach and reinforce

partnership with local

authorities. Define RCRC

role in Urban Risk Reduction

based on country contexts

and NS structure and solidify

partnership/coordination

with urban stakeholders.

Leveraged working

partnership with national and

local disaster management

authorities for greater access

to decision-making processes

for vulnerable populations.

RCRC should explicitly

position itself as informed

and neutral advocates for

vulnerable and marginalized

populations in the overall

planning, implementation and

evaluation of urban

development programmes.

ISDR Essential #1 on

9

Institutional and

Administrative Framework

Emergency Response and

Preparedness: Build on

existing core competencies

in emergency response and

preparedness and expand

them to the urban context

through a campaign to

mobilize and train

volunteers, especially youth.

Further developed

Community-Based Action

Teams. Link these with

the Disaster Preparedness

programme of the local

government to ensure

sustainability.

Focused training activities

on strength areas such as

emergency management

and build partnerships for

undertaking drills for

highly vulnerable urban

communities.

NS could optimize resources

and increase their impact in

urban areas by forging

partnerships with technical

agencies especially on multi-

hazard risk assessment to

inform their emergency

response and preparedness

planning.

ISDR Essential #3 on Multi-

Hazard Risk Assessment

Institutional Capacity:

Improve existing

institutional knowledge and

capabilities on risk profiling

and risk mapping. Also,

adopt simple self-assessment

and indicator tools that can

quickly build knowledge and

skills in the urban context.

Established linkage with

global initiatives such as

the Making Cities Resilient

Campaign.

Built institutional

capacities on risk profiling

and mapping to link risk

parameters to the

conditions of vulnerable

populations.

Partnered with technical

agencies and scientific

organizations to transform

scientific knowledge into

simple planning and risk

communication tools.

NSs were well positioned to

serve as a bridge between the

most vulnerable communities

and the institutions that

govern and serve them.

ISDR Essentials #7 on Training

Education and Public

Awareness and #9 in Effective

Preparedness, Early Warning

and Response.

Tools Adaptation and

Knowledge Sharing: Select

from the existing RCRC tools

and experiences and adapt

them for use in the urban

context.

Focused on adapting tools

that have applications on

Multi-Stakeholder

Partnership, Institutional

Capacity and Emergency

Response and Preparedness.

There was a wealth of urban

programming experiences

within the domestic section

of NS in developed countries

that should be shared with

sister National Societies.

ISDR Essentials #1, #3, #7 and

#9

Table 3

This research also explained that Jakarta has moderate risk of earthquake due to the

distance from the most active inter-plate boundaries but has a much higher risk of flood

disasters because more than 40 per cent of the city was situated below sea level. The 13

rivers that passed through the province add to the city‘s flooding risks.

The focus of the programmatic roadmap was on activities that build on RCRC core

competencies, tools, and those that could leverage existing partnerships.

10

3. Key Findings: Fieldwork

3.1 Community Level

3.1.1. Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCA) DM in accordance with PMI mandate and perspective was a continuous activity aimed to

mitigate the impact of disasters, reduce risk, and prepare community to manage the

impact of disasters and climate change.

On the early stage of this pilot project, it was necessary to review the VCAs that have

been conducted in West Jakarta and East Jakarta by integrating the urban context.

Thus, here are the findings in using the VCA tools during the project implementation:

Seasonal Calendar

This project used this tool by inserting the climate change element such as the

change of rainfall and temperature as well as the sea level rise. Also, how this

increased the potential risks of flood and water-borne diseases such as diarrhea,

cikungunya, leptospirosis, and dengue fever.

History of Disaster and Disease

This tool went back decades in creating timelines for major event. Also, it serves

as the awareness tool for the community to notice about their surrounding changes

(including the intensity of the changes).

Spot Mapping and Transect Mapping

These tools were used limited in targeted areas. However, in urban context, it is

necessary to analyze beyond the boundaries due to density population and close

areas. Also, the GIS mapping was needed to support the mapping result to be exact

in location and in order to be able to share the data external stakeholders such

government (BPBD) and non-government organizations.

Stakeholder Capacity Analysis

In this urban project, it is recommended to reach up to the neighborhood level.

Since there are many actors play in the urban area, it is important to have good

coordination in between the inter-sectors actors.

Trend Analysis

This tool included more elements such as city development, green program,

rainfall, weather and temperature.

11

CASE STUDIES

Case Study #1: CBAT Gives Significant Role in Urban Context DRR Works

Early on in its inception phase back in 2007, the role of CBAT or Community Based Action

Team was limited to flood alert and evacuation activities right before the onset of flood.

Nowadays, it is apparent that CBAT plays an active role in everyday risk reduction efforts.

For instance, flood monitoring activity is now ingrained in CBAT‘s daily lives. When rainy

season comes or the weather is unusually hot, CBAT members would monitor water levels

in Jakarta and West Java flood gates and relay the information to CBAT coordinator and

PMI who would in turn disseminate this information to the wider community. This

proactive role is highly appreciated by the people in Bidara Cina.

―Coordination saves lives and CBAT members

have made the job of saving lives much easier,‖

said Sukirman, 67 years old, a respected elderly

who assumes the role of CBAT coordinator.

Sukirman recalled the past days when it was

difficult to manage unreliable information that

circulated before a flood as well as the lack of

manpower to organize flood alerts, evacuation

steps and food distribution. Now, thanks to

CBAT, he can focus on his job as a coordinator

who oversees preparedness and emergency

activities.

Aside from its role in flood preparedness, CBAT

also plays a key role in linking up with long-term

risk reduction activities initiated by the government. According to Muhammad Fadhli, PMI

East Jakarta Project Officer, the participatory mapping exercise has served as a point of

entry to open up discussions and explore advocacy opportunities with the government.

―When we presented our mapping result to the government, they responded positively.

They informed us several risk reduction activities that the government has in the pipeline

and could be implemented in collaboration with us,‖ said Fadhli who pointed out that the

current government is much more open and accessible by the public. **

Table 4

Sukirman, the CBAT Bidara Cina coordinator is showing the CBAT structure of his sub-village. (Text &

Photo: Intan Febriani for PMI)

12

Case Study #2: Capacities of CBAT Improved Well and Strong

―I can tell how the CBAT members have been growing in term of their knowledge,

especially in preparedness,‖ Rano Sumarno, Project Coordinator of PMI West Jakarta for

Urban Study Pilot Project, recalled the beginning of the project couple years ago. He

refers to the previous project, Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) Project

which was implemented in 2007 up to 2011. When it started, the PMI staff and volunteers

were closely coaching the community volunteers in conducting the project. Everything was

new to the people so PMI had to work really hard in introducing the knowledge about

identifying hazards, risks, capacities, and other things related to the disaster.

Back to couple of years ago, PMI volunteers facilitated the Vulnerability and Capacity

Assessment (VCA) for the community in Kedoya Utara in order to have the data

documented well. It was expected that the people could be better prepared in facing

regular flooding in their area.

Today, Sanusi H Saali (53 years old) is making a plan for a movie screening event for his

communities with the other Community Based Action Team (CBAT) members as an

awareness raising event. They identify the targeted communities, decide the venue and

time of the event, prepare the equipment and other supporting tools, supply the meal,

prepare the budget for the event, and identify potential donors for the upcoming event or

program activities (such as local government leaders, local religious leaders and the

private sectors). ―PMI informed us that there is small budget that we can use to do this

event, supported by Australian Red Cross. So, PMI requested the CBAT to prepare a

proposal. So, here we are,‖ Sanusi showed the planning posted on the wall. He and two

other team members spent their afternoon in PMI West Jakarta office developing the plan.

―They did the plan by themselves. We did not intervene at all. Only after they finished

they then discussed it with us,‖ added Rano.

Having the CBAT members‘ capacities improved well and strong, the pilot project was

running well. The CBAT updated the VCA without PMI staff facilitating them. The CBAT

also assisted the PMI with several flood responses in VCA. They were able to bridge the

community and local government, as well as the private sectors as CBAT has gained trust

from their community. Thus, CBAT and PMI believe they can do other good projects in the

future by learning from this pilot project. ** (Text: Cici Riesmasari for PMI)

Table 5

13

Figure 1

3.1.2. GIS Mapping The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of United State website defined Geographic

Information System (GIS) as ―a computer system that allows us to map, model, query, and

analyze large quantities of data within a single database according to their location,‖

(EPA, 2015). It gives us the power to: create maps, integrate information, visualize

scenario, present powerful ideas and develop effective solutions.

According to this agency, GIS was a tool used by individuals and organizations, schools,

governments and private sectors seeking innovative ways to solve their problems. Dozens

of map layers can be arrayed to display information about transportation networks,

hydrography, population characteristics, and economic activity and even for political

jurisdictions.

On the programmatic directions for the RCRC in building urban community resilience in

the Asia Pacific Region, it was recommended to adjust VCA tools with GIS mapping to help

ensure the accuracy of community manual mapping. This tool was also integrated to

enable the efficient knowledge sharing internally and with external stakeholders.

Furthermore, this tool was integrated with Quantum Geographic Information System

(QGIS)—a user friendly open source GIS licensed under General Public License—can be

easily integrated within PMI‘s skills.

In the meantime, the National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional

Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB) supported by the Australia-Indonesia Facility for Disaster

Reduction (AIFDR) and Humanitarian Openstreetmap Team (HOT) have developed an open

source risk modeling software: The Indonesia Scenario Assessment for Emergencies

(InaSAFE) since 2011. InaSAFE was a free software that produces realistic natural hazard

14

impact scenarios for better planning, preparedness, and response activities. It provided a

simple but rigorous way to combine data from scientists, local governments, and

communities to provide insights into the likely impacts of future disaster events.

In 2013, PMI staff and volunteers attended training on Openstreetmap, QGIS, and InaSAFE

which was supported by Australian Red Cross. Thus, this pilot urban risk reduction project

took the opportunity to apply the development of risk mapping by using Openstreetmap,

QGIS and InaSAFE in two targeted villages. In the implementation of mapping using GIS,

there were consideration to add the elements based on the Urban Desk Study such as

WATSAN, Health, Shelter, Livelihood, and Coordination during emergency response and

recovery for urban setting. However, up to this reporting process, the project has not

been completely using the InaSAFE because the limited time and skill required completing

the whole process.

GIS mapping was one of tools used in this pilot project. The inputs needed in conducting

this mapping are the history of disaster, the urban hazard elements also the urban

capacity element. The trained volunteers used GPS and conducted the walking paper tool.

This mapping was done based on one hazard per one community. In Kedoya Utara, the

mapping was done through dasawisma1 cadres. Each cadre mapped 10 houses. This

approach allowed all of the data from the neighborhoods to be collected, checked, and

updated. All the sampling areas which was decided or selected based on the priorities of

the most prone areas and active CBAT.

The risk mapping in two municipalities focused on flood hazard and health issues. Before

the risk mapping was conducted, risk mapping objectives was socialized to the community

leaders to get their commitment and identify potential community groups to support the

development of risk mapping. The risk mapping was conducted on 3rd and 4th week of June

2014. Both municipalities showed enthusiasm for the process. In the beginning, urban

village of Bidara Cina only targeted to map three neighborhoods; but then based on the

community leaders‘ request, the mapping was also done for other urban villages in that

municipality.

In addition, the mapping was done for three targeted neighborhoods in Kedoya Utara

Municipality. The CBAT also focused on identifying the resources or capacity for the whole

municipality in order to support the resources mobilization when the contingency plan was

activated. Later they coordinated with dasawisma and other community groups to

synchronize the data from the risk mapping and identification.

1 A women group consisting of 10 households in one neighborhood in order to smoothen any program

implementation

15

Figure 2

After the risk mapping was conducted, a follow up action was in-depth orientation for the

GIS system. There were 15 participants from PMI of West Jakarta and East Jakarta

Branches involved in this activity on 5-7 July 2014. Based on the data from walking paper,

the facilitator guided the participants to digitize data using Java OpenStreetMap (JOSM),

and then analyze the result by using QGIS in order to support the development of disaster

scenario by using InaSAFE.

3.1.3. Public Awareness Public Education In order to support communities‘ behavior change, this project also aimed to develop the

Public Awareness Public Education (PAPE) strategy. There were three steps taken: (1)

adapting key message taken from the result of VCA; (2) selecting the method in delivering

the message, whether to the

school community,

community group and/or the

household; and (3) taking

feedback and conducting

evaluation to improve the

approach in PAPE strategy.

From the three steps above,

the most important was

monitoring the impact of the

PAPE in the community/

school/household.

Figure 3

16

In July 2014, the volunteers from PMI national headquarters, PMI Chapter of DKI Jakarta,

and West Jakarta as well as East Jakarta Branches attended a workshop on PAPE in order

to identify the key message for flood, climate change, and dengue which were based on

the VCA priorities.

During the workshop, it was agreed that the key message dissemination would focus on the

flood preparedness action at family level. Thus, this initiative also included the adaptation

of selected key messages for family or household disaster prevention in coordination with

reliable information provider such as existing Health Cadres within the communities

[Dasawisma, Larvae Monitoring Person (Juru Pemantau Jentik/Jumantik) or Community

Clinic (Pos Pelayanan Terpadu/Posyandu).

The participants also identified several methods to convey the message to different

community groups such as women group, youth group, school children, etc. In addition to

this, the participants also identified the possibility to mobilize key persons in the

community in delivering the key message for PAPE.

PAPE in Kedoya Utara Urban Village, West Jakarta

In Kedoya Utara, CBAT and PMI targeted household and school children. They also used the

result of VCA and health data provided by Health Cadres in identifying the target audience

and the key message. It was identified that diarrhea was the biggest threat for children as

the water quality in this area has been decreasing over the years especially in 01, 02 and

08 neighborhoods.

In the community level, the PAPE strategy was developed with the support of PMI

Volunteer Corps (Korps Sukarela/KSR) from university. In order to get communities‘

commitment to implement PAPE at household level, PMI facilitators engaged the head of

neighborhood in inviting the community members and conducting household visits. Three

community meetings were conducted by five facilitators. Overall, 95 people attended the

community meetings in all of the targeted neighborhoods.

The key messages were delivered by conducting focus group discussion with women

groups. The key messages were also demonstrated in all of the targeted villages with the

help of posters as media of communication. In addition, household visits that targeted

housewives were conducted. However, as some of the women were not at home because

they went to the market during the household visits; the facilitators delivered the key

messages to whomever at home at the moment.

During the feedback process, one of the issues identified was awareness raising for clean

and healthy behavior, e.g. through proper hand washing. Further, these awareness raising

activities required collaboration with relevant stakeholders, such as religious leaders and

heads of the local administrative.

Although the community members appreciated CBAT and PMI team in facilitating this PAPE

activity; gathering them for the awareness raising event remained a challenge. Another

challenge was community also had difficulties accessing the clean water in their

neighborhood.

17

To address these challenges, after the awareness raising session, the facilitator engaged

the women group in a discussion on the possibility of producing a proposal on having

better access to clean water and a proper hand washing spot in their neighborhood.

In the school level, the CBAT and PMI also targeted the playgroups. The reasons were to

target local community members since the elementary schools have many of their

students came from non-targeted areas. Thus, CBAT and PMI agreed that if they targeted

the playgroup children, the parents or guardians would always accompany their children so

the raising awareness could reach both the children and parents at the same time. During

the project, CBAT and PMI West Jakarta Branch conducted up to three times by mobilizing

five facilitators and reached up to 190 children in three schools located in project area.

The awareness activity was conducted during school hour which was at 08:00 am up to

09:00 am. Similarly, the CBAT and the PMI also approached the informal child group (for

example soccer group, badminton group, etc.) in order to reach more individuals within

the areas of intervention.

CBAT conducted the awareness raising activity three times in the community and in

schools during the project life span. After they conducted the awareness raising, they

monitored the impact of the activity by delivering key questions through other active

community group such as Jumantik, Posyandu and Dasawisma. These community groups

were requested to observe and interview the targeted people on hand washing to stop the

germ chain in the community. As the pilot project run in a short duration, the impact of

PAPE activity cannot be measured yet up to the preparation of the report.

The challenge was to use the tools in delivering the PAPE which was adequate for early

childhood level. The available tools were for adult such as lenong (traditional

performance) and games for elementary up. Thus the CBAT and PMI developed and

adapted three children songs, demonstration and storytelling since the targeted audiences

were children below 5 years old. Using song and games were interested and fun for the

children. The demonstration ensured that the children to practice the hand washing

properly and the storytelling was based on the family setting whereas the key message

was about the importance of washing their hands before eating using soap and clean water

to prevent diarrhea. They really enjoyed the process of understanding the message as well

as the practice after it.

After conducting the awareness session, the facilitators asked the teachers and parents

about their feedback. Based on the discussion, the teachers and parents also gained the

benefit from the activity as they have better knowledge about how to wash their hands

properly.

PAPE in Bidara Cina Urban Village, East Jakarta

Meanwhile, in Bidara Cina Urban Village, CBAT and PMI identified the key message was risk

reduction measures with three sub-key messages as follow.

1. Introduction the notion of hazard, risk, vulnerability and capacity (HRVC); 2. Identification of existing HRCV at their environment; and 3. Risk reduction efforts in the event of a disaster.

18

The PMI East Jakarta Branch

conducted the PAPE in three

elementary schools in Bidara

Cina. They mobilized six

facilitators, which consisted of

volunteers and staff of PMI East

Jakarta. During the project life

span, they reached up to 120

school children. They visited

the schools and requested the

headmasters‘ support for these

activities. The session was

conducted during school hours

at 09:00 am up to 01:00 pm.

The PMI facilitators used three

methods in conveying the

message to the elementary

school children: focus group

discussion, games, and singing. They presented PMI-style snake and ladder game to raise

the awareness about hazard, risk, vulnerability and capacity to the children. In addition to

this, they also played movie about disasters. During the group discussion, they guided the

school children to identify the existing hazard, risk, vulnerability and capacity in their

surroundings. At the same time, the facilitators encouraged the school children to identify

risk reduction measures.

Despite of the limited time as well as parents and community members‘ participation, the

facilitators gained appreciation from school teachers and the parents about this activity.

They were happy that their children increased their awareness by learning about the risks

around them.

3.1.4. Contingency Plan (CP) & Table Top Exercise (TTX) CP involves anticipating a specific hazard based on specific events or known risks at local,

national, regional or even global levels–such as earthquakes, floods or disease outbreaks;

and establishing operational procedures for response based on expected resource

requirements and capacity (Contingency Planning Guide – IFRC, 2012). This planning is

important to be prepared in emergency response. Developing a contingency plan also

involves making decisions in advance about the management of human and financial

resources, coordination and communications procedures; and being aware of a range of

technical and logistical responses. It was also stated in the guide that time spent in

contingency planning equals time saved when a disaster occurs.

During the project, an orientation about CP and standard operating procedure (SOP) was

conducted. 28 staff and volunteers from PMI NHQ, PMI Chapter DKI and West Jakarta as

well as East Jakarta Branches attended this event. They were introduced to the early

warning and early action approach to lead the development of SOP. This orientation also

endorsed the utilization of PMI‘s community based early warning system manual which was

developed in 2013 to be applied in urban setting.

The students in Bidara Cina are learning about the hazards in

natural disasters using snake and ladder game in their school yard.

(Photo: Doc. PMI East Jakarta).

19

Considering the urban setting into the development of CP and SOP, this pilot project

sought to engage the existing urban village-level system (including village government and

community groups) by involving all relevant community groups. At the end of the

orientation, the participants also agreed to develop flood contingency plan which health

sensitive or considering health component in it.

The District Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah/BPBD)

of DKI Jakarta has endorsed the development of CP for each village in DKI Jakarta Province

in 2013. However, the CP has not been formalized by local government. Moreover, there

were no SOP developed to operate the CP and no socialization conducted up to village

level. Thus, during the flood in January 2014, the CP did not work as it should be.

Therefore, this pilot urban study project focused on adding the value of the existing CP by

providing risk analysis based on the VCA and GIS Mapping result and supporting the

development of SOP; as well as conducting Table Top Exercise (TTX) to test the

effectiveness of the role and responsibilities for each stakeholder at community level for

preparedness for better response.

In August 2014, PMI staff and volunteers focused on building the coordination with BPBD

DKI Jakarta Province as well as related stakeholders at community level, such as head of

neighborhood and religious leaders, for updating the CP.

To support the development of CP at urban village level, PMI in East Jakarta and West

Jakarta Branches explored the utilizing of QGIS and InaSAFE software. In order to develop

worst case scenario, the VCA result as well as the flood exposure in 2007 had been

digitized on the map. The flood in 2007 has been selected as a basis of InaSAFE, because it

was considered as the worse flood in Jakarta. However, considering some of physical work

done by government of Jakarta City, the PMI also manually collected the data of 2013

flood width and height through the VCA process.

In September 2014, both PMI of West Jakarta and East Jakarta established collaboration

with municipality level in order to review the existing flood CP as well as adding the risk

analysis based on the updated VCA and QGIS map result.

The recommendation from Urban Desk Study by the Australian Red Cross was to consider

the road access as well as physical structure that can be utilized for evacuation shelter

and community organization, including communities‘ assets that are available to mobilize

whenever a disaster occurs.

On 6 November 2014, a TTX was conducted to improve the communications and

coordination among the stakeholders, especially resources mobilization through an agreed

mechanism; to improve the involvement of all sectors in disaster management; and to give

recommendation on CP of Kedoya Utara. This TTX was facilitated by two facilitators from

PMI DKI Province and BPBD and participated by 40 people from the local administration

such as the head of village, the village secretary, communities, PMI and CBAT. As a result

of the activity, participants‘ understanding on the importance and CP development

process, motivation to actively participate in the TTX, and preparedness for disaster had

increased.

The process was hindered because the 2013 CP document was not disseminated well

among the relevant stakeholders, so the participants had different levels of understanding

of it. The recommendations that came up after the activity were as follows: (1) the

20

finding from TTX should be shared to all relevant stakeholders; (2) the TTX should be

followed up with drill (function and full-scale exercise) supported by all stakeholders; and

(3) a discussion should be conducted among the organizations, non-government

organization, private sectors with BPBD to discuss contingency plan policy, the role of

NGO/private sectors which has community development programme, especially in

facilitating contingency plan in community.

The CP and TTX were also supporting the 6-hours arrived strategy of PMI on the emergency

response phase. This 6-hours arrived strategy has emphasized for PMI at branch level to

conduct early response activities within six hours after disaster occurs, such as conducting

rapid assessment; mobilizing the Rapid Response Team (Satuan Penanganan Bencana/

Satgana); and conducting emergency relief activities including Search and Rescue (SAR),

evacuation, temporary shelter, and relief distribution, as well as activating Disaster

Command Post.

Although this 6-hours arrived strategy was intended to be implemented by PMI at all

levels, considering the community suffered the most when disaster happens, it was

important to strengthen the existing system at community level to conduct adequate early

response activities before the external support comes to their respective area.

3.2 City Level

3.2.1. ITB’s Research on Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change Impact along the Ciliwung River

PMI and American Red Cross conducted a research with Bandung Institute of Technology

(Institut Teknologi Bandung/ITB) on the Activities in Vulnerability Assessment of Climate

Change Impact along the Ciliwung River Flowing through Bogor, Depok and Jakarta. It was

conducted in March 2013 involving the researchers from ITB, KSR and the community in

the area of research as respondents.

This study was to see the impact of climate change in North Jakarta, Depok, Bogor and its

surrounding areas, especially the region near Ciliwung River. There were three aspects of

climate impacts studied, which were: (1) the aspects of potential flood, availability of

water by 2035 and sea level rise by 2100; (2) the aspects of adaptive capacity; including

the infrastructure, economic, technological, and social as well as ability or knowledge;

and (3) the adaptation options accordance with the characteristic of climate change

impacts in the area.

The objective of this study was to obtain appropriate adaptation options with the

projections of climate disaster impact that will happen in the future. These are the

findings from this research:

The temperature was projected to increase by 2°C in Jakarta, 1.3°C in Depok, and

2.5°C in Bogor in 2035 against the baseline year of 2012;

The rainfall was projected to increase by 40mm in Jakarta, 100mm in Depok, and

200mm in Bogor in 2035 against the baseline year of 2012;

Ground water reserve deficit was projected to rise to 14,452 billion liters per year

in Jakarta in 2035, against the baseline year of 2012;

21

Sea level was projected to rise in North Jakarta and potentially cause the

immersion to reach 62.3 km2

by 2100, or 9.4% increase from 2020 (immersion of

8.86 km2

);

The community adaptive capacity was high enough for Infrastructure indicators

(80%) and technology (72%). Jakarta was the city with the highest adaptive

capacity (70%) compared to Depok (62%) and Bogor (57%); and

The three main community considerations to take adaptation action were the

effectiveness of adaptation actions, economic ability and suggestions from other

community or experts.

This study has shown that North Jakarta is highly prone to flood during the high rainy

season. If this area got hit by flood, its neighboring municipality such as West Jakarta

would also be impacted by the flood.

3.2.2. Advocacy Research Advocacy was about persuading people to make changes, whether in policy, practice,

system or structures. For the IFRC, this means changes that improve conditions for

vulnerable people (Disaster risk reduction: global advocacy guide, 2012). This was about

speaking for others and working with others to speak for themselves. It was a way of

taking community voices to different levels of decision-making. Looking at the IFRC vision

of Strategy 2020, the humanitarian diplomacy would bring greater access to help people

who are vulnerable; earlier attention to situations and causes of vulnerability; deeper

public, governmental and partner support, and more resources for addressing

vulnerabilities; as well as stronger recognition of community perspectives in the

international humanitarian and development system and cooperation arrangements.

Institute Development and Economic Analysis (IDEA) has suggested that a strategic PMI

position needed to be followed up with the capacity building in disaster works as well as

enhancing its networking at community level and government level. This strategy needs to

be set up to respond to the increase of community‘s awareness on disaster efforts and the

availability of government unit specific for disaster.

PMI needed

to clarify the strategy to

conduc

t disaster

ma

Figure 4

22

nagement work in community and government. Firstly, PMI worked with the community to strengthen community action plan, especially in health service. This community action plan would be the roadmap for the community in realizing resilient kampong/village. Secondly, PMI collaborated with the district government to implement the district action plan and work plans of respective working units to find any opportunity to synergize the PMI‘s and the government working units‘ work plans, which is can be the opportunity to access the government budget in conducting activities.

System Implementation and Funding Institutional on DRR- Climate Change Adaptation

(CCA) Activities in Ciliwung Watershed

The stakeholder analysis was an analysis on

individual and/or institutional that affected

or be affected by PMI DRR-CCA programme

along the Ciliwung Watershed. This analysis

was important to identify the role and

responsibility of organization or

government in province and district/city.

Stakeholders‘ data and info can be used to

assess how far the stakeholder needs

attention in developing the practical steps

in addressing Urban DRR in Greater Jakarta.

In Government Regulation No. 37 Year 2012

about Watershed Management, it was

stated that the management of the 117

kilometers long and 347 kilometers wide

Figure 5

Figure 6

23

Figure 7

Ciliwung River were divided among two provinces. The regulation also stated that the

main task and function to manage the watershed were divided into three levels of

administration: (1) government at national level institution (watershed management

agency, (2) province agency (DKI Jakarta and West Java, and (3) district/city

administration.

On the other hand, based on the benefit, we can see four stakeholders as the major

beneficiaries of the watershed: the private sector, national and local level government,

and civil society.

Proposed Institutional Development and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Urban Climate

Change Perspective Ciliwung Watershed

The implementation of climate DRR through adaptation process along the Ciliwung River

needs specific approach. The effort to reduce the disaster risk with adaptation process

needed to be synchronized with the national adaptation plan and consider the main task

and watershed management of Forestry Ministry. These were important to ensure the

achievement of targeted cross-sector activities, avoid insufficient adaptation and conflict

in between mitigation and adaptation, as well as to open wider opportunities to intervene

with the livelihood system identified in the adaptation planning process.

In this project, there was also a literature study of relevant policy, which was the

Government Regulation No. 37 year 2012 on Watershed Management. It was identified that

the management of Ciliwung River Basin was divided among various levels of government

in the two provinces. The Government Regulations divides the duties and functions of the

Ciliwung watershed management to: (1) Central Government [Watershed Management

Agency (Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai/BPDAS)]; (2) The Provincial Government

(the government of DKI Jakarta Province and West Java Province); and (3) The

24

City/District Government (the Government of Bogor City and Bogor District). In addition to

this, the study also found that based on its utilization; there were at least four key

stakeholders that gained benefit from the watershed, namely: (1) foreign corporations,

(2) state-owned enterprises, (3) regional-owned enterprises, and (4) civil Society.

This research conducted SWOT analysis in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of PMI.

The strengths were: PMI has extensive networking from national to grassroots level; has

rapid disaster response capacity; has huge number of volunteers‘ network from grassroots

to national level; and has high commitment and support from the community of global,

national and local levels. Meanwhile, the weakness were that the PMI programme has

limited knowledge on climate change adaptation thus PMI has not been specifically put

climate change adaptation component as a priority agenda, no specific budget was

allocated for it also.

Referring to the stakeholder analysis and SWOT analysis, these following steps were

proposed as "Practical steps in addressing the Urban Disaster Risk Reduction in Greater

Jakarta". Steps for PMI are as follow.

(1) To link PMI strategic planning and city-scale development planning;

(2) To establish a quarterly inter-city DRR-CCA forum hosted by Indonesia Municipality

Association (APEKSI);

(3) To facilitate CBAT participation in Asia City Climate Change Resilience Programme;

(4) To be involved in catchment area revitalization in upstream area;

(5) To build the capacity for training on DRR-CCA for city official using PMI module;

(6) To develop a city to city DRR-CCA case study at APEKSI best practice book (annual);

(7) To be involved in the community DRR-CCA activities and initiative mapping;

(8) To facilitate experience changing; and

(9) To encourage comprehensive collaboration with private sectors on DRR-CCA

activities.

The verification of research finding was conducted on 11 September 2014, with the

participation of two persons from the Municipality Association (Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota

Seluruh Indonesia/APEKSI), three persons from the government of DKI Jakarta Province,

three persons from the government of Bogor District and one person from the government

of Bogor District, six persons from PMI and one person from American Red Cross. During

the verification workshop, some of input and recommendation that can be utilized to

develop PMI advocacy strategy for urban risk reduction initiative were identified.

The verification workshop related to stakeholders was conducted at the APEKSI office on 6

October 2014. During the workshop, some of recommendation was identified for better

consultancy report development:

The consultancy report had been focused on disaster management as an entry point.

However, considering the setting of Ciliwung Watershed, this entry point did not fit

with the richness of urban context. Therefore it was recommended that the report

would serve as a diagnostic assessment for Ciliwung Watershed;

The report would highlight the underlying causes: forest depreciation, changing of

spatial planning, availability of ground water availability; domestic/household waste

management;

The analysis should focus on the urban resilience such as ―Health, Economic,

Environment, Infrastructure and Disaster Preparedness‖;

25

The report also would provide the opportunity of PMI to enhance Public Awareness

Public Education at community level as well as city level; and

The opportunity of APEKSI to facilitate the dialogue, conduct the analysis for

collaborative actions amongst related stakeholder along the Ciliwung Watershed and

enhancing the eco-region approach for Ciliwung Watershed.

3.2.3. BBC Media Action Research In collaboration with American Red Cross Supported Project (Greater Jakarta Project), this

pilot study project adapted the research methods, tools and questionnaire utilized on the

BBC Media Action project-Climate Asia. This Climate Asia Project was conducted on 2012

and applied quantitative and qualitative research study to identify public understanding of

climate change in Asia. It was funded by the UK Department for International

Development (DFID). Climate Asia interviewed over 33,500 people across seven countries –

Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and Vietnam. The resulting

comprehensive data set paints a vivid picture of how people live with climate change now.

This study aimed to translate the result of Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change

Impact along the Ciliwung River, produced by Bandung Technology Institute (ITB) into

communication strategy addressed to community members, government, and related

stakeholder along the Ciliwung River.

The BBC Media Action provided identification tool (qualitative and quantitative) of the key

components of the perception of stakeholders and climate change communication of Red

Cross. The objective was to identify the communities‘ need, motivation and barriers

including communicating message and establishing effective communication measures

with the communities. It would be important to include the cultural characteristic of the

region while undertaking this identification. This activity served as the base to the

development of a new communications strategy.

This research had used a mixed method approach, including qualitative and quantitative

methods, to understand people‘s perceptions of changes in climate and the environment

as well as the impacts of these changes in their lives. The findings would inform adequate

communication to support people‘s needs in responding to these changes.

The orientation for surveyors was conducted on 28-29 October 2014 in Jakarta. This

orientation was facilitated by a researcher from BBC Media Action, attended by seven

participants from North Jakarta and participants Bogor District, and two people for in

depth interview. The orientation was focused on the how to conduct the survey includes

selection of the respondents, data entry, data submission, etc.

The qualitative research included in-depth interviews with experts and opinion formers,

audience focus groups, and community assessments in Jakarta and Bogor. The in-depth

interviews were conducted with key experts and opinion-formers from national and local

government, the media, the private sector, civil society, scientist, and academia. Focus

group participants were members of the public. At each location, focus group participants

were selected according to age, gender, occupation, and social class to capture a diversity

of views within the population.

The survey was conducted on 31 October-8 November 2014 with 132 respondents in three

urban villages in North Jakarta and 168 respondents in five urban villages in Bogor District.

26

There were two Focus Group conducted for in North Jakarta Municipality and Bogor

District, targeting 15-20 participants from community group representatives. In

quantitative, there were 300 respondents. It was 150 people in each location (Bogor and

Jakarta). Aside from this, the in-depth interview was conducted for Bogor District and

North Jakarta, targeting the District Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan

Bencana Daerah/BPBD), local radio, religious leader and local NGO.

Based on the research finding; people in downstream Ciliwung, particularly North Jakarta

areas, were the most impacted by the changing climate. Thus, they have to make the

most changes, especially in terms of livelihoods. This was done primarily by changing job,

supplementing their income through other work, and/or going away for periods of the

year.

A third of these people were making changes to their lifestyles in responding to changes in

weather and availability of resources. However, unlike livelihood changes, lifestyle

changes were being mostly carried out by the richer people living in larger cities,

particularly larger cities. Popular actions among larger cities were using electricity more

efficiently and recycling or reusing water.

People in Indonesia perceive changes

in climate differently. Consequently,

they felt different impact and took

different actions to respond to these

changes.

In order to understand people‘s needs

and identify opportunities to

communicate with them effectively,

Climate Asia has analysed survey data

from across the region and placed

people into five discrete segments,

using a process called cluster analysis.

Each segment varies in the factors

that enable and prevent response. As

such, each cluster has different

communication needs and needed to

be supported in different ways. We

have called these segments surviving,

struggling, adapting, willing and

unaffected.

The urban poor women have been selected as priority audience, as they were identified as

a vulnerable group. Most of these women were working as housewives, shopkeepers, and

junior office workers. Experts and opinions-formers stressed the vulnerability of this group

as they less likely to be involved in decision making in their communities and to have

information access. The urban poor women also felt that there would be no chance for

them to improving their way of conforming to changes in climate.

Thus, it was important to build the knowledge and inspire innovation of these urban poor

women; turn the willingness into action; create awareness on how current actions can

help deal with future impacts and encourage the urban poor women to be leaders within

their peer group.

Neneng is a housewife living in North Jakarta, downstream of

Ciliwung Watershed. She was worried about her children‘s

future. Thus, identifying specific ways to communicate to help

her and other women in facing the impact of climate change are

important. (Photo: BBC Media Doc.)

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Mpok Neneng, a housewife living in North Jakarta,

downstream of Ciliwung watershed, lives with her

small family, two teenage daughters and her

husband. Toto, her husband is working with a salted

dried fish factory as a labor. Unpredictable season

in the last decade has ruined his income. Rainy

season come way too early. Fish are getting

difficult to catch and drying production mostly fails.

(Source: BBM Media Action, 2014)

BBC Media Action concluded that the drivers for these women were concern of the natural

environment, willingness to be

healthy, and wanting a better

future for their children.

Meanwhile, the most preferred

means of information delivery

were from the news, reality

show, and soap opera. Ninety

five percent of these urban

women received the

information on climate change

through television.

In addition, the communities that were living in Ciliwung Watershed were worried about

extreme weather event. But, they were less likely to respond. Based on BBC Media Action

research, as many as 71 per cent of the communities were aware about the risk, yet only

31 per cent of them were prepared. BBC Media action found that there were only two per

cent of the communities were listening to weather forecast, 21 per cent of them already

had the emergency plan, and less than 50 per cent (41 per cent) were subscribed to early

warning system (please see figure 8). Here, the PMI could see the opportunities to change

the finding percentage, as PMI staff and volunteers have the communities trust so the way

PMI staff and volunteers approach the communities in raising their awareness would likely

to improve the communities‘ preparedness on disasters.

Figure 8

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4. Analysis

4.1 Analysis of RCRC tools for Urban Disaster Risk Reduction

PMI conducted a review on the existing PMI-VCA Guideline on 21-23 September 2014,

supported by IFRC in Country Delegation, attended by 21 participants from PMI National

Headquarter (NHQ), Chapters and Branches and three participants from IFRC, Netherland

Red Cross and American Red Cross. The PMI–VCA Guideline was developed in 2007 based

on PMI‘s experiences in conducting the VCA for Community Based Disaster Preparedness

(CBDP) Programme. This PMI-VCA Guideline has been applied by PMI Staff and Volunteers

as a tool to build community participation to identify the existing hazard, risk,

vulnerability and capacity, as well as to develop community action plan. At practice, PMI

has also tried to integrate climate change, health, ecosystem management restoration

into the VCA process in rural, urban, as well as school setting.

The VCA was conducted in two urban villages: Bidara Cina in East Jakarta and Kedoya

Utara in West Jakarta. Those two villages have been involved in the Integrated Community

Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) Project supported by Netherland Red Cross, German Red

Cross, and IFRC in 2007-2012. The socialization meeting was done for community leaders

to present VCA objectives, get their commitment, and identify the potential community

groups to do the VCA. The VCA itself was conducted on 23-31 May 2014, starting with

applying direct observation, spot mapping, and transect walk involving the CBAT,

Volunteers Corps and Community Representative that was equipped with key questions

and camera to capture the existing hazards, risks, vulnerability and capacity in urban

setting.

Following this, several community meetings were also conducted get the community

groups‘2 response on the key questions and VCA tools. After the data collection, the VCA

team facilitated the process of data systematization and analysis.

In urban environment was high in concentration and density of goods, services,

infrastructure, population and utilities. Thus, urban people were depending on the

markets for their daily goods and access to public services. In developing the VCA, the

facilitator and participants have to consider the aforementioned elements.

To the implementer of the pilot project, the tools were effective even though it was

developed in the rural context. However, the facilitators adjusted the tools with the

needs. Although the area in urban was smaller in comparison to rural context, more

people were impacted in terms of DRR and DM; considering the number of beneficiaries

was bigger.

2 including heads of neighborhoods; representatives of Youth Association and Women Association;

community members who were involved during emergency response; community members who have experiences with outbreaks such as dengue, diarrhea, leptospirosis, and chikungunya; and community members who lives in flood and high tide areas.

29

Further, the following were the differences between urban and rural contexts regarding to

disaster preparedness, response and recovery:

Rural Urban

Area Extensive Narrow

Type Homogeneous community. Heterogeneous community.

Many of them were coming

from smaller cities or rural

areas.

System (e.g.

security system)

Needed to establish the system

first.

The system has usually been

established we only needed to

strengthen it.

Capacity After the system established, then

the community capacity could be

strengthened.

The capacity existed then it

was strengthened.

Bureaucracy We needed to have a strong

approach with the bureaucrat.

The bureaucracy was long so it

was better to build the

community first then approach

the bureaucrat or do it at the

same time.

To start with In order to get the community‘s

attention, we needed to build good

relationship first with the local

government. So, the people would

be open to work together in

implementing any community

development programme.

It was important to build the

community first then link with

or approach the government.

During the in

preparedness,

response and

recovery.

We needed to approach the leader

first, before we go to the

community.

The people have the same

interest such as having the

access to the public facilities

back after a disaster hit. So, it

was easier to approach the

community first.

Table 6

In terms of entry point, there was no difference between rural and urban areas. We need

to consider approaching the community leader and local government. However, as the

urban communities usually have the same interest and it was easier to build relation with

them; although approaching the community leaders and the government was a good entry

point in running a programme. At the same time, urban and rural people had different

expectations. Urban people expected their existence to be acknowledged meanwhile rural

people did not have that kind of expectation.

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In terms of natural hazard, urban disaster was a slow onset, with the exception of fire.

Disaster like drought, famine, air pollution, flood, hit slow so the community in urban

location usually got used to it and adapted to the condition.

Furthermore, in urban areas, there were non-natural hazards faced in DRR/DM works;

including social, political, institutional, economical and technological hazards. Socially,

the people were heterogeneous and some of them did not have strong relationship with

their surroundings. Moreover, if they migrated from the rural to work in urban area, they

spent their time in their offices and they went to their hometown during holidays. As a

result, most of them barely know each other. Meanwhile, politically and institutionally,

they were exposed to the long bureaucracy as well as high and intense political

competitions. These usually affected the community in urban areas. For example in the

implementation of VCA, PMI volunteers had difficulties to get permission and data in the

field during the period of presidency campaign. Economically, the people who lived in

urban area were usually living on or below the poverty line. This made them more

vulnerable to disaster. Meanwhile, urban people tended to receive faster technological

updates. They can benefit from this; however, this could also serve as a threat as

technology failure could be a form of manmade hazards.

According to Building Urban Resilience, IFRC 2010, the perceptions or priority hazards in

urban contexts have changed. In regards to urban poverty, people were living with

inadequate and often unstable income. They also had very limited capacity to pay for

housing (living in slums with very high environmental health risk). As a result, this

increased their disaster risks due to housing location on hazard-prone site as well as lack

of infrastructure and services. Further, urban poverty as also came with the following

problems: inadequate quality of and limited number of safe poor housing; inadequate

infrastructure; inadequate basic services; and limited negotiation between communities

and other development actors in public projects.

The aforementioned problems affected the urban poors‘ everyday risk, giving them:

limited capacity to cope with financial and health stresses or shocks; high risk levels from

physical accidents, fires, extreme weather and infectious diseases; high levels of risk from

contaminated water and flooding from lack of drainage; unnecessarily high health burden

from diseases and injuries because of lack of healthcare and emergency response, and

inappropriate development investments. When it came to their disaster risks, they had

very limited capacity to recover from disaster events; risks from storms/high winds,

earthquakes, landslides, floods, fires and disease transmission that may cause epidemics;

lack of protection from flooding; lack of roads, footpaths and drains inhibit evacuation;

lack of healthcare and emergency services that provide rapid response to disaster and

little support for low-income groups to rebuild better.

The risk component (hazards x vulnerability x exposure = disaster risk) was different in

urban context. Disaster risk reduction through preparedness and mitigation depended on

detailed analysis of potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and coping capacities (PMI ARC

Urban Desk Study, 2012).

Risk = Hazard x vulnerability

Coping capacity

Figure 9

31

However, there were not many documents for urban analysis developed yet. More time

were required to have better analysis or documentation of community coping capacity. It

was important to have those documents since the essential elements of risk analysis in

urban context were the individual desegregated assessment and analysis of the potential

hazards, vulnerabilities and coping capacity of Indonesia‘s major urban centers.

The interactions between natural hazards, climate change, food security, socio-economic

crises, and migration and population movements in urban contexts were intense. They

were linked and affecting each other. It was important for the programme to consider

these elements in order to have an integrated and successful programme implementation

in urban areas.

4.2 Relevant External Tools in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction

The utilization of GIS Mapping has benefited to visualize the existing vulnerabilities and

capacities in village level. PMI has collaborated this mapping with HOT, so it has the

opportunity to contribute its data to support the BNPB. Also, the result of GIS Mapping has

served as an analysis tool to support the development of contingency plan at village level.

Meanwhile, although the InaSAFE system is considered good, the PMI branches lacked

human resources to manage the InaSAFE. Unfortunately, InaSAFE has not yet been seen as

a need, especially for advocacy, by relevant people; therefore, it was deemed

unnecessary to assign a designated volunteer to manage this platform. In addition, the

BPBD of DKI Jakarta was newly established, thus more effort is needed to advocate a

policy to encourage the use of InaSAFE.

In addition to that, there is a challenge in utilizing the InaSAFE. The data had not been

completely inputted because not all community members reported to the local authority.

Similar with the VCA implementation, PMI volunteers had difficulties in collecting the data

as the data collection was conducted during the time of the presidential campaign. PMI

also identified the need to have more in-depth orientation to digitize the data by utilizing

JOSM. So, there was additional orientation on this in the coming weeks later in July.

On the other hand, different skill set was required in different stages and levels in InaSAFE

utilization. The communities would conduct data collection from the ground, in

coordination with branch of PMI. The Provincial PMI would verify and update the data in

JOSM, and PMI NHQ would manage the data in coordination with HOT. The challenge in

using the InaSAFE was in synchronizing the data in every level due to different perception

and data interpretation. For example, the InaSAFE only presented data on exposure. Data

on capacity that has been collected from the ground were not presented, as the data were

too big. Further, all the data that was collected by PMI‘s volunteers need to be verified by

HOT before the data were uploaded. If the verification process were not completed yet,

PMI could not proceed to QGIS and InaSAFE. Also, this process is very slow as there was

only one designated HOT person that has the authority to grant this permission.

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4.3 Summary of Key Gaps in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction Programmes

and Activities

The design of the project was considered good and sufficient for the urban context. Even

though the VCA tools that used were developed in rural context, they can be used and

adopted to the urban areas well.

During the VCA implementation, there were difficulties to get permission to get the

necessary data as the data collection was conducted during presidential campaign.

Further, more time was needed to analyze the VCA result, as CBAT members have their

own activities. Therefore, the VCA report could not be produced in monthly timeframe.

The presidential election had increased the tension in the community. There was

suggestion to increase coordination well at community level, in regards to data collection

to avoid the suspicion of the action being a political party‘s campaign.

Meanwhile, the external tools (such as the InaSAFE) were also useful and have given added

value. PMI could use these tools for advocacy, to reach more donors for future projects.

Although the tools were not necessarily useful for the community, PMI would use this

reference for future programming. However, the use of InaSAFE made the data collection

process longer. At the end of the project, the data collection was not completed because

the limited project time span. In addition to that, the data for InaSAFE needs to be

processed and analyzed more. It was also recommended to add more variables in the

collected data, such as data about health condition.

In terms of project implementation, there was a delay due to the presidential election,

the district election, and the PMI volunteer gathering. Those events postponed of the

project implementation because the politic sensitivity and PMI staff resources focused on

the national event.

33

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 DRR & DM in Urban Context

This pilot project was important because the risk in urban areas has become greater. The

city remained as the main attraction to earn a living; thus, the number of population in

the city has been continuously growing, resulting in the slums and urban poor. This has

made the urban context more complicated. Urban people faced an array of potential

hazards; earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and tsunami. Dense urban communities

and multiple stakeholders have different capacities and needs.

The main difference between urban and rural context was that urban areas have a more

dense population compared to rural area. There were also differences regarding data. In

urban context, a data could be used as strong evidence based for advocacy, while

presentation of such data is not necessary for advocacy in rural context. Meanwhile, as

space was often limited in urban area and access was easily blocked, the potential for

secondary hazards such as spread of disease and social conflict were high. It was therefore

important to build the communities‘ capacity to respond and prepare to urban disasters in

Indonesia.

From this pilot project implementation, it was very obvious that the PMI‘s existence had

been increasingly acknowledged, and its capacity or skill had been improving. In the

meantime, the CBAT members have also gained more knowledge and awareness on the

importance of data and planning management. The CBAT members have been trained and

improved their skills; such as in tent management, field kitchen, first aid, assessment and

posts management during emergency.

5.2 Lesson learnt

In terms of planning and engagement, the team that implemented the project preferred

to be more involved in the planning phase. Though sometimes, the situation and

timeframe did not allow it because external factors (such as presidential election). In

addition to that, the PMI branches also preferred to be involved to the advocacy process

to the upper level.

The added values for PMI in implementing this project were the skillful people at the grass

root level, which were members of the CBAT. In this particular project, PMI was coaching

the community volunteers to mobilize their own communities. This gave the CBAT a high

sense of belonging to the project, resulting in higher initiatives. Although it was not easy

to obtain good reporting from CBAT, PMI was still able to manage it as PMI continue to

improve the CBAT‘s skill in reporting.

The CBAT itself was established during the previous project (ICBRR Project). Yet after it

was finished they did not simply stop. Instead, they continue their works despite the

absence of the project. When this pilot project started, PMI could easily activate the

resources in the community level.

The PMI was considered to be having a good position to respond in urban areas.

Institutionally, PMI branches existed across the country, in urban and rural areas, thus PMI

needed to respond to the surrounding needs. PMI was also mandated to support the

government in terms of response and preparedness of natural and men-made disasters.

34

On the other hand, most of the existing PMI tools and methodologies were also considered

effective for urban areas. The PAPE, contingency planning, and volunteer management fit

the needs in disaster risk and response programmes in urban context.

Some lessons learnt identified during VCA implementation in urban setting were as

follows:

The need to strengthen the understanding that VCA was a process from planning,

implementation, data systematization, analysis, priority of solution, transformation

from Vulnerability to Capacity, as well as development action plan;

The VCA process requires good facilitation skills. A VCA facilitator has to have a

comprehensive skill and knowledge amongst sectors such as health, water and

sanitation, social, livelihood, disaster, etc. in order to design better VCA process,

including its analysis and reporting. Therefore the selection of VCA facilitators should

be carefully conducted from the beginning of VCA process, including the

representative from each sector. For this purpose also, some of the PMI Branches at

municipality level have included volunteers from universities in order to support the

CBAT in urban village level during the facilitation of the VCA process. In addition to

this, the recruitment of CBAT should also represent the existing system or community

groups in the village/neighborhood level in order to get the acceptance from

community members, as well as to ensure its sustainability;

Understanding that the VCA process was not only done at the community level, but

also at organization level. VCA result could be used as a reference for PMI to develop

programme planning in line with the Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting

(PMER) analysis phase;

Considering its complexity, the VCA in urban setting requires the assessment to be

conducted on a larger scale (cross boundaries). For example, in the case of Ciliwung

river watershed, the VCA should not only be conducted in one village only, as the risks

identified in the community level in downstream areas were also impacting the

upstream areas;

The need to have scientific information as a basis for VCA Process was also identified.

In the case of Greater Jakarta Project, PMI collaborated with ITB to develop climate

risk mapping, including its projection by 2035 at City Level. The identification of

vulnerabilities and capacities has also included the involvement of stakeholders

concerned with DRR and CCA in urban context, as well as the community members

through interviews; and

The data collection should be emphasized on the existing system at village level. Most

of the VCAs usually focused to reduce the underlying causes in the community level.

However, considering the complexity of urban, the VCA should also focus on the

capacity in urban village level which includes the social cohesion, health, livelihood,

and existing programmes/activities. Therefore while conducting VCA in urban areas, it

was important to utilize the existing data provided by the existing community groups

such as health data from health cadres.

35

In addition, there were more lessons learnt from the implementation team, as follows:

More autonomy was beneficial for project implementation. The PMI branches

commented that by giving more autonomy in project management, the HQ has

contributed significantly to the success of the project. This would allow team to have

more discussions with the community and plan activities in a more participatory

manner;

Increased government participation. The current government administration has

demonstrated openness and a more efficient, public service-oriented system. This was

a significant external factor that contributed to the success of the ICBRR project.

Coordination with government bodies were smoother as there were less layers of

bureaucracy, and government‘s development plan were much more accessible and

transparent;

Planning process should be stronger. For example in the timeframe of the project,

the planning process was considered too tight. Fortunately, the CBAT is independent so

even though the project finished, they still continued the program by themselves.

More flood indicators. The CBAT team and other community members have noticed

that there were more flood indicators to watch, most likely due to the changing

climate and landscape in Jakarta and West Java. While the Katulampa water gate

served as the main flood indicator in the past, community members now place equal

importance on the Cibinong water gate that flows to Sunter and Ciliwung rivers.

Other than that; in Kedoya Utara, fire was the highest risk for its community, based on

BPBD data. Here, fire happened at least every two week. Yet, as the project was designed

to be linked with climate change, flood was considered more relevant. However, PMI and

CBAT of Kedoya Utara have been aware that this needs to be addressed as soon after the

project finished. They would consider developing this pilot project for the specific issue,

such as fire, in the future.

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5.3 Strategies and Practical Recommendations

What was the RCRC approach to urban programming? In accordance with the mandate and

perspective of PMI, it was a sustainable activity which was managed to control the impacts

of disasters, reduce risks, and prepare the communities to avoid or manage the impact of

disaster/climate change to respond to the growing concerns about urban disaster risk. The

RCRC was supporting the capacity building for NSs for effective urban risk reduction and

disaster management, as well as the capacity to support resilience building efforts and to

enhance disaster preparedness and response in urban areas.

The PMI approach for urban programming was exploring the IFRC community resilience

framework as the main foundation for assessment, analysis, planning and implementation

for urban context, with the consideration of multi-sectors assessment.

Based on PMI‘s experience, the VCA has been considered as a valuable methodology to be

used in urban areas. However it was important to look at how to adapt both the VCA

process and the different VCA tools that might need to be tailored in an urban context

(please refer to point 5.2).

The implementation of Pilot Study Project has been in line with the ICBRR (Integrated

Community Based Risk Reduction) approach, which adopted two levels of approach. First,

by building, developing, and strengthening community capacity; this pilot study was

purposed to invite active participation of community members to advocate at their level

to gain attention and support towards the implementation. Second, considering the Pilot

City Study aimed to employ a multi hazard approach; therefore, by improving and

strengthening organizational capacity of PMI branches, this project aimed to the multi

sectors local government as well as BPBD to pay attention and, by the end of project, to

take over the program continuation.

In this pilot project, the PMI has engaged many relevant stakeholders, including the

government, academia (KSR involvement such as in managing data and developing PAPE

strategy), non-government organization, private sectors, and media. They have their own

role in contributing to the program.

In integrating the programme to national government‘s and local authorities‘ programmes,

PMI has the role in encouraging the contingency plan and the table top exercise processes.

By having this process and result done in participatory manner, it was expected that the

government would be considering these documents importance for the communities and

other relevant parties. In the process of contingency planning, there were challenges such

as lack of understanding at village level, lack of awareness on the activation, inconsistent

data, lack of awareness from the community, and lack of consistency between head of

local administration.

The recommendations for the contingency planning were:

1. Existing coordination and communication mechanism between all DM actors;

2. The decision making process should involve the people from the grass root level;

3. The need of SOP and flow for emergency post in order to have clear functions and

role;

4. The need to share the information about disaster management regularly to the

communities;

5. Each section of contingency planning division needs to practice their role/function;

and

37

6. Regular training and simulation for communities according to their respective

hazards.

Meanwhile, the BBC Media Action has also suggested on engaging the communities in

framing the most suitable means of communication for them, to consider the alternative

livelihoods, and to gain knowledge and inspire innovation related to the impact of climate

change. Some recommendations for specific level from the BBC Media Action were as

follows:

At the national level: A ―green urban hero‖ television show where a group of

contestants young and old travel the country taking on a different challenge each

week. Strong competition element. Local governments, community leaders, businesses

and the media could all become involved as partners of the show;

At the local level: Social media can be used to extend the influence of the television

show and create local action.

For non-media, people have high trust in the local neighbourhood due to the strong

community structures, such as RT and RW. These structures act as a bridge between the

community and the government, both officially (through RT and RW) and unofficially

(through local leader). These community leaders could be useful channels of

communication to community.

38

Tables

Table 1: density and hazard data

Table 2: specific findings based on PMI‘s sectors by Urban Desk Review

Table 3: Strategies proposed to address gaps and build RCRC strengths

Table 4: Case Study #1

Table 5: Case Study #2

Table 6: The differences between urban and rural contexts in DM

Figures

Figure 1: GIS Mapping-1 hazard 1 community

Figure 2: InaSAFE flow chart

Figure 3: Public Awareness Public Education

Figure 4: A strategic PMI position by IDEA

Figure 5: National Development Planning System Coordination Framework

Figure 6: Four stakeholders/beneficiaries of Ciliwung Watershed

Figure 7: Advocacy in Urban Risk Reduction – Greater Jakarta

Figure 8: the BBC research result on the urban communities actions in relation adapting to disasters and climate change related

Figure 9: risk component

39

References

A framework for community safety and resilience, IFRC, 2008

Advocacy PMI - IDEA working draft, 2013

BBC Media Action Climate Asia Project: Indonesia | Bagaimana orang Indonesia hidup

di tengah perubahan iklim dan bentuk komunikasi apa yang dapat dilakukan, 2013

(http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/mediaaction/pdf/climateasia/reports/translatio

ns/homepage/ClimateAsia_Indonesian_Bahasa.pdf)

Contingency Planning Guide IFRC, 2012

DRR Advocacy Guide IFRC, 2012

(http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/DRR-advocacy-

guide.pdf)

Final Draft of BBC Media Action on Climate Change Adaptation in Ciliwung Watershed

Guidelines National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction, ISDR, 2007

IFRC Framework for Community Resilience, IFRC 2014

(http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Secretariat/201501/1284000-

Framework%20for%20Community%20Resilience-EN-LR.pdf )

ITB's Final Report on PMI Greater Jakarta Urban Disaster Risk Reduction Project:

Activities in Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change Impact along the Ciliwung

River Flowing through Bogor, Depok, and North Jakarta, 2014

Panduan Perencanaan Kontinjensi Menghadapi Bencana (edisi kedua), BNPB, 2011

Programmatic directions for the Red Cross and Red Crescent in building urban

community resilience in the Asia Pacific Region submitted by Earthquake and

Megacities Initiative, Inc. (EMI), 2012

Public Awareness Public Education: a guide, IFRC, 2011

Urban Desk Study Report PMI & Australian Red Cross, 2014

(http://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2014/02/Buku%20Urban%20D

esk.pdf )

40

Annexes

(1) Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCA)

Disaster Management (DM) in accordance with Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah

Indonesia/PMI) mandate and perspective was a continuous activity aimed to mitigate the

impact of disasters, reduce risk, and prepare community to manage the impact of

disasters and climate change. In response to the high attention to disaster risk in urban

areas and to strengthen the capacity of national societies to support Resilient

Communities in the urban area, the International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC)

implement the Pilot Urban Risk Reduction Project in five cities (Nairobi, Kenya;

Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Jakarta, Indonesia; Yerevan, Armenia; Tehran, Iran). In Indonesia,

the pilot project was conducted in two cities, West Jakarta and East Jakarta.

The Purposes of VCA were:

To increase public awareness to reduce their vulnerability by using their capacity;

To serve as the main reference in diagnosing and planning for risk reduction

programs;

To prioritize activities to be carried out, activities phases, the necessary input, and

beneficiaries/target group; and

To assist in evaluating the impact of the project in terms of risk reduction,

minimizing vulnerability, and increase capacity.

On the early stage of this pilot project, it was necessary to review the VCA that have been

conducted in West Jakarta and East Jakarta by integrating the urban context.

(2) Bidara Cina Urban Village – Jatinegara Sub-district, East Jakarta, 2014

The VCA was conducted at Neighborhood 013 office in Bidara Cina Urban Village,

Jatinegara Sub-district –East Jakarta Municipality (Komplek Asrama POLRI Bidara Cina or

Police Boarding House). This activity was participated by 37 people (12 men and 25

women) with various backgrounds [member of the neighborhood committee, sub-village

committee, member of Family Welfare Programme (Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan

Keluarga/PKK), urban village council (Lembaga Musyawarah Kelurahan/LMK, youth

organization, and committee members of water rescue team of neighborhood 2].

This VCA activity used couple of tools; which were institutions diagram, seasonal calendar

2013, problem tree and goals, disaster history, spot mapping and transect mapping,

hazard, risk and vulnerability and capacity analysis, institutions diagram and stakeholder

capacity analysis. The details were as follows:

Institutions Diagram

The participants identified various institutions that have collaborated with their

community. Those institutions were: neighborhood, urban village, municipality, sub-

district government, PMI, Water Rescue Team, Military/Police Department, Youth

Organization, PKK, and LMK. However, there were different opinions on how each

41

institution played their roles in the community. Therefore it was crucial to build better

communication between the community and those institutions.

Seasonal Calendar 2013

October to April was rainy season, with the highest rainfall from January until February.

During this heavy rainfall, the Urban Village of Bidara Cina was most prone to flood. The

flood has wrecked houses, caused loss of life, and displaced a lot of community members.

June to September was dry season, with the highest temperature from July to August.

During this time this area was at high risk of drought. In addition, May to July and October

to December were transitional seasons. During these seasons the communities were most

prone to outbreaks such as diarrhea, fever, cikungunya, influenza, etc.

In developing this tool, the participants showed lack of interest to be actively involved in

the discussion, particularly the male participants. In this case, facilitator played a critical

role to encourage the participants to be more active.

Problem Tree and Goals

The biggest issue in the Urban Village of Bidara Cina identified by participants was flood.

The flood caused by heavy rainfall, the river silting, littering, illegal buildings in the river

bank, etc. Further, the flood increased of water-borne disease outbreaks and wrecked

public facilities and infrastructures, especially road.

Community lack of knowledge about their environment has caused difficulties in

developing this Problem Tree.

History of Disaster

Bidara Cina Urban Village has

historically experienced

regular flooding events (in

1996, 2002, 2007, 2013, and

2014). A huge flood hit in

2007. In 2013 floods recurred

during the whole month of

January. The flood occurred in

1996 and 2014 were a result of

heavy rainfall flowing from

higher land areas. Those

floods devastated the

community. It increased the

outbreaks of water-borne

diseases, loss of life, financial

loss, and disrupt community

livelihood.

Group discussion on disaster history (Doc. PMI East Jakarta).

42

Spot Mapping and Transect Mapping

Bidara Cina Township was an area that has a lot of livelihood resources, yet was also prone

to flooding. The highly vulnerable areas are in the A-B area, because of the large number

houses along the river bank, the dense population, and the trash buildup. While the C-A

area, was used for housing as well as offices and business premises. C-A area was also

became a source of income or the area that has better financial opportunity. Therefore it

has better capacity compared to other areas.

The map used during discussion was not up to date. This has caused confusion. To address

this issue, the participants adjusted the map even though it took time.

Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis

One of hazards identified by participants was heavy rainfall. Their area was most prone to

flooding during heavy rainfall. Further, the flooding increased the outbreaks of water-

borne diseases. To reduce the risk, the community (individually or together) has built

multi-story houses, providing rubbish bin and water pump.

Stakeholder Capacity Analysis

The stakeholders whose capacity was analyzed were government institution ranging from

neighborhood, urban village, and municipality and Sub-district level.

Governance capacity

Government institutions in various levels ranging from neighborhood, urban village,

municipality and sub-districts have different roles but were related to each other.

Each institution has programs and policy related with DRM. In neighborhood and urban

village level, they encouraged the community to plant trees in their neighborhoods,

regularly gathered the community to work together to clean their environment. In

Township level, the governments have programs and policies to develop hazard map,

evacuation route, and clean the river bank from rubbish. In sub-district level, the

government has programs to raise community awareness to reduce flood risk and

demolish illegal buildings surrounding the river bank

Institution capacity in Risk Assessment, Early Warning System, and Disaster Risk

Management and Monitoring System

Institution

Disaster Risk and

Climate Change

Assessment

Early Warning

System

Disaster Risk

Management and

Monitoring System

RT

Mapping and

monitoring the

disaster prone areas

Through the

Community

Preparedness Team

give early warning

to the community

Monitoring and

information collection

regarding the disaster

risks through radio

communication

Sub-village Give early warning

through existing

tools: speaker, bell,

Monitoring and

information collection

regarding the disaster

43

etc risks through all means

of communications

available Township Township staff

inform the sub-

village coordinator

to inform about the

disaster and early

warning system

Sub-district Center of communication

and chain of command

Institution Capacity regarding Information and Knowledge Dissemination and

Training

All the institutions were responsible to share information that they have and they also

shared responsibility in providing training for the community, and raising community

awareness regarding disaster and climate change. Further they were collaborating in

conducting disaster simulation

Institution Capacity regarding Quick Respond and Early Recovery

The only institution that was assessed was the PMI. It provided services such as

evacuation, build refugee tent, public kitchen, health services, and training on

medical quick response. All those services were conducted by PMI Volunteer. The PMI

has boat, tents, and ambulance.

Early Warning System Analysis

In general, the Bidara Cina Urban Village community recognized the most prone area.

They also have knowledge about the risk and their vulnerability and recognize warning

signals to organize responses.

There has been a good cooperation between institutions (neighborhood, urban village,

municipality, sub-district government, and Community Based Action Team/CBAT). This

has allowed the community to appropriately get information about early warning.

The facilitators also led the participants to prioritize their risks. The participants agreed

that they were concerned about the increase of outbreak, loss of livelihood, and financial

loss.

After addressing their risks, the participants transformed those risks into capacity. Hence,

to address the threat of the possible outbreak, the community would protect their water

resources. They would also conduct a raising awareness campaign and improve the

community access to health services and facility. If public facilities ruined by disaster, the

community would work together and fix as well as maintain them.

Thus, the community agreed that flood was a potential risk. Then they have also produced

their action plan as seen in the table below.

44

Risk Reduction Action Plans

1 Potential risk Flood

2 Goal To reduce the flood impact

3 Activity River dredging

4 Target group Communities who were living in the

river bank

5 Person in charge Chief of Township

6 Resource availability All Bidara Cina Urban Village

Community

7 Necessity for external resources Cleaning tools

8 Time frame 1 month

(3) Kedoya Utara Urban Village West Jakarta, 2014 The VCA was updated in neighborhood 01, 02 and 08 of Kedoya Utara Urban Village, Kebon

Jeruk Sub-district of West Jakarta. The meeting and discussion were held at neighborhood

office. Meanwhile the data analysis was conducted in the community volunteer‘s house

and PMI West Jakarta office. It was conducted from 22 to 31 May 2014, where 15

participants from each sub-village with various backgrounds; such as committee members

of the neighborhood, urban village, member of PKK, member of LMK, Youth Organizations,

village security staff, religious leaders, member of organization involved in emergencies,

and community members in flood prone area.

There were five PMI volunteers and 20 CBAT involved in the VCA updating process. They

led the meeting and discussion by using the key questions for VCA assessment. In this area,

the tools used were spot and transect map, history of disaster and disease, seasonal

calendar and trend analysis. The results of the VCA in these targeted areas were as

follows:

Spot and Transect Mapping

01 Sub-village 02 Sub-village 08 Sub-village

The land

use

For housing, multi-purpose

building, badminton court,

office complex, warehouse,

workshop, apartment,

schools and community

business such as fish pond,

chicken and shop

For housing, religious

building, sport fields,

health facilities,

schools and

community business

For housing, religious

building, sport fields,

health facilities,

schools, and

community business.

Type of Betawi, Javanese,

Sundanese, Macassar,

Betawi, Javanese,

Sundanese, Batak and

--were not recorded--

45

community Padang and Madura Tionghoa

Level of

education

elementary, junior high

and senior high school

Elementary, junior

high and senior high

school

Senior high school

Income per

month

IDR 2,400,000 to IDR

3,000,000

IDR 500,000 to IDR

2,000,000

--were not recorded--

Type of job private sector employees,

labor and entrepreneurship

Government officer,

police, driver, private

sector employee,

labor and salesman

Private sector

employee and

salesman

Type of

house

stage house and semi-

permanent

Permanent and semi-

permanent

Permanent

If a disaster

hit

(particularly

flood)

They evacuate themselves

in mosque, school and

railway area.

They evacuate

themselves in flyover

and railway area.

They evacuate

themselves in the

mosque and railway

area.

History of Disaster and Disease

Kedoya Utara Urban Village has historically experienced regular events, such as:

Flooding: in 2002, 2003, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012,

2013 and 2014.

Dengue fever: in 2001, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

Diarrhea: in 2005, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

Tuberculosis: in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

Fire: in 2011, 2013 and 2014.

Leptospirosis: in 2013 and 2014.

Seasonal Calendar

During the heavy rainfall, Kedoya Utara Urban Village was most prone to flood. The flood

wrecked houses, caused loss of life, and displaced many community members. After flood,

outbreaks such as dengue fever, diarrhea and leptospirosis followed. This was usually

happening during the rainy season in September to April and more over during the highest

rainfall in December up to February. In addition to that, tidal flood hit neighborhood 08

every year.

Meanwhile, during dry season, with the highest temperature on July to August, this area

was at high risk of respiratory infections, tuberculosis, and diarrhea.

46

Trend Analysis

The community and the facilitators captured the trend in this area based on various

variables. The trend could be seen in the following table.

VARIABLE TREND

Population 1968-2008, population was increased and starting

from 2009, number of population has been

stable.

Income 1968-1991, income was increased and after that

it has been stable until now.

Public facility Public facilities tended to increase each year.

Housing Housing tended to increase each year.

Community

organization

Number of community organizations has been

stable.

Disaster Numbers of disasters were increased each year.

The highest rate of disaster happened in the

period 2006-2008.

Evacuation place Number of evacuation places tended to increase.

Early warning system Early warning system has been getting better

each year.

Water level during

flood

Water level during flood tended to increase each

year. The level decreased in the period 2009-

2010.

Sources of drinking

water

Sources of drinking water tended to increase.

Water conditions Water conditions tended to decrease each year.

Disease Disease tended to increase each year.

Access to health

facilities

Access to health facilities tended to increase.

Prone area to

outbreaks

Prone areas to outbreaks tended to be more

widespread.

Green program Green programs tended to increase.

City development City development tended to increase.

Health socialization Health socialization tended to increase.

Rainfall Rainfall tended to increase each year. The

highest rainfall happened in the period 2006-

2008.

Weather and

temperature

Weather and temperature tended to increase

each year.

Based on those tools then it could be concluded that neighborhood 01 has high risk of

flood and leptospirosis; neighborhood 02 community has high risk of flood, dengue fever

and tuberculosis; meanwhile 08 neighborhood community has high risk of fire.

47

Risk Reduction Action Plans

By having those kinds of hazards, the community of Kedoya Utara mapped their

vulnerability and capacity against those risks so they were able to decide the actions they

prepared.

HAZARD RISK VULNERABILITY CAPACITY ACTION

Flood - Loss of property

- Loss of life - Loss of Job - Outbreaks - Disrupted

school activities

- Limited access to health facilities for neighborhood 01

- Overcrowding

- Rainfall - Garbage

problem - Turbid water

conditions

- Good access to health facilities for neighborhood 02

- Emergency tools

- Community volunteers

- Gotong royong or community cooperative work

- Socialization - Waste

management - Water

management - River

embankments

Dengue fever

- Stop working

- Hospitalized

- PKK less active in neighborhood 01

- PKK is active in neighborhood 02

- Larvae Monitoring Person (or Juru Pemantau Jentik/Jumantik) was active

- Good access to health facilities for neighborhoods 02 & 08

- Gotong royong

- Socialization - 3 M (closing,

draining, and burying)

Leptospirosis - Loss of life - Hospitalized

- Less knowledge of community

- Limited access to health facilities for neighborhood 01

- Overcrowding - Garbage

- PKK was active

- Jumantik was active

- Gotong royong

Diarrhea - Loss of income

- Hospitalized

- Limited access to health

- PKK was active

- Jumantik was

48

facilities for neighborhood 01

- Garbage in neighborhood 08

active - Gotong

royong

Tuberculosis - Hospitalized - Overcrowding - Less

knowledge of community

- PKK was active

- Gotong royong

- Socialization

Fire - Loss of property

- Less of socialization

- Gotong royong

VCA updated with information of health sector, government policy, railway issue, the

change in the urban village transition, and river cleanliness. It was developed in 2011 in

the previous project (ICBRR Project which was started in 2007), and then it was updated in

2012.

Images captions: (top left) One member of CBAT was observing the community updating the VCA;

(top right) the transect map of Kedoya Utara, neighborhood 08 produced by the communities;

(bottom right) PMI volunteer was sharing the information about the project to the targeted

communities; (bottom left) CBAT members were having coordination meeting in one of the

community members‘ house. (All photos: PMI West Jakarta documentations).