Pilot Navigation & Flt Planning

1:60 Rule

Track Error & Closing Angle

mental DR

Use of Radio Aids

Flight plan

PNR & CP

Pilot Navigation

The rule is based on the premise that if a right angle triangle has abase line 60 units long, the value in degrees of the smaller enclosedangle is the same as the number of units in the shorter side of the triangle.A comparison with the actual angle errors of less than ½° for angles upto 9º 7 only 1º error at 16 º.By 20 º the error is 1 ½°,increasing rapidly at larger angles.Hence the usage is limited to 20 °the usage is limited to 20 °

TMG, DSRTK & TE

TKE

Paralleling Trk( OFFSET)

Double Trk Error method

2 TE Correction

TE+ CA Method

TE + CA To Dest/WPT

Std C. A.

(It is applicable to low flying, high speed jet A/C only).

Mental DR- 1

TAS from RAS:Ht in Ft % added to RAS 5000 7.510000 1515000 2620000 3725000 5030000 6435000 8040000 10045000 13050000 150

Mental DR-2TAS from Mach No: Assuming ISA conditions, this method is

reasonably accurate upto 40000 Ft & speeds upto Mach 1:a. Multiply the indicated Mno ( to two decimal places ) by 600 or by 6 ignoring decimal.b. If the Mno is .60 or less add 1Kt for each 1000 Ft below 25000 Ft, or subtract 1kt per 1000 Ft above 25000 Ft.c. Mno> .60 add 2Kts/ subtract 2 Kts for each 1000Ft as in b.

Wind Factor Chart

Effective Wind

Radio Fixing

3P/L Fix

3P/L Running Fix

RMI - Enroute

RMI-Trk In / Trk Out

Tracking In On RMI

Tracking In On RMI

RMI-Tracking Out

RMI-Tracking Out

ADF indications

VOR HOLD

Principles of Flt Planning

a) Selection of route

b) Met planning

c) A/C performance

d) Cruise control

Route Planning

Computarised Flight Plan

( at altn)

Comp. Flt Planning

Air India is a licensed user of the PHOENIX flt planning system which is provided by EDS( Electronic Data system).The program is designed to produce a safe & cost sensitive flt plan, even to the extent of rejecting an erroneous non-flyable plan.

Main elements of ‘ PHOENIX ‘ are:•Flight Leg Record(FLR)- Stored information includes preferred route or route selection, alternate, min/max FLT LVL, ICAO/FAA flt plan,cruiseprofiles,weather data etc.The same route (city pair ) may have upto two more options with different parameters.•Aircraft Record( ACR)- Each of our aircraft is identified by its own registration. A default record defines the company operating policy & limitations on MTOW, LDW, ZFW, max. taxi-out wt,fuel tank capacity,residual fuel,options of different climb, cruise & descent profiles,Selcal,engine model etc

Comp. Flt Planning(contd..)•Navigation : The Nav database holds worldwide information regarding airways, radio aids, WPT coordinates, STARs & SIDs of major airports of length 5000 ft or more. This information is supplied by Jeppesen & it is automatically updated every 28 days as per AIRAC cycle date. Any Class I/ II Notams can be processed online.•Aircraft Performance( ACP)- This database contains performance data for all aircraft types & engines as required by the airline .This data is supplied by the manufacturers & neds to be verified locally for nonstandard configuration.•Weather- Database contains upper air information such as winds, temp, tropopause levels etc. The US National Meteorological Centre,Maryland & UK met Office at Bracknell supply the data. Air India uses the lattersource( Maryland being the alternate source). Both the MET Offices deliver data twice a day.

Flt Plan : PNR & CP

3700

Flt from A to D: cruise at M 0.75, FOB 23000kgs, reserve 4000kgscomplete the flt plan 7 calculate:a) time & distance for PNR to Ab) time & distance for CP between A & D.Steps:( Std temp at F330 = -51deg C).Complete temp column.

Evolve TAS from M0.75.Complete the flt plan.Find Out + Home fuel for each leg.Find PNR

Flt Plan : PNR & CP

Finding CP

CP between B & C: 58½ 102 ½ = d 365= t 56 d= 208 nm t =32 min