Pilot Implementation of FSM Standard in...

Pilot Implementation of FSM Standard in Nepal - Mahalaxmi, Lalitpur as Pilot Municipality Project

August 2019

Progress Report

Mahalaxmi Municipality

Contents1. Introduction 1

1.1 Context 11.2 Policy Overview 21.3 Overview of ISO 24521 Guidelines 31.4 Objective, Result and Outputs 41.5 Project Implementation Approach 51.6 Collaborating Partners 7

2. Project Planning 82.1 Project Kick-off Meeting 82.2 Team Mobilization 82.3 Core Values 92.4 Understanding the Project 9

2.4.1 First Project Planning Meeting 92.4.2 Orientation on ISO 24521 Guidelines for the Management

of Domestic Wastewater Services 102.4.3 Project Consultation: Reviewing What Has Been Done So Far

and Identifying Immediate Priorities 112.5 Stakeholders Consultation and Planning Workshops 12

2.5.1 Consultation in Mahalaxmi Municipality and Site Visit 122.5.2 Project Planning Workshop 132.5.3 Site Visit for FSTP Location 14

2.6 Enriching Partnership for Developing Collaboration and Synergy 152.6.1 Project Meeting: ToP Finalization and Presentation of Possible Sites for FSTP

Construction 152.6.2 Formation of Technical Committee 162.6.3 Signing of Terms of Partnership 17

2.7 Deepening Linkages for Synergy 182.7.1 Consultative Meeting with Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) 18

3. Sanitation Situation Analysis 193.1 Situation Analysis 193.2 Mapping of Potential Private Sector Engagement for desludging services 223.3 Preliminary Assessment for Co-Treatment Opportunities 233.4 Site Assessment for FSTP 253.5 Standard Septic Tanks Institutionalized in the Municipality 28

4. Institutional Arrangement 295. Key Priorities for 2019 30Annexes 31

Annex I: Project Results Framework 32Annex II: Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant: Site Assessment Report 35Annex III: Mapping Report of Private Desludging Services 52Annex IV: Preliminary Assessment Report of Co-treatment Opportunities 62


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1. Introduction

1.1 Context

Imagine “Clean Nepal” where every citizen lives, works and plays in a healthy environment as enshrined in the new Constitution1 . A Nepal where rivers run faster and cleaner, water bodies are rich with aquatic life, and ample amount of clean water is available for human consumption and use. This vision is realized if every citizen uses functional toilets, and that the toilets are connected to systems that will treat before safely disposing human excreta to protect public health and prevent environmental pollution.

Like in many developing countries, over 70%2 of the population in Nepal rely on non sewered sanitation (NSS) services such as pit latrines and septic tanks. As the number of municipalities has now increased to 293 (2017) from 58 (2014) with many of the small and emerging towns also being classified as municipalities, the percentage of households connected to septic tanks has further increased. However, NSS and faecal sludge management (FSM) systems in cities, small and emerging towns are poor and unregulated primarily due to lack of political will and inadequate policy and budget priorities for wastewater management, weak design standards and ignorance towards adopting and adhering to safely designed septic tanks. Requirements of regular desludging and lack of enforcement across the sanitation value chain are the key reasons for weak management and haphazard disposal of faecal sludge into the environment causing significant public health risks and environmental pollution.

Mahalaxmi Municipality, which has been declared ODF, is located along Southern periphery of Kathmandu Valley with approximately 28,000 households. The major settlements such as Siddhipur, Lubhu, Imadole, Tikathali completely rely on on-site sanitation systems. These traditional settlements are rapidly urbanizing due to influx of people from all over the country.

The vision of Mahalaxmi Municipality is “clean, hygienic, prosperous and beautiful city.” In sanitation terms, this means that both liquid and solid wastes are not randomly disposed of in water bodies but are connected to systems that treat and safely dispose/reuse these wastes.

1 Source: Constitution of Nepal (2015), article 30, pg 112 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (2011), Government of Nepal


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Mahalaxmi Municipality

1.2 Policy Overview

The Constitution of Nepal (2015) and Local Governance Operation Act (2017) define authority, roles, and responsibility of Municipality in leading and managing sanitation services. As per the Local Governance Operation Act, the Municipality will perform the following functions on sanitation:

� Formulating policy, Act, standards, planning, implementation and regulation – Article Jha (1), pg 23

� Collection, treatment, reuse, tariff setting and regulation – Article Jha (7), pg 24 � Coordination, collaboration and engagement with the private sector and NGOs in wastewater

management – Article Jha (10), pg 24 � Ensuring new house design permits have in-built toilets and standard designs of septic tanks

and soak away system – Article 29, pg 64

This would require, among others, political will and leadership from the Municipality on sanitation.

As per the Faecal Sludge Management Institutional and Regualtory Framework (2017) issued by the Ministry of Water Supply, households without sewer network are mandated to construct standard septic tanks. At the municipality level and Kathmandu Valley at large, there is no effective and regulated FSM system yet in place.


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1.3 Overview of ISO 24521 Guidelines

Objective The four main objectives of basic on-site domestic wastewater services3, as defined by ISO guidelines, are: � public health and safety; � occupational health and safety; � environmental protection; � sustainable development.

Scope of ISO 24521 Guidelines � Guidelines for the management of basic on-site domestic wastewater services from the operator’s

perspective, including maintenance techniques, training of personnel and risk considerations; � guidelines for the management of basic on-site domestic wastewater services from the

perspective of users; � guidance on the design and construction of basic on-site domestic wastewater systems;

Outside of Scope � guidance on planning, operation and maintenance, and health and safety issues limits of

acceptability for wastewater discharged into a receiving body; � analytical methods; � the management structure of sanitary waste/wastewater service activities of operation and

management; � the content of contracts or subcontracts

3 water containing only human body waste and human liquid waste, which can contain grey water from washing but does not contain commercial or industrial discharges


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Components and Objectives of basic on-site domestic wastewater systems comprise of:Component Definition Objective

User interfaceTechnologies with which the user comes into contact and access the sanitation system.

To improve the sanitary conditions in people’s homes.

Collection Technologies which enable wastewater to be collected, temporarily stored and, if appropriate, to be partially treated.

To improve the sanitary conditions in people’s homes.

Transportation Technologies that transport wastewater away from the user’s home to temporary disposal, treatment or discharge sites.

To ensure the health and hygiene of the neighbourhood.

Treatment Technologies used to treat wastewater and residues in order to reduce the pollution load by means of physic-chemical and/or biological processes.

To reduce pollution and ensure the health of the community.

Disposal/reuseTechnologies or methods by which residues are ultimately disposed of in the environment or reused as useful resources.

To allow a safe and adequate disposal of treated residues (disposal) or the utilization of treated residues (reuse).

Source: ISO 24521 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater

Initiatives are underway between ENPHO and NBSM to agree on a check list to look into ways and means through which ISO 24521 guidelines can be captured through documentation that will lend credibility or self-regulation to the Project having followed the guidelines with due diligence. Since the Project is about testing and applying ISO 24521 guidelines in practice, it needs to capture the core essence that the Guidelines entails. By default ISO guidelines are voluntary, and provision of official certification by NBSM on ISO guidelines is not in place yet.

1.4 Objective, Result and Outputs

ENPHO is supporting pilot implementation of the ISO 24521 guidelines for the management of basic on-site domestic wastewater services in Mahalaxmi Municipality. To achieve this objective, ENPHO is collaborating with the Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB), Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology (NBSM) and other relevant stakeholders. The project, which is supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) under grant assistance, is the first of its kind in Nepal and globally.

The key objectives of the Project are: � to test the application of ISO 24521 guidelines for the management of basic on-site domestic

wastewater services and thereby help improve environmental sanitation conditions in Mahalaxmi Municipality, and

� to draw lessons from this piloting experience and evidence to recommend adoption of the ISO 24521 guidelines at the national level through policy and practice changes.

Result: A fully functioning FSM service delivery model addressing the entire sanitation service chain – containment, transporation, treatment and reuse.

The Project has three interrelated outputs. Output 1: National adoption of ISO 24521 guidelines by National Bureau of Standards and

Metrology; Output 2: Implementation of ISO 24521 guidelines in Mahalaxmi Municipality as a pilot

initiative and, based on lessons learnt, replicate in an additional Municipalities; and Output 3: Documentation of impact of implementation of ISO 24521 FSM guidelines and

influence policy and practices on domestic wastewater management


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Project Results Framework, appended in Annex I, summarizes Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) on eight inter-linked stages (1) Project Planning, (2) Sanitation Situational Assessment, (3) Sanitation Improvement Plan, (4) Institutional Strengthening, and Sanitation Policy Development, (5) Public Private Partnership and Linkages Development, (6) Capacity Building and Knowledge Management, (7) Fully Functional and Safely Managed Sanitation Services, and (8) Scaling up and National Policy Influence. The Framework builds on Project Implementation Plan and can also be seen as scope of work in results orientation.

1.5 Project Implementation Approach

The ISO 24521 guidelines is being implemented following a structure planning approach in stepwise manner.

As part of the piloting, the project is adopting a City Wide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) principles to develop a citywide sanitation improvement plan (CSP)4. Following an institutional commitment of Mahalaxmi municipality to move forward with the piloting of the FSM guidelines, the first stage of the CSP is understanding of the baseline environmental sanitation conditions mainly: (i) GIS based household mapping and survey, (ii) characterization and quantification of faecal sludge (FS), (iii) understanding of the institutional arrangements, (iv) analysis of key stakeholders including and identification of the existing service providers relevant to NSS and FSM.

The second step entails analysis of service options and modalities including institutional arrangements in close consultation with local stakeholders. To define service options, roles and responsibilities, the team will closely review and follow the ISO 24521 guidelines including assessment of riks, existing national level FSM framework and evolving new Act on water supply and sanitation. A key result of the second step would consist of an analysis of two to three service options and modalities.

The third stage of the planning process will be to narrow down the service option into one through local level consultations. The recommended option will be looked deeper to develop a concrete plan of action for sanitation service level improvement.

The final stage is the effective implementation and monitoring of the action plan resulting into the establishment of a fully functioning FSM service delivery model addressing the entire sanitation service chain – containment, transportation, treatment and end use/disposal in Mahalaxmi Municipality.

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) and process documentation will be a continuous learning process which will feed into instituting improvements along the way.

A technical committee will be established under the NBSM to oversee the national adoption of the ISO 24521 guidelines. This committee can take up the M&E role to ensure that the ISO 24521 guidelines are followed correctly through periodic interactions and field visits, More importantly, based on the field level learnings and evidence, NBSM will facilitate meetings of National Standards Adoption Committee to take forward the ISO 24521 guidelines and national adoption.

4 The CSP is being prepared following the guidelines of the Sanitation 21 (IWA, 2014)


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1.6 Collaborating Partners

The collaboaring partners to this Project are: Mahalaxmi Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB), and National Bureau of Standards and Metrology (NBSM) to effectivly plan, implement and efficiently operationalize the ISO 24521 guidelines.

The key roles of partners include:

Municipality � Lead planning, management and regulation of ISO 24521 guidelines in the Municipality; � Establish and strengthen a dedicated FSM Cell, under Environmental Management Section,

in the Municipality and empower the Cell with necessary human capital, resources, tools and techniques;

� Engage ENPHO to prepare sanitation improvement plan and operationalize an establish an effective and sustainable system for safely managing sanitation services in the Municipality;

� Prepare and approve local sanitation policy/by-laws and associated implementation models and manuals for safely managing sanitation services;

� Provide land required to establish the Treatment System aligning with ISO 24521 guidelines and land selection criteria as given in the approved FSM Institutional and Regulatory Framework;

� Ensure standard septic tank design & guidelines are prepared and attached as part of Municipality guidelines for people to consider while submitting permits for new house construction;

� Establish Public Private Partnership between Municipality and service providers for the sustainable operation of sanitation service chain;

� Operationalize business model of the established sanitation system ensuring institutional and financial sustainability.

Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board � Provide capital cost for the establishment of Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant; � Develop and provide standard licensing mechanism to enable potential private sector for safely

managing sanitation services (emptying, transportation, treatment and disposal/end).

ENPHO � Provide technical support and advisory services to the Municipality for the effective

programming, management, and operation for safely managing sanitation services; � Survey and analyze sanitation situation in the Municipality including establishment of GIS-

based information system and prepare sanitation improvement plan; � Prepare policy, by-laws, technical designs, cost estimates and operational manuals to effectively

manage and operate safely managing sanitation services; � Prepare and submit business model (both capital and operational expenditure) to effectively

operate and sustain the entire sanitation value chain; � Identify capacity gaps on the entire sanitation value chain and develop capacity building

packages and implement them while ensuring enhanced knowledge is put into practice; � Develop commissioning plan and provide hands-on support (technical, institutional,

management and trouble-shooting) during the commissioning period.


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2. Project Planning 2.1 Project Kick-off Meeting

11 February, 2019 | Hotel Summit | Sanepa, Lalitpur

ENPHO, with the support of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and in collaboration with Mahalaxmi Municipality, organized a kick-off meeting of the project “Pilot implementation of FSM standard in Nepal- Mahalaxmi, Lalitpur as Pilot Municipality” on 11 February 2019. The meeting was held at Hotel Summit, Sanepa. Altogether, 47 participants attended the meeting which included representatives from government, international and national non-government organizations and academic institutions.

During the program, the project objectives and activities were shared, ISO 24521 and ISO 30500 guidelines were briefed. Furthermore, the city wide inclusive sanitation approach was also shared.

Outputs: � Project kick-off meeting organized; � Disseminated information on project objectives and key outcomes to the stakeholders; � Shared about ISO 24521, ISO 30500 guidelines and city wide inclusive sanitation approach.

Participants: � Total participants were 47 from 27 various organizations

2.2 Team Mobilization

Under ENPHO, a Technical Assistance (TA) team has been formed to provide the necessary and high quality technical, management and advisory support. The TA team consists of: (a) Water and Sanitation Governance Advisor (lead), (b) Service and Business Development Advisor, (c) Policy Advisor, (d) Technical Advisor, (e) Standardization Experts.


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With a wide range of expertise on policy, standardization, water and sanitation governance, service and business development and project management, the TA team is uniquely placed to support ENPHO in planning, managing and monitoring the implementation of the Project.

2.3 Core Values

PRITTIParticipative: Contribution, ideas and innovations are welcome. Recognizing and respecting the knowledge and skills one brings to the Project.

Responsive: On time performance and delivery with quality for achieving agreed outputs and outcomes of the project.

Innovative: Active and creative and learning, and prepared to take risks to accelerate change and making a difference.

Transparent and Accountable: In our actions and behavior in the conduct of business and for the effective implementation of agreed actions

Team Spirited: The Project is “ours” and within our control. Team work is less of me and more of “WE”. The Project team is united in planning, implementation, dissemination and influencing improved sector policy and practices.

Information Sharing: Access and share information for broader benefit.

2.4 Understanding the Project

2.4.1 First Project Planning Meeting 15 March, 2019 | ENPHO Office | New Baneshwor, Kathmandu


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The first project planning meeting was held on 15 March 2019 at ENPHO Office, New Baneshwor. The participants in the meeting were informed about the Technical Assistance (TA) Team of the project and introduced to each TA team members/advisors. The project implementation plan with activities with timelines and the terms of reference of the TA team were also presented in the meeting. Furthermore, presentations were made on the preliminary draft (in English) of the Terms of Partnership (ToP) between Mahalaxmi Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB) and ENPHO, and the terms of reference of GIS based situational assessment and specialists.

Outputs: � Project Implementation Plan (PIP) presented and agreed; � ToR and key deliverables of TA team presented and discussed; � Situational assessment including ToR presented and discussed.

Key action points decided in the meeting: � Review of ToP document and providing feedback for finalization; � Orientation on ISO 24521 guidelines for the management of domestic wastewater services and; � Defining the scope of the project.

Total Participants: 13

2.4.2 Orientation on ISO 24521 Guidelines for the Management of Domestic Wastewater Services

21 March, 2019 | ENPHO Office | New Baneshwor, Kathmandu

TA team was oriented on ISO 24521 guidelines through an orientation program organized on 21 March 2019 at ENPHO Office, New Baneshwor.


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Outputs: � TA team members oriented on ISO 24521 guidelines

Key action points decided in the meeting: � Requirement analysis before proceeding for survey work; � Review of ToR of situational assessment in accordance with ISO 24521; � Identifying potential land in Mahalaxmi Municipality for construction of Faecal Sludge

Treatment Plant; � Process for ToP signing ceremony to be organized in Mahalaxmi Municipality;


2.4.3 Project Consultation: Reviewing What Has Been Done So Far and Identifying Immediate Priorities 8 April, 2019 | ENPHO Office | New Baneshwor, Kathmandu

A project TA consultation meeting was organized on 8 April 2019 to share the conceptual understanding of ISO 24521 guidelines and know what this means for the project; to review what has been done so far, and identify the immediate priorities. Conceptual understanding of ISO 24521 guidelines was presented highlighting the objectives, components of on-site domestic wastewater systems, management, planning and construction, operation and maintenance and health and safety issues. Until this meeting, the project kick-off meeting and two project meets had been organized and the TA team had been formalized. The core values to be followed by all team members during the planning and implementation were also shared during this meeting.

Following crucial points were also raised during the meeting: � Who should do what should be clear and precise in ToR of situational analysis; � Detailed ‘checklist’ or ‘questionnaire’ is the must and the urgent need before conducting survey; � The information content for situational analysis should be finalized in order to identify the

method that is appropriate for particular information collection.


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Outputs: � Conceptual understanding of ISO 24521 guidelines � Reviewed what has been done so far; � Immediate priorities identified; � Core values shared.

Key action points decided in the meeting: � Organize the first Technical Committee Meet at NBSM; � Translate ToP in Nepali language; � Organize half-day local consultation program in Mahalaxmi Municipality; � Preparation for signing of ToP and establishment of sanitation cell in the Municipality; � Commencement of GIS-based information collection and analysis.


2.5 Stakeholders Consultation and Planning Workshops

2.5.1 Consultation in Mahalaxmi Municipality and Site Visit 12 April, 2019 | Mahalaxmi Municipality

Project TA team had a meeting with the Mayor, Ward Chairpersons and other representatives from Mahalaxmi Municipality and representatives from KVWSMB at the Municipality Office on 12 April 2019. The consultation meeting was organized to inform all about the project, its objectives and the outcomes. The project activities that need to be initiated immediately were also discussed during the meeting which primarily included expediting the process of situational assessment, preparation of digitization map of Mahalaxmi Municipality, signing of ToP between project partners and establishing the sanitation cell in the Municipality.

The meeting was then followed by the site visit nearby the slaughter house in Mahalaxmi Municipality.


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2.5.2 Project Planning Workshop 21-22 April, 2019 | Hotel Country Villa | Nagarkot

The Project Planning Workshop was organized at Hotel Country Villa in Nagarkot on 21 and 22 April, 2019. The major objective of the workshop was to bring together agency representatives and team members for a planning meeting to consult on information requirements and share agency roles and responsibilities for the effective implementation of ISO 24521 guidelines in Mahalaxmi Municipality.

Presentations were made on the following: � Project, its objectives and expected outputs; � Project overview which included what does success look like in sanitation service chain; � What has been done until March 2019; � Key priorities for next quarter; � Flow diagram of situation assessment and steps in situation analysis methodology; � Checklist of information requirement; � Uniform understanding on agency roles, outputs and timelines;


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Outputs: � Questionnaire or checklist for information collection prepared and finalized; � Uniform understanding on agencies’ and consulting roles, responsibilities, outputs and

timelines; � Social and professional bonding established.

Key action points decided in the meeting: � Proceed for land identification and selection for the construction of the treatment plant in

Mahalaxmi Municipality; � Technical assessment of the selected land; � Finalization of the ToP (translated in Nepali) with language editing, and process for signing of

ToP; � Process for signing of ToP; � Formation of Technical Review Committee at NBSM; � Expediting the process of situation assessment.

Total Participants: 21 which included representatives from Mahalaxmi Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB), Nepal Bureau of Standard and Metrology, 500B Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Innovative Solution, EcoConcern Pvt. Ltd., and ENPHO.

2.5.3. Site Visit for FSTP Location 17 May 2019 | Padaali Ban, Ward 9 | Mahalaxmi Municipality

As decided in the meeting held at KVWSMB Office on 7 May 2019 for Site 3 visit and inspection by the entire team members of all project partners, the site visit was conducted on 17 May, 2019.

Outputs: � Site 3 identified as the most feasible one for FSTP � Another site, near to Site 3, also observed.


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Total Participants: 22 which included project team members from ENPHO, representatives from Mahalaxmi Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board, EcoConcern Pvt. Ltd. and the Community Forest.

2.6 Enriching Partnership for Developing Collaboration and Synergy

2.6.1 Project Meeting: ToP Finalization and Presentation of Possible Sites for FSTP Construction 7 May 2019 | KVWSMB Office | Saibu, Bhaisepati

A project meeting was held on 7 May, 2019 at KVSWMB Office, Saibu to review and finalize ToP document (in Nepali) and present the lands inspected and selected by the technical team for FSTP construction in Mahalaxmi Municipality. Principles behind the selection process, maps and photos of the sites were also presented.

Outputs: � ToP document translated in Nepali thoroughly reviewed and finalized; � Lands inspected and proposed by the technical team for FSTP construction presented; � Site 3 located at Padaali Ban in Ward 9 identified as the most potential one.

Key action points decided in the meeting: � Circulation of revised ToP in team for feedback if any; � Signing of ToP between partners within the next two weeks;



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2.6.2 Formation of Technical Committee 12 May 2019 | NBSM Office | Balaju

A project meeting was held at NBSM office on 12 May, 2019 to brief about the project, its objectives and outcomes, provide the general overview of National Standard development process, brief on ISO 24521 guidelines and introduce the Technical Committee to the project stakeholders.

Outputs: � Project stakeholders informed about the project, its objectives and outcomes; � General overview of National Standard development process provided to the participants; � ISO 24521 guidelines briefed; � Technical Committee formed and introduced; � Members for the Technical Committee selected as following: � Mr. Indu Bikram Joshi, Convener of the Technical Committee � Mr. Suman Dhun Shrestha, Member (Mr. Shrestha is from School of Engineering, KU) � Ms. Anjali Manandhar, Member (Ms. Manandhar is from 500B Solution) � Mr. Narayan Prasad Kharel (Mr. Kharel is from DWSSM) � Mr. Ganesh Prasad Pathak (Mr. Pathak is from NBSM) � A representative from ENPHO � A representative from HPCIDBC � A representative from KVWSMB

Key action points decided in the meeting: � Review of the ISO guidelines by the Technical Sub-Committee and submit recommendations

within 3 months.



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2.6.3 Signing of Terms of Partnership 24 May, 2019 | Ward 1 Office | Mahalaxmi Municipality

The Terms of Partnership (ToP) Signing Program was held at Ward 1 Office of Mahalaxmi Municipality on 24 May, 2019. With this, Mahalaxmi Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB) and Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) entered into a Terms of Partnership (ToP) to collaborate and implement the project in Mahalaxmi Municipality.

Outputs:ToP between Mahalaxmi Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB) and Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) signed.

Total Participants: 34 with representatives from Mahalaxmi Municipality, KVWSMB, ENPHO, Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies (MOICS), Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), LUCENT and 500B Solutions Pvt. Ltd.


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2.7 Deepening Linkages for Synergy

2.7.1 Consultative Meeting with Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)21 May 2019 | ENPHO Office | New Baneshwor, Kathmandu

A consultative meeting with Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) was held at ENPHO Office on 21 May, 2019 to brief about the project and pave the way for further coordination and collaboration to work in Mahalaxmi Municipality. The Country Representative from GGGI, Mr. Rowan Fraser participated during this meeting and gave overview on GGGI sanitation project in Mahalaxmi Municipality. Further, the team discussed and agreed on the potential collaborative activities in the municipality.

Another coordination meeting with GGGI team was held on 16 July, 2019 at GGGI office in Department of Environment. The presentations on both project objectives and activities was made during the meeting. It was further agreed to share the progress reports and information collected during the implementation of ISO project to facilitate the collaborative planning and to avoid any duplicate of works.


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3. Sanitation Situation Analysis To better understand environmental sanitation condition, GIS based household census mapping and sample survey is underway and is planned to be completed by September end.

Key information is summarized in the following Tables and Charts which are self-explanatory.

Table 1: The BasicsTotal HHs surveyed 15,424Total HHs residing 25,056

Total population counted 122,064Total containments 8,956

Septic tanks 8267Holding tank 571

Pits 118Note: Work is in progress

3.1 Situation Analysis

Chart 1: Toilet within the premises (%) Chart 2: Toilet Location (%)

Of the total surveyed houses, 98% houses have toilets, 2% houses were using shared toilet within the neighborhood.

About 85% houses have their toilet inside the house and 15% have outside.


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Chart 3: Toilet Connection (%)Chart 4: Community response on septic/holding tank, does it have at least 2 chambers, outlet at top, sealed/lined base and

walls

In some wards, the houses were directly connected to sewerage system (36%), mainly ward 1 to 5 which are newly urbanized area in the municipality. However, in the rest of the wards, the houses have containment. Thus, about 57 % houses have either septic

tank or holding tank, and very few (0.8%) houses were using pit.

Regarding the knowledge on holding and septic tank, about 52% houses mentioned that their tanks were built with at least

two chambers, outlet at top, sealed or lined base and walls indicating they have definitely septic tank.

Chart 5: Septic Tank Emptying Practice Chart 6: Sources of Water (%)

Only about 24% of surveyed houses have emptied their septic tanks, whereas about 71% have never emptied.

For drinking, majority of houses were using jar water (54%) followed by Municipal water by 28%. The rest of house were

using other sources such as private tanker, dug well, tube well.

Chart 7: Well within the Premises (%)

According to the surveyed data, majority of houses in the surveyed area have wells for water inside their premises, only about 22% of the houses do not have.


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3.2 Mapping of Potential Private Sector Engagement for Desludging Services

In light of the potential partnership with the private sector to deliver FSM services, across the sanitation value chain at Mahalaxmi Municipality, an analysis of the existing service providers were conducted to understand their competencies and capacities and to identify potential service providers for delivering FSM services across the sanitation chain in Mahalaxmi Municipality.

A combination of both primary and secondary data collection method was used. Among 19 FS service providers identified, a questionnaire-based interview was conducted with 16 service providers in the field to understand the FS service operations. A competency framework of FS Emptier5 was used as a reference for assessing the competencies/capacity of the service providers mainly in the areas of operation and maintenance, relationship management, finances and administration. A half-day workshop was organised with the FS service providers on 13 June 2019 to further understand the FS service delivery context, identify key gaps and challenges and to solicit opinions and recommendations for efficient FSM services in Kathmandu Valley.

5 The draft competency framework developed by CAWST (2019) is still undergoing a review process


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Table 2: Operational challenges along the service chainContainment/desludging Transportation Treatment/Disposal

� Difficult to empty pits constructed with more than 10 rings or with more than 5ft depth

� Absence of standard septic tank � Use of old technology � Inaccessible containment location and unknown opening � Temporary and low-quality construction of toilet and

containment: no walls and covered with tin sheets; thin cover slabs

� Absence of vent pipe - danger of exposure to hazardous gas � Lack of scheduled desludging � Difficulty in working with safety gears due to the location of

and way the units are constructed

� Constant problems with the traffic due to lack of proper paper work

� Traffic create trouble because of vehicle modification

� No free mobility on the roads

� Absence of designated disposal area

� No treatment facility � Disposal in man holes and

household premises � Public opposition due to

smell

Recommendations from FS Service Providers Based on their experience, the service providers provided several suggestions and recommendations to develop the competencies as well as improve the overall FSM situation in the Kathmandu Valley. Some of the key points are highlighted below: � Government must establish FSTPs within the Kathmandu Valley for proper disposal of FS,

preferably by delineating different zones and constructing FSTPs per zone for efficient FSM; � All the service providers should get organized through an Association to dialogue with the

concerned authority for their recognition and to ensure uniformity in service provision; � The desludging and transportation services should be licensed; � The desludging technology should be upgraded for efficient operation of services; � There should be structured and practical training for instance improved technology and

operational health and safety; � Households should be educated on proper construction of toilet and containment and its usage.

3.3 Preliminary Assessment for Co-Treatment Opportunities

Rationale for on-site sanitation system existsWith population projection of 3.2 million in Kathmandu Valley (the new census information scheduled in 2021) it is observed from design assumption that even in optimistic projections 0.9 million people will need to be served through onsite sanitation systems. This will roughly mean that around 150,000 households in Kathmandu Valley will have onsite systems that will need to be properly collected, emptied, treated and managed for disposal. This should provide a basis for calculation of amount of septage treatment facility required in Kathmandu Valley.

The Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board is currently undertaking a study to prepare its updated Capital Investment and Asset Management Plant (CIAMP 2). It is expected that the plan will identify the areas and suggest the extent of fecal treatment facilities required to be treated on an annual/ periodic basis.

Existing Facilities GoN is upgrading all sewerage treatment plants for added efficiency and treatment capacity through loan funds being made available by the Asian Development Bank through their loans. The scope includes extensive rehabilitation and upgrading of these plants under Build and Operate type of contract(s). Features of these plants are as shown in the Table 3.


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Table 3: Basic Feature of WW Treatment Facilities available in Kathmandu Valley

SrName of the

Plant

Treatment System Modified Capacity

(MLD)

Scheduled Completion

date

Cumulative Progress %

ContractorsTreatment

degreePresent Modified

1 GuheshworiExtended Aeration Oxydation Ditch

Activate Sludge32.4

(16.1*2)2019 July 90

VA Tech WABAG, India

Secondary with effluent polishing

2 Kodku Facultative Ponds Activated Sludge 17.5Nov 2019

15SafBon Water Services, PRC

Secondary3 Sallaghari Aerobic Ponds Activated Sludge 14.2 Secondary4 Dhobighat I Facultative Ponds Activated Sludge 37 Secondary

5 Dhobighat II Facultative Ponds Activiated Sludge 37 March 2020 15CGOC-ATAL jv, Beijing, China

Secondary

6 Dhobighat III Facultative Ponds Activated Sludge 37 To be designed and tendered, Land is available7 Chalnakhel Under design 300 To be designed and tendered, Land has to be procured

None of the above the wastewater treatment plants under upgrading have a given designed capacity that will be constructed to accept fecal sludge for co-treatment barring the Guheshwori WWTP.

Although the Guheshwori WWTP has not incorporated any cotreatment options with fecal sludge in the process flow diagram, the contract between PID and the Contractor VA Tech WABAG, who will also operate the plant after commissioning , has provisioned mixing of 22 m3 of fecal sludge daily in the contract data. As the plant demands strict effluent quality for discharge with less than 10mg/L of BOD, and has defined energy production requirement as one of the operator's performance criteria, the operator is particularly careful about the quality of influent it receives. It is being discussed that the influent BOD characteristics may be substantially different from that defined in the contract data, to a much higher influent BOD concentration than envisaged, for which reason the operator is finding it difficult to accept 22 m3 of fecal sludge on a daily basis for co treatment. This is likely to mean a reduction in fecal sludge load accepted by the WWTP. This could result into some value of around 10 m3 day.

Cotreatment options in other mentioned WW treatment plants are neither included in design nor in the contracts with respective contractors. The design for Chalnakhel WWTP is still not advanced and there is room to incorporate co-treatment of fecal sludge as necessary. But, there is uncertainty about Chalnakhel WWTP construction timelines and also the WWTP is located at a relatively far distance. These two issues will be challenges to incorporate co-treatment of fecal sludge on a larger scale.

For treatment plants in Sallaghari, Kodku and Dhobighat (I and II), although the present designs do not account for co treatment, there are scope to include some percentage of fecal sludge by new introduction to the process. Operational impacts have to be studied carefully.

Way ForwardRehabilitation and construction of new sewerage plants is taking speed in Kathmandu Valley. The non-functioning units constructed in the past are being rehabilitated under Build and Operate contract models. All these plants are being rehabilitated by using ADB loan funds and GoN undertaking. The design targets assume 75% connection by population and only about 138 MLD of installed treatment capacity against 223 MLD of expected sewage generation by connected population in 2020 A D. Efficiency of sewerage systems to capture and convey the sewage effectively on a year round basis and plant efficiency factors of treatment plants pose further risks to achieve


25

the targeted population. In this respect, a carefully worked out strategy and plan for onsite systems inside Kathmandu has substantial value. All WWTP have capacity to accept co-treatment with some modifications to process flow in the treatment plants. Careful negotiations with KUKL and the operators are required to this effect.

3.4 Site Assessment for FSTP

Four potential sites identified by the Municipality for the proposed treatment plant were visited to assess suitability for the faecal sludge treatment plant.

All the proposed sites were assessed based on ISO 24521 guidelines and FSM Institutional and Regulatory Framework issued by Ministry of Water Supply. Site assessment report is appended in Annex II.

Among the four sites, the one in Padaali Ban- Ward 9 is found to be the most suitable. Table 4 summarizes the assessment of most feasible site in Padaali Ban against ISO guidelines.

Table 4: Assessment of Proposed FSTP Site Against ISO 24521 Guidelines (Para 7.6, page 19)Factors

Finding (ok/not ok)

Explanation

Easily accessible OK Need upgrading of access road around 500Conveniently located OK away from Settlement and hilly roadEasy to use, operate and sustain OK Integral part of detailed design Protected from flooding OK With site development, flooding and landslide less

likely Well-constructed to prevent leaching and ground/surface water contamination

OK Less chance of ground water and surface water contamination

Site Assessment of Risks: Para 6.6, page 15, ISO Guidelines


26

FactorsFinding

(ok/not ok)Justification

Location (and land area) of the basic on-site domestic wastewater treatment system

OK No nearby domestic wastewater treatment system

Location of residences and water wells OK No nearby residences and water wells Topography Not OK Mid-hill area and slope, protection with boundary

walls required Groundwater sources to prevent adverse impacts from contamination on water sources like wells and boreholes

OK No nearby ground water sources

Surface water sources to prevent adverse impacts or nutrient over enrichment from contamination

OK No nearly surface water sources

Soils and slopes which may create effluent plumes Not OK It is in hilly slope so proper land development is required

Potentially exposed populations OK No such population nearbyFSM Institutional and Regulatory Framework, MoWS, Annex 2, page 25

FactorsFinding


Land allocation should be done either through land use planning as per the Land Act 2034 or through coordinated efforts among stakeholders at the local level

OK Land belongs to community forest user groups

The treatment site should be established away from dense settlement areas, agricultural land, and other sensitive areas like water body, hospitals or schools to avoid potential social opposition arising from problems of foul odor or other aesthetic reasons

OK Site is away from dense settlement and chance of having such settlement in future is less likely

The site can be established in a community forest or woodland that is not declared as a protected area;

OK Municipality has provided land certification for FSTP construction

The site should be at least 300m away from the nearest dwelling, 30m downstream from any drinking water source, not in a protected or religious area, and in relatively flat land with no more than 8% slope;

Not OK Nearest dwelling is within 300m but chance of offense is less as the site will not pose direct threat to the dwellings. Required slope protection shall be done by proper land development for FSTP area.

Public or WUSC land with ownership certificate and without adverse social and environmental impacts for construction;

Not OK Pls refer to point 3, IEE will be conducted

The ideal location for establishing a faecal sludge treatment is within a solid waste management or a wastewater treatment facility where such system already exist; or that the treatment should be integrated when such system are being planned.

Not OK Part of situational analysis which is being undertaken

Based on written understanding between community forest user groups and Municipality, the latter has provided land certification for FSTP construction.


27

Land Certification for FSTP Construction


28

3.5 Standard Septic Tanks Institutionalized in the Municipality

Each working day Mahalaxmi Municipality issues design permits to about 5 new houses for construction. In line with provisions made in Local Governance Operation Act (2017– Article 29, pg 64), the Project has supported Mahalaxmi Municipality to include a 2-page guidelines on standard septic tanks and soak away system as an integral component to the new house design permits. Such a measure when fully internalized will help institutionalization of on-site, standard designs of septic tanks throughout the Municipality.


29

4. Institutional ArrangementA Sanitation Cell has been established in the Municipality to strengthen its institutional, technical and management capacity on sanitation. To begin with, one Municipal Engineer has been dedicated in the Sanitation Cell. The Engineer will provide time, effort and energy to enable the Municipality to undertake sanitation functions as mentioned in the Local Governance Operation Act. Such an arrangement will be fully institutionalized within approved Municipal organization structure.

The Municipality will ensure that the Sanitation Cell will have its plan, programmes, and financial resources allocated and approved through Municipal Council meeting.

Deepening upon the need and requirements, the Municipality may pull in additional human capital such as contract-based appointments or secondments from specific projects until in-house institutional capacity have been fully developed.

Chart 8 depicts organizational structure of Municipality where sanitation is highlighted to help realize its vision of “a clean, hygienic, prosperous and beautiful city”, institutionally.

Chart 8: Municipality Organizational Structure


30

5. Key Priorities for 2019 Sanitation Situation Assessment Report identifying key sanitation issues based on: (a) completed GIS based census and sample surveys, (b) characterization and quantification of Faecal sludge, and (c) FGDs and Municipal consultations.

Sanitation Improvement Plan that will identify city wide inclusive sanitation service options with a plan for sewered and non sewered systems (more focus) including options for co-treatment priorities.

Preparing FSTP detailed designs and securing approval from Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board for the capital cost for construction.

Ensuring Sanitation Cell is up and running equipped with dedicated human capital, information system and logistics, building institutional capacity through training and workshops.

Reaching an understanding between Municipality, and GGGI and ENPHO for deepening sanitation in Mahalaxmi through a joint collaboration plan.

Based on bi-monthly Review of Actions agreed in signed Terms of Partnership and expediting actions as appropriate.

Institutionalization of septic tanks designs and as part of Municipal guidelines on new house design permits.

Preparation of Municipal Sanitation by-laws for review and approval by the Municipal Council.

Annexes


32

Ann

ex I:

Pro

ject

Res

ults

Fra

mew

ork

Pilo

t Im

plem

enta

tion

of F

SM S

tand

ard

in N

epal

(App

lyin

g IS

O 2

4521

dom

estic

was

tew

ater

gui

delin

es in

Mah

alax

mi M

unic

ipal

ity)

Proj

ect R

esul

ts F

ram

ewor

kOb

ject

ive:

(1) t

o te

st th

e ap

plic

atio

n of

ISO

2452

1 gu

idel

ines

for t

he m

anag

emen

t of b

asic

on-

site

dom

estic

was

tew

ater

ser

vice

s an

d th

ereb

y he

lp im

prov

e en

viro

nmen

tal s

anita

tion

cond

ition

s in

Mah

alax

mi M

unic

ipal

ity, a

nd (2

) to

draw

less

ons

from

this

pilo

ting

expe

rienc

e an

d ev

iden

ce to

reco

mm

end

adop

tion

of th

e IS

O 24

521

guid

elin

es a

t the

nat

iona

l lev

el th

roug

h po

licy

and

prac

tice

chan

ges.

Resu

lt: A

fully

func

tioni

ng F

SM s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

mod

el a

ddre

ssin

g th

e en

tire

sani

tatio

n se

rvic

e ch

ain

– co

ntai

nmen

t, tra

nspo

ratio

n, tr

eatm

ent a

nd re

use

Stag

e*Ke

y Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tors

Tim

elin

esRe

spon

sibi

lity

Quar

terly

Upd

ates

(mid

-Jul

y fo

r Q2

and

so o

n)Le

adSu

ppor

t

1Pr

ojec

t Pl

anni

ng

TA T

eam

mob

ilize

d

Feb

- Ju

ne 2

019

BPSA

Full

team

in p

lace

with

indi

vidu

al w

orkp

lans

and

de

liver

able

s Pr

ojec

t Im

plem

enta

tion

Plan

and

Res

ults

Fra

mew

ork,

defi

ning

sc

ope

of w

ork,

pre

pare

d SA

TA te

amPr

epar

ed a

nd u

nifo

rmly

und

erst

ood

by th

e te

am

Term

s of

Par

tner

ship

bet

wee

n M

unic

ipal

ity, K

VWSM

B an

d EN

PHO

deve

lope

d, s

igne

d, a

nd re

gula

rly re

view

ed b

ased

on

revi

ew m

atrix

SASP

STo

P si

gned

and

firs

t cut

of r

evie

w m

atrix

pr

epar

ed

FSTP

land

iden

tified

and

ass

esse

d, b

ased

on

ISO

2452

1 gu

idel

ines

an

d IR

F, an

d ag

reed

bet

wee

n M

unic

ipal

ity, K

VWSM

B an

d EN

PHO

KRY

RaS/

Team

Site

ass

essm

ent r

epor

t pre

pare

d an

d sh

ared

w

ith K

VWSM

B an

d M

unic

ipal

ity fo

r the

ir gr

een

sign

alRe

com

men

datio

n pr

ovid

ed to

NBS

M th

roug

h Te

chni

cal C

omm

ittee

fo

r nat

iona

l ado

ptio

n/ad

apta

tion

of IS

O 24

521

guid

elin

es

IJ/G

PBD

2 m

eetin

gs h

eld

at N

BSM

, for

mal

re

com

men

datio

n pl

anne

d in

the

next

mee

tW

ays

expl

ored

for a

dopt

ion

of IS

O 30

500

by N

BSM

(Jan

202

0)GP

/IJBD

2Sa

nita

tion

Situ

atio

nal

Asse

ssm

ent

GIS

base

d m

unic

ipal

ity w

ide

sani

tatio

n st

atus

repo

rt pr

epar

ed

July

-Sep

t 201

9

BRS

BD/T

eam

HHs

cens

us re

port

due

by A

ug fi

rst w

eek,

oth

er

deliv

erab

les

are

on tr

ack

Map

ping

repo

rt of

exi

stin

g pr

ivat

e de

slud

ging

ser

vice

s av

aila

ble

for

use

MGS

SARe

port

avai

labl

e fo

r use

Char

acte

rizat

ion

and

quan

tifica

tion

of F

S es

timat

edKR

Y/Ra

SM

GSA

rang

e of

tool

s su

ch a

s SF

D an

d Ci

tyw

ide

Sani

tatio

n As

sess

men

t Fr

amew

ork

(CSD

A) is

use

d to

feed

into

San

itatio

n Si

tuat

iona

l As

sess

men

tKR

Y/M

GSBD

/SPS

/SA

Firs

t atte

mpt

at C

SDA

done

Key

sani

tatio

n is

sues

ass

esse

d, p

riorit

ies

iden

tified

and

ver

ified

th

roug

h FG

Ds a

nd M

unic

ipal

con

sulta

tions

MGS

SA

3Sa

nita

tion

Impr

ovem

ent

Plan

Mun

icip

al w

ide

sani

tatio

n se

rvic

e op

tions

exp

lore

d bo

th fo

r se

wer

ed a

nd n

on s

ewer

ed s

yste

ms

incl

udin

g op

tions

for c

o-tre

atm

ent

Oct-

Dec

2019

MGS

Team

Sani

tatio

n De

liver

y Ac

tion

Fram

ewor

k (S

DAF)

pre

pare

d th

roug

h pa

rtici

pato

ry c

onsu

ltatio

ns

SATe

am


33

Stag

e*Ke

y Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tors

Tim

elin

esRe

spon

sibi

lity

Quar

terly

Upd

ates

(mid

-Jul

y fo

r Q2

and

so o

n)Le

adSu

ppor

tSe

rvic

e an

d Bu

sine

ss M

odel

pre

pare

d an

d ag

reed

thro

ugh

Mun

icip

al d

iscu

ssio

ns

MGS

Team

FSTP

con

cept

ual d

esig

ns, d

etai

led

engi

neer

ing

desi

gns

with

cos

t es

timat

es, a

nd b

id d

ocum

ents

pre

pare

d an

d ap

prov

ed b

y KV

WSM

B an

d M

unic

ipal

ity

KRY/

RaS

Team

Cons

truct

ion

of F

STP

com

men

ced

(Apr

202

0)

KVW

SMB

Team

Reso

urce

s ex

plor

ed a

nd a

pla

n pr

epar

ed fo

r sla

ught

er h

ouse

was

te

man

agem

ent

BDTe

am

4

Inst

itutio

nal

Stre

ngth

enin

g,

and

Sani

tatio

n Po

licy

Deve

lopm

ent

Sani

tatio

n Ce

ll es

tabl

ishe

d as

inte

gral

stru

ctur

e of

Mun

icip

ality

or

gano

gram

and

equ

ippe

d w

ith d

edic

ated

HR,

logi

stic

s, a

nd a

nnua

l pl

an a

nd b

udge

t

July

– D

ec 2

019

SABD

Sani

tatio

n Ce

ll es

tabl

ishe

d w

ith H

R, lo

gist

ics

requ

irem

ent m

appe

d ou

t

Mun

icip

ality

sup

porte

d to

cre

ate

M W

ASH

CC fo

r enh

ance

d co

oper

atio

n fo

r city

wid

e in

clus

ive

sani

tatio

n pl

anni

ng

SATe

am

Sani

tatio

n by

-law

s de

velo

ped,

app

rove

d by

the

Mun

icip

ality

, and

a

roll

out p

lan

prep

ared

SATe

am

Stan

dard

sep

tic ta

nk d

esig

n &

guid

elin

es a

re p

repa

red

and

atta

ched

as

part

of M

unic

ipal

ity g

uide

lines

for p

eopl

e to

con

side

r w

hile

sub

mitt

ing

perm

its fo

r new

hou

se c

onst

ruct

ion

KRY

RaS

Draf

t rep

ort p

repa

red

and

is b

eing

fina

lized

5

Publ

ic P

rivat

e Pa

rtner

ship

an

d Li

nkag

es

Deve

lopm

ent

Lice

nsin

g m

echa

nism

dev

elop

ed a

nd li

cens

e is

sued

by

KVW

SMB

or M

unic

ipal

ity a

s ap

prop

riate

for t

he p

rivat

e se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers

to

oper

ate

Jan

– M

ar 2

020

SPS

Team

Serv

ice

Leve

l Agr

eem

ent p

repa

red

and

oper

atio

naliz

ed b

etw

een

Mun

icip

ality

and

Priv

ate

2 Se

rvic

e Pr

ovid

ers

(acr

oss

the

entir

e sa

nita

tion

cell

or s

peci

fic c

hain

s) (J

uly

2020

)M

GSTe

am

Area

s of

col

labo

ratio

n id

entifi

ed, d

evel

oped

and

app

lied

betw

een

Mun

icip

ality

, ENP

HO, G

GGI a

nd o

ther

sta

keho

lder

s as

app

ropr

iate

BDSA

2 m

eetin

g he

ld, a

reas

for c

olla

bora

tion

bein

g co

ncep

tual

ized

6

Capa

city

Bu

ildin

g an

d Kn

owle

dge

Man

agem

ent

Mun

icip

al a

nd S

ervi

ce P

rovi

des’

cap

acity

iden

tified

and

sup

porte

d fo

r effe

ctiv

e an

d su

stai

nabl

e de

liver

y of

sus

tain

able

san

itatio

n se

rvic

es

Jan

– Ju

ne 2

020

MGS

/SA

Team

Proj

ect D

ropb

ox is

pop

ulat

ed w

ith o

ne re

port

ever

y qu

arte

r Ro

STe

amDr

opbo

x es

tabl

ishe

d an

d in

itial

wor

king

do

cum

ents

pop

ulat

ed

At le

ast o

ne k

now

ledg

e pr

oduc

t pre

pare

d, p

ublis

hed

and

diss

emin

ated

eac

h ye

ar

Team

RoS

Area

s fo

r res

earc

h id

entifi

ed a

nd p

oten

tial r

egio

nal c

olla

bora

tion

expl

ored

M

GSTe

am


34

Stag

e*Ke

y Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tors

Tim

elin

esRe

spon

sibi

lity

Quar

terly

Upd

ates

(mid

-Jul

y fo

r Q2

and

so o

n)Le

adSu

ppor

t

7

Fully

Fu

nctio

nal

Safe

ly

Man

aged

Sa

nita

tion

Serv

ices

Pilo

t dem

onst

ratio

n of

read

y to

inst

all c

onta

inm

ent s

yste

ms

(A

ug-D

ec 2

019)

Apr –

Sep

t 202

0

KRY/

MGS

BDOn

e pr

ivat

e pa

rty id

entifi

ed

FSTP

con

stru

ctio

n co

mpl

eted

mee

ting

natio

nal e

fflue

nt d

isch

arge

st

anda

rds

whi

le c

ompl

ying

to IS

O 24

521

guid

elin

es

KRY/

RaS

Team

Com

mis

sion

ing

plan

pre

pare

d an

d its

impl

emen

tatio

n su

ppor

ted

thro

ugh

(i) re

gula

tion

and

com

plia

nce

of s

anita

tion

by-la

ws,

( ii)

app

licat

ion

of O

&M m

anua

l, (ii

i) tra

inin

g to

ser

vice

pro

vide

rs

such

as

Occu

patio

nal H

ealth

and

Saf

ety,

and

(iv) M

obili

ty tr

acki

ng

equi

pmen

t fitte

d in

ser

vice

pro

vide

rs’ d

eslu

dgin

g ve

hicl

e

SA/M

GSTe

am

8Sc

alin

g up

and

Na

tiona

l Pol

icy

Influ

ence

Base

d on

the

less

ons

lear

nt, s

calin

g up

pla

n de

velo

ped

for P

roje

ct

expa

nsio

n in

to a

n ad

ditio

nal 2

mun

icip

aliti

es

Jan

2021

SA/B

DTe

am

Polic

y br

ief p

repa

red

and

polic

y di

alog

ue h

eld

for i

nflue

ncin

g se

ctor

an

d M

unic

ipal

ities

pol

icy

on n

on-n

etw

orke

d sa

nita

tion

thro

ugh

netw

orki

ng w

ith M

uAN

SPS/

SABD

XXXX

Not

e:

* Not

mea

nt to

be

disc

rete

stag

es b

ut th

ey o

verla

p, ti

mel

ines

are

mea

nt b

y w

hen

mos

t KPI

s und

er e

ach

stag

e ar

e de

signe

d fo

r com

plet

ed

** Q

uart

erly

revi

ew a

nd u

pdat

es


35

Annex II: Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant: Site Assessment Report

1. BackgroundNepal is in verge of declaration of open defecation free (ODF) country. The national sanitation coverage has reached more than 96.3% (DWSS 2018). There are 293 Municipalities in Nepal. 205 municipalities out of 293 municipalities were declared ODF in 2018 and effort for more declarations are in the trend. The success of ODF has brought millions of new toilets into existence that has helped a lot in uplifting the public health of nepalese than before. However, the growing sludge in the containments of the toilets are becoming more concern because it may pose more threat to human health and surrounding if not managed properly. The existing practise of dealing human faeces is to flush and conduiting through sewer to nearby water bodies. Construction of sewer only to transport sewage is becoming expensive and needs huge investment. Over 70% of the population in Nepal rely on non sewered sanitation (NSS) services.Another way to manage the human excreta is the management of fecal sludge stored in individual containments. The later is called faecal sludge management (FSM).NSS and faecal sludge management (FSM) systems in cities, small and emerging towns are poor and unregulated. Sludge from septic tank are dumped randomly into nearby water bodies or marginal lands without any treatment with severe public health and environmental consequences. Fecal sludge management is immediate requirement for the municipalities relying on onsite sanitation like septic tank, holding tank, and pit latrines.

2. IntroductionOnsite sanitation are the common infrastructure where non sewered sanitation prevails. There are numerous types of onsite sanitation infrastructure. There are several factors like climate, soil, ground water, socio-economy, culture, awarenes, water availability, population, market, user practice, policies, and authorities that make huge diversity in characteristics of onsite sanitation structure. Huge diversification in the characteristics of sanitation structure brings difficulty in monitoring, replication and study of them. Thus some sort of standard should exist for effective monitoring, performance study and scale up of onsite sanitation systems. ISO 24521 guideline has been developed for the management of basic onsite domestic wastewater services. ENPHO has received grant from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) for a Project: Pilot Implementation of ISO 24521 guidelines for the management of basic on-site domestic wastewater services. The Project will test the application of this guideline to improve environmental sanitation conditions in Mahalaxmi Municipality. Based on experience from this pilot initiative, the Project aims to expand impmentation into an additonal two Municipalities.

3. Site Information and AnalysisFour proposed treatment plant site were visited by the technical advisor team on May 2, 2019 to observe its suitability to develop the fecal sludge treatment plant. Among the four sites, the technical advisor team realized that the proposed site inside the jungle named as Padaali Baan Site is most favorable one. The site has following advantages comparing to other proposed sites. � Away from the settlement � No sources of drinking water within 30 m radius � Not in protected or religious area � Access road is available


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The brief introduction of sites are as follows:

a. Site 1 (Bhir Khola)

Figure 1: Bhirkhola Site

The proposed site is situated attached to the Bhirkhola, seasonal stream, in ward no.8 of Mahalaxmi Municipality. It is a private land around having tentative area of 11000 sft. The site may be all weather accessible if the road is paved and slab culvert is constructed.

b. Site 2 (Saudole ward no: 8)

Figure 2: Saudole Site

The proposed site is situated at Saudole Ward no- 8 of Mahalaxmi Municipality. It is the private land, plotted for sale. The area of the land is around 13000 sft. Although it is easily accessible, it is in flood plain.


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c. Padaali Baan (Ward no 9)

Figure 3: Padaali Baan Site

The proposed site is inside the community forest. It is government land under the community forest users group. The proposed land has access road but need upgrading. The land consists of mild slope requiring land development.

d. Godawari Khola (Ward no 8)

Figure 4: Godawari Khola Site

The proposed site is adjoining to the Godawari River. The Don Bosco School lies just opposite to the proposed land. The land is currently being used as fish ponds and its ownership is private. The owner of fish pond informed that flood has occurred in 2018 and destroyed his fish farm.


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3.1 Process FollowedThe potential sites were observed by the team consisting of experts and municipality representatives on 2nd May 2019. The technical advisor Mr. Rajendra Shrestha, and Mr. Krishna Ram Yendyo, Mr. Bishwa Raj Shrestha (Ward no.8 Chairperson), Mr. Basu Sharma (Ward no.9 Chairperson), Mr. Manish Subedi (Municipality Engineer), Raja Ram Poudel (Community Forest Chairperson), and Sanu Kancha Shrestha (Local Social Worker) were in the team. Basic criteria was developed to evaluate the proposed treatment plant sites. The basic criteria for the site evaluation area as follows.1. Ownership of land2. Vehicular accessibility 3. Threat to water sources (surface/groundwater)4. Geological conditions5. Topographical conditions6. Flood resiliency 7. Degree of operation and maintenance8. Threat to population

All the proposed sites were evaluated in the basis of physical observation at site, and criteria mentioned as above. The summary of the evaluation table is as follows.

FactorsFinding

(ok/not ok)Explanation

Easily accessible OK Need upgrading of access road around 500Conveniently located OK away from Settlement and hilly roadEasy to use, operate and sustain OK Integral part of detailed design Protected from flooding OK With site development, flooding and landslide less likely Well-constructed to prevent leaching and ground/surface water contamination

OKLess chance of ground water and surface water contamination

FactorsFinding


Location (and land area) of the basic on-site domestic wastewater treatment system


Location of residences and water wells OK No nearby residences and water wells

Topography Not OKMid-hill area and slope, protection with boundary walls required

Groundwater sources to prevent adverse impacts from contamination on water sources like wells and boreholes

OK No nearby ground water sources


OK No nearly surface water sources

Soils and slopes which may create effluent plumes Not OKIt is in hilly slope so proper land development is required

Potentially exposed populations OK No such population nearby

FactorsFinding


Land allocation should be done either through land use planning as per the Land Act 2034 or through coordinated efforts among stakeholders at the local level

OK Land belongs to community forest user groups

The treatment site should be established away from dense settlement areas, agricultural land, and other sensitive areas like water body, hospitals or schools to avoid potential social opposition arising from problems of foul odor or other aesthetic reasons

OKSite is away from dense settlement and chance of having such settlement in future is less likely


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FactorsFinding

(ok/not ok)Explanation


OKMunicipality has provided land certification for FSTP construction


Not OK

Nearest dwelling is within 300m but chance of offense is less as the site will not pose direct threat to the dwellings. Required slope protection shall be done by proper land development for FSTP area.


Not OK Pls refer to point 3, IEE will be conducted


Not OK Part of situational analysis which is being undertaken

Figure 5: Google map of the Padaali Baan Site

3.2 Adherence to ISO guideline and IRFAs per the recommendation by the technical advisor team for the appropriate treatment plant site, the ISO implementation team consisting of representatives from Mahalaxmi Municipality, Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Board, ENPHO and Locals visited the proposed site at Padaali Ban on May 17, 2019 to observe its suitability to develop the fecal sludge treatment plant.


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Figure 6: Visit of Municipal and TA team to proposed FSTP site

The recommended land is checked for its adherence with Institutional Regulatory Framework (IRF, 2017) of Nepal Government.

Criteria CompatibilityLand allocation should be done either through land use planning as per the Land Act 2034 or through coordinated efforts among stakeholders at the local level

The community forest users has shown their agreement to provide the land to build fecal sludge treatment plant for the Municipality.

The treatment site should be established away from dense settlement areas, agricultural land, and other sensitive areas like water body, hospitals or schools to avoid potential social opposition arising from problems of foul odor or other aesthetic reasons.

The proposed treatment plant site is away from the settlement. It is around 400m away from the nearby road head and found no sensitive areas nearby

The site can be established in a community forest or woodland that is not declared as a protected area.

The proposed area is the land of community forest.

The site should be at least 300m away from the nearest dwelling, 30m downstream from any drinking water source, not in a protected or religious area, and in relatively flat land with no more than 8% slope.

There are no dense settlement near to the proposed site. There lies few scattered buildings within 200m distance but the dwellers will not have adverse effect as the site is situated inside the forest. There is no water source near to the proposed site. The possible water source lies more than 500m away from the site.

Public or WUSC land with ownership certificate and without adverse social and environmental impacts for construction

There will not be adverse social and environmental impacts during construction as it is away from the settlements and inside the forest.

The ideal location for establishing a faecal sludge treatment is within a solid waste management or a wastewater treatment facility where such system already exist. Or that the treatment should be integrated when such system are being planned.

The area near to the existing solid waste management system or wastewater treatment plant facility is not applicable as the municipality do not have designated landfill or wastewater treatment system.

3.3 Available Land AreaThe technical advisory team with chairman of ward no.9 (Bashu Sharma), ward no.8 (Bishwa Raj Shrestha), and forest users committee (Raja Ram Poudel) visited the Padaali Baan Treatment Plant Site, ward no 9 for preliminary Measurements on 12th June 2019. The site is located around seven kilometers from the municipality office building and is 458m away from the nearby road head. The


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length of access road is 458m with width varying from 2 to 3m. The proposed site was measured by using simple triangulation method. The usable area of the site is found to be 1025.07sq.m, R-A-P-D: (2-0-0-3.82). The land measured in site by means of Tape method is shown below.

3.4 Water Source in and around the FSTP AreaThree water source were found during the site visit on 12th June 2019. � Old intake: It is around 600m away from the proposed treatment plant site. However, the intake

is out of function after the earthquake in April 2015. Local users claim that the intake can be rehabbed.

� Stone spouts: Water flowing at night time from the stone spouts can be collected in a tank and can be pumped to the proposed treatment plant site.

Figure 8: Stone Spout

Figure 7: Land area measurement


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� Tallo Dovan Water users committee: As per the 9 no. ward chairperson, the community can provide a water supply line to the treatment plant site.

� As per the 9 no. ward chairman, Dharachaur deep Boring (existing but water not distributed yet) committee can also provide a water supply line to the treatment plant site.

3.5 Land Ownership Certificate As per the information available from the chairman of ward no. 9 and chairman of forest user committee, the Forest user committee has already send the approval letter to the municipality office for the use of forest land.

3.6 IEE/EIA As per the Environmental Protection Rules 2054 (1997) schedule 1 under waste management topic it clearly stated that any waste management that provide service for 2000 to 10000 population should carry Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). The IEE will be conducted accordingly by the team and IEE expert.

3.7 Potential Risks and Mitigation Measures The potential risks of the proposed treatment plant at Patlay Ban are tabulated as follows:SN Description of Potential Risks Functionality Risk of FSTP1 Damage of Access Road due to storm water and felling of trees High2 Occurrence of land slide in the treatment plant site High3 Discontinuity in electric supply to the FSTP site Low4 Non Availability of water supply to the FSTP site Medium5 Difficulty for vehicles in climbing road slope High6 Non availability of full time operator for FSTP Medium

3.8 FSTP Design CriteriaSN Design Criteria Remarks

1Characteristics of fecal sludge. The characteristics like BOD,COD, TS, TSS, VSS, Coliform, Ammonia, Nitrate, TN,TP etc.

2 Quantity of fecal sludge generated per day 3 Climatic Conditions: Rainfall, Temperature4 Hydraulic Retention Time5 Peak Flow6 Odor

4. Site Condition and Development Required SN Site Conditions Development Required1 Narrow access road width Upgrading of access road (road widening, graveling & retaining structure)2 Trees and Bushes Site clearance works3 Slopped terrain Need retaining structures to flatten the ground4 Scarcity of water Supply of water from nearby water source5 Lack of electricity Provision of electricity from nearby source

5. Access to the Site and Road Improvement Required The road width up to the main road junction is around six meter. However, the pavement is still in gravel condition. The access road from road junction to the proposed treatment plant site is only


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the track having varying width from 2 to 3 meters. The track has opened just a few years ago and never kept for vehicle movement. Thus, the access road need to be upgraded carefully to make it vehicular.

The access road need to be widen to make 3.5m carriage way. The widening of the road can be done by back cutting towards hill side rather than filling on the valley side. The pavement can be the gravel type but need adequate compaction with good camber to drain out water easily. The site measurement found that 458m of access road need to be upgraded for easy accessibility of vacuum truck. Moreover, the gradient at different section of the access road need to be improved for easy climbing of the vehicle.

Figure 9: FSTP Access Road

6. Electricity around the Area and Improvement Required The FSTP site need electricity during the construction period and operation period. During construction electricity is necessary to run the power tools like mixture, grinder, vibrator, cutter etc. The normal electricity is necessary to light the treatment plant area as well as for the care taker/watch man quarter. The access road may need some street light for the night time and flood light in the treatment plant site.

The nearest tapping point is around 277m away from the proposed treatment plant site. The 8m pre-stressed concrete pole can be used to support the electric cables.

7. Preliminary Cost Estimates The preliminary cost estimate required for the FSTP development is shown in the table given below. The cost can be breakdown for 2019 and 2020. The work for access road and land development need to be started soon so that the construction works for the FSTP can be accomplished by the end of 2019.

Main Road Junction

Access Road


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Item Description of worksAmount (year) in NRs. Funding Source in NRs.2019 2020 Municipality VB

1 Access Road to FSTP site 1,741,450 1,741,4502 Land development inside the FSTP Site 554,600 1,601,600 554,600 1,601,6003 Watchman Quarter 3,107,500 3,107,5004 Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant 27,500,000 2,000,000 25,500,0005 Water Supply System 200,000 200,0006 Electric Supply System 200,000 200,000

Sub Total 29,996,050 4,909,100 4,496,050 30,409,100Contingency @ 1.5% (IEE & others) 449,941 73,637 67,441 456,137Total 35,428,727 4,563,491 30,865,237VAT@13% 4,605,735 593,253.80 4,012,481Grand Total with VAT 40,034,462 5,156,745 34,877,717

In Words: Four Crores Thirty Four Thousands Four Hundred and Sixty Two Rupees OnlyNote: The cost of land will be contributed by the municipality

8 ANNEXES

A. Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant Sites EvaluationTechnical advisor Mr. Krishna Ram Yendyo and Mr. Rajendra Shrestha visited the potential sites with the team consisting of Mr. Vishwo Shrestha (Ward No.9 Chairman of Mahalaxmi Municipality), Manish Subedi (Engineer, Mahalaxmi Municipality), and other locals from the municipality on 2nd May 2019. Four potential sites were visited. Following tables are prepared to summarize the evaluation of the potential sites. Different factors as listed in the table were considered as per the provisions made in ISO 24521 guidelines and Institutional and Regulatory Framework (IRF) for FSM in urban Areas of Nepal.

Site 1 (Bhir Khola, Ward no 8)

FactorsFinding


Easily accessible Not OK Need bridge construction to access the siteConveniently located Not OK Near to the possible settlementEasy to use, operate and sustain Not OK Need land filling and Road DevelopmentProtected from flooding Not Ok The site is adjoining to the bank of streamWell-constructed to prevent leaching and ground/surface water contamination

Not OKChance of surface water contamination during plant breakdown and flooding

FactorsFinding


Location (and land area) of the basic on-site domestic wastewater treatment system;

OK

Location of residences and water wells; Not OK Land plot nearby topography; OK Mild slope 2%Groundwater sources to prevent adverse impacts from contamination on water sources like wells and boreholes;

OK Not seen nearby

Surface water sources to prevent adverse impacts or nutrient over enrichment from Not OK adjoining streamcontaminationSoils and slopes which may create effluent plumes; OK Stable ground

Potentially exposed populations. OKCan happen in future due to fast growing settlement


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FactorsFinding


Land allocation should be done either through land use planning as per the Land Act 2034 or through coordinated efforts among stakeholders at the local level;

OKThe land is private land but evidence of ownership need to be explored.

The treatment site should be established away from dense settlement areas, agricultural land, and other sensitive areas like water body, hospitals or schools to avoid potential social opposition arising from problems of foul odor or other aesthetic reasons;

Not OKthe area is agriculture area, adjoining water body,adjoining land plotting


Not OK Private land


Not OK Nearest residence are within 300m


Not OK The land is private land.


Not OK No existence of Solid Waste Management Site

Site2 ( Saudole, Ward no 8)

FactorsFinding


Easily accessible OK Land is adjoining to 12ft roadConveniently located Not OK It is plotted landEasy to use, operate and sustain OK Protected from flooding Not OK Flood prone areaWell-constructed to prevent leaching and ground/surface water contamination Not OK Chance of surface water

contamination during plant breakdown and flooding


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FactorsFinding




Location of residences and water wells; Not OK Nearby residences and water wellstopography; OK Nearly Flat GroundGroundwater sources to prevent adverse impacts from contamination on water sources like wells and boreholes;

OK Not seen nearby


Not OK adjoining stream

Soils and slopes which may create effluent plumes; OK Not nearby such slopy landPotentially exposed populations. Not OK

FactorsFinding



OK The land is private land but evidence of ownership need to be explored.


Not Ok the area is agriculture area, adjoining water body,adjoining land plotting


Not Ok Private Land


Not Ok The residence are within 300m


Not Ok Private Land


Not Ok No existence of Solid Waste Management Site


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Site 4 (Godawari Khola BM, Ward no 8)

FactorsFinding


Easily accessible OK Need access road developmentConveniently located OK It can bring optimum haulage distanceEasy to use, operate and sustain OK Protected from flooding Not OK Experience flooding in 2018Well constructed to prevent leaching and ground/surface water contamination

Not OK Wells and borings nearby residents

FactorsFinding



OKNo nearby on site domestic wastewater treatment system

Location of residences and water wells; Not OK Donbosco school and resident area nearbytopography; OK Flat but need backfilling to fish pondGroundwater sources to prevent adverse impacts from contamination on water sources like wells and boreholes;

Not OK Nearby residents are using tubewells

Surface water sources to prevent adverse impacts or nutrient over enrichment from Not OK adjoining streamcontaminationSoils and slopes which may create effluent plumes; OK No such slopy area nearbyPotentially exposed populations. Not OK School and near by residents

FactorsFinding



OKThe land is private land but evidence of ownership need to be explored.


Not OKthe area is agriculture area, adjoining water body, prone to dense settlement, Big school


Not OK It is private Land


Not OK Residence are within 300m


Not OK Private land


Not OKNo existence of Solid Waste Management Site


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B. Preliminary MeasurementsThe technical advisory team with chairman of ward no.9 (Bashu Sharma), ward no.8 (Bishwa Raj Shrestha), and forest users committee (Raja Ram Poudel) visited the Padaali Baan Treatment Plant Site for preliminary Measurements necessary to prepare budgetary cost for the development of the treatment site. The summary of measurements area as follows.

� Usable Land Area and its distance from Mahalaxmi Municipality officeThe proposed fecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) site is located at ward no 9 of Mahalaxmi municipality. The site is located around seven kilometers from the municipality office building. The site is 458m away from the nearby road head. The length of access road is 458m with width varying from 2 to 3m. The proposed site was measured by using simple triangulation method. The usable area of the site is found to be 1025.07sq.m, R-A-P-D: (2-0-0-3.82).

Trees in the proposed treatment plant siteTrees were counted within the surveyed area in the treatment plant site. It was found ninety one trees need to be removed from the site. The girth of the trees varies from 2ft to 6 inches.

� Access RoadThe length and width of access road are measured at every chainage. The values are tabulated in the table below. The length of access road from the nearby road head to the proposed treatment plant is 458m with varying road width from 2m-3m.


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� Soil Profile of roadThe soil profile at different sections of the access road was observed.

The summary of soil profile is tabulated as below.S.No partial chainage Soil type width (m) Remarks

1 0+000.00 Clay with less gravel 3Road Junction (uphill start)

2 0+031.00 Clay with less gravel 3 no jungle3 0+085.00 Clay with less gravel 3 Jungle start4 0+160.00 Clay with less gravel 35 0+210.00 Humus clay 3 near plotting area6 0+222.00 Humus clay 3.2 curve7 0+276.00 Boulder Mix clay 3.58 0+286.00 Boulder Mix clay 3.59 0+327.00 Boulder Mix clay 3.110 0+376.00 Boulder Mix clay 3.111 0+407.00 Boulder Mix clay 2.512 0+417.00 Boulder Mix clay 2.5 curve13 0+438.00 Boulder Mix clay 2.814 0+447.00 Boulder Mix clay 2.8 curve

15 0+458.00 Boulder Mix clay 3.1curve, Site 1 (458m from road junction)

16 0+477.00 Humus stiff clay 2.6 curve17 0+491.00 Humus stiff clay 2.7 curve18 0+508.00 Humus stiff clay 2.8 curve19 0+525.00 Humus stiff clay 2 curve

20 0+537.00 Humus stiff clay 2site 2 (79m from site 1)

21 0+549.00 Humus stiff clay 2.4 curve

22 0+564.00 Humus stiff clay 2.4Kholso (27m from site 2)

23 0+584.00 Humus stiff clay 2.424 0+609.00 Humus stiff clay 2.4

25 0+625.00 Humus stiff clay 2.4Electric line (167 m from site1)

The half of the portion of road section is composed of humus stiff clay with less gravel and remaining half portion is made of boulder mixed soil.


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C. Preliminary Estimate of FSTP Development Works

Item Description of works Unit Nos L B H Quantity Rate Amount Remarks

1Access Road from main road Junction to FSTP site

1.1 Back cutting works by JCB day 3 20000 60000

1.2Supply of 200 mm thick gravel and compaction works

cum 1 500 3.5 0.2 437.5 1900 831250

1.3

Stone Masonry retaining wall at different sections of the road @10% of sections of road need retaining wall at hill side

cum 75 11336 850200Height - 2.0m Base Width - 1.0m Top width - 0.5m

Sub Total 1741450

2Land development inside the FSTP Site

2.1Tree removal including uprooting and stacking works

nos 91 91 500 45500

2.2Back cutting works to build stone masonry retaining works to create terrace

cum 125 1 1 125 160 20000

2.3Back cutting works for the internal access road in FSTP site @100m access road is estimated

cum 100 2 2 400 160 64000

2.4

Stone masonry retaining works for FSTP internal access road of total length 100m assuming 25% of road need retaining

cum 25 37.5 11336 425100Height - 2.0m Base Width - 1.0m Top width - 0.5m

2.5Supply of 300 mm thick gravel and compaction works

cum 1 100 3 0.3 126 1900 239400

2.6

Stone Masonry works for Boundary wall for FSTP site including earthwork excavation and 3 layers of barbed wire with 50x50x5 mm IS angle in each pole. Assuming total length of fence wall is 150m and 50% of it need fencing works

rm 75 75 11496 862200

Total Height = 2.5m Foundation width = 1.0m Angle size = 2"x2"x0.2"

2.7Supply and installation of Main Entrance Gate in FSTP site

nos 1 1 100000 100000

2.8

Development of storm water drainage system inside the FSTP site to safely manage the storm water and rain water harvesting system

job 1 1 300000 300000

2.9Gardening and Greenery, Information boards,painting etc.

job 1 1 100000 100000

Sub Total 2156200 3 Watchman Quarter

3.1

Construction of 4 rooms (Kitchen+dinning-1, Bed room-1, meeting room+living room-1, Office room-1, Storage room-1, Toilet-1, Bathroom-1) watch quarter with normal finishing, plumbing,electrification and adequate furnishing works. The watchman quarter should be made using RCC frame and green blocks. The watchman quarter should be installed with cold water, and hotwater provision.

sft 621.5 5000 3107500

Kitchen+dinning room = 120 sft Meeting+Living room+office room = 200 sft Storage room = 80 sft Bed room = 100 sft Toilet = 40 sft Others = 10% Bathroom = 25 sft


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Item Description of works Unit Nos L B H Quantity Rate Amount Remarks4 Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant

4.1

Construction 12 cum FSTP consisting of Anaerobic Digester, Sludge drying Beds, Anaerobic Baffle Reactor, Anaerobic Filter, Planted Gravel Filter and Polishing Pond

Job 1 1 27500000 27500000

5 Water Supply System

5.1

Supply and installation of water supply including intake works, transmission line @50 mm HDPE pipe ( 10 kg/sqcm), water point at different places within the FSTP site including trench excavation and backfilling works

job 1 1 200000 200000

6 Electric Supply System

6.1

Supply and installation of 8m tall concrete prestressed electric pole @ 40m spacing, stringing PVC coated 16 sqmm concentri service cable from nearest tapping point to the FSTP site with all necessary arrangements and installation of four flood light inside the FSTP site

job 1 1 200000 200000

Sub Total (1) 34,905,150 Contingency @ 1.5% (IEE & others) 523,577 Sub Total (2) 35,428,727 VAT@13% 4,605,735 Grand Total 40,034,462


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Annex III: Mapping Report of Private Desludging Services

1. Context Under the grant assistance from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), ENPHO is piloting and validating the NSS and FSM service standard (ISO 24521) at Mahalaxmi Municipality on a citywide scale. The core goals are to first, show case model towns where the service standards are adopted and operationalized to improve environmental sanitation conditions. Second, to use this piloting experience and evidence to adopt the ISO 24521 at the national level through policy and practice changes. To achieve the core goals, ENPHO is collaborating with the Municipality, KVWSMB, NBSM and other relevant stakeholders. The project is the first of its kind in Nepal and globally.

As part of the piloting, the project is adopting a Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) principles to develop a citywide sanitation improvement plan (CSP)6. Following an institutional commitment of Mahalaxmi municipality to move forward with the piloting of the FSM service standard, the first stage of the CSP involved understanding of the baseline environmental sanitation conditions mainly: i) GIS based household mapping and survey, ii) characterization and quantification of faecal sludge (FS), iii) understanding of the institutional arrangements, iv) analysis of key stakeholders including and identification of the existing service providers relevant to NSS and FSM.

In light of the potential partnership with the private sector to deliver FSM services, across the sanitation value chain at Mahalaxmi Municipality, an analysis of the existing/potential service providers were conducted to understand their competencies, capacities and interest. The findings of the assessment are discussed in this report.

2. ObjectiveThe key objective of the assessment were two folds: first, to collect an overview of the FS service delivery mechanism in Kathmandu Valley. Second, to identify potential service providers for delivering FSM services across the sanitation chain in Mahalaxmi Municipality.

3. MethodologyA combination of both primary and secondary data collection method was used. Among 19 FS service providers identified, a questionnaire-based interview was conducted with 16 service providers in the field to understand the FS service operations. A competency framework of FS Emptier7 was used as a reference for assessing the competencies/capacity of the service providers mainly in the areas of operation and maintenance, relationship management, finances and administration.

A half-day workshop was organised with the FS service providers on 13 June 2019 to further understand the FS service delivery context, identify key gaps and challenges and to solicit opinions/recommendations for efficient FSM services in Kathmandu Valley.

Likewise, a desk-based review, telephone communications and visits were done to identify other relevant service providers across the sanitation service chain.

6 The CSP is being prepared following the guidelines of the Sanitation 21 (IWA, 2014)7 The draft competency framework developed by CAWST (2019) is still undergoing a review process


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Figure 10: Participants of the Faecal Sludge Entrepreneurs Workshop

4. Limitations Below are some of the key limitations with reference to the assessment: � FS emptying service providers have reluctance to meet people (eg. NGOs, researchers) and

to discuss their business openly. They are less willing to share the details of their business operations, specifically the finance.

� Besides services associated with FS emptying and transport, there is very limited actors associated with the service delivery components on containment improvements, operations of FS treatment plants. Hence, a handful of companies under these categories have been identified mainly based on their knowledge in the sector, interest and willingness to engage.

� The service providers outside Kathmandu Valley have not been considered.

5. Key Findings This section first provides an overview on the operational aspects of the FS emptying and transport service providers followed by a summary of their competency status. The second part provides an analysis to identify some of the key service providers based on a selected criterion and finally a brief summary of other service providers associated in the sanitation service chain.


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5.1 Status of FS Service ProvidersThere are a total of 19 FS service providers or FS entrepreneurs, associated in the FS emptying and transport services, in the Kathmandu Valley. Based on the interactions with the service providers, there could be a few additional service providers operating in the Valley. As the entrepreneurs are not registered with a governing body, it was difficult to ascertain the total number of entrepreneurs operating in the Kathmandu Valley and to contact them.

5.1.1 Years of engagement and type of servicesAlmost 50% of the 16 service providers interviewed have been in the FS emptying business for 10 or more years, highest year of engagement being 22 years. Out of these, four have recently started their own business (ranging from 2 months to a year back). One entrepreneur joined the sector less than a year back and rest have been operating for 1-5 years. Apart from providing FS emptying service, they also provide sewer maintenance and blockage opening services on demand. Besides, FS emptying services, 2 of the service providers are also engaged in other businesses. Refer to Annex 1 for brief profile of the service providers.

5.1.2 Service area and stationDepending on demand for emptying services, the FS service providers cater to demands throughout Kathmandu Valley including adjacent districts such as Nuwakot, Sidupalchowk, Dhadhing. It was observed that the FS service providers operate from two major base stations, the first cluster is around Chabahil-Bouddha, Koteshwor area in Kathmandu while the second is around Balkumari, Balkot, Imadol areas in Lalitpur (Figure 1). The blue stars on the map shows the base stations of the service providers.

Figure 11: Map showing base station of FS emptier in Kathmandu Valley


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5.1.3 Staff and service feeMost of the service providers are operating as a team of 3 people while two of them have a team of 6-7 people. 14 of the service providers are operating with one vehicle while two have two vehicles. The frequency of emptying varies between 0-12/week to 15-35/week. The service charge is based on trips made and is between NPR 2500 – NPR 6000.

5.1.4 Type of vehicle and device All vehicles used for the FS emptying in the Kathmandu Valley are modified pick-up trucks, usually Mahindra or Nissan. The truck is mounted with a tank of capacity between 2.5 – 5.5 m3 capacity tank (Figure 2). The truck also holds a submersible pump, a 3 Phase diesel generator and a hose pipe. The service providers see the benefit of using these modified vehicles as they have the option to use the pick-up trucks for other purposes if they decide to quit the business. However, most of them are willing to buy vacuum system if they are provided subsidy or some form of financial assistance. The average start-up cost for purchase and modification of the truck and to establish the business is around NPR 20 lakhs.

Modified Mahindra/Nissan pick-up 3 Phase Diesel generator

Submersible pump

Figure 12: Vehicle type and pumping devices used in FS emptying operations

5.1.5 Disposal practicesFigure 3 shows the current FS disposal practices within the Kathmandu Valley. Only a fraction of the FS collected is disposed in the Lubhu FS treatment Plant, with a treatment capacity 6m3 per week, while a large portion of sludge ultimately ends up into the open environment. This clearly shows that in the lack of adequate FS treatment facilities, major portion of the FS is being dumped into the open environment without any form of treatment – which is a major environmental and public health concern. What is noteworthy here is that the service providers are paying substantial amount of money to empty the FS in various locations and therefore there might not be a resistance to pay a tipping fee when they are regulated to bring the FS into a treatment facility.


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Figure 13: Modes of FS disposal practices

5.1.6 Operational challenges in service deliveryDiscussion with the service providers identified several challenges and problems in service delivery along the FSM service chain. Table 1 lists down specific challenges currently faced by the service providers. Below are some of the major challenges and issues identified: � Most of the challenges faced by the service providers are associated with the way containments

are constructed and their location. � They mentioned constant trouble with the traffic police during transportation, mainly due to

lack of paper work and modified vehicles. Further, they had to oblige to request for free services to avoid frequent hassles.

� Due to absence of designated disposal sites and treatment facilities, they are forced to dump sludge into sewer manholes and other open areas. They face regular opposition from the public, particularly due to smell during disposal, and fines from police when caught.

� They face social stigma as their job is regarded lowly and undignified.

Table 1: Operational challenges along the service chainContainment/desludging Transportation Treatment/Disposal

� Difficult to empty pits constructed with more than 10 rings or with more than 5ft depth

� Absence of standard septic tank � Use of old technology � Inaccessible containment location and unknown opening � Temporary and low-quality construction of toilet and containment: no

walls and covered with tin sheets; thin cover slabs � Absence of vent pipe - danger of exposure to hazardous gas � Lack of scheduled desludging � Difficulty in working with safety gears due to the location of and way

the units are constructed

� Constant problems with the traffic due to lack of proper paper work

� Traffic create trouble because of vehicle modification

� No free mobility on the roads

� Absence of designated disposal area

� No treatment facility � Disposal in man

holes and household premises

� Public opposition due to smell


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5.2 Competencies of the FS Service ProvidersThe identified FS service providers were assessed based on some of the criteria indicated in the Emptier Competency Framework. Table 2 provides a summary overview of the existing competency status of the FS service providers based on a rapid assessment of the 16 FS service providers.

Table 2: Competency status of FS entrepreneurs in Kathmandu ValleyArea of Competency Existing Status

Operation and Maintenance

Procurement of technology

There is no demand and knowledge of vacuum trucks in NepalAccording to the entrepreneurs, vacuum trucks are not the best option in the lack of disposal areas Vacuum trucks are expensive, and the entrepreneurs are not willing to spend huge amount on themThe prevalently used submersible pumps are locally retrofittedThe suction vehicles are locally modified trucks

Maintenance of technology

Entrepreneurs have the knowledge on the maintenance needs of the technology and about suppliers of spare partsHowever, they do not have the skills for vehicle maintenance within their teamsThere are only few maintenance workshops, who monopolise the market, due to which the cost of spare parts and vehicle maintenance is expensive

Operation of technologyThe entrepreneurs possess adequate skills for operation of the technologyNegligence of staff members leads to breakages of suction pumps

Health and safety

All entrepreneurs do not have fully knowledge on the risks associated with handling of faecal sludge Even though most of the entrepreneurs claim to use masks, gloves and gum-boots, they also claim that working in these gears are not easy because of the location of the containment and the way they are constructedAll claim to wash hands with soap after emptying of containment

Finances

Accounting and budgetingExcept for one, none of the entrepreneurs have an accounting and budgeting system Two entrepreneurs are registered, and one has an auditor to look into the finances

Contract management

Such system is non-existent The households however bargain and come to an agreement on the rate for service with the entrepreneurs

Loans and credits

The entrepreneurs have the possibility to get loans, if required, from banks/cooperatives/finance companies10 of the entrepreneurs have taken loans to run their businesses, some from friends and families in addition to other financing bodies and are regularly paying the monthly instalments

AdministrationHuman resources There is no human resources management plan among the entrepreneurs

Data management

Most of the entrepreneurs do not have any data management system, mainly because they are not formal and registered business.Only three of them mentioned to have records on the houses, number trips, etc.

Office management

There is no office to operate from as it is not a registered profession and there is no willingness from the government to formalize the systemBusiness is operated through phone calls

Relationship managementCommunication The mode of communication with clients is through phone calls

Marketing

They do not have much knowledge on the marketing strategies The main approach to marketing is through advertisement in the local newspapersRegular clients and other entrepreneurs give their reference to potential new clientsOne of the entrepreneurs also has a website

As per the assessment, it was observed that the service providers do not have the required knowledge, skill and attitude under the four core areas prescribed by the framework. The main reason is that they are not a formal sector and are not regulated by the government. As a result, they are not mandated


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to follow any operational rules and regulations and are not aware about the knowledge and skills required for efficient operation. As a result, on one hand they face numerous problems in operating their business while on the other hand they are unaware of knowledge and skills in the various areas of competencies needed for effective and efficient service delivery. However, there is a growing realising among the service providers that their business should be recognised by the government and that they need to enhance their knowledge and skills in different aspects of their business.

5.3 Recommendations from FS Service Providers Based on their experience, the service providers provided several suggestions and recommendations to develop the competencies as well as improve the overall FSM situation in the Kathmandu Valley. Some of the key points are highlighted below: � Government must establish FSTPs within the Kathmandu Valley for proper disposal of FS,

preferably by delineating different zones and constructing FSTPs per zone for efficient FSM. � All the service providers should get organized through an Association to dialogue with the

concerned authority for their recognition and to ensure uniformity in service provision. � The desludging technology should be upgraded for efficient operation of services. � There should be more workshops and trained people for repair and maintenance of vehicles. In

addition, the service providers need to develop their own skills to repair and maintain their vehicles. � Households should be educated on proper construction of toilet and containment and its usage. � The service providers need training to enhance their knowledge and skills related to Occupational

Health and Safety.

5.4 Identification of Service Providers for Mahalaxmi Municipality A set of key criteria were developed to identify potential service providers for Mahalaxmi Municipality especially with regards to providing FS emptying and transportation services viz. i) status of registration of the organization, ii) years of experience in the service, iii) proximity or distance to the proposed treatment plant in Mahalaxmi Municipality.

While, a number of characteristics such as vehicle type, staffing pattern, operational conditions, tariff, are similar across all the service providers, there are only a few characters that differ slightly. Table 3 shows the comparison of the service providers on these three criteria. It is observed that only one service provider (SN 16) fulfil the three criteria while five service providers (SP 5, 6, 11, 13, 15) fulfil two of the given criteria viz. experience and proximity (<15kms distance) to the proposed treatment plant from the base station. However, distance is not a major concern among all the service providers as they are within 15-17 km radius from the proposed treatment plant location. Furthermore, it should also be noted that the current criteria are just a preliminary basis to screen potential service providers for Mahalaxmi Municipality and further consultations is necessary. Likewise, there are also opportunities for individual service providers to develop competencies over the course of time, for example formal registration of the company with the authorities.

In the successive stages of determining the FS service model for Mahalaxmi Municipality and in selection of the service provider/s, other key governing criteria will have to be determined. For example: � Ability and willingness of the service provider to pay a designated treatment fee per volume

(m3) discharged into the FSTP. � Contribution in the Capex to establish the FS treatment system.


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Table 3: Comparison of the FS service providers

5.5 Other Potential Service Providers In addition to the FS service providers, other actors in the market were also contacted to understand their capacities and interest of engagement along the sanitation service chain. Some of these private companies consulted have been highlighted below:

Green Building Technologies Pvt. Ltd. together with its product development company Sintex Industries Limited is marketing readymade septic tanks in Nepal. These tanks come in different sizes for households and institutions. The actual manufacturer is from Gujarat, India.

Figure 14: Specification of Sintex Septic Tanks

Experience (>10 years) <15 15 -17

1 Kul Bdr. Shrestha √ √2 Narayan Budathoki √3 Rajendra Nagarkoti √4 Narayan Bhandari √5 Krishna Pd. Dahal √ √6 Suresh Basnet √ √7 Dhan Ram Tamang √8 Chandra Dahal √9 Surya Bdr. Tamang √

10 Pradip Dhungana √ √11 Surendra Lama * √ √12 Bimal Lama * √13 Subash Ghising √ √14 Dilip Tamang * √ √15 Ram Lama * √ √

16Rajat Budhathoki and Deepak Acharya √ √ √

* Recently started own business

Distance to TP (km)Service providers RegistrationSN


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Eco Concern Pvt. Ltd. Eco Concern Pvt. Ltd. (Eco Concern) is newly established, social enterprise specialized in designing and utilizing innovative solutions for safe water, sustainable sanitation, alternative energy and healthy environment. It works for the environmental sustainability providing complete environmental solution through quality consulting service, production and promotion of eco-products and technology transfer. Its professional service extends from providing innovative engineering solutions for FSM and HCWM to developing and marketing eco- friendly and affordable products and services in Nepal and beyond. It currently operates an analytical laboratory including production of water treatment, sanitation and energy related products.

Further the company has been designing and providing strategic construction supervision of quite a few FSTPs in Nepal. It has strong interest to invest and operate FSTPs through a business approach. The company is currently assessing the prospects of operating the Lubhu FSTP in Lalitpur, one of the first FSTP in Nepal.

6. Conclusion � There are more than 19 informal service providers operating in the Kathmandu Valley � These service providers are forced to operate illegally due to lack of initiative from the government

to formalize the sector and failure to operationalize the institutional and regulatory framework. � The service providers are facing challenges of desludging due to improper construction of

containment units by households. � Because the vehicles are not registered with the concerned authority, the service providers

constantly face hassles from the traffic police during transportation. � Due to lack of FS treatment facilities in the Valley, they resort to illegal dumping of the FS,

primarily in the sewer network. � The existing FS service providers do not have adequate competency to operate efficiently. � There is a growing realization among the service providers that their business should be

recognized by the government and that they need to enhance their knowledge and skills in different aspects of their business.

� There are not many entrepreneurs providing services in other components of the sanitation service chain apart from desludging service providers.

7. Way Forward � Facilitate dialogue between the service providers, the local authority and other concerned

stakeholders to initiate the formalisation process of the service providers. � Support local authority to mandate construction of proper septic tanks by residential and

institutional buildings and to establish a strict monitoring mechanism. � Develop and execute plans and programme to enhance knowledge, skills and attitude of the

service providers for sustainable business operation within the sanitation service chain. The FS Competency Framework can be a guiding document to develop a capacity building package for the service providers.

� Develop a set of criteria based on the FSM plan and business model for Mahalaxmi Municipality for selection of service provider/s.

� Conduct a second round of consultation with the six service providers selected from the initial screening process.


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� Explore with private companies to bring in innovations on containment technologies, to create a supply chain for desludging trucks and to partner in construction and operation of FS treatment plants and in managing the faecal sludge service chain.

Annex: 1: List of entrepreneurs interviewedSN Name of Entrepreneur Contact number Experience Station

1 Kul Bdr. Shrestha 9851024676 10 years Jambo Dada, Jorpati, Kathmandu2 Narayan Budathoki 9849442728 2 - 5 years Nautaley, Guheshwori, Kathmandu3 Rajendra Nagarkoti 9811115275 2 - 5 years Gothatar, Bhaktapur4 Narayan Bhandari 9851227595 <1 year Balkumari, Lalitpur5 Krishna Pd. Dahal 9851024364 15 years Koteshwor, Kathmandu6 Suresh Basnet 9803457779 21 years Lokanthali, Bhaktapur7 Dhan Ram Tamang 9843015344 1 - 2 years Imadol, Lalitpur8 Chandra Dahal 9851088592 2 - 5 years Narephat, Jadibuti, Kathmandu9 Surya Bdr. Tamang 9851247369 <1 year Kumarigal, Boudha, Kathmandu

10 Pradip Dhungana 9851152299 >5 years Gaurighat, Kathmandu11 Surendra Lama * 9841691494 10 years Balkumari, Lalitpur12 Bimal Lama 9849503019 0.5 years Pepsicola, Dholahiti, Kathmandu13 Subash (Durga) Ghising * 9841294818 10 years Balkumari, Lalitpur14 Dilip Tamang * 9843458135 10 years Naya Basti, Jorpati, Kathmandu15 Ram (Tashi) Lama * 9860993685 10 years Imadol, Lalitpur

16Rajat Budhathoki and Deepak Acharya 9841343487

22 years Gangahiti, Chabahil, Kathmandu

* Started own business since last 2-12 months


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Annex IV: Preliminary Assessment Report of Co-treatment Opportunities

A short study report on Sewerage Treatment Plans and options for Co-treatment in Kathmandu Valley.

BackgroundThe wastewater management system in cities of Kathmandu Valley is haphazardly developed and is largely limited to collection of domestic wastewater. Most households, in dense urban areas are either connected to a sewer system, which discharges openly into rivers or have an onsite containment systems that is not systematically designed. It is perceived that most of the septic tank systems are serving as holding tanks with mixed kitchen sullage, fecal matter and wastewater from toilets, and sometimes even roof/surface drainage from the premises. With no solid liquid separation the tanks can hardly develop an anaerobic treatment system, for which the tanks are supposedly designed. At times the bottom and side walls of the septic tanks are not sealed to allow quick soakage of the liquid, which can easily contaminate land and underground water. KUKL, the water and wastewater utility for Kathmandu undertakes sewer maintenance but does not provide services related to fecal sludge removal, transport and treatment. Some municipalities provide limited services.

Existing FacilitiesThe major public wastewater treatment facilities available in the Valley8 include Guheswori (Kathmandu), Sallaghari (Bhaktapur), Kodku/Balkumari (Lalitpur) and Dhobighat/Sundarighat (Lalitpur). The combined treatment capacity of these plants is about 31 MLD. But, ironically none of the plants are functioning to an effective scale worth mentioning except for the Guheshwori wastewater treatment plant of about 17 MLD capacity. The plant is also highly overloaded and the efficiency is questionable. The plants have about 238 km of sewer network planned to be feeding into them.

The Guheshwori WW treatment plant is being managed by High Power Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC), which is also laying interceptors and improving Bagmati river system. Rest of the treatment plants are owned in assets by the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Development Board and being operated, in whatsoever form, by KUKL.

GoN is upgrading all these plants for added efficiency and treatment capacity through loan funds being made available by the Asian Development Bank through their loans 1820 Nep and 2000 Nep. The scope includes extensive rehabilitation and upgrading of these plants under Build and Operate type of contract(s). Features of these plants are as shown in the table.

8 does not include Siddhipur and other private/ community plants


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Table : Basic Feature of WW Treatment Facilities available in Kathmandu Valley

SrName of the

Plant

Treatment System Modified Capacity (MLD)

Scheduled Completion

date

Cumulative Progress %

ContractorsTreatment

degreePresent Modified

1 Guheshwori Extended Aeration Oxydation Ditch

Activate Sludge

32.4 (16.1*2) 2019 July 90 VA Tech WABAG, India Secondary with effluent polishing

2 Kodku Facultative Ponds

Activated Sludge

17.5 Nov 2019 15 SafBon Water Services, PRC

Secondary

3 Sallaghari Aerobic Ponds Activated Sludge

14.2 Secondary

4 Dhobighat I Facultative Ponds

Activated Sludge

37 Secondary

5 Dhobighat II Facultative Ponds

Activiated Sludge

37 March 2020 15 CGOC-ATAL jv, Beijing, China

Secondary

6 Dhobighat III Facultative Ponds

Activated Sludge

37 To be designed and tendered, Land is available

7 Chalnakhel Under design 300 To be designed and tendered, Land has to be procured It is evident from the table that most of the treatment plants will not be completed in time. A slight delay is expected in Guheshwori WW Treatment Plant, which is expected to get completed before December 2019. Other plants Kodku, Sallaghari and Dhobighat I are expected to be completed only around mid 2021. Dhobighat II is likely to be completed by mid 2022 only.

Schematic location of the treatment plants is shown in the map below:


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ProcessesThe system process in all treatment plants follows the principles of Activated Sludge process. The liquid stream consists mainly of coarse and fine screens, grit removal, primary settlement, aeration tank, secondary clarifier and disinfection units. Guheshwori WWTP have a Disc Filter after the secondary treatment process to polish the effluent as the effluent discharge parameter standards are of relatively higher requirement of compliance. Odor control units are provided in Dhobighat facility.

The solid stream on the other-hand typically consists of anaerobic digestion for production of energy and gas with gravity thickener and mechanical thickener with belt press to treat the sludge from the settling tanks. A typical process flow diagram is as shown below, which is from Dhobighat I, but is more or less the same for other plants as well.

Sewerage Generation and CoverageThe following table received from KUKL, PID displays the assumptions regarding assumptions in population growth and sewage generation rates for the period up to 2030. The significance of the table in this context is that even with full implementation of the plan, about 25 to 30% of the population will still be out of reach of the carry away piped system. This implies a substantial requirement for development of onsite sanitation systems.


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Possibilities for Cotreatment of Faecal SludgeWith population projection of 3.2 million in Kathmandu Valley it is observed from design assumption that even in optimistic projections 0.9 million people will need to be served through onsite sanitation systems. This will roughly mean that around 150,000 million families/ homes in Kathmandu Valley will have onsite systems that will need to be properly collected, emptied, treated and managed for disposal. This should provide a basis for calculation of amount of spetage treatment facility required in Kathmandu Valley.

The Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board is currently undertaking a study to prepare it's updated Capital Investment and Asset Management Plant (CIAMP 2). It is expected that the plan will identify the areas and suggest the extent of fecal treatment facilities required to be treated on an annual/ periodic basis.

None of the above the wastewater treatment plants under upgrading have a given designed capacity that will be constructed to accept fecal sludge for co-treatment barring the Guheshwori WWTP.

Although the Guheshwori WWTP has not incorporated any cotreatment options with fecal sludge in the process flow diagram, the contract between PID and the Contractor VA Tech WABAG, who will also operate the plant after commissioning , has provisioned mixing of 22 m3 of fecal sludge daily in the contract data. As the plant demands strict effluent quality for discharge with less than 10mg/L of BOD, and has defined energy production requirement as one of the operator's


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performance criteria, the operator is particularly careful about the quality of influent it receives. It is being discussed that the influent BOD characteristics may be substantially different from that defined in the contract data, to a much higher influent BOD concentration than envisaged, for which reason the operator is finding it difficult to accept 22 m3 of fecal sludge on a daily basis for co treatment. This is likely to mean a reduction in fecal sludge load accepted by the WWTP. This could result into some value of around 10 m3 day.

Cotreatment options in other mentioned WW treatment plants are neither included in design nor in the contracts with respective contractors. The design for Chalnakhel WWTP is still not advanced and there is room to incorporate co-treatment of fecal sludge as necessary. But, there is uncertainty about Chalnakhel WWTP construction timelines and also the WWTP is located at a relatively far distance. These two issues will be challenges to incorporate co-treatment of fecal sludge on a larger scale.

For treatment plants in Sallaghari, Kodku and Dhobighat (I and II), although the present designs do not account for co treatment, there are scope to include some percentage of fecal sludge by new introduction to the process. Operational impacts have to be studied carefully.

ConclusionsRehabilitation and construction of new sewerage plants is taking speed in Kathmandu Valley. The non functioning units constructed in the past are being rehabilitated under Build and Operate contract models. All these plants are being rehabilitated by using ADB loan funds and GoN undertaking. The design targets assume 75% connection by population and only about 138 MLD of installed treatment capacity against 223 MLD of expected sewage generation by connected population in 2020 A D. Efficiency of sewerage systems to capture and convey the sewage effectively on a year round basis and plant efficiency factors of treatment plants pose further risks to achieve the targeted population. In this respect, a carefully worked out strategy and plan for onsite systems inside Kathmandu has substantial value. All WWTP have capacity to accept co-treatment with some modifications to process flow in the treatment plants. Careful negotiations with KUKL and the operators are required to this effect.

Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO)G.P.O Box 4102; 110/25 Aadarsha Marg 1New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, NepalPhone: 977-1-5244641; 5244051; 5244992; 5244609Fax: 977-1-5244376Email: [email protected] | Website: www.enpho.org

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