Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in...

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04th Februray 2010 Dr Sanjiv Kamat Pigment Printing Pigment Printing Of Of Textiles Textiles Dr. Sanjiv Kamat Pidilite Industries Limited

Transcript of Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in...

Page 1: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Pigment PrintingPigment Printing Of Of TextilesTextiles

Dr. Sanjiv KamatPidilite Industries Limited

Page 2: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Page 3: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Page 4: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Page 5: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Pigment Dispersions – Pigment Dispersions – Historical DevelopmentsHistorical Developments

As old as 3000 years with mineral pigments and natural As old as 3000 years with mineral pigments and natural polymers as binder and thickeners(starch,glue)polymers as binder and thickeners(starch,glue)

1920’s- Organic Pigment dispersions1920’s- Organic Pigment dispersions 1930’s –Emulsion copolymerisation techniques.1930’s –Emulsion copolymerisation techniques. 1937 –Pigment paste based on water in oil emulsion1937 –Pigment paste based on water in oil emulsion 1950 – Oil in water systems.1950 – Oil in water systems. 1960- Aqueous self crosslinking dispersions as binders1960- Aqueous self crosslinking dispersions as binders Early 60’s - Pidilite introduced pigment Early 60’s - Pidilite introduced pigment

dispersion in India.dispersion in India. 1990s Ecological improvements(emmission)1990s Ecological improvements(emmission)

Digital printingDigital printing

Page 6: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Why Pigment Printing ?Why Pigment Printing ?

Versatile-Suitable for all substrates and Versatile-Suitable for all substrates and machinesmachines

Low impact on waste waterLow impact on waste water Low consumption of water, no washing Low consumption of water, no washing

after printingafter printing Short process cycle –faster output , Print, Short process cycle –faster output , Print,

dry,fixdry,fix Best light fastnessBest light fastness Very High Reliability Very High Reliability Zero printing defects possibleZero printing defects possible

Page 7: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Relative properties of Printing Relative properties of Printing stylesstyles

PropertiesProperties Pigment Pigment Substantive Substantive

LightLight

WashingWashing

RubbingRubbing

WeatheringWeathering

HandleHandle

ExcellentExcellent

AcceptableAcceptable

GoodGood

Very GoodVery Good

AcceptableAcceptable

GoodGood

Very GoodVery Good

Very GoodVery Good

PoorPoor

ExcellentExcellent

Page 8: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

• Colour pigment• Binding agent• Fixer• Thickener• Auxiliaries- emulsifiers- softeners

Components of Pigment Printing System

Page 9: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

• Pigment (25-45 %) • Water• Auxiliaries- emulsifiers / dispersing agents- Co solvent / glycols (few)- preservative

Composition of the Pigment Dispersion

Page 10: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Factors influencing Selection of PigmentFactors influencing Selection of Pigment

Fastness to Fastness to WashingWashing LightLight SolventSolvent PerspirationPerspiration ChlorineChlorine

HeatHeat SalivaSaliva

LegislationsLegislations

Page 11: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Influence of Particle Size of PigmentInfluence of Particle Size of Pigment

FlocculationFlocculation Hue/Tint StrengthHue/Tint Strength Hiding/TransparencyHiding/Transparency Gloss/Flatting and Film appearanceGloss/Flatting and Film appearance ViscosityViscosity StabilityStability Weather ResistanceWeather Resistance

Page 12: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

PigmentsPigments

Primary Particles0.01-5mu

Aggregates0.05-50mu

Agglomerate0.1-1000mu

Page 13: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Pigment dispersionPigment dispersion

Large number of Large number of aggregatesaggregates and and agglomerates agglomerates formed during drying and pulverizing process of formed during drying and pulverizing process of pigment press cakepigment press cake

To obtain better To obtain better gloss, rheological properties gloss, rheological properties and color strengthand color strength pigment applications need pigment applications need pigment in disperse formpigment in disperse form

Size of aggregates and agglomerates is reduced Size of aggregates and agglomerates is reduced from from 10-60 micron10-60 micron to below to below 1 micron1 micron

Page 14: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Dispersion ProcessDispersion Process

Size Reduction:Size Reduction: Breaking of larger aggregates Breaking of larger aggregates and agglomerates into smaller primary particles and agglomerates into smaller primary particles by impact and shear forceby impact and shear force

Wetting Process:Wetting Process: Uniform spreading of liquid Uniform spreading of liquid medium on the pigment surface making a medium on the pigment surface making a contact angle of zero degree. Proper wetting contact angle of zero degree. Proper wetting improves glossimproves gloss

Stabilization:Stabilization: Dispersed particles are Dispersed particles are prevented to come togetherprevented to come together

Page 15: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Dispersion Properties Depend uponDispersion Properties Depend upon

Suitability of pigmentSuitability of pigment Particle sizeParticle size Particle size distributionParticle size distribution Degree of dispersionDegree of dispersion Electrical chargeElectrical charge Specific gravitySpecific gravity Crystal structure & stabilityCrystal structure & stability

Page 16: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

TextureTexture

Feel and appearance of surface especially how Feel and appearance of surface especially how rough or smooth it is .rough or smooth it is .

Decided by the Decided by the degree of aggregationdegree of aggregation of the of the primary particlesprimary particles

Soft textureSoft texture have have large agglomerateslarge agglomerates and few and few aggregatesaggregates

Large number of aggregatesLarge number of aggregates give give hard texturehard texture Various surface treatments used to improve Various surface treatments used to improve

texturetexture

Page 17: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Texture is affected byTexture is affected by

pH(fluctuation in the process)pH(fluctuation in the process) TemperatureTemperature Solvent in condensationSolvent in condensation Process slow or fast(Rate of addition)Process slow or fast(Rate of addition) Drying process(Convection,IR,Air suction)Drying process(Convection,IR,Air suction)

Page 18: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Texture and structureTexture and structure

SOFTSOFT

<<Bisazo < Phthalocyanine < Bisazo < Phthalocyanine < monoazo < betanaphthol < monoazo < betanaphthol < Benzimidazolone < Quinacridones Benzimidazolone < Quinacridones < DPP < Perylene < Carbazole< DPP < Perylene < Carbazole < <

HARDHARD

Page 19: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Dispersing EquipmentDispersing Equipment

Page 20: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Size ReductionSize Reduction

Commonly used EquipmentsCommonly used Equipments

Type Of Action

Ball Mill ImpactSand Mill Sheer+Impact

Impact+SheerBead Mill Sheer+ImpactThree Roller MillSheer Kneader Sheer Extruder Sheer

Equiptment

Attritors

Page 21: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Influence of pigment dispersion particle size Influence of pigment dispersion particle size on printingon printing

Small particle size may cause a low colour yield besides clogging of Small particle size may cause a low colour yield besides clogging of screens and may also entail thixotropic propensity of print pastes. screens and may also entail thixotropic propensity of print pastes. Wash fastness may be inferior since the pigment particles may not Wash fastness may be inferior since the pigment particles may not be held properly in the layer of binder film. be held properly in the layer of binder film.

For instance, 40g/kg shade using a pigment dispersion having a For instance, 40g/kg shade using a pigment dispersion having a particle size of 0.1 micron and binder of 0.3 micron, since these particle size of 0.1 micron and binder of 0.3 micron, since these particles are not held appropriately in the binder film, the wash particles are not held appropriately in the binder film, the wash fastness may be affected. , since with very fine particle size; the fastness may be affected. , since with very fine particle size; the pigments are liable to bleed on washing e.g. Pigment Red 2 with a pigments are liable to bleed on washing e.g. Pigment Red 2 with a lower particle size. Red and Bordeaux pigments have a tendency to lower particle size. Red and Bordeaux pigments have a tendency to bleed on washing . bleed on washing .

Large particle size may entail dull prints.Large particle size may entail dull prints. High viscosity of pigment dispersions may not only lead to thicker High viscosity of pigment dispersions may not only lead to thicker

print pastes but also cause inadequate penetration during printing print pastes but also cause inadequate penetration during printing on the substrate.on the substrate.

Page 22: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Recent Development in Emulsifiers

No clear technical trend visible- combination products

- emulsifier/rheolog. additive- emulsifier/rheolog. additive/fixing agent

- pure emulsifier• APEO-free• Non-ionic

Page 23: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Pigment Printing BindersPigment Printing Binders should should Have good adhesion but no tackHave good adhesion but no tack Be resistant to chemical and mechanical Be resistant to chemical and mechanical

stressstress Be flexibleBe flexible Be non yellowingBe non yellowing Be removable from screensBe removable from screens Be shear stableBe shear stable Resistance to agingResistance to aging

Page 24: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Binder Properties Influenced byBinder Properties Influenced by

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE

AN

NBA

Soft Tacky

Softer More Tacky

Softest Most Tacky

Hardest

Harder

Hard

Lowest Fastness

Best Fastness

NBA

EA

B

Styrene

MA

Page 25: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

BindersBinders

Monomer Monomer Tg (°C)Tg (°C)Ethylene Ethylene -125-125

ButadieneButadiene -78-78

Butyl AcrylateButyl Acrylate -52-52

Ethyl AcrylateEthyl Acrylate -22-22

Vinyl AcetateVinyl Acetate +30+30

Vinyl Chloride Vinyl Chloride +80+80

Methyl MethacrylateMethyl Methacrylate +105+105

Styrene/AcrylonitrileStyrene/Acrylonitrile +105/130+105/130

Page 26: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

1. not self-cross linking2. self-cross linking (reactive side groups)

Parameters influencing crosslinking• Type and number of reactive groups• Temperature• Duration• pH valueCrosslinking results in improved1. Fastnesses 2. Stability to temperature 3. Permanency of effects

Type of Binders

Page 27: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Binders Functional GroupsBinders Functional Groups Carboxyl functionality –Binders contain acrylic Carboxyl functionality –Binders contain acrylic

acid or methacrylic acid as co-polymers. acid or methacrylic acid as co-polymers. Provides sites for cross-linking reactionsProvides sites for cross-linking reactions

Amide Functionality – Acrylamide as a part of Amide Functionality – Acrylamide as a part of the functional group .Binders having the functional group .Binders having substituted acrylamide groups have self cross substituted acrylamide groups have self cross linking propertieslinking properties

SBR Binders-Butadiene monomer provides SBR Binders-Butadiene monomer provides elasticity ,while styrene and acrylonitrile give elasticity ,while styrene and acrylonitrile give oil and solvent resistance Disadvantages are oil and solvent resistance Disadvantages are oxidation and discoloration due to residual oxidation and discoloration due to residual double bonds double bonds

Page 28: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Binder Particle SizeBinder Particle Size

Smaller the particle size of the binder Smaller the particle size of the binder results in brighter prints as total results in brighter prints as total internal reflection increases.internal reflection increases.

Bigger particle size binder may increase Bigger particle size binder may increase coverage but prints may look duller coverage but prints may look duller

Very small particle size will lead of Very small particle size will lead of clogging of screens because of clogging of screens because of agglomeration agglomeration

Page 29: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Recent Development in Binders

• Increasingly softer handle

• Fastnesses improved

• Running properties were improved

• Reduction in residual free monomer content

Page 30: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

NormalCH2=CH-CO-NH-CH2-OH N - methylol acrylamide

detaching formaldehydereaction partners: - sec. amino groups

- N-methylol groups / N-methylol ether groups- amide groups- melamine groups- dicyan diamide groups- related groups

AlternativeCH2 - CH- epoxy components (e.g. epichlorhydrin

O formaldehyde-freereaction partners: - hydroxylic / carboxylic groups

- amino groups, react. methylene groups

Binders Components for self cross linking

Page 31: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

••

Synthetic Thickeners

-CH2 -CH - CH2 - CH CH2 -CH - CH2 - CH -

COOH COOHCOO - COO - n

first synth. thickeners in 1969• mechanism: n - addition of alkali (NH4OH) causes an electrostatic repellency- formation of a three-dimensional network = increase in viscosity• molecular weights in the range of 1000000 • partially crosslinked

n

OH-

Page 32: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Thickener propertiesThickener properties

Molecular Molecular WeightWeight

High / LowHigh / Low ViscosityViscosity High/LowHigh/Low

Polymer Polymer ContentContent

High /LowHigh /Low ViscosityViscosity High/LowHigh/Low

Same Same Polymer Polymer content content

High High Molecular Molecular WeightWeight

Low Low Molecular Molecular WeightWeight

Low DosageLow Dosage

Low CoverageLow Coverage

Low FastnessLow Fastness

High DosageHigh Dosage

High High CoverageCoverage

High FastnessHigh Fastness

Page 33: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Pidicryl SHRP - Rheology Pidicryl SHRP - Rheology modifiermodifier

0

20

40

60

80

100

AQA +SHRP

TimeSec

Viscosity

Rheology change under Shear ( Squeegee Pressure)

Shear force

Shear force released

Page 34: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Rheology Modifier - Pidicryl SHRPRheology Modifier - Pidicryl SHRP

Reduces Flushing tendency on different Reduces Flushing tendency on different fabricsfabrics

Improves colour yieldImproves colour yield Improves brightnessImproves brightness Improves leveling highly recommended Improves leveling highly recommended

in full blotch printingin full blotch printing Lower penetrationLower penetration Higher coverage Mts/Kg of print pasteHigher coverage Mts/Kg of print paste Best results at pH > 8Best results at pH > 8

Page 35: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Page 36: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Two trends:a) higher efficiency / price optimizationb) improved technology / multifunctional

• pasty• lower hydrocarbon content• non-fuming• high purity / good and quick swelling behaviour• good storage stability / little settling

Recent Development in Thickeners

Page 37: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Two trends:a) higher efficiency / price optimizationb) improved technology / multifunctional

• pasty• lower hydrocarbon content• non-fuming• high purity / good and quick swelling behaviour• good storage stability / little settling

Recent Development in Thickeners

Page 38: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat38

Developments in Fixing AgentsDevelopments in Fixing Agents

• Melamine resin fixing agent / contains HCHOhigher etherification, thus:- reduced HCHO content- less HCHO emission during drying and fixation- reduced HCHO content on the fabric- less reactivity

• Isocyanate fixing agent / HCHO-free-cold fixing / not blocked / shelf life /

high reactivity- hot fixing / blocked

Page 39: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Ecological IssuesEcological Issues

Air• hydrocarbons (white spirit/thickener/antifoam)• HCHO (fixing agent/binders/preservative)• monomers (binding agent/fixing agent/thickener)• fume (thickener/softener/urea/glycols)

Water• hydrocarbons (white spirit/thickener/softener/antifoam)• heavy metals (Pigments)• APEO (emulsifiers/binders/softener)Fabric• HCHO (fixing agent/binders/preservative)• fastnesses (binding agent/fixing agent/pigments)• MAK amines (colour pigments (some in the red range))• APEO (colour pigments,binders), 

Page 40: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Influencing Factors – Pigment PrintingInfluencing Factors – Pigment Printing

Viscosity: Design, machineViscosity: Design, machine Water HardnessWater Hardness Screen MeshScreen Mesh Drying TemperatureDrying Temperature Fabric typeFabric type pH of printing pastepH of printing paste Particle size of Pigment dispersion and BinderParticle size of Pigment dispersion and Binder

Page 41: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Fastness not achieved !Fastness not achieved !

Light Light Depth of ShadeDepth of Shade

PerchPerch Pigment selectionPigment selection

High TempHigh Temp Pigment Selection Pigment Selection

CrockingCrocking Depth of ShadeDepth of ShadeBinder TypeBinder TypeBinder ConcentrationBinder ConcentrationCuring conditionsCuring conditionsFabric Type and GeometryFabric Type and Geometry

Page 42: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Colour Textile interactions in Ink Jet PrintingColour Textile interactions in Ink Jet Printing

Print Head TechnologiesPerformanceDrop performanceInk/Material compatibilityNozzle cloggingNozzle crustingBiological growthContaminationLong-term operability

Textile/Ink InteractionDrying time Colour value/yieldChroma (colour quality) Spreading/wickingRub fastness Water fastness Light fastness

Colour /Ink Formulation

PropertySurface tension ViscositySpecific gravity pHConductivity Dye purityDye purity/solubilityToxicological propertiesParticle size StabilityAccoustic properties Shelf life

Textile

Page 43: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Printhead TechnologyPrinthead Technology•Thermal Drop on Demand(DOD)

•Piezo Drop on Demand

•Binary Continuous inkjet heads

•Multi-deflection continuous heads

•Air jet deflection

• Valve Jet

Page 44: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv Kamat

Page 45: Pigment printing of textiles, a lecture given at ICT Mumbai for Kabur Memorial. Also see advances in Pigment printing

04th Februray 2010

Dr Sanjiv KamatMarch 2007GAP Delhi

Dr Sanjiv Kamat 45

Thank you