Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades
-
Upload
icrisat -
Category
Government & Nonprofit
-
view
148 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades
![Page 1: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pigeonpea in ESA: A story of two decades
Said Silim
![Page 2: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
In 1991: • Pigeonpea was not a crop of importance • Farmers growing traditional low yielding varieties as
intercrop • Preference was for bold seeded fast cooking varieties • National research systems and governments paid no
attention • Private sector had no interest • No awareness about the export potential
![Page 3: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Initial approach: • Initial approach was to introduce varieties from HQ
through local testing but • They were not adapted to the region • Emphasis at HQ is on SD and MD types while
ESA demand is for MD and LD • Farmers and market demand white bold grain
that cook fast • Resistance to Fusarium wilt
![Page 4: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Revised strategy: • Understand the influence of temp (T) and photoperiod
(P) and used for targeting developed varieties • Ensure resistance to diseases and pests • Fill germplasm gaps for posterity and use in the
breeding program • Include crop management to enhance systems
productivity • Market needs and opportunities • Develop varieties that exploit farmer and markets • Support seed systems • Enhance stakeholder capacity
![Page 5: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Understanding modulation of T and P • Trials conducted across a transect
• 50 to 2500 m asl and T varied from 30 - 150C • Used artificial lighting P 12 h 20 min to 16 h 20 min
• Early flowering observed at 240C for SD, 220C for MD and at 180C for LD
• MD varieties matured early (150 days) at equator and late (200 days) away from equator
![Page 6: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Filling germplasm gaps: • Additional germplasm was collected in Uganda,
Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique • Long duration varieties from the collections were
used to develop varieties for delayed matured under cooler temperatures
• Medium duration varieties from Uganda were used as sources for high temperature and pest tolerance
![Page 7: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Grain characteristics used in breeding: • White/cream seed coat • Bold and round seeds • Aroma • Cook fast
![Page 8: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Resistance to Fusarium wilt: • Losses from Fusarium wilt were estimated to be
about US$ 5 m per country • Varieties resistant to Fusarium in India were found to
be susceptible in the region • Wilt sick plots were developed in Kenya, Tanzania
and Malawi • Sources of resistance from local land races were
identified and used in the breeding program
![Page 9: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pest management: • Major pests in the region are
• Field: pod borers, pod suckers and pod flies
• Storage: Bruchids • Research was initiated to screen varieties
with resistance to these pests
![Page 10: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Molecular tools: • Identifying and use of molecular markers speed up
the process of resistance breeding • A limiting factor in the region is lack of biosafety
regulations • One area for immediate research attention is risk
assessment including geneflows
![Page 11: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Crop management: • Pigeonpea is mainly grown as intercrop • The best row ratios were found to be paired rows of
pigeonpea with 3 rows of maize or 6 rows of legumes such as groundnut, bean and soybean
• In both cases residual N was found to be >40 kg/ha
Agronomy
Pigeonpea Yield (t/ha) Maize Yield (t/ha)
Variety Mean
Variety Mean
Improved Farmer Improved Farmer
Improved 1.460 1.497 1.478 1.252 1.539 1.410
Farmer 0.811 1.091 0.951 1.231 1.459 1.345
Mean 1.136 1.294 1.257 1.499
![Page 12: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Market information: • Coordinate and synchronize production and
marketing activities • Shorten the then existing long marketing channels • Reduce transaction costs along the value chain • Mainstream grades and standards in the value chain • Provide avenues for farmers to access improved
technologies
Pigeonpea Value Chains
Rural wholesaler
Small farmer
PMG/UnionMiddlemen/brokers
Urban wholesaler
Processing
Industry
Rural retailer (1)
Rural
consumer
Supermarkets
(3) Grain
Exporter (4)
Urban
retailer (2)
Urban consumer
Transporter
Processed
Exporter (5)
Foreign consumers
![Page 13: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Seed systems: • Strategic partnerships to increase the availability of
improved seeds developed • The actors in these partnerships include NARS,
commercial seed companies, input suppliers and farmer associations
• Farmers and extension agents are trained in seed production
• Farmer cooperatives, local seed enterprises and input stockists were established and /or strengthened
![Page 14: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Capacity building: • Capacity building activities covering all aspects from
production to marketing to consumption were implemented
• Now there are pigeonpea breeders in all countries • Farmers are aware about the pigeonpea potential • Private sector is actively pursuing the promotion of
pigeonpea • Policy makers are paying attention to promote
pigeonpea
![Page 15: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Partnerships: • ICRISAT-ESA worked hard to develop meaningful
partnerships that add value • This was achieved by strategic choice of partners to
sustain future R&D efforts • We are now working with CIMMYT and CIAT • Number donors supporting pigeonpea also
increased during this period
![Page 16: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
On-farm demonstrations: • Potential varieties were evaluated on station and
on-farm in the target regions in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Malawi
• Participatory on-farm evaluation followed involving farmers, market agents and agri-business enterprises
• The best bet varieties were promoted in collaboration with NARS, NGOs and private sector
![Page 17: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Varietal Targeting: General preference for cream bold grains with fast cooking and aroma, Fusarium wilt resistance and
• MD and LD varieties that escape drought, with ratoonability in Eastern Kenya
• LD and MD in Northern and MD in Eastern and Southern Tanzania, suitable to cereal inter-cropping
• MD varieties and new pest tolerance populations developed crossing with local varieties in Uganda
• LD and MD varieties for Southern and MD with higher opt. temp. and insensitivity to Ppd for Central & Northern Malawi
• In Mozambique conditions are similar to Malawi and varieties released are the best bet
![Page 18: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Impacts: • A total of 23 varieties released • Area increased from 450K ha in 1992 to 930K in 2012 • Adoption rate is high in Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi and
Mozambique • Productivity has increased • Increase in export results in three fold increase in price • Tanzania currently exports 100K t grain • Private seed companies in Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi are
investing is seed production
• Capacity of all partners strengthened
Country Area (‘000 ha) Yield (Kg/ha) Production (‘000 t) 90-92 00-02 2011 90-92 00-02 2011 90-92 00-02 2011
Kenya 160 167 182 409 465 608 65 77 111
Malawi 142 137 197 684 753 1103 97 103 217
Mozambique - 69 193 - 465 504 - 32 97
Tanzania 56 134 288 650 650 946 38 87 273
Uganda 61 80 93 827 1000 1025 51 80 95
Total 419 587 953 598 647 832 251 380 792
![Page 19: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
In 2012: • Pigeonpea is a food and cash crop for smallholder
farmers • Farmers growing medium-duration high yielding
varieties • Shifted to varieties that are attractive to Indian
markets • National research systems and governments are
making concerted efforts to promote the crop • Private sector entered in a big way • Policies are in place to exploit the export potential
![Page 20: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Behind this: • Strong research and development agenda founded
on identified constraints and opportunities • Well planned research that addressed key constraints • An approach that integrated production with
markets • ICRISAT and donor support in operationalizing the
strategy • A champion in place for continuity and mobilising
necessary funding and other support
![Page 21: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Develop agronomy for inter-cropping that contributes to intensification and expansion
• Strengthen seed system
• Gain greater knowledge of markets and their structures
• Ensure in country value addition through processing
• Develop better adapted and high yielding varieties using conventional approach and use molecular tools to improve efficiency
• Be very cautious on hybrid technology
Future Direction
![Page 22: Pigeonpea in ESA - A story of two decades](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052621/558375a3d8b42a79658b5346/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thank you!
ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium