PIANC WG 155 – Ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches
-
Upload
bundesanstalt-fuer-wasserbau -
Category
Science
-
view
169 -
download
9
Transcript of PIANC WG 155 – Ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches
PIANC WG 155 – Ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches
Carsten Thorenz, D. Bousmar, J.-P. Dubbelman, Li Jun, D. Spitzer, J.J. Veldman, J. R. Augustijn, W. Kortlever, A. Hartley, A. Moreno, R. Salas, J. Wong, M. Vantorre, O. Weiler, P. Hunter, S. Roux, Wu Peng
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
PIANC InCom WG 155 „Ship Behaviour in Locks and Lock Approaches“
• Successor to WG „Innovation in navigation lock design“, which was focused on the construction of locks
• Focus on interaction between lock operation and ship behaviour
• Inaugurated in September 2011 in New Orleans during the SmartRiversConference
• WG 155 currently has 14 senior and 4 young professional members from 9 countries
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Meetings of PIANC InCom WG 155 „Ship Behaviour in Locks and Lock Approaches“
• Work meetings took roughly three days
• Work meetings were planned to combine three half day work sessionswith technical tours
• Work meetings in Delft (Deltares), Lyon (CNR), Panama (ACP, IMPA) and short meeting in Maastricht
• Organized workshop on locks during PIANC SmartRivers Conference 2013 (in Maastricht / Liege)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Working group meeting in Panama City
WG 155 with hosts and guests at the old Panama Canal locks
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Goals of PIANC WG 155 „Ship Behaviour in Locks and Lock Approaches“
Give designers of locks and organizations that operate locks an idea about the troubles they might encounter and what to do against it. Which factors are important for safe locking? The following points were evaluated:
• What are the relevant physical processes?• How to evaluate the forces on the vessel?• What is the vessels reaction?• What does the captain/pilot think on this?• What to do prevent misery?
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant tasks for the WG
• Point out relevant physics of the interaction between lock and vessel(focusing on what is special for locks)
• Gather data from scientific studies and user experience
• Produce a comprehensible report (not only for scientists)
• Enhance interaction between experts working in the field Workshop during PIANC SmartRivers Conference 2013
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Overview on identified topics
• Sink and surge waves in approaches and adjacent canals
• Local flow fields from lock discharge
• Density driven flows when opening the gate
• Piston effects when entering or leaving the lock
• Impact of the filling process on the vessel
• …
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Why are the identified topics important?• Sink and surge waves in approaches
Vessels can hit bridges or ground
• Local flow fields from lock discharge Vessels loose their course
• Piston effects when entering or leaving the lock Vessels hit the sill or are difficult to control
• Density driven flows when opening the gate Vessels hit the gate or the lock walls
• Impact of the filling process on the vessel Vessel‘s mooring lines brake
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Discharge from lock emptying
• Local scale: Flow fields Bad for manoeuvring when entering or leaving a lock
• Large scale: Long waves in adjacent reaches Forces on moored ships Hitting bridges Grounding Generates local flow fields at crossings, harbours etc. Waves can amplify at the next lock
For the lock filling, the local effects are much less pronounced (potential flow) but the large scale effects are similar!
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Real world: Waves are significant
Water level and water slope recordings from Henrichenburg Lock, nearDortmund, Dortmund-Ems-Kanal (Germany).
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Large scale influence in canals
Computed and measured water table downstream the lock Rothensee
h [m
+NN
]
g
38,85
38,90
38,95
39,00
39,05
39,10
39,15
39,20
39,25
39,30
39,35
39,40
23.10.0020:00:00
23.10.0021:00:00
23.10.0022:00:00
23.10.0023:00:00
24.10.0000:00:00
24.10.0001:00:00
24.10.0002:00:00
24.10.0003:00:00
24.10.0004:00:00
24.10.0005:00:00
24.10.0006:00:00
Zeit
SimulationNaturversuch
Berechnungsgrundlage:Ausbauzustand 1Elbe: MNW
Numerical1D-model
In-situ measurements
Time [dd.mm.yy] [hh:mm:ss]
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Example: Surge wave on double lock
Lock and weir Zeltingen at river Mosel, Germany
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Example: Surge wave on double lock
Lock and weir Zeltingen at river Mosel, Germany
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Example: Surge wave on double lock
Lock and weir Zeltingen at river Mosel, Germany
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Example: Surge wave on double lock
Simulation result for surge/sink wave
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Example: Surge wave on double lock
Simulation result for surge/sink wave
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Example: Surge wave on double lock
• High forces on ship in neighbouring chamber• 3D simulation of flow field• Validated with on-site measurements• Significant forces on vessels due to surge/sink wave
Cured by using a slower valve schedule for emptying the chamber
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Density driven flows
Observed salt exchange in IJmuiden
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Density driven flows
Observed salt exchange in IJmuiden
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Density driven flows
Physical model test with symmetric configuration (by Flanders Hydraulics)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Density driven flows
Physical model test with one-sided closed wall (by Flanders Hydraulics)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Density driven flows
Computed salt intrusion in a sea lock (by BAW)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Density driven flows
Possible mitigation: Air bubble screen(Photos by Deltares)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Density driven flows
• Occur in locks of the coastal regions
• Difficult for manoeuvring because „what you see is not (always)what you feel“
• Can last very long for maritime locks (~30 minutes)
• Can be mitigated by technical devices (bubble screens, flushing, pumping), but this is expensive
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Piston effects
• When entering, vessels observe sudden strong deceleration• When exiting, the vessel is slow and may hit the sill
(Vrijbucht, 2000)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Piston effect
Lock „Pierre Benite“, River Rhone, France
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Piston effects
• When entering, vessels observe sudden strong deceleration• When exiting, the vessel is slow and may hit the sill
Effect on lock cycle time should not be underestimated!
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systemson forces on the vessel
• Ideal filling-empyting system spreads flow equally over the whole lengthof the chamber
• Real filling-empyting systems are more or less imbalanced
• More complex filling systems enable faster lock operation, but are moreexpensive to build and more expensive to operate
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systemson forces on the vessel
SpeedSpeed
CostsCostsForcesForces
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Ship forces, hawser forces or mooring forces?
We have to be specific:
• Forces of the water acting on the vessel (“Ship forces“, “Hydrodynamic forces”)
• Forces in the mooring lines (“Line forces“, “Hawser forces“)
• Forces exerted on the mooring equipment (“Mooring forces”)
Attention: In many publications, these are mixed up! (Or are even used in the wrong way …)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Forces on vessels in the lock chamber
• Evaluate water slopes and estimate ship forces, line force and mooringforces from them or
• Measure forces on the hull and compute line forces and mooring forcesfrom them or
• Measure forces in the mooring lines or on the bollards directly- Sounds best, but introduces many uncertainties:
Hawser types, pretension, orientation, handling, …- Hard to reproduce
not feasible
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systemson forces on the vessel
Most simple:Filling through the gate
More complex:Filling through the bottom
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systems on forces
Numerical results for a partially balanced „through the sill“ system
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systems on forces
Sophistocated filling system of locks at the Main-Danube-Canal
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Impact of filling systems on forces
Sophistocated filling system: Dead ends fill with debris
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel
• The operation of the lock valves balances between smoothness andspeed
• Allowable speed strongly depends on chosen filling system
• Speed changes should be carefully evaluated!
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Lock Roselies, River Sambre, Belgium: Impact of a discontinuous valve opening schedule on the water surface (from PIANC 155 report draft)
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
10:52 10:54 10:56 10:58 11:00 11:02
Water level (m
)
Disc
harg
e (m
³/s)
DischargeWater level
Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
10:52 10:54 10:56 10:58 11:00 11:02
Valve opening (°)
Wat
er s
urfa
ce s
lope
(1/1
000)
Water slopeValve opening
Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel
Lock Roselies, River Sambre, Belgium: Impact of a discontinuous valve opening schedule on the water surface (from PIANC 155 report draft)
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Physical model tests for the lock Kiel-Holtenau: Emergency stop creates significant forces (from PIANC 155 report draft)
Relevant Effects: Impact of valve operationon forces on the vessel
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Methods: How to evaluate forces on the vessel
Analytical formulae:• Simple• Fast• Depend on coefficients
Numerical models (1D, 2D, 3D and combinations of them)• Need specialists for sound results• Full 3D simulations with moving ship „not there yet“
Physical model tests• Hard to set up• Fast to operate• Much experience
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Ineffective mooring
Other aspects: Treatment of pleasure crafts
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
“Rough” filling (left) and reaction of crafts (right)
Other aspects: Treatment of pleasure crafts
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Yes, this is a lock for commercial traffic
Other aspects: Treatment of pleasure crafts
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
HAZOP brainstorming during PIANC SmartRivers Conference 2013
Other aspects: Analysis of possible hazards
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Future report structure: Point of view of the user
Based on a timeline of events for the vessel that transits through a lock:
• leaving normal navigation• waiting in front of the entrance• entering the lock• the locking process• leaving the lock• returning to normal navigation
It should also contain basic information for operators and designers, whichare not necessarily experts on the topic
PIANC WG 155Carsten Thorenz · June 2014
Status of WG 155 report
• All of the topics mentioned above are covered(And many more)
• Report is more or less final
• Currently in last editing steps
… hopefully you can have it pretty soon