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Contents

ACC WorkSafe Cycle

PlantLaddersPower ToolsPower Cut Off SawsElevated Work PlatformsHand ToolsPower Actuated Tools

Portable Mechanically Powered Nailers and StaplersScaffoldingMobile Loading CranesPerimeter Protection and Fall Arrest SystemsRespiratorsTrailersWelding PlantMobile PhonesVehicles

Powered Portable Belt SandersRoutersCircular SawsElectric Drills

Angle GrindersBench GrindersBuilding Maintenance Units and Powered Swinging StagesChainsawsCompressors

Powered DrillsTable SawsGlass SheetsBulldozers/ ExcavatorsForklifts

ChemicalsSolvents

Asbestos

Lead Based PaintsPolychlorinated BiphenylsFibreglass Insulation MaterialsBlood-borne VirusesCementChemical CleanersPaints

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ContractorsManual Handling

Skin CancerStressNoiseHousekeepingVibration hand, arm and whole bodyShiftworkWorking Alone

Tasks

Spray PaintingFormworkAluminium FramingConcrete PumpingDemolition OperationsDemolition PlanningPaint Stripping/ RemovalRoofing

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ACC WorkSafe is the roadmap from ACC to reducing injury and illness in the workplace. It is a guide for building comprehensive

health and safety programmes in workplaces and can apply to a wide range of organisations and industries.

Commitment

Health and safety must have the same status within a workplace as other business and production goals. It is important that

everyone within an organisation shows commitment to health and safety. Commitment across the workplace begins with

management, who sets the culture of the organisation. Commitment from employees and their representatives is also needed

for health and safety policies and procedures to be used effectively. Workplace commitment requires understanding how

workplace injuries and illnesses are caused and the actions needed to prevent them. Commitment can be demonstrated by:

Use of safe work practicesTaking action on recording and reporting of hazards

Accurate recording and reporting of incidents

Comprehensive health and safety policies

Adequate resourcing

Production or performance goals that reflect health and safety

A positive workplace that supports and recognises health and safety systems and procedures.

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Review

Reviews are important to assess an organisation 's injury prevention performance. They determine the value of health and

safety activities, and provide a basis for planning. The main purposes of reviews are to:

Identify the effectiveness of systems and practices currently in placeEstablish baselines against which future progress can be measured

Determine the resources needed (time, money, people, skills, knowledge)

Quantify costs related to workplace illness and injury

Identify injury factors.

Plan

Planning involves setting goals, objectives and action steps in order to make improvement strategies happen. When planning

you need to:

Identify goals. These are usually activities or controls designed to eliminate, isolate or minimise factors causinginjury/illness

Establish the resources required for the activity/control and the degree to which it will impact on the problem

Identify objectives. Ensure that they are SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and have a timeline)

Prioritise strategies

Identify measures and targets

Create an action plan that details the specific steps needed to meet an objective.

Build a foundation

A good foundation includes key people, their skill base, and the proper channels to drive the ACC WorkSafe, health and safety

activities. A strong foundation will help implementation run smoothly and will provide sustainable health and safety activities inthe long term. To build a foundation you need to:

Identify the workplace 'champion(s)' for the health and safety initiative

Identify key people to be involved and establish the appropriate vehicle for the workplace, such as a task force, special

team, or health and safety committee

Determine roles and responsibilities for key personnel

Educate and train key personnel

Establish lines of communication and systems of communication

Align health and safety with production goals

Develop ACC WorkSafe Cycle componentsEstablish procedures to access or link with resources (money, specialist advice, community services etc).

Implement

Implementation means doing the health and safety activities listed on the right-hand side of the ACC WorkSafe Cycle.

Evaluation data will be collected at this stage as well so that successful implementation of the activity can be celebrated, and

opportunities for improvement can be identified when the Cycle proceeds to review again. The implementation stage involves:

Educating and training general personnel and managers

Communicating programme components, roles and responsibilities, procedures, and rationale

Monitoring the use of resourcesManaging injury factors/injury management systems

Collecting data as planned

Measuring the progress and effectiveness of the health and safety activities against ACC WorkSafe Cycle goals and

action plan timelines. Results of evaluations are fed back to the first step of the ACC WorkSafe Cycle

Carrying out the health and safety activities.

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Location:Industry Name: Construction

New Zealand

Business Name: acc

Hazards Possible Consequences Safe Work Practices

OSH Department of Labour - Safe Ladder Use

OSH Department of Labour - Stepladder Safety

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Ladders

Plant >> Ladders

Sources

Maintenance of ladders Ladders collapsing Ensure regular visual inspections are undertaken. The inspection should look for:

1. Bent or twisted styles.

2. Loose, bent, worn or split rungs or steps.

3. Loose, bent or disconnected braces.

4. Damaged or missing locking bars, rivets or non slip feet.

Always repair damaged and faulty ladders immediately.

If the ladder cannot be repaired then it should be discarded and replaced with a new one.

Never attempt to work from a faulty or damaged ladder.

Rubber boots should be fitted to the base of styles on all aluminium ladders.

Transportation of ladders Ladder structural failure Vibrations can be avoided by using roof racks that are purpose built to carry a particular type of ladder,

including rubber cushioning fitted to the top of the roof rack.

Working on fixed or access

ladders

Falling Wait until other person has exited off ladder before ascending or descending.

Maintain three point contact by keeping two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand on the ladder at all

times.

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Plant >> Ladders

Sources

Raise or lower tools or materials using a hand line.

Regularly inspect ladders for:

1. Loose, worn and damaged rungs and railings.

2. Corroded bolts and rivet heads.

3. Damaged bolts and handrails (broken or loose anchorages).

4. Slippery surfaces from oil or ice.

Working with ladders Falling

Ladders contacting live lines

Materials falling

Muscular or back strain

Unsecured ladder falling

Stand the ladder on a level base.

Always face the ladder and use both hands when climbing up or coming down.

Do not use metal ladders or wooden ladders that have any metal parts near electricity.

It is recommended to wear shoes with heels when climbing a ladder.

Never over-reach sideways - get down and move the ladder. As a guide your belt buckle should remain within

the stiles of the ladder at all times.

Never use a ladder which is not long enough. A ladder should project at least one (1) metre above any landing

place.

The correct angle for a ladder is one (1) unit of measurement out at the base for every four (4) units of height.

Always secure the ladder by head rope and also secure the base, if necessary, or have someone holding the

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Plant >> Ladders

Sources

Set up suitable barriers e.g. cones around ladders where necessary.

Ensure no one is underneath area of work being performed.

Never hang any tools or other items from the steps or rungs.

When working around doors and doorways ensure they are locked securely .

When carrying ladders distribute weight evenly by placing your shoulder half way alongside the stile.

Ladders must not be left unattended in an erect position.

When not in use, ladders should be safely stored where children cannot access them.

How to correctly set up an extension ladder.

Working with step ladders Falling

Materials falling

Step ladders used in the construction industry must be more robust than those intended for domestic use.

This is indicated by extra thickness of the aluminium, use of more rivets and bracing.

Never attempt to work from the top two treads of a step ladder.

Always face the step ladder treads when using a step ladder.

Never attempt to use a step ladder with a single stay or temporary stay.

Never use a step ladder for access or egress into another work place.

Never over-reach sideways - get down and move the ladder. As a guide your belt buckle should remain within

the stiles of the ladder at all times.

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Plant >> Ladders

Sources

Never use a step ladder as a support for a working platform as step ladders are unstable.

Always place a step ladder on a flat surface and firm ground.

Do not place a step ladder on boxes or scaffolds to gain extra height.

Set up suitable barriers e.g. cones around ladders where necessary.

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OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines For The Safe Use Of Woodworking Machinery

Health and Safety Commission - Agriculture Industry Advisory Committee - Farmwise an Essential Guide to Health and Safety in Agriculture

Plant >> Power Tools

Sources

Excessive noise Hearing damage Hearing protection should be worn when working around excessive noise.

Regularly maintain power tools and machinery, and keep the components well oiled and change old or loose

parts, vibrating mounts, silencers etc.

Flying

objects/projectiles/sparks

Burns

Cuts/lacerations

Eye injury

Hit by moving objects

Eye protection should be worn when operating tools if there is a risk of flying debris.

Keep moving parts directed away from body.

If necessary use grips or clamps to hold article firm or ask for assistance to hold article being worked on to

reduce the risk of materials flying.

Lack of training Personal injury An employer or person in control of the workplace should ensure that any operator is trained and supervised in

the operation of power tools by a suitably skilled person.

When training is being undertaken the following should be explained:

1. Actual and potential hazards and appropriate controls.

2. Correct use and adjustment of guards and other safety devices.

3. Correct work methods to be used.

4. Emergency Procedures

5. How the power tool works and its purpose.

6. How to check and adjust the power tool prior to starting it.

7. How to recognise faults with the potential to cause harm.

8. How to stop and start the power tool.

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Oil rags and hot debris Fire Clear swarf, saw dust and other combustible materials as often as practicable.

Ensure oil rags are not left lying around. Rags should be disposed of in a safe manner and or stored in sealed

metal containers to reduce the risk of them catching fire.

Poor house keeping practices Cuts/lacerations

Tripping/slipping

Good housekeeping practices should be part of the daily routine, with a clean up being a continuous

procedure.

Work areas, particularly around ladders, ramps, stairs and passageways should be kept free of waste, loose

materials and tools not currently in use.

Sharp edged or pointed tools should have the edge or point guarded at all times when not in use.

You should not overreach when using power tools. Ensure proper footing and balance at all times.

Poorly maintained equipment Electric shock

Electrocution

Equipment failure causing

bodily harm.

Damaged or worn cords should be replaced immediately.

Ensure equipment is serviced regularly by a certified person/electrician.

Repetitive use of power tools OOS (Occupational Overuse

Syndrome)

Organise the work so that you can mix repetitive and non-repetitive activities.

Take frequent, short rest breaks.

Simple and gentle exercises to reduce muscle tension are recommended.

Tools for repetitive tasks should be a comfortable size, shape and weight, be well-balanced with a comfortable

grip and need no more than reasonable force to operate.

Working with or around

moving parts

Cuts/lacerations Keep moving parts directed away from body.

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Use clamps or vices to hold work wherever possible.

Always use two hands when operating power tools.

Working with or around power

tools

Electric shock

Electrocution

Fatigue

Ensure quick inspection of tools is made prior to use.

Keep power cords from contact with sharp objects, oil, grease and hot surfaces.

The use of a Residual Current Device (RCD) or Isolating Transformer is required when using electrical power

tools such as:

1. Hand-held power tools e.g. saws, grinders, chainsaws.

2. Power equipment e.g. water blasters.

3. Extension leads connected to power tools.

Workers must know how to test any portable RCD they are about to use and tests must be carried out before

using the equipment.

All power tools should have a safety control switch which operates the motor only when the switch is held in

the on position by the operator and which is located on the tool so as to be readily operated by the person

using the machine.

Stop work and rest if you have signs of mental fatigue. Signs include changes in perception (i.e, objects

appear larger or smaller than they are), slowing down of normal pace of work, irregular timing and

disorganisation.

Never use power tools under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Even prescription drugs can affect your senses

and cause drowsiness.

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Sources

Ensure chains and blades on machinery are sharpened to manufacturer's recommendations.

Ensure job rotation or regular breaks are taken to avoid over use.

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Working Safer and Smarter with Power Cut Off Saws

OSH Dept of Labour - Concrete Cutting Safety

Plant >> Power Cut Off Saws

Sources

Cutting into asbestos andasbestos cement products

Asbestosis Work must be carried out under the direct supervision of a person who holds an open certificate ofcompetency for asbestos removal.

The work being undertaken must be notified to OSH 24 hours prior to commencement.

Operators should wear all personal protective equipment as directed.

The work area should be completely isolated.

All contaminated waste must be contained.

Containment area must be subsequently cleaned up.

All asbestos contaminated waste must be disposed of as soon as possible by sealing in plastic bags,

labelling as asbestos waste and removing from site.

Incorrect preparation of work

piece

Carbon Monoxide Posioning

Cuts/lacerations


Slipping/tripping

Before commencing cutting remove all foreign objects, such as rocks, nails, gravel etc from cutting area.

Make sure what you are cutting is secure. Do not hold it down with your foot and do not get someone else to

hold material steady.

Ensure that the material being cut is stable and unlikely to move during cutting. Wedges, shoring and/or props

may be required.

Never cut more than one piece at a time. When cutting make sure that no other work piece comes intocontact with the cutting edge.

Only use the power cut off saw with good light and visibility. Be aware of slippery or wet areas and of ice and

snow.

Never work on unstable surfaces such as ladders.

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Operating power cut off saws Cuts/lacerationsHit by moving objects

Slipping/tripping

Never operate the saw in any application or job where you are not trained or supervised.

Never operate the machine while alone. Have someone available for assistance in case of injury.

The following protective equipment must be worn when operating power cut off saws:

1. Non fogging vented safety goggles or a face screen.

2. Sturdy properly fitted clothing, allowing freedom of movement.

3. Steel toed safety boots and Kevlar reinforced chainsaw boots are both suitable for working with power cut off

saws. However in some situations the Kevlar boots offer better protection.

4. Heavy duty non slip gloves should be worn to improve grip and protect hands.

5. Safety hard hat should always be worn.

6. Grade 5 hearing protectors should be worn.

7. Respirator should be worn for all dry cutting of concrete where there is dust generated. Respiratory

protection should be worn when there is a danger from the silica, concrete or lead or other hazardous

substance.

8. Heavy duty rubber apron can be used to reduce operator discomfort during wet cutting operations.

9. Never wear clothes that are made of flammable fabrics.

Operate saws in well ventilated areas.

Operating power cut off saws

near public


Cuts/lacerations

Always look behind you before cutting - circumstances change quickly. When saw is running it is difficult to

hear or see what is happening around you.

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Sources

Refuelling saws Explosion

Fire

Never smoke while refuelling.

Wipe the saw dry if fuel is accidentally spilled.

Always move away from the fuelling area before starting the engine.

Ensure filler cap is securely tightened on saw after refuelling.

Using cut off wheels Cuts/lacerations


Examine cutting wheels before each use. Abrasive wheels should be free of cracks, nicks and flaws. Diamond

blades should be free of cracks and should not be used if severely undercut. Use only the wheels

recommended by your supplier.

Lower the wheel slowly into material being cut. Do not allow the wheel to drop onto the surfaces or blade

damage may result.

Do not force the wheel while cutting. Use proper forward speed and allow the wheel to cut and not climb out of

the cut or stall in the cut.

Use a back and forth cutting action. Keep the wheel moving all the time to prevent overheating of the material

being cut.

Never twist or turn a wheel in the cut as this can cause wheel breakage.

Never cut or grind with the side of the wheel.

Never apply excessive pressure. Let the blade do most of the work.

Avoid letting the cutting wheel hit the ground or any other hard objects.

When setting the unit down after use make sure the wheel does not make contact with the ground or any

other surface. This could result in the machine spinning out of control and causing injury.

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Sources

Be sure sparks from the cutting operation cannot reach flammable materials.

If a wheel shatters, carefully examine the wheel guard for damage. A damaged wheel guard must be replaced

to ensure continued protection.

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Guidelines for the Safe Operation of Elevated Platforms - Projex Hirequip

OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Power-Operated Elevating Work Platforms

Plant >> Elevated Work Platforms

Sources

Faulty machinery Mechanical failurePersonal injury

The following should be checked on a daily basis:

1. Tyre pressure

2. Brakes working efficiently and brake fluid level checked.

3. Fuel, water and oil levels in work platforms.

4. Hydraulic lines for leaks and damage.

5. Supporting structure is sound and free from distortion or cracking.

6. Powered mechanism for operating the platform is working properly.

7. Any communication system between the platform and the ground functions correctly.

8. Emergency controls function correctly and any safety equipment, e.g. safety harness, is in good condition.

9. If electrically insulated, the insulated section is not bridged by any residue.

The following should be checked on a monthly basis:

1. All of the daily checks listed above.

2. Operational check of the work platform.

3. Check of the condition of the chassis, support structure, powered mechanism and the platform.

4. Lubrication

5. Other checks specified in the manufacturer's instructions.

6. Electrically insulated machinery must be checked so that all fibreglass components together with any

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Sources

or otherwise at least every six months by a competent person.

If the elevated platform has a fibreglass boom and is subject to arduous use, it is recommended the boom be

checked annually.

Elevated Work Platforms require a major examination as per OSH Code of Practice every ten years.

Operating elevated work

platforms

Crushing

Electric shock

Electrocution

Falling

Trapping

Ensure that staff using platforms are trained in their safe operation, and are advised of likely hazards

associated with such machinery.

The floor of the platform should be non-slip.

Do not use elevated work platforms on excessively sloping ground.

Make sure there is a clear work area around the platform.

Do not allow people to walk under the working area of the elevated platform.

Do not exceed safe working load of platform.

Do not get in or out of the platform while it is elevated.

Do not operate elevated work platform during periods of high winds.

Ensure the cage is lowered before travelling on steep terrain.

Ensure the boom is fully lowered before dismounting.

Self propelled machines must be equipped with a horn or audible warning device.

Rotating shafts, gears, sprockets and any other dangerous part must be guarded.

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Sources

trapping of persons.

Manually propelled work platforms must never be moved while the platform is elevated.

Self propelled machines may be moved while the platform is elevated, however ensure route chosen is firm and

level.

You can only use "creep" speed when the platform is fully raised.

Employees operating platforms should wear safety harnesses that are fixed to the platform.

Check the bearing capacity of the ground - you may need to spread the load by using steel plates or heavy

timbers under the pads.

All controls should be clearly marked in readable English letters or symbols to show their functions.

Make sure employees are aware of the location of the overhead power lines.

Keep safe clearances when working near power lines.

If an uninsulated work platform comes into contact with live electrical lines persons in the personnel bucket

should remain there and warn any other visitors to stay clear.

Safest course of action is to do nothing until the line is de-energized.

Only as a last resort should people attempt to jump clear from the platform by observing the followingprocedures:

1. Switch off the motor and if not already applied, apply brakes.

2. Remove any loose clothing.

3. Climb to a point about 1 m above ground from where you can safely jump to the ground.

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Sources

5. Fall away from the machine, not towards it.

6. Do not touch the machine until the lines are de-energized.

Refuelling elevated work

platforms

Explosion

Fire

Shut down the machine prior to refuelling.

Ensure no one is smoking nearby.

Do not refuel during an electrical storm.

Ensure fuel cap is closed and secure at all times.

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National Occupational Health and Safety Commision - Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries

Plant >> Hand Tools

Sources

Poorly maintained tools Cuts/lacerations Tools which develop defects while in use should be removed from service, tagged and not used again until they

have been repaired.

Impact tools such as chisels, drills, hammers and wedges with mushroom heads should not be used until

they have been reconditioned.

Hammers, axes, shovels and similar tools should not be used if the handles are loose, cracked or splintered.

Defective wrenches should not be used as they are likely to slip e.g. open end and adjustable wrenches with

spread jaws or pipe wrenches with dull teeth.

Files or other tools with pointed edges should be equipped with suitable handles.

Storage of tools Cuts/lacerations

Tripping/slipping

All hand tools should be adequately stored where they will not be a hazard.

Good housekeeping practices should be part of the daily routine, with a clean up being a continuous

procedure.

Work areas, particularly around ladders, ramps, stairs and passageways should be kept free of waste, loose

materials and tools not currently in use.

An effective means of preventing hazardous clutter is to provide easily accessible storage containers.

Sharp edged or pointed tools should have the edge or point guarded at all times when not in use.

Shovels and rakes left lying on the ground should have the sharp or pointed edges placed towards the ground.

Working with hand tools Cuts/lacerations

Excessive Noise

OOS (Occupational Overuse

Syndrome)

Tripping/slipping

Provide workers with training and information about safe working practices and the correct methods, postures

and the use of tools, machinery and other equipment.

Regular maintenance, or replacement of tools. If purchasing new tools consider such things as anti vibration

handles.

Organise the work so that you can mix repetitive and non-repetitive activities.

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National Occupational Health and Safety Commision - Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries

Plant >> Hand Tools

Sources

Vary or rotate jobs.

Simple and gentle exercises to reduce muscle tension.

Review work rates to ensure they are realistic and within your physical and psychological capabilities.

Try to arrange work materials or equipment to avoid over reaching or twisting, which can further stress

muscles.

Hand tools for repetitive tasks should be a comfortable size, shape and weight, be well-balanced with a

comfortable grip and need no more than reasonable force to operate.

If the job needs precise movements, make sure the task is done slightly above elbow level so the elbows

remain in a relaxed position close to the body and shoulders are relaxed, avoiding muscle strain.

If the job needs a lot of muscle strength, make sure the task is performed slightly below elbow level.

Tools, equipment and materials should not be thrown or dropped from one employee to another or from one

level to another but should be transferred from one hand to another, by a hand line or a similar safe method.

When using sharp tools for cutting never cut towards your body or hand.

Ensure you are wearing appropriate clothing and personal protective equipment e.g. safety boots, ear muffs,

safety goggles.

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Plant >> Powder Actuated Tools

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OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Powder Actuated Handheld Fastening Tools


Sources

Concealed pipes or electrical

wiring

Electric shock

Electrocution

Check the location of pipes or electrical wiring to ensure they are not concealed within material at point of

firing.

Firing into concrete Disintegration of material Fasteners should not be driven into concrete under the following circumstances:

1. Nearer than 75 mm to an edge.

2. Nearer than 75 mm to another fastener.

3. Where thickness of material is less than 100 mm.

4. Nearer than 150 mm to where another fastener has failed to fully penetrate.

Firing into steel Disintegration of material Fasteners should not be driven into steel under the following circumstances:

1. Nearer than 16 mm to an edge.

2. Nearer than 25 mm to another fastener.

3. Nearer than 100 mm to a heat affected zone.

4. Less than 4 mm in thickness.

Firing through existing holes Ricochet Use only powder actuated fastening tools speci fically equipped by the manufacturer for this operation.

Maintenance and repairs Misfires Every powder actuated tool should be cleaned once a day after use.

At least once in every week that the tool is used, ensure it is dismantled and examined for defects by a

certificated operator.

Powder actuated tools should be returned to manufacturer's master agent for a complete overhaul every six

months.

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Where manufacturer's instructions are absent, observe following procedures:

1. Wait 10 seconds then release powder actuated fastening tool from its depressed condition.

2. Release the powder actuated fastening tool from the work surface without changing the direction in which

the tool is pointing.

3. Finally remove the charge and store it safely for later disposal.

4. Any charges that have misfired should not be used again.

Operating powder actuated

fastening tools

Excessive noise

Misfires

Persons using hand held fastening tools must be certified operators.

Ensure tool has a current certificate of fitness.

Before using tool ensure it is cleaned and clear of obstructions.

Ensure operators wear eye protection suitable for industrial application and hearing protection e.g. ear muffs.

Warn people in immediate vicinity of your intentions and ensure work area is clear - tools should not be

operated in congested areas.

Where tools are being operated, signage or notices need to be displayed e.g. 'Caution: Explosive Powered

Tool in Use'.

Operator should ensure they are in a safe and well balanced position before firing.

Call clearly 'firing', delay three seconds then pull trigger.

After using tool charges and unloaded powder actuated fastening tools ensure they are stored in locked case

or container.

Ensure that you use parts and materials as recommended by the manufacturer. Mixing and matching parts

and materials from different manufacturers can cause serious injuries e.g. use ramset nails with a ramset gun.

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Plant Powder Actuated Tools

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temperature

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Plant >> Portable Mechanically Powered Nailers and Staplers

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OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Safe Use of Portable Mechnically Powered Nailers and Staplers

y p

Sources

Operating portable

mechanically powered nailers

and staplers

Excessive noise

Flying particles

Misfires

Always assume the tool contains fasteners.

Do not point the tool towards yourself or anyone else whether it contains fasteners or not.

Never depress the operating mechanism or work contacting element unless the nose of the tool is directed

onto a safe work surface or test material.

Never trigger the tool when moving it from fixing to fixing.

Do not load the tool with fasteners while any part of the operating mechanism is depressed.

Depending on energy source, all tools should be clearly marked with either:

1. Maximum air or inert gas pressure, or

2. Voltage and insulation, or

3. LPG cartridge type.

Never use volatile or combustible gas to power a pneumatic tool that is a tool designed to be powered with

compressed air - never use bottled oxygen.

If the tool is designed to use combustible gas always follow the manufacturer's recommendation for emptying

the combustion chamber and removing the fuel cell and battery (if fitted) before examination or cleaning.

LPG powered tools produce carbon monoxide - they must be used with adequate ventilation.

Spent LPG cartridges must be disposed of without piercing or burning. Burning will almost certainly cause anexplosion.

Always disconnect the tool before carrying out cleaning and adjustment.

Defective tools should be tagged and removed from service.

Always have a competent, experienced person carry out repairs or maintenance.

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Plant >> Portable Mechanically Powered Nailers and Staplers

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OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Safe Use of Portable Mechnically Powered Nailers and Staplers

Sources

Never use a tool that has loose bolts, screws or fittings.

Tools should be equipped with either a sequential trip or a restrictive trigger non sequential trip mechanism.

In the event of an injury, always ensure medical practitioner removes any nails caused by accidental firing.

Incorrect removal can make the injury worse.

If practical those accompanying wounded person to treatment should supply sample of fastener to medical

practitioner.

Transportation and storage Explosion

Mechanical failure

When taking nailer or stapler from place to place or transporting from site to site, machine should be kept in

suitably constructed container.

Container should be strong enough to prevent accidental damage and contain the manufacturer's operating and

maintenance instructions.

When gas powered nailers are transported, loaded or stored the unburned gas should be pumped from the

combustion chamber and the gas removed. Any battery used for ignition should also be removed.

Always check to see what parts of nail gun, if any are to be lubricated. Always use the recommended grade of

oil. Tools with nylon cylinders and carbon fibre piston rings do not require lubrication.

Use of electrically powered

nailers and staplers.

Electric shock

Electrocution

You should always use an isolating transformer or residual current device when operating electrically powered

nailers and staplers.

The residual current device should be tested prior to use.

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OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding

OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins

Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors

Sources

Access to working platforms Falling from height Ladders should be pitched at a slope of not less than 1 in 4 and not more than 1 in 6.

Ladders should be securely tied to prevent them moving.

Ladders should be provided with landings top and bottom, and the landings should be properly guarded.

Maximum height between landings should not exceed 6.3 metres.

Ladders should extend at least 1 metre above landings.

The base of the ladder should be offset from the head of the ladder below, so that the ladders do not form a

single continuous ladder.

Carrying out 'hot work' on

scaffolding

Burns

Fire

Ensure fire extinguisher is full and easily accessible.

Ensure employees are trained in the use of fire equipment.

Ensure the correct type of fire extinguisher is provided.

Ensure the correct type of personal protective equipment is provided and used by those working on the

scaffolding.

Erecting and inspecting

scaffoldingFalling from heightScaffolding collapsing

All scaffolding where the working platform is over 5 m high must be erected, altered, repaired, maintained ordismantled only by a certified scaffolder who has an appropriate certificate of competency for that class of

scaffolding.

Standing, freestanding and mobile scaffolds up to 5 m high can be erected by a competent person provided

they are erected in accordance with the code. The 5 m height relates to the topmost working platform of the

scaffold.

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Sources

Registers should contain the inspections carried out on such scaffold prior to initial use, and at subsequent

regular intervals. Sample registers and the details to be recorded are contained in the Code.

Scaffold inspections must be carried out by a certified scaffolder of the appropriate class, or a competent

person such as a registered engineer, or a person who has sufficient training and experience to determine that

the scaffold complies.

It is important that a competent person inspect all scaffolding prior to use, at least weekly while it is in use,

after bad weather or any other occurrence that could affect its stability and after periods where it has not been

used for sometime.

Ensure there is proper access to the scaffold platform.

All uprights must be properly founded and provided with base plates. Where necessary, there should be timber

sole plates, or some other means used to prevent slipping and or sinking.

The scaffold should be secured to the building in enough places to prevent collapse and the ties are strong

enough.

If any ties have been removed since the scaffold was erected, then additional ties or other means of support

should be provided to replace them.

The scaffold needs to be adequately braced to ensure stability.

Ensure load-bearing fittings are used where required.

Uprights, ledgers, braces or struts are not to be removed.

Working platforms should be fully planked, with the planks free from obvious defects such as knots and

arranged to avoid tipping and tripping.

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There should be adequate guardrails and toe boards at every side from which a person could fall.

If the scaffold has been designed and constructed for loading with materials, they should be evenly distributed.

There should be effective barriers or warning notices to stop people using an incomplete scaffold, e.g. one that

is not fully planked.

Erecting or using suspended

scaffolding

Falling from height

Hit by falling object

Scaffolding collapsing

Suspended scaffolding must be erected by a certified and registered scaffolder.

The following points should be observed when erecting or using suspended scaffolding:

(a) Hoisting ropes should be anchored to a secure part of the structure, to outriggers, to specially designed

brackets and parapet hooks or directly to counterweights.

(b) Guard rails, mid rails and toe boards should be provided on both sides and both ends of suspended

scaffolds.

(c) Every worker on suspended platforms should wear a safety harness that is secured to a fixed support or to

an independent lifeline.

(d) All suspended platforms should be fitted with tilt switches which cut off the motors in the event of the

platform becoming more than 10 degrees out of level.

(e) Where suspended scaffolds are above thoroughfares, adequate and prominent warning notices should be

displayed.

(f) Where any special danger exists adequate protection of the public should be provided.

(g) The accumulation of surplus gear or materials on any suspended scaffold is hazardous and should be

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the platform are individually operated.

(i) A suspended scaffold register, record of inspection shall be kept on site and available for inspection by

persons required to use the scaffold.

Guardrails and midrails Falling from height Guardrails, including midrails, must be provided on the exposed sides and ends of all working platforms more

than 3 m in height. The height to the top of the guardrail must be not less than 0.9 m or more than 1.1 m from

the deck to be protected.

Maintenance of scaffolding Scaffolding collapsing All scaffolding must be protected against accidental damage from traffic or other causes and should, where

necessary, be barricaded or, alternatively, be well stayed or braced to avoid damage from vehicles.

Mobile scaffolding Falling from height



Scaffolds must be properly braced by cross-bracing or diagonal braces, or both, for securing vertical members

together laterally. Horizontal, diagonal or cross-bracing must be provided immediately above the wheels or

castors.

Castors should be a swivel type and have a minimum wheel diameter of 125 mm. They must be fixed to

scaffold uprights or be socketed into the scaffold uprights, a minimum length of 150 mm to avoid becoming

dislodged during movement on uneven floors.

When the scaffold is in use, the wheels/castors must be effectively locked and should be turned outwards to

increase base width.

Mobile scaffold must be used only on a firm level surface. Where the surface has a slight cross-fall, the level of

the wheels must be adjusted to bring the scaffold back to plumb.

Mobile scaffolds should not be used closer than 1m to any slab edge or partition unless the edge is protected

to prevent the wheels and scaffold from falling.

Access between working platform and base must be provided by means of securely fixed ladders or

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Sources

general requirements for scaffolding.

Force necessary to move a mobile scaffold must be applied near or as close to the base as practicable, and

provision must be made to stabilise the tower during movement from one location to another.

Do not ride on a manually-propelled scaffold while it is being moved. Persons must not ride on mechanically

propelled scaffold unless the following conditions are satisfied:

(a) Operating controls for movement of the scaffold must be located on the working platform.

(b) The ground surface must be level, smooth and free from pits, holes or obstructions.

(c) An effective braking system must be provided to prevent movement while in use.

(d) A warning or alarm system must be available to alert workers of each movement in advance.

(e) Toeboards must be provided on the working platform to prevent tools and materials from falling off.

(f) As a safety precaution, workers should be provided with a safety harness when the scaffold is in motion.

(g) The rate of movement must not exceed 1.5 km per hour (a very slow walking pace).

(h) The scaffold must be purpose-designed to allow movement with persons on it.

Platform decking Falling from height


The decked width must be not less than 675 mm, with sufficient additional width to leave 450 mm minimum

clear walkway at all times.

Scaffold planks must be so placed, locked or secured as to prevent tipping or displacement during normal use,

or movement by strong wind.

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Provide support, such as extra putlogs, at any potential impact point where unusual loading may occur such

as stepping from one level to another.

Ensure that the planks are the correct ones for the task.

Ensure planks are properly maintained and stored.

Avoid overloading or impact loading on planks.

Ensure all planks have sufficient support.

Make sure that the correct materials are used as a plank.

Ensure planks are an adequate thickness and strength.

Scaffolding foundations Falling from height


If scaffolds are supported on the ground, suitable sole plates must be used to spread the load. The sole plates

should preferably be long enough to support at least two standards.

Timber sole plates must be not less than 200 x 38 x 500 mm long. Bricks, blocks and similar loose materials

are unsuitable as they are liable to fall over or split, and are easily driven into the ground.

Ensure that if scaffolding foundations are close to trenches or excavations that they are properly braced and

tied to the supporting structure on a level and firm foundation.

Where the foundation is levelled concrete of adequate thickness or a similar hard surface, the sole plate may

be omitted, but steel base plates must be provided at the bottom of all standards.

Scaffolding near electric

powerlines

Electric shock

Electrocution

No person should erect any scaffold at any distance, in any direction, less than that shown in the table to any

conductors or an overhead electric line.

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opening shall not exceed 50 mm.

Toeboards Hit by falling object A toeboard or equivalent protection must be fitted on the outside edge of every working platform more than 3 m

in height, if materials and tools are placed on the platform and are likely to be dislodged.

The toeboard must be of sufficient height and strength to prevent the tools or materials from falling and must

be secured to the inside of the standards. A scaffold plank of 225 mm minimum width may be used as a

toeboard.

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Plant >> Mobile Loading Cranes

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Gold Coast Timber Merchants Association

Delivery of heavy loads Crane tipping over

Crushing

Falling loads

The vehicle must be level if lifting full capacity. Out of level conditions alter the vehicle's centre of gravity.

Do not lift heavy loads with the boom fully extended over the side of the truck.

Ensure that heavy loads are positioned as close as practicable to the side of the truck before commencing the

lift.

Try to use the extension to position the hook not as a lifting operation.

Make only vertical lifts - never slew if load is not clear of the ground.

Keep the speed slow in lifting and lowering loads.

Slew carefully and slowly and avoid boom or jib whipping.

Always use the shortest boom possible.

Delivery of materials at

construction site

Crane tipping over

Crushing

Electrocution

Falling loads

The operator should be advised of any weakness in the ground e.g. freshly dug drain holes that are likely to

compromise the safety or safe workings of the vehicle or crane.

When the goods are required to be placed on a standing frame, ensure that the frame is fully braced and

structurally sound enough to support the load.

Provide a qualified dogman where the operator does not have a clear view at all times of the goods being

unloaded. Where necessary supply and erect barricades or other effective control measures.

Ensure that the operator is not requested to leave the controls of his crane once the load has been lifted.

Never stand under the load or between the load and the vehicle.

Check if the footings are suitable for wheels and stabilisers, use extra support under legs for sloping sites.

Check for road obstruction. Are you legally parked?

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Never use the crane unless both outriggers are fully extended laterally and locked in place.

Use solid blocking under all support plates.

Ensure that the outrigger leg extension is returned to the crane base before moving the vehicle.

Serious harm can occur if the outrigger leg is not locked in while travelling.

Never travel with a suspended load or boom over the side of the truck.

Check the position of the crane and load before moving the vehicle.

Always keep your eyes on a moving load.

If you must look in another direction, stop operation immediately.

Keep booms away from any overhead electrical lines - 4 m distance.

Operating mobile loading

cranes

Crane tipping over

Crushing

Electrocution

Falling loads

Be aware of the location of power lines on site and keep a safe distance. The minimum clear distance between

machinery and power cables is 4 metres.

The operator should inspect the vehicle following a daily maintenance checklist and be satisfied as to the safe

working condition of the vehicle and crane.

Any adjustments or repairs considered necessary are to be reported immediately to the manager or supervisor

for remedial action.

No person should be permitted to ride the crane or load at any time.

Outrigger extensions should be locked or pinned in position with the base plates placed on a firm level surface.

Any packing used is to be of a substantial nature and not soft or small sections.

Counter weights are not to be used under any circumstances.

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Operators should not carry loads over workers or other persons.

When manoeuvring the crane and load, the operator shall proceed carefully and make sure loads are undersafe control e.g. tail ropes.

When travelling the crane and outrigger are to be locked in the retracted and folded travel position.

Where there is a concern that workers or other persons present a risk, a barricade or other effective control

measure should be erected to keep them clear of the operation.

SAFETY FIRST. If at any time an operator feels that a practice may be unsafe then the operator should cease

that practice and if necessary, the goods to be left on the ground as close as practicable to the site.

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OSH Department of Labour Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls

Plant >> Perimeter Protection and Fall Arrest Systems

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OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls

Victorian Workcover Authority - Guidance Note on the Prevention of Falls in Construction Work

Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Falls from Heights

Objects falling from heights Crushing

Hit by falling objects

Exclusion zones should be set up to prevent persons or vehicles entering areas of the workplace into which

objects may fall.

The exclusion zone can be created by erecting hoardings, barricades or by the use of traffic controllers.

A gantry should be erected over any area around a workplace e.g. a public footpath where falling objects

present a risk to persons.

A catch platform may be used to minimise the risk of injury to people from falling objects. To be most effective

a catch platform should be placed directly below the work area.

Catch platforms should not be used as a working platform or for the storage of material.

Signs and other warning devices should be used to warn persons that there is a risk of an object falling at or

near the workplace.

Signs should be used in combination with other protective measures such as gantries, hoardings and

barricades.

Signs with universally recognised graphics should be used in preference to signs with wording.

Visitors and other employees on site should wear personal protective equipment e.g. safety helmets and

appropriate footwear.

Hazard board should be in place that clearly identifies any hazards located in the immediate work area that

persons may be exposed to.

Protective clothing Falling

Tripping/slipping

Footwear should be worn which minimises the risk of slipping.

Consideration should be given to the surface that is being worked on e.g. slippery surfaces from wet

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be arrested from a fall.

Working at heights Death

Falling

Tripping/slipping

A system of fall protection is required when there is a potential for a person to fall more than 3 m. The type of

fall protection should be determined by a risk assessment.

A person can still be exposed to the risk of death or serious injury from a fall from any height. An example of

this is a person painting a building on a working platform at a height of 1.5 m where there are exposed starter

bars below the scaffold.

All ropes shall be a minimum of 10.5 mm in diameter and shall have a minimum ultimate strength 25 kN.

PERIMETER PROTECTION:

Perimeter protection should be provided on the exposed edges of all work areas from which a fall of 3 m or

more is possible.

Guardrails, including midrails and toe boards are the preferred option for perimeter protection.

The height of the top guardrail should be between 0.9 m and 1.1 m. A midrail is not mandatory on a working

platform where a 225 mm high kickboard or equivalent is fitted.

The guardrail shall be before or vertically over the edge of the platform except on scaffolds where the guardrail

shall be within 200 mm horizontal distance of the edges of the platform.

The guardrail must be capable of sustaining a force at any point of 70 kg vertically and 45 kg horizontally

FALL ARREST SYSTEMS:

Fall arrest harnesses, lanyards and static lines provide a satisfactory degree of fall protection provided the

following points are taken into account:

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OSH Department of Labour Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls



3. A lanyard assembly should be as short as possible and the working slack length not more than 2 m when

used in conjunction with a fall arrest system to minimise the pendulum affect (belaying).

4. The fall arrest anchorage point (fixed or travelling on static lines) should be located so that the lanyard can

be attached before the user moves into a position where they would be at risk from a fall.

5. The components of a fall arrest system should be compatible. The use of non compatible components could

lead to ineffective equipment that presents a risk of injury from falling to the person using the equipment.

6. An important factor in the safe use of a fall arrest system is to reduce the free fall distance as far as

possible.The longer the free fall distance the greater the risk of a person hitting obstructions.

7. Any obstructions should be removed from the fall path area.

8. A personal energy absorber should be used in conjunction with a fall arrest harness and a lanyard to reduce

the deceleration force imposed by a suddenly arrested fall and correspondingly reduces the loading on the

anchorage.

9. A drop of 0.6 m without a specialised shock absorber creates a loading on the body and harness of more

than one (1) tonne.

10. Consideration must be given for retrieving workers who have fallen e.g. motionless suspension is not safe

and can rapidly lead to faintness and serious blood circulation problems. Brain damage or death can occur in

under 10 minutes.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Types of Respirators

Plant >> Respirators

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p y yp p

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Respirator Selection

Safety Equipment Australia

Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Masks and Other Respiratory Protection

Occupational Safety and Health Administration - US Department of Labour - Respirator Use Under Special Conditions

ACC Fact Sheets - Using Personal Protective Equipment

Atmosphere Immediately

Dangerous to Life or Health

(IDLH)

Death

Inhalation

Suffocation

AIR SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS:

Air supplying respirators supply clean air from an air tank or through an air line. This air is not from the work

room area.

Air supplying respirators should be used where dust, mist or vapour concentrations are ImmediatelyDangerous to Life or Health (IDLH, atmosphere).

The hose used to supply the air can become a hazard if cut or blocked and care should be taken that no

contaminants be allowed into the air source because of improper placement of the air intake valve.

Choosing an air purifying respirator can be a complex matter. Experienced safety professionals or

occupational hygienists who are familiar with the actual workplace environment should assist in selecting a

suitable respirator.

It is essential that air monitoring is regularly carried out even when the respiratory protective equipment is

used. If the contaminant levels in the air increase a different type of respirator or other controls may have to be

used.

At least one standby person equipped with proper rescue equipment including self contained breathing

apparatus should be present in the nearest safe area for emergency rescue of those wearing respirators in an

IDLH atmosphere.

Communications (visual, voice, signal line, telephone, radio or other suitable type) should be maintained

among all persons present.

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Incorrect mask maintenance Exposure to hazards Filters should be treated with care and replaced regularly.

As the filter becomes clogged resistance to air flow increases. Apart from increasing the wearer's workload

this also increases the likelihood of leakage around the mask.

Cleaning respirators:

1. Remove the filter cartridge.

2. Clean the outside of the respirator checking for cracks and other damage.

3. Pay special attention to the filter rim when cleaning.

4. Wipe the inside of the mask.

5. Clean the face sealing rim thoroughly.

6. Clean any nooks and crannies inside the mask.

7. Remove the protective caps from exhaust valves, pull out the valves and wipe clean, wipe the valve seats

before refitting the valves and replacing the protective caps.

8. Pull out the inhalation valve, clean the valve and the valve seat, replace and ensure all valves are properly

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Incorrect wearing and use of

respirator

Exposure to hazards Ensure your face is clean shaven and washed.

Check the mask for cracks and other defects.

Ensure that the mask is clean and dry.

Check that the filter/cartridge is properly fitted.

Ensure you are using the correct filter/cartridge.

Perform a leakage test.

Store respirators in an air tight container when not in use.

In an eight hour day it only takes minutes without a respirator to lose almost all of your protection.

Particles of dust or mist,

gases or vapours, lack of

oxygen

Death

Inhalation

Suffocation

The most important defence against respiratory hazards is to control the contamination at its source and

prevent it from entering the air.

This can be done by either substituting hazardous substances with less hazardous ones (particularly where

chemicals are used) by isolating or enclosing hazardous operations or by providing local exhaust ventilation.

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In some situations it may be necessary to wear respiratory protective equipment. If respirators are used there

should be in place a full respiratory protection programme. This means:

1. Proper selection and fitting of respirators.

2. Medical screening of employees for fitness to wear a respirator. Employees must be physically fit to carry

out the work while wearing respiratory equipment. They must also be comfortable e.g. not claustrophobicabout wearing respirators.

3. Employees must be given training:

a. on how to put on the respirator.

b. on how to adjust the face-piece.

c. on how to test respirator for leaks.

d. on how to replace filters, cannisters and cartridges and when to do so.

e. on the types of hazards that will be encountered.

f. on how the respirator works.

g. on what the respirator can do and its limitations.

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AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS:

Air purifying respirators can remove contaminants in the air that you breathe by filtering out particulates (e.g.

dust, metal fumes, mist etc) or by absorbing gases or vapours on an absorbing material in a cartridge or

cannister.

Air purifying respirators are tight fitting and come in several forms. Examples are:

1. Quarter mask covering the nose and mouth.

2. Half face mask covering the face from the nose to below the chin.

3. Full face piece covering the face from above the eyes to below the chin. Respirators with a full face piece

also protect the eyes from exposure to irritating chemicals etc.

Air purifying respirators should not be used in oxygen deficient and oxygen rich areas.

It is essential that air monitoring is regularly carried out even when the respiratory protective equipment isused. If the contaminant levels in the air increase a different type of respirator or other controls may have to be

used.

Choosing an air purifying respirator can be a complex matter. Experienced safety professionals or

occupational hygienists who are familiar with the actual workplace environment should assist in selecting a

suitable respirator.

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1. The nature of the contaminant such as toxicity and physical form.

2. Likely average concentration in the air being breathed by the operator.

3. The task that is being carried out which may affect the breathing rate.

4. The length of time the task will take and the location of the task.

5. The operator's facial fit, comfort and use.

Storage Defective cartridges Store cartridges in sealed containers when not in use.

You need to remove the cartridge from the respirator after each use and store it properly. If you don't put the

cartridge away after each use, it will keep on absorbing any solvent in the air and become exhausted.

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OSH Department of Labour - Bulletin Series

Plant >> Trailers

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Towing and securing loads on

trailers

Loss of vehicle control

Trailer coming loose

Make sure trailers are properly hitched to the towing vehicle. Use safety chains and attach the lighting

connector. Make sure signal lights work properly.

Inspect tyres for side wall perishing, tread depth, pressure and wheel bearings before each use. Make surebearings are properly lubricated. If the trailer has brakes inspect them daily and make sure all connections are

intact.

Load and unload on level surfaces. Always make sure the brakes are locked before loading.

Use ropes or tie downs to secure loads to the trailer. Check ropes etc after you have travelled some distance

to be sure the load has not shifted.

Where the load is spread over the trailer it is important to keep heavier items near the centre of the trailer, both

lengthways and sideways to reduce sway and increase trailer stability.

Keep decks free of dirt, oil, and debris. Steel decks can be slippery when wet, and extra caution is needed

when loading and unloading.

Do not overload the trailer. Make sure the vehicle will be able to handle the load. Check the owners manual of

the vehicle for gross vehicle weight and other information regarding towing capacities.

When towing a trailer down a hill, use the same gear and speed as when going up the hill.

Make sure tilt beds are in the locked position before moving.

Trailer must display current warrant of fitness.

You should always try to allow extra space for stopping when towing a trailer. Open up a 4 second gap

between you and the vehicle ahead.

Allow more time and distance when overtaking other vehicles and allow for the extra length of the trailer when

re-entering the traffic flow.

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WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline Essentials - Welding

Plant >> Welding Plant

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Excessive heat Heat stress Heat and humidity can usually be controlled with general ventilation. It is difficult for this type of ventilation to

provide enough air movement to keep the fumes and gases out of the welder's breathing zone.

Fumes and gases Inhalation General ventilation is l imited in its usefulness for controll ing welding hazards. This type of ventilation relies ondiluting airborne contaminants with fresh air from open doors, windows or fans.

Local exhaust ventilation is much more effective in controlling welding fumes and gases because it captures

the fumes and gases close to the source and keeps them from entering the welder's breathing zone.

To be effective, local exhaust ventilation must be close to the welding arc or flame where the fumes, gases and

heat are generated, and have enough velocity to draw away the contaminants.

Ensure protection from fumes and gases by one or a combination of the following:

1. Good general ventilation.

2. Use of a booth.

3. Local exhaust ventilation on the handpiece.

4. Air supply to the helmet or suitable respirator which fits inside the helmet.

Smoking and welding Poor health Welders who smoke are more likely to be severely affected by welding fumes.

Substances/metals used

during welding

Burns

Death

ExplosionFire

Inhalation

Aluminium appears to pose less of a hazard than many other metals, but inhalation of fumes should be

avoided.

Cadmium occurs in some alloys. It may also be part of the coating of the welding electrode, or in other

protective coatings. Cadmium can cause serious pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs). Chronic effects are

emphysema and kidney damage.

Potential exposure to cadmium fumes warrant stringent preventative measures.

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Chromium is used as an alloying agent in stainless steel. Prolonged excessive exposure to chromium may

result in skin irritation and a greater risk of lung cancer. Welders may also become sensitised to chromium,

and develop skin eczema.

Copper is found in many alloys, such as brass and bronze, as well as in welding electrodes. Copper can

cause respiratory irritation, nausea and metal fume fever.

Fluorides are present in some electrodes and in flux. Long-term exposure to very high concentrations may

cause bone changes and joint deterioration. Milder excessive exposure may have chronic effects such as

pulmonary oedema and skin rashes.

Iron is a very common constituent of welding fumes. Acute effects include respiratory irritation. Iron is also

capable of causing siderosis, a benign accumulation of iron oxide in the lungs.

Lead is found in solder, brass, bronze and is also used as a metal primer and steel coating. Exposures must

be controlled to prevent lead poisoning.

Manganese is used in most stainless steel carbon alloys and welding electrodes. Welders are unlikely to be

exposed to hazardous concentrations if adequate ventilation is provided.

Molybdenum can cause respiratory irritation and impaired beathing, but welders are unlikely to be exposed to

excessive amounts.

Nickel is found in many alloys and stainless steel. Eye and throat irritation are acute effects. Scientists are

currently disagreeing on whether nickel compounds are capable of causing or promoting cancer in welders.

Oxides of nitrogen can cause eye, nose, and lung irritation at 20-25ppm. At higher concentrations pulmonary

oedema and other serious lung conditions can result.

OZONE

1. Ozone is formed when air is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, as happens in the welding arc.

2. Ozone may be very detrimental to health, causing pulmonary congestion, oedema, and haemorrhage.

Minute concentrations of about 0.1 ppm, even for short periods, dry out the eyes and cause headaches.

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PHOSGENE

1. Phosgene is formed through the decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichlorethylene,

perchlorethylene) which are quite common degreasing agents in places where welding is carried out.

2. Metal inert gas(MIG) welding electrodes are particularly prone to the creation of high concentrations of

phosgene.

3. Normal welding is unlikely to cause excessive amounts, but care should be taken to keep these

substances well away from all welding work.

Solvents used to clean and degrease metal before welding may release toxic gases or fumes when welding

starts. These gases include: Phosgene, Phosphine, Hydrogen Chloride, Chloroacetic acids, Arcolein,

Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde.

Teflon welding (thermoplastic welding) may also include several dangerous gases, such as carbonyl fluoride,

hydrogen fluoride and perfluorolsobutylene.

Tin is present in some bronze alloys and solders. The fumes are known to cause stenosis, a benign

pneumoconiosis, but it is improbable that soldering work could place the worker at risk.

Titanium is found in stainless steel, alloys, flux and coatings, but it is not known to have any ill effects on

welders.

Vanadium is present in certain alloys and welding electrode coatings. Acute symptoms are eye and

respiratory irritation. Chronic conditions may comprise bronchitis, rhinitis, pulmonary oedema and pneumonia.

Zinc: welding galvanised or zinc plated metals can result in the inhalation of zinc oxide fume and cause metal

fume fever.

Welding - electrical Burns

Electric shock

Electrocution

Servicing and installation must only be undertaken by a qualified licensed electrician. Never tamper with

electrical supply circuits or systems.

The welder is only responsible for making connections in the welding circuit and for setting external welding

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work return leads and holders.

Wherever possible work should be performed on a dry insulated floor. Wooden platforms, rubber mats, or dry

areas provide extra protection especially in confined spaces.

Electrodes or welding wire should never be touched with bare hands when in the holder or welding gun.

Holders or welding guns should never be held under the armpits. Hot work increases risk due to the reduced

skin resistance when sweating occurs.

Always use approved welding helmets and lenses.

Where practicable consideration should be given to the use of Welding Voltage Reducers that maintain an

output no greater than 12v until the arc is struck.

Welding operations Burns

ExplosionFire

Prevent burn hazards with proper personal protective equipment that includes gloves, overalls, safety footwear,

aprons and head covering. Remember sparks and molten metal can fly and work pieces can be hot even

though the glow has gone.

Protect eyes with helmet and grade of visor designed for the type of welding.

Always wear appropriate eye protection during slag removal (chipping).

Use welding screens to prevent welding flash from affecting others.

Prevent fire with welding blanket, by removing or covering flammable materials, and maintaining a proper

distance from flammable substances.

Prevent explosion by checking before welding or cutting that tanks and drums are free of substances that are

flammable or give off flammable substances.

Use appropriate flash arresters and non-return valves on gas cutting and welding equipment.

Ensure threads and fittings to oxygen supplies are clean and oil free.

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Ensure that you use the correct cylinder regulators.

Protect gas supply lines from hot metal and abrasion.

Ensure appropriate fire fighting equipment is maintained and readily available.

Do not weld near cleaning tanks containing chlorinated solvents - the heat breaks down the vapours into very

toxic gases.

Laser cutting requires protection from accidental eye contact with the beam or beam reflections.

Ensure the lighting is adequate for your needs.

Ensure proper earthing of arc-welding equipment.

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Location:Industry Name:

New Zealand

Business Name: acc

PlantPlant >> Mobile Phones

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ACT WorkCover - Mobile phones and potential health risks

Sources

Using mobile phones Uncertain/unknown There is no conclusive evidence to date suggesting that using mobile phones is hazardous. However, thefollowing safe work practices are suggested:

1. The use of mobile phones should be limited, both in terms of the number of calls and call duration.

2. Using land line phones are recommended wherever possible, especially for long calls.

3. Avoid using mobile phones in confined spaces e.g. in cars where it has to transmit at a higher power level.

4. Attempt to hold the phone away from your ear. Even a centimetre of extra space between the aerial andyour head can significantly reduce exposure.

5. Hands free mobile phone kits and radio frequency radiation (RFR) shielding devices are recommended.

6. Mobile phones with lower power outputs should be preferred. Not all types of phones emit the sameamount of power, and the difference in output can affect exposure levels.

Mobile phones should not be used where they pose a safety risk, such as:

1. When driving a car, as this can cause driver distraction.

2. In hospitals and aircrafts to avoid interference with electronic equipment.

3. In potentially explosive atmospheres, including fuelling areas and blasting operations.

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Plant

National Safety Council - Fact Sheet Library

Land Transport Safety Authority

Plant >> Vehicles

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Driving company vehicles Vehicle accident Ensure that there are regular checks that employees who drive company vehicles hold a current NewZealand drivers licence.

Correct endorsements for particular vehicle use should be held by drivers o

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