PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ON ‘KUSHTHAGHNA

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 1, 2015.

306

Satyapal et al. World Journal of PPhhaarrmmaaccyy aanndd PPhhaarrmmaacceeuuttiiccaall SScciieenncceess

PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ON ‘KUSHTHAGHNA

MAHAKASHAYA’

Dr. Satyapal Singh 1*

, Prof. N.P. Rai 2

1Research Scholar, department of Kayachikitsa, faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical

Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2Professor & Head, department of Kayachikitsa, faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical

Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT

Aim & objective: The main objective of this review article is to

discuss the therapeutic uses of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya and to

discuss the different pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses

of isolated constituent drugs of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya. Basis of

evidence: The authentic subject material has been reviewed from

Ayurveda and modern medical literature. Different research and

review article were searched in different journals. The subject material

has also been searched on internet. Central Message: Kushthaghna

Mahakashaya is described by Acharya Charak for the management of

Kushtha roga (skin diseases). Kushthaghna Mahakashaya contain 10

drugs. This review is mainly focussed on different aspects of

Kushthaghna Mahakashyaya. It is well recognised in Ayurveda that

most of the skin diseases run a chronic course and are difficult to treat.

Most of the skin diseases have strong relation with psychological stress

and stress is responsible for onset and exacerbation of different skin disorders. Most of the

drugs in the Kushthaghna Mahakashyaya reported to have Rasayan properties. Therefore,

these drugs also help in reducing the negative effect of stress and thus help in coping with

chronic skin disorders. Conclusion: Here, an attempt has been made to address chemistry,

pharmacology and different therapeutic uses of Kushthagna Mahakashaya and its constituent

drugs.

KEYWORDS: Kushtha, Kushthaghna, Mahakashaya, Ayurveda, Skin disorders.

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Article Received on

29 October 2014,

Revised on 21 Nov 2014,

Accepted on 03 Dec 2014

*Correspondence for

Author

Dr. Satyapal Singh

Research Scholar,

department of

Kayachikitsa, faculty of

Ayurveda, Institute of

Medical Sciences, Banaras

Hindu University,

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh,

India.


307


INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of

civilization which includes many ludicrous therapies. According to World Health

Organization, about 80% of world population rely chiefly on plant based traditional medicine

for their primary healthcare need. [1]

Herbal medicine contains natural substances that can

promote health and reduce illness. Now a days Researchers focused on plant research and a

large body of evidence has been collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants

used in various traditional systems of medicine.

Ayurvedic system of medicine is the oldest system of traditional medicine which has

recognized the healing properties of plants to a great depth. Ayurvedic medicine has around a

thousand herbs that are commonly used in this traditional system of medicine, but overall

there may be more than 2,500 that are used across India in all forms of herbal medicine.

Traditional medicine is a major part of the cultural heritage of a society and it has developed

in accordance with the lifestyle and cultural practices of the society. The use of plants and

plant products in medicines is getting popularized because the herbal medicines are cheap

and have natural origin with higher safety margins and lesser or no side effects.

In Ayurvedic system of medicine, lots of medicinal plants, traditionally used since thousands

of years, have been described together as a group of herbal preparations under the category of

Rasayana known for their interesting antioxidant activities.

Most of the drugs in Kushthaghna Mahakashaya are reported to have Rasayan properties.

Various studies on Rasayana drugs suggest their following action.

Immunomodulator

Adaptogenic

Antioxidant

Nootropic

Antistress

In this way Rasayan drugs are helpful to control chronic skin diseases as well as for

promotion of overall health. [2]


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KUSHTHAGHNA MAHAKASHAYA

Table. 1. Showing brief description of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya.

Name Botanical

name

Common

name Family Part used

Khadir Acacia

catechu Willd. Cutch tree Mimosaceae Bark , heartwood

Haritaki Terminalia

chebula Retz.

Chebulic

myrobalan Combretaceae Fruit

Amalaki

Emblica

officinalis

Gaertn.

Emblic

myrobalan Euphorbiaceae Fruit

Haridra Curcuma

longa Linn. Turmeric Zingiberacae Kand

Bhallataka

Semecarpus

anacardium

Linn.

Marking nut Anacardiaceae Fruit

Saptaparna

Alstonia

scholaris R.

Br.

Dita Apocynaceae Bark

Aragbadha Cassia fistula

Linn.

Purging

cassia Caesalpinaceae

Fruitmarrow,rootbark,leaves

& flower

Karveer Nerium

indicum Mill.

Indian

oleander Apocynaceae Root & rootbark

Vidanga Embelia ribes

Burm. f. Myrsinaceae Fruit

Jati

(Jati patra)

Jasminum

officinale

Linn.

Spanish

jasmine or

Common

jasmine

Oleaceae Leaves, root & flower

KHADIR

Khadir (Acacia catechu) belongs to family Febaceae which is also called pea family or

legume family due to presence of single chambered legume in all species of this family. The

main origin of this plant belongs to India, Thailand, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It contains

polyphenolic components, tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and seeds of this

plant are good source of protein. Catechin present in this plant plays a vital

role as anti-oxidant.

The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing

various diseases in their day to day practice.

Khadir is one of the important drugs mentioned in Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is

included under Kushthaghna Mahakashaya & Kashayaskandha by Acharya Charaka and in


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Salsaradi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Khadir is used in Ayurveda especially in the

management of Kushtha. It is also used traditionally For the management of Medoroga,

Prameha, Aruchi, Atisar, Jirnajwar and Kasa etc. [3]

The main chemical constituents of Acacia Catechu are catechin, epecatechin,

epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, phloroglucin, protocatechuic acid, quarcetin,

poriferasterol glucosides, lupenone, procyanidin, kaemferol,L-arabinose, D-galactose.D-

rhamnose and aldobiuronic acid, afzelchin gum, mineral and taxifolin. Heartwood

is used to yield concentrated aqueous extract i.e. Cutch and Katha. [4]

Table.2. Showing different pharmacological properties of Khadir.

Pharmacological properties Reference No.

Antioxidant 5

Antidiabetic 6-8

Antihypertensive 9

Antimicrobial 10-13

Protective role in dental diseases 14

Hepatoprotective 15

Wound healing 16

Immunomodulatory 17

HARITAKI

It is commonly called as Black myrobalan, Ink tree or chebulic myrobalan. It is extensively

used in Ayurvedic, unani, and homeopathic system of medicine. Terminalia chebula is a

popular traditional medicine not only used in India but also in other countries of Asia and

Africa. In Tibet, T. chebula is called as the ―King of Medicine‖. [18]

Haritaki is a very important drug described in Ayurveda. It is included under the category of

Rasayan (rejuvenation drugs). It is also included under Prajasthapan, Jwaraghna, Kasaghna &

Arshoghna Mahakashaya by Acharya Charaka and under Triphala, Amlakyadi and

Parushakadi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Haritaki is being used traditionally in the

management of different ailements which include Kushtha, Visharpa, Santarpana janya roga,

Kasa, Shwas, Pratishyaya, Vatrakta, Swetapradara, Prameha, Hikka and Vishamajwar etc. [19]

Haritaki contain 14 components of hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid, chebulic acid,

punicalagin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic, ellagic acid, chebulegic acid,

chebulinic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-Ogalloyl-ß-D-glucose, 1,6,-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose,

casuarinin, 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-D-glucose and terchebulin. The tannin content varies with the

geological variation. Flavonol glycosides, triterpenoids, coumarin conjugated with gallic


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acid called chebulin, as well as phenolic compounds were also isolated. In

addition, ethyl gallate luteolin were isolated from the fruit of Haritaki. It also consists of

nutrients such as vitamin C, protein, amino acids and minerals. Modified from. [20]

Table.3. Showing different pharmacological properties of Haritaki.


Antioxidant 21-23

Wound healing 24-27

Antidiabetic 28-30

Hypolipidemic 31-32

Antibacterial 33-37

Antifungal 38

Antiviral 39-40

Adoptogenic 41

Anti-inflammatory 42-43

Immunomodulatory 44-45

Purgative 46

Cardioprotective 47-48

Hepatoprotective 49

Anticarcinogenic 50-51

AMALAKI

Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) belonging to family euphorbiaceae is an important drug widely

used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and believed to increase the defence against many

diseases. Emblica officinalis enjoys a hallowed position in Ayurvedic system of medicine.

The herbal medicine are in the great demand in the developed as well as developing countries

for primary health care because of their large biological activities, higher safety margin and

lesser cost. One of the common traditional herbal drug is Emblica officinalis. It grows in

tropical and subtropical parts of China, India, Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula. Due to rich

in vitamin C, Amalaki is successfully use in the treatment of human scurvy.

In Ayurvedic system of medicine Amalaki described as one of the most important Rasayan

(rejuvenation drug). Acharya Charaka includes Amalaki under Vayasthapan &

Virechanopaga Mahakashaya and Acharya Sushruta includes it under Triphala and

Parushakadi Gana. Traditionally Amalaki used in the management of Kushtha, Visharpa

Prameha, Hridroga, Amlapita, Parinamshoola, Udavarta, Kasa, Shwas, Rajyaksama, Pittaja

Roga, etc. [52]


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Emblica officinalis contains phenolic constituents like gallic acid, L-malic acid 2-o-gallate,

Mucic acid 2-o-gallate, Corilagin Chebulagic acid, putrajivain A, elacocarpusin, mucic acid,

1-o-galloyl-β-D-glucose, Mucic acid 6-methyl ester 2-o-gallate, Mucic acid 1,4- lactone 2-o-

gallate, Mucic acid 1-methyl ester 2-o-gallate, Mucic acid 2-o-gallate, Mucic acid 1, 4-

lactone 6-methyl ester 2-o-gallate, mucic acid 1, 4-lactone 3-o-gallate, mucic acid 1,4-lactone

3,5-di-o-gallate. It also contains higher amount of Vitamin C and considerably higher

concentrations of most minerals, protein and amino acids like Glutamic acid, proline, aspartic

acid, alanine, cystine and lysine. [53]

Table .4. Showing different pharmacological properties of Amalaki.


Antioxidant 54-55

Antidiabetic 56-57


Adoptogenic 60

Hypolipidemic 61-62

Cardioprotective role 63

Protective role for skin 64

Hepatoprotective 65-66

Chemoprotective role 67-68

Antivenom effect 69

HARIDRA

Turmeric has a long history of use in Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of

different conditions. It is one among the drugs used in the treatment of prameha. [70]

In

Ayurveda, turmeric has been well documented for its therapeutic potentials and is mentioned

in Kushthaghna, Lekhaniya, Kandughna & Vishaghna Mahakashaya (Dashemani),

Tiktaskandha and Shirovirechana group by Charaka. It has also been mentioned in Mustadi,

Haridradi and Sleshma samshaman Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Traditionally the Haridra is

used in different diseases like Kushtha, Prameha, Aruchi, Bivandha, Kamala, Jalodar, Pandu

and Sheetpitta etc. [71]

Turmeric is extensively used as a spice and grown widely throughout Indian subcontinent.

The Indian subcontinent is enriched by a variety of flora, both aromatic and medicinal plants.

This extensive flora has been greatly utilised as a source of many drugs in the Indian

traditional system of medicine. The plant produces fleshy rhizomes of bright yellow to orange

colour in its root system, which are the source of the commercially available spice turmeric.

Dried Curcuma longa is the source of the spice turmeric, the ingredient that gives curry


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powder its characteristic yellow colour. In the form of root powder, turmeric is used for its

flavouring properties as a spice, food preservative and food-colouring agent. Turmeric

has a long history of therapeutic uses as it is credited with a variety of important beneficial

properties such as its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and

digestive properties. [72]

Turmeric contains a wide variety of phytochemicals, including curcumin,

demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, zingiberene, curcumenol, curcumol, eugenol,

tetrahydrocurcumin, triethylcurcumin, turmerin, turmerones and turmeronols. Three main

chemical constituents of curcuma longa are curcumin (diferuloylmethane),

demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. These are responsible for different type of

therapeutic uses of curcuma longa. [73]

Table.5- Showing different pharmacological properties of Haridra. Modified from. [72]


Anti-inflammatory effect 74-81

Immunomodulatory effect 82-85

Hepatoprotective effect 86-90

Antidiabetic effect 91-92

Antimicrobial effect 93-96

Antioxidant effect 97-99

Antiallergic effect 100

Anti-carcinogenic property 101-106

Cardioprotective role 107-109

Protective role in skin diseases 110-111

Protective role in Alzheimer‘s disease 112-113

BHALLATAKA

Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) from Family Anacardiaceae is an important plant

well-known for its medicinal value in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The nut is commonly

known as ‗marking nut‘. It is also used for non-medicinal purpose like marking of cloth and

hair dye since ancient time. Bhallataka is distributed in sub-Himalayan region, tropical and

central parts of India. It has high priority and applicability in indigenous system of medicine.

[114]

In Ayurvedic system of medicine Bhallataka also described as an important Rasayan. It is

included under Kushthaghna, Depaniya and Mutrasangrahaniya Mahakashaya by Acharya

Charaka and under Nyagrodhadi & Mustadi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Traditionaly

Bhallataka has been used in the management of Bibandha, Agnimandhya, Apasamar,


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Amavata, Gridhrasi, Gulma, Udar roga, Arsha, Grahani roga, Kushtha, Shwitra, Vatrakta and

used externally in snake bite. [115]

The most significant components of the Bhallataka are bhilwanols, phenolic compounds,

4, 5 biflavonoids, 6 sterols and glycosides.

Table.6. Showing different pharmacological properties of Bhallataka.


Antioxidant 116


Hypolipidemic 119

Anti-inflammatory 120

Anti-arthritic 121

Antimicrobial 122

Anti-carcinogenic 123

Spermicidal 124-125

Precaution during use

Since Bhallataka is extremely hot and sharp in its attributes, it should be used with caution.

Individuals showing allergic reactions to it should stop and avoid the usage of Bhallataka. It

should not be used in small children, very old persons, pregnant women and individuals of

predominant pitta constitution. The use of the same should be restricted in summer season.

For its allergic reactions like rash, itching and swelling, the antidotes used externally are

coconut oil, rala ointment, ghee, coriander leaves pulp or butter mixed with musta (Cyperus

rotundus). The salt and spices should be strictly restricted during Bhallataka treatment. It is

also recommended to avoid exposure to sun, heat and excessive sex. [126]

Toxicity

Nephropathy is associated with exposure to toxins of plant origin. It was noted that toxins

from Bhallataka lead to acute renal failure due to hemodynamic effects. [127]

SAPTAPARNA

Herbal remedies have been employed in various medical systems for the management of

different diseases, Alstonia scholaris is one of them. This evergreen tree is native to the

Indian subcontinent and South-east Asian countries. The plant grows throughout the

humid regions of India, especially in West Bengal and west-coast forests of south India.

In Ayurvedic system of medicine, Saptaparna traditionally been used in the management of

Kushtha roga, Vishamjwar, Kapha-Pittaja roga, Agnimandhya, Shoola, Pravahika, Kasa,


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Shwas,Hridroga, Raktavikar etc. Saptaparna included under Kushthaghna, Udardaprashaman,

Shirovirechan Mahakashaya & Tiktaskandha and Kashayaskandha group by Acharya

Charaka and included under Aragavadhadi, Lakshadi and Adhobhagahar Gana by Acharya

Sushruta. [128]

Herbal drugs or medicinal plants, their extracts and their isolated compound exhibits

spectrum of biological activities. The plant, Alstonia scholaris invites attention of the

researchers worldwide for its different pharmacological activities.

The Alstonia species are rich in alkaloids, steroids, flavanoids and triterpenoids. [129]

Table.7. Showing different pharmacological properties of Saptaparna.


Antioxidant 130

Immunomodulatory 131

Antidiabetic 132-133

Antimicrobial 134-135

Wound healing 136

Anticarcinogenic 137-139

Hepatoprotective 140

Antistress 141

ARAGAVADHA

Aragvadha (Cassia fistula) is one of the important drugs described in the Ayurvedic system of

medicine. This plant is also known as Indian Laburnum, Yellow shower because of its

characteristic yellow flowers in pendulous raceme and with typical branches. It is a native

of Tropical Asia. It is widely cultivated in South Africa, Mexico, East Africa and Brazil.

In Ayurvedic system of medicine, Aragavadha especially used as an agent for inducing

Virechan (therapeutic purgation). It is included under Kushthaghna & Kandughna

Mahakashaya, Virechan & Tiktaskandha group by Acharya Charaka and included under

Aragavadhadi, Shyamadi and Adhobhagahar Gana by Acharya Sushruta. Traditionally it is

used for the management of Kushtha, Aruchi, Bibandha, Shuska Kasa, Hridroga, Raktapitta,

Shoola, Kamala etc. [142]

Cassia fistula Linn is used extensively in various parts of the world against a wide

range of ailments. The synergistic action of its metabolite production being most

probably responsible for the plant‘s beneficial effects.


315


Table.8. Showing different pharmacological properties of Aragavadha.


As laxative 143

Hypoglycaemic 144

Hypolipidemic 145

Antioxidant 146-147


Antipyretic & analgesic 149

Wound healing 150

Antimicrobial 151

Hepatoprotective 152-153

KARVEER

Karveer (Nerium indicum Mill.) is an evergreen plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae.

Nerium oleander is synonymus to nerium indicum. [154]

It is also a well-known ornamental

plant. All parts of the plant are reputed as therapeutic agent and have been used in folklore

in a variety of ailments. The plant originates from the Mediterranean region and is

indigenous to Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.

Karveer is an important drug belonging to Ayurvedic system of medicine. Acharya Charak

included it under Kushthaghna Mahakashaya & Tiktaskandha group and Acharya Sushruta

included it under Lakshadi and Shirovirechan Gana. It is used traditionally for the

management of Kushtha, Agnimandhya, Hridroga, Shotha etc., it also used externally over

the wounds of Upadansa and Firanga roga. [155]

The root of Nerium indicum contains glycosides, neriodorin, neriodorein and karabin.

The bark contains scopoletin, scopolin. Besides this it contains tannins, red colouring matter,

an aromatic oil, wax and flobefin and a yellow coloured stable oil. The roots contain

bitter glycosides fenolinic acid and aromatic oil. It also possesses potassium salts in excess.

[156]

Table.9. Showing different pharmacological properties of Karveer.


Antioxidant 157

Antihyperlipidemic 158

Antiulcer 159

Antibacterial 160


Analgesic 162

Hepatoprotective 163

Cardioprotective & cardiotonic

effect

164-165


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VIDANGA

India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant based drugs having many

potential pharmacological activities, Embelia ribes is one amongst them. Embelia ribes has

been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility and usage as folklore

medicine.

It is an Indo-Malaysian species, mainly found in India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, and Malaysia.

In India it is found in central and lower Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bengal,

Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in majority. [166]

Embelia ribes is traditionally used in Ayurveda for treatment of various ailments viz. Krimi

roga (as vermifuge), Agnimandhya, Vatvyadhi, Aadhaman, Ajeerna, skin diseases,

Gandamala, Mutrakrichchha etc. It is one of the plants used as Krimighna (as vermifuge). It

is included in Krimighna, Kushthaghna, Triptighna Mahakashaya (Dashemani) by Acharya

Charaka and Sursadi and Pippalyadi Gana by Acharya Sushruta. [167]

E. ribes fruits contain a quinone derivative, embelin, an alkaloid christembine, a volatile oil

and vilangin. Among them, embelin is the major bioactive constituents and marker compound

in E. ribes berries. Embelin (2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) has a wide

spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory,

analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility and antimicrobial. [168]

Table.10- Showing different pharmacological properties of Vidanga. Mdified from. [169]


Antidiabetic effect 170-172

Antioxidant effect 173-174

Cardioprotective effect 175

Wound healing property 176

Anthelmintic activity 177-179

Antimicrobial effect 180-184

Antispermatozoal activity 185-186

Antihyperlipidemic activity 187-188

Anticonvulsant activity 189

JATI

Jati (Jasminum officinale) is one of the important medicinal plants used by different

traditional system of medicine for the treatment of different disorders. Plant products are

pioneer for new drug discovery and development. In spite of the overwhelming influences


317


and our dependence on modern medicines and tremendous advances in synthetic drugs, a

large segment of the world population still likes drugs of plants origin, Jati is one of them. In

the wild this grown from Persia, across north India to southwest China, but it has been

grown in Britain since Tudor times.

In Ayurveda Jati is used traditionally for the management of Kushtha roga, Shirshoola,

Bhrama, Pakshaghat, eye diseses, Udavarta, Anaha, Raktavikar etc. It also used externally for

the management of Mukha Vrana (apthous ulcers), erectile dysfunction, itching and Kushtha

roga. [190]

Its chemical constituents include, salicylic acid and an alkaloid named jasminine.

Aromatherapy

Jasminum officinale is also used as an essential oil in aromatherapy. Aromatherapy is a form

of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials, known as essential oils and other

aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a person's mind, mood, cognitive function or

health.

Table.11- Showing different pharmacological properties of Jati.


Used in aromatherapy 191

Antibacterial 192

Antifertility 193

Anti-viral 194

Analgesic & antispasmodic 195

CONCLUSION

Kushthaghna Mahakashaya contains 10 drugs. These drugs possess various medicinal

properties and hence used in the treatment of various disorders especially skin disorders.

These are also good source of various biologically active phytoconstituents. These

phytoconstituents used directly as therapeutic agents as well as starting materials for the

synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds. In the present review an attempt has been

made to provide a collective knowledge on therapeutic, pharmacological and medicinal

applications of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya and its constituent drugs. This collective

knowledge on these drugs would motivate to researchers and provide lead to further

exploration of pharmacological activities of these ingredients as the demand for Ayurvedic

products is growing exponentially due to its fewer side effects as compare to other systems of

medicine.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oils

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_%28psychology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_function


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PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ON ‘KUSHTHAGHNA

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