Phytohormones - Napa Valley

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The growth and development of a plant are influenced by: Gene:c factors External environmental factors Chemical hormones inside the plant Secondary messengers 1. Involve in the transfer informa:on from sources to targets 2. Amplify the signal produced by the phytohormone Phytohormones

Transcript of Phytohormones - Napa Valley

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The  growth  and  development  of  a  plant  are  influenced  by:      

• Gene:c  factors  • External  environmental  factors  • Chemical  hormones  inside  the  plant  

 Secondary  messengers        1.  Involve  in  the  transfer  informa:on  from  sources  to  

targets  

2.  Amplify  the  signal  produced  by  the  phytohormone        

 Phytohormones  

 

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 Plant  hormones  are  organic  compounds  that  are  effec:ve  at  very  low  concentra:on      (1g  20,000  tons-­‐1)      They  interact  with  specific  target  :ssues  to  cause  physiological  responses  

• Growth  • Fruit  ripening  

 

 Phytohormones  

 

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• Hormones  s:mulate  or  inhibit  plant  growth    Major  groups  of  hormones:    

1.  Auxins    2.  Gibberellins  3.  Ethylene  4.  Cytokinins  5.  Abscisic  acid  6.  Brassinostereoids  7.  Salicylic  acid  8.  Polyaminas  9.  Jasmonates  10. Systemin  11. Nitric  oxide  

 Phytohormones  

 

Arabidopsis  thaliana  

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EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCED GROWTH

 Phytohormones  

 

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Auxin  causes  several  responses  in  plants:            *  Phototropism            *  Geotropism            *  Promo:on  of  apical  dominance            *  Flower  forma:on            *  Fruit  set  and  growth            *  Forma:on  of  adven::ous  roots            *    Differen:a:on  of  vascular  :ssues  (de  novo  or  repairing  existent  vascular  :ssue)                          

 Auxins  

 

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Addi:on  of  auxins  produce  parthenocarpic  fruit.      Stenospermocarpy    Biological  mechanism  that  produces  seedlessness  in  some  fruits  (many  table  grapes,  watermelon)    

diploid  +  tetraploid  parent  =  triploid    seeds    vegeta6ve  parthenocarpy  Plants  that  do  not  require  pollina:on  or  other  s:mula:on  to  produce  parthenocarpic  fruit  (cucumber)    

 Auxins  

 

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Synthe:c  auxins      Widely  used  in  agriculture  and  hor:culture  

•  prevent  leaf  abscission  •  prevent  fruit  drop  •  promote  flowering  and  frui:ng  •  control  weeds    

Agent  Orange  -­‐  1:1  ra:o  of  2,4-­‐D  and  2,4,5-­‐T        Dioxin  usually  contaminates  2,4,5-­‐T,  which  is  linked  to  miscarriages,  birth  defects,  leukemia,  and  other  types  of  cancer.      

 Auxins  

 

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In  1964,  zea:n  was  the  first  naturally  occurring  cytokinin  isolated  from  corn.    Zea:n  and  zea:n  riboside  are  found  in  coconut  milk.        

Natural  

Synthe:c  

 Cytokinins  

 

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 Cytokinins    

Callus  development  <[auxin]  =  roots  <[kine6n]  =  buds  

• shoot  ini6a6on  • roots  • seeds    • fruits  • young  leaves    • chloroplast  development  

Lateral  bud  development  

Move  non-­‐polarly  in  xylem,  phloem,  and  parenchyma  cells.    

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 Ethylene    

 

• Is  found  only  in  the  gaseous  form  • Induces  ripening  (e.g.,  green  bananas).  • Epinasty  (causes  leaves  to  droop  in  the  fall  )    • Causes  abscission  of  fruits  and  flowers    

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 Most  produced  organic  compound  107  million  metric  tons  in  2005        

 Ethylene    

 

Once  fruit  ini:ated  red  colora:on,  ethylene  release  becomes  elevated  in  a  linear  fashion  (without  diurnal  fluctua:ons).  

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 Abscisin  is  made  from  carotenoids  and  moves  non-­‐polarly  through  plant  :ssue.      Abscisic  acid  (ABA)  is  a  general  plant-­‐growth  inhibitor.      Induces  dormancy  Prevents  seeds  from  germina:ng      

 Abscisic  acid  (ABA)    

 

Viviparous  mutants  Reduced  sensi:vity  for  ABA  

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 In  1930's,  Ewi:  Kurosawa  and  colleagues  were  studying  plants  suffering  from  bakanae,  or  "foolish  seedling"  disease  in  rice.    

• Synthesized  in  apical  por:ons  of  stems  and  roots  

             Can  be  readily  obtained  in  large  quan::es  from    fermenta:ons  of  the  fungus  Gibberella  fujikuroi  

• cell  division  and  elonga:on  • break  seed  dormancy  • speed  germina:on  

 

 Gibberellins  

 

Thompson  seedless  grapes  (Vi/s  vinifera)  

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bol6ng  

 Gibberellins  

 

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 External  factors  and  plant  growth.  Tropic  responses  

   Tropic  responses  Direc:onal  movements  by  growth  in  response  to  a  direc:onal  s:mulus      

Phototropism  is  a  response  to  blue  light  Phytphormone:  Auxin    Second  messenger:  Calcium    

Geotropism  or  gravitropism  Phytphormones:    cytokinin  and  auxin      

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Thigmotropism  is  direc:onal  growth  response  to  contact  with  an  object.    

tendrils  

Greek  thigma  =  touch  Rapid  response  Diferen:a:on  in  the  elonga:on  of  the  cells  

External  factors  and  plant  growth.  Thigmotropism    

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External  factors  and  plant  growth.  Nas6c  movements  and  heliotropism    

Nas:c  movements  are  independent  of  the  s:mulus'  posi:on    Touch,  mechanical,  electrical,  thermal  or  chemical          

Venus  Flytrap,  Dionaea  muscipula.  Acid  growth  (cells  that  to  elongate  or  expand  quickly  at  low  pH)  and  turgor  

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External  factors  and  plant  growth.  Heliotropism  

Heliotropism  is  the  diurnal  mo:on  of  plant  parts  (flowers  or  leaves)  in  response  to  the  direc:on  of  the  sun.    During  the  night,  the  flowers  may  assume  a  random  orienta:on      Heliotropism  is  a  response  to  blue  light.  

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External  factors  and  plant  growth.  Circadian  rhythms  

 Roughly  24-­‐hour  cycle  in  the  biochemical,  physiological,  or  behavioral  organisms’  processes      Hours  of  light    Endogenous  and  synchronized  by  the  environment  Biological  clock    Photosynthesis  Movement        

Night                Day  

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According  to  their  photoperiods,  plants  can  be  classified  into  three  groups:    a)  Short  day  plants.  Examples:  Nico8ana  tabacum,  soybean,  strawberry,  and    

chrysanthemum.  b)    Long  day  plants.  Examples:  Onion,  carrot  and  spinach.  c)  Day  neutral  plants.  Examples:  Tomatoes,  cucumbers,  sunflower,  dandelions  and  

colon.      

External  factors  and  plant  growth.  Photoperiodism