Physiology of blood system. Physiology of blood system. Erythrocytes. Respiratory Erythrocytes. Respiratory

pigments. Blood types.pigments. Blood types.

Blood systemBlood system

Blood system firstly was proposed by Lung in Blood system firstly was proposed by Lung in 1936. 1936.

It consist ofIt consist of - blood circulated through the blood - blood circulated through the blood

circulatory systemcirculatory system - blood forming organs- blood forming organs - blood destroying organs- blood destroying organs - regulatory apparatus.- regulatory apparatus.

BloodBlood

Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Blood Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Blood consist of consist of

- plasma - plasma - blood cells – erythrocytes, - blood cells – erythrocytes, leucocytes and leucocytes and platelets. platelets.

plasma

erythrocytes

Leucocytes and platelets

Amount of bloodAmount of blood

The amount of blood in the body has been The amount of blood in the body has been measured in various ways. Naturally the measured in various ways. Naturally the volume of blood can be expected to vary with volume of blood can be expected to vary with the size of the body. The blood volume of an the size of the body. The blood volume of an adult human of average size is about 6-8 % (in adult human of average size is about 6-8 % (in man – 52-83 mL/kg; woman – 50-75 mL/kg).man – 52-83 mL/kg; woman – 50-75 mL/kg).

PlasmaPlasma WaterWater – – 9 900 %% SolidsSolids – 10 – 10 %% Inorganic chemicals: sodium, calcium, potassium, Inorganic chemicals: sodium, calcium, potassium,

magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulmagnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulffateate – 0,9 % – 0,9 %

OOrganic chemicals:rganic chemicals: Proteins: serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogenProteins: serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen

– 8 %– 8 % Others: – 1,1 % Others: – 1,1 % Nonprotein nitrogenous substances: urea, uric acid, Nonprotein nitrogenous substances: urea, uric acid,

creatine, creatinine, ammonium salts, amino acidscreatine, creatinine, ammonium salts, amino acids Nonnitrogenous substances: glucose, fats, cholesterol Nonnitrogenous substances: glucose, fats, cholesterol

hormoneshormones Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogenGases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

ProteinsProteins One liter of plasma has 65-85 gram of proteins. One liter of plasma has 65-85 gram of proteins. Concentration of albumins is 35-50 g/L; globulins is Concentration of albumins is 35-50 g/L; globulins is

alpha-1-globulins – 1-4 g/L, alpha-1-globulins – 1-4 g/L, alpha-2-globulins – 4-8 g/L, alpha-2-globulins – 4-8 g/L, beta-globulins – 6-12 g/L, beta-globulins – 6-12 g/L, gamma-globulins – 8-16 g/L; gamma-globulins – 8-16 g/L; fibrinogen – 2-4 g/L.fibrinogen – 2-4 g/L. Plasma which are not contain fibrinogen called Plasma which are not contain fibrinogen called

serum serum (it is necessary for understanding the (it is necessary for understanding the immunology, therapy etc.)immunology, therapy etc.)

AlbuminsAlbumins

Albumins: on 80 % it provides oncotic Albumins: on 80 % it provides oncotic pressure, contacts with bilirubin, fat acids, pressure, contacts with bilirubin, fat acids, antibiotics, sulfanilamids. It connects with antibiotics, sulfanilamids. It connects with them and transports them. It produces in liver them and transports them. It produces in liver in average quantity of 17 gram per day.in average quantity of 17 gram per day.

GlobulinsGlobulins Globulins produces in lymphatic nodes, in liver, in Globulins produces in lymphatic nodes, in liver, in

bone marrow in average quantity of 5 gram per day.bone marrow in average quantity of 5 gram per day. Alpha-1-globulins connected with carbohydrates (for Alpha-1-globulins connected with carbohydrates (for

example 2/3 of all glucose connected with alpha-1-example 2/3 of all glucose connected with alpha-1-globulins. This is glyco proteins.)globulins. This is glyco proteins.)

Alpha-2-globulins connect 90 % of cupper. This is Alpha-2-globulins connect 90 % of cupper. This is cerruloplasmin. Its may produced in hormons, for cerruloplasmin. Its may produced in hormons, for example, thyroxin, connected by vitamin B12. From example, thyroxin, connected by vitamin B12. From this protein produce angiotensines (substances which this protein produce angiotensines (substances which are take place in increase of blood pressure).are take place in increase of blood pressure).

Beta-globulin carry out 75 % of fats, iron (for Beta-globulin carry out 75 % of fats, iron (for example, transferrine).example, transferrine).

Gamma-globulins has protective functions (for Gamma-globulins has protective functions (for example, antibodies).example, antibodies).

FibrinogenFibrinogen

Fibrinogen is a protein which are produced by Fibrinogen is a protein which are produced by liver and take place in hemostasis system. liver and take place in hemostasis system. Fibrinogen is dissolved form, which transform Fibrinogen is dissolved form, which transform in insolved form – fibrin and provide in insolved form – fibrin and provide coagulative hemostasis (plug production) and coagulative hemostasis (plug production) and prevent bleeding.prevent bleeding.

Daily production of fibrinogen is 2-4 g/L.Daily production of fibrinogen is 2-4 g/L.

Quantity of cells, their changingQuantity of cells, their changing Erythrocytes (In men – 4,0-5,1 Tera/L; in Erythrocytes (In men – 4,0-5,1 Tera/L; in

women – 3,7-4,7 Tera/L. The quantity of women – 3,7-4,7 Tera/L. The quantity of erythrocytes may be increase – in pregnancy, erythrocytes may be increase – in pregnancy, in physical training, mental work, in newborn in physical training, mental work, in newborn or decrease.)or decrease.)

Leukocytes (Leukocytes (4-94-9 Giga/L Giga/L. . The number of The number of leukocytes can increase – physical work, leukocytes can increase – physical work, emotional load, in newborn, inflammation or emotional load, in newborn, inflammation or decrease.)decrease.)

Platelates (180Platelates (180--320 Giga/L320 Giga/L..))

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

Functions of bloodFunctions of blood 1. 1. Breathing function of blood. Breathing function of blood. 22.. Trophic function of blood. Trophic function of blood. 3.3. Excretory function of blood.Excretory function of blood. 4.4. Hormonal regulation.Hormonal regulation. 66. Temperature regulation.. Temperature regulation. 77.. MMaintaining the acid-baaintaining the acid-basse balance of tissue balance of tissueses. . 88.. Supporting the water-electrolytic balance.Supporting the water-electrolytic balance. 99.. Homeostasis function.Homeostasis function. 1010.. PProtecting the body from bacteria and rotecting the body from bacteria and

other organismother organismss that can cause that can cause diseasesdiseases or or other abnormal conditions. other abnormal conditions.

Respiratory pigmentsRespiratory pigments

Hemoglobin Erythrocytes derive their colour from a complex protein called hemoglobin. This substance is composed of a pigment, heme, containing iron, and the protein glohin. Hemoglobin has the power to attract oxygen molecules and to hold them in a loose chemical combination known as oxyhemoglobin. It is said, therefore, to have a chemical affinity for oxygen.

Respiratory pigmentsRespiratory pigments

MyoglobinHem is also part of the structure of myoglobin, an oxygen-binding pigment found in red (slow) muscles and in the respiratory enzyme cytochrome c. Porphyrins other than that found in hem play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of metabolic diseases (congenital and acquired porphyria, etc.) It may be the reserve pigments, which give the tissue oxygen in a small oxygen condition.

Exchange of iron in the organism In the blood-destroying organs, the hemoglobin breaks down

into an iron-free and the iron-bearing portions. The latter is decomposed into bilirubin and an iron compound. Both are carried to the liver, where the bilirubin is excreted in the bile as one of the bile pigments, while the iron, if not needed for the formation of new red blood cells, is stored. Other way entering of iron is the food. Erythrocytes can live only a limited time. The life of red blood cells are nearly 120 days. Blood cells are lost by the processes of hemolysis and fragmentation, which occur throughout the circulatory system, and phagocytosis of whole cells and cell fragments, which takes place in the cells of the reticuloendothelian tissues, especially those in the spleen, the liver, and the bone marrow.

HematocritHematocrit

ESSESS

Blood typesBlood types

Blood types is the common of normal antigens Blood types is the common of normal antigens signs, which are combined on immunologic signs, which are combined on immunologic and genetic basesand genetic bases

There are erythrocytesThere are erythrocytes leukocytes andleukocytes and serum blood types serum blood types

Erythrocytes blood typesErythrocytes blood types

In the membrane of erythrocytes present In the membrane of erythrocytes present agglutinogens (H, A, B)agglutinogens (H, A, B)

In plasma present agglutinins (alpha, beta)In plasma present agglutinins (alpha, beta)

Antigens and antibodies of Antigens and antibodies of AB0 system AB0 system

AntigensAntigens A Antibodiesntibodies I group H alpha, betaI group H alpha, beta II group A beta II group A beta III group B alphaIII group B alpha IV group AB -IV group AB -

AttentionAttention!!

Each of us has individual blood type!Each of us has individual blood type! Now in practice is present 2 systemNow in practice is present 2 system

АВ0 і САВ0 і СDDЕ.Е.

SystemSystem АВ0 АВ0 0(І)αβ ; 0(І)αβ ; А(ІІ)β ; А(ІІ)β ; В(ІІІ)α; В(ІІІ)α; АВ(ІАВ(ІVV).).

SystemSystem С СDDЕ (Е (rhesusrhesus).).

There are There are 6 6 mainmain а аntigensntigens of rhesus systemof rhesus system. . SystemSystem FisherFisher--Race.Race. According to that system there are According to that system there are

such antigenssuch antigens: : DD, , CC, , EE; ; dd, , cc, , ee.. In USA present Winner systemIn USA present Winner system:: Rho Rho;; rh' rh';; rh" rh"; ; HroHro;; hr' hr';; hr" hr"..

RhoRho((DD);); rh'(C) rh'(C);; rh"(E) rh"(E); ; Hro(d)Hro(d);; hr'(c) hr'(c);; hr"(e) hr"(e).. ААntigenntigen RhoRho((DD) – ) – the mainthe main а аntigen of rhesus systemntigen of rhesus system. . .. D is D is

by far the most antigenic, and the term "Rh-positive" as it is by far the most antigenic, and the term "Rh-positive" as it is generally used means that the individual has agglutinogen generally used means that the individual has agglutinogen D. D.

Leukocytes blood typesLeukocytes blood types

1. 1. Common antigens of leukocytes Common antigens of leukocytes (HLA system) (HLA system)

2. 2. AAntigensntigens of granulocytesof granulocytes.. 3. 3. AAntigensntigens of lymphocytesof lymphocytes..

Serum blood typesSerum blood types

There are more than 20 immunoglobulin There are more than 20 immunoglobulin blood cells, albumin and globulin blood blood cells, albumin and globulin blood types types (Gm(Gm (1) (1),, GmGm (2), (2), InvInv (1), (1), InvInv (2), (2), InvInv (3)(3)))..

Transfusion of blood Transfusion of blood

We must transfused only blood of one We must transfused only blood of one groop with recipient!groop with recipient!!!!!

Before the transfusion we must do the test Before the transfusion we must do the test on individual blood compatibility on individual blood compatibility

in AB0 systemin AB0 system inin DCE system DCE system Biological testBiological test

Physiological effects of blood, Physiological effects of blood, which was transfused which was transfused

1. 1. stimulativestimulative 2. 2. hemopoietichemopoietic 3. 3. immunologic immunologic 4. 4. nutritivenutritive

Group of hem transfusion solutionGroup of hem transfusion solution

1. 1. Haemo dynamicHaemo dynamic.. 2. 2. DetoxycativeDetoxycative.. 3. 3. Paranteral nutrition.Paranteral nutrition. 4. 4. Regulation of water-salt balance and acid-Regulation of water-salt balance and acid-

based balancebased balance.. 5. 5. Transmission of oxygenTransmission of oxygen.. 6. 6. Complex actionComplex action..

Thank you for yourThank you for your attention!attention!