Physics In Europe
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Transcript of Physics In Europe
Physics In Europe
Ideas drawn from Astronomy, Optics, and Mechanics
Rational understanding of Nature Early Physicians: Ptolemy, Archimedes, Aristotle New Physicians: Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
More mathematical approach
Galileo Galilei Made contributions to the law of motion
Came up with the basic idea of Newton’s 1st law
Discovered the Law of Inertia
Heavily Supported Copernicus and the Heliocentric belief
Sir Isaac Newton
Invented Calculus Wrote principia in 1686
Explains gravitational law Includes ideas from
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler
Only scientist to buried in Westminster Abbey
Three Laws Of Motion
1. Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a force
2. The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting on it
3. Every action has an equal reaction
Optics
Study of sight and the behavior of light Psychological optics: pertains to the role of
light in vision Geometrical optics: deals with the properties
of reflection and refraction of light
Pioneers of Optics Willbrod Snell Galileo Galilei
Willbrod Snell
Mathematician Contributed to the development of Physics
Law of Refraction (Snell's Law)
Inventions
Microscope was first invented in 1590 became famous when Galileo invented the
compound microscope in 1625 Telescope
Galileo creates 1 and ½ inch lens telescope
Chemistry Before the 18th Century
Alchemy – converting materials to gold Essentially an art Poisons and antidotes Incendiary weaponry
The Chemical Revolution Quantification Lavoisier’s matter conservation Combustion Theories/Gunpowder
4 KNO3 + C7H4O + 2 S —> 2 K2S + 4 CO2 + 3 CO + 2 H2O + 2 N2
Antoine Lavoisier (Fra.)
Compiled data from others
Law of Conservation of Matter
Mreactants = Mproducts
Nomenclature (i.e. oxygen and hydrogen)
Reactants
Mass (Relative)
Products Mass (Relative)
Water 400 Carbon Dioxide
35
Sugar 100 Alcohol 58Yeast 10 Acetic
Acid3
Water 409Sugar 4Yeast 1
Joseph Black (Sco.) Discovered Carbon Dioxide
from acidic solutions Discovered Specific Heat Heat can transfer without
temperature change (e.g. water (l) and water (s) coexist at 32F)
Theories later lead to Watt’s steam engine
Discovered that boiling points and freezing points are different depending on substances
Other Important Discoveries
Air – more than one gas (Cavendish) Oxygen – source of rusting (Priestly) Ventilation and circulatory systems (Hales) Evaporation properties (Cullen) Dissolving and solutions (Bergman)
Scientific Revolution
• Increased curiosity of the natural world because of the enlightenment
• Areas of science began to question previous scientific discoveries
• Established the Scientific Method to establish the proper means to examine and understand